https://wiki.fibis.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=LeeFIBIwiki - User contributions [en]2026-04-22T23:47:20ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.42.1https://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=East_India_Company&diff=91798East India Company2026-04-19T22:11:55Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
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<div>[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]<br />
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}<br />
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.<br />
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==FIBIS Resources==<br />
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]<br />
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]<br />
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article<br />
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.<br />
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.<br />
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].<br />
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==Related articles==<br />
*[[East India Company Factories]]<br />
*[[East India Company Army]]<br />
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]<br />
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]<br />
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including<br />
**[[Indian Civil Service]]<br />
**[[Maritime Service]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia<br />
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.<br />
*London and beyond<br />
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online<br />
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com <br />
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk<br />
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk<br />
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013) <br />
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.<br />
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu<br />
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''. <br />
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.<br />
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.<br />
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power. <br />
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019. <br />
<br />
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.<br />
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]<br />
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].<br />
====Maps====<br />
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].<br />
====Historical books online====<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.<br />
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books<br />
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org <br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902<br />
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.<br />
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year." <br />
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].<br />
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922<br />
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89. <br />
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books <br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books<br />
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6] <br />
<br />
*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866. <br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865. <br />
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org<br />
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.<br />
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
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[[Category:Research methods]]<br />
[[Category:Government and Administration]]<br />
[[Category:East India Company]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=East_India_Company&diff=91797East India Company2026-04-19T22:11:14Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
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<div>[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]<br />
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}<br />
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.<br />
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==FIBIS Resources==<br />
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]<br />
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]<br />
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article<br />
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.<br />
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.<br />
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[East India Company Factories]]<br />
*[[East India Company Army]]<br />
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]<br />
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]<br />
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including<br />
**[[Indian Civil Service]]<br />
**[[Maritime Service]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia<br />
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.<br />
*London and beyond<br />
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online<br />
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com <br />
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk<br />
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk<br />
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013) <br />
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.<br />
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu<br />
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''. <br />
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.<br />
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.<br />
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power. <br />
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019. <br />
<br />
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.<br />
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]<br />
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].<br />
====Maps====<br />
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].<br />
====Historical books online====<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.<br />
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books<br />
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org <br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902<br />
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.<br />
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year." <br />
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].<br />
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922<br />
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89. <br />
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books <br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books<br />
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6] <br />
<br />
*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866. <br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865. <br />
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org<br />
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.<br />
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
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<br />
<br />
[[Category:Research methods]]<br />
[[Category:Government and Administration]]<br />
[[Category:East India Company]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=East_India_Company&diff=91796East India Company2026-04-19T22:09:00Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
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<div>[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]<br />
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}<br />
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.<br />
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==FIBIS Resources==<br />
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]<br />
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]<br />
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article<br />
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.<br />
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.<br />
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[East India Company Factories]]<br />
*[[East India Company Army]]<br />
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]<br />
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]<br />
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including<br />
**[[Indian Civil Service]]<br />
**[[Maritime Service]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia<br />
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.<br />
*London and beyond<br />
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online<br />
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com <br />
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk<br />
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk<br />
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013) <br />
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.<br />
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu<br />
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''. <br />
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.<br />
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.<br />
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power. <br />
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019. <br />
<br />
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.<br />
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]<br />
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].<br />
====Maps====<br />
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].<br />
====Historical books online====<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.<br />
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books<br />
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org <br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902<br />
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.<br />
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year." <br />
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].<br />
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922<br />
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89. <br />
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books <br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books<br />
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6] <br />
<br />
*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866. <br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865. <br />
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org<br />
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.<br />
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the English, [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
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<br />
[[Category:Research methods]]<br />
[[Category:Government and Administration]]<br />
[[Category:East India Company]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=East_India_Company&diff=91795East India Company2026-04-19T22:08:11Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
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<div>[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]<br />
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}<br />
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.<br />
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==FIBIS Resources==<br />
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]<br />
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]<br />
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article<br />
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.<br />
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.<br />
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[East India Company Factories]]<br />
*[[East India Company Army]]<br />
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]<br />
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]<br />
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including<br />
**[[Indian Civil Service]]<br />
**[[Maritime Service]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia<br />
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.<br />
*London and beyond<br />
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online<br />
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com <br />
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk<br />
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk<br />
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013) <br />
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.<br />
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu<br />
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''. <br />
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.<br />
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.<br />
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power. <br />
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019. <br />
*[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160330-the-worlds-most-powerful-corporation "The world’s most powerful corporation"] by Amanda Ruggeri 30 March 2016 bbc.com.<br />
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.<br />
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]<br />
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].<br />
====Maps====<br />
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].<br />
====Historical books online====<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.<br />
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books<br />
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org <br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902<br />
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.<br />
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year." <br />
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].<br />
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922<br />
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89. <br />
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books <br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books<br />
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6] <br />
<br />
*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866. <br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865. <br />
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org<br />
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.<br />
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the English, [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
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[[Category:Research methods]]<br />
[[Category:Government and Administration]]<br />
[[Category:East India Company]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=East_India_Company&diff=91794East India Company2026-04-19T22:06:46Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]<br />
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}<br />
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.<br />
<br />
==FIBIS Resources==<br />
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]<br />
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]<br />
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article<br />
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.<br />
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.<br />
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[East India Company Factories]]<br />
*[[East India Company Army]]<br />
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]<br />
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]<br />
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including<br />
**[[Indian Civil Service]]<br />
**[[Maritime Service]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia<br />
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.<br />
*London and beyond<br />
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online<br />
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com <br />
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk<br />
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk<br />
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013) <br />
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.<br />
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu<br />
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''. <br />
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.<br />
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.<br />
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power. <br />
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019. <br />
*[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160330-the-worlds-most-powerful-corporation "The world’s most powerful corporation"] by Amanda Ruggeri 30 March 2016 bbc.com.<br />
*[http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/eicah/files/2013/01/EIC-Bibliography-Final-21.08.14.pdf East India Company Bibliography] “The East India Company at Home, 1757-1857 – UCL History” ucl.ac.uk<br />
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.<br />
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]<br />
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].<br />
====Maps====<br />
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].<br />
====Historical books online====<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.<br />
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books<br />
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org <br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902<br />
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.<br />
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year." <br />
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].<br />
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922<br />
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89. <br />
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books <br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books<br />
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6] <br />
<br />
*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866. <br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865. <br />
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org<br />
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.<br />
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the English, [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
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<br />
[[Category:Research methods]]<br />
[[Category:Government and Administration]]<br />
[[Category:East India Company]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=East_India_Company&diff=91793East India Company2026-04-19T22:01:59Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]<br />
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}<br />
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.<br />
<br />
==FIBIS Resources==<br />
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]<br />
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]<br />
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article<br />
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.<br />
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.<br />
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[East India Company Factories]]<br />
*[[East India Company Army]]<br />
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]<br />
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]<br />
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including<br />
**[[Indian Civil Service]]<br />
**[[Maritime Service]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia<br />
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.<br />
*London and beyond<br />
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online<br />
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com <br />
<br />
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk<br />
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk<br />
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013) <br />
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.<br />
*[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2012/01/the-east-india-company-slaving-voyage-of-nicholas-skottowe.html The East India Company slaving voyage of Nicholas Skottowe] British Library blog Untold Lives 9 January 2012<br />
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu<br />
*[http://corporate-rule.co.uk/drupal/node/164 "Loot: In search of the East India Company"] by Nick Robins originally written 2003 corporate-rule.co.uk<br />
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''. <br />
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.<br />
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.<br />
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power. <br />
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019. <br />
*[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160330-the-worlds-most-powerful-corporation "The world’s most powerful corporation"] by Amanda Ruggeri 30 March 2016 bbc.com.<br />
*[http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/eicah/files/2013/01/EIC-Bibliography-Final-21.08.14.pdf East India Company Bibliography] “The East India Company at Home, 1757-1857 – UCL History” ucl.ac.uk<br />
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.<br />
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]<br />
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].<br />
====Maps====<br />
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].<br />
====Historical books online====<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.<br />
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books<br />
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org <br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902<br />
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.<br />
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year." <br />
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].<br />
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922<br />
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89. <br />
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books <br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books<br />
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6] <br />
<br />
*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866. <br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865. <br />
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org<br />
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.<br />
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the English, [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
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[[Category:Research methods]]<br />
[[Category:Government and Administration]]<br />
[[Category:East India Company]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=East_India_Company&diff=91792East India Company2026-04-19T22:00:13Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
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<div>[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]<br />
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}<br />
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.<br />
<br />
==FIBIS Resources==<br />
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]<br />
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]<br />
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article<br />
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.<br />
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.<br />
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[East India Company Factories]]<br />
*[[East India Company Army]]<br />
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]<br />
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]<br />
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including<br />
**[[Indian Civil Service]]<br />
**[[Maritime Service]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia<br />
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.<br />
*London and beyond<br />
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online<br />
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com <br />
**[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2011/10/east-india-company-london-workers.html East India Company London workers] British Library blog Untold Lives 17 October 2011<br />
***[http://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2017/02/east-india-company-saltpetre-warehouses-at-ratcliff.html East India Company saltpetre warehouses at Ratcliff] 02 February 2017 British Library Untold lives blog.<br />
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk<br />
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk<br />
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013) <br />
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.<br />
*[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2012/01/the-east-india-company-slaving-voyage-of-nicholas-skottowe.html The East India Company slaving voyage of Nicholas Skottowe] British Library blog Untold Lives 9 January 2012<br />
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu<br />
*[http://corporate-rule.co.uk/drupal/node/164 "Loot: In search of the East India Company"] by Nick Robins originally written 2003 corporate-rule.co.uk<br />
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''. <br />
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.<br />
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.<br />
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power. <br />
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019. <br />
*[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160330-the-worlds-most-powerful-corporation "The world’s most powerful corporation"] by Amanda Ruggeri 30 March 2016 bbc.com.<br />
*[http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/eicah/files/2013/01/EIC-Bibliography-Final-21.08.14.pdf East India Company Bibliography] “The East India Company at Home, 1757-1857 – UCL History” ucl.ac.uk<br />
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.<br />
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]<br />
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].<br />
====Maps====<br />
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].<br />
====Historical books online====<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.<br />
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books<br />
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org <br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902<br />
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.<br />
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year." <br />
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].<br />
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922<br />
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89. <br />
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books <br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books<br />
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6] <br />
<br />
*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866. <br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865. <br />
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org<br />
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.<br />
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the English, [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
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[[Category:Research methods]]<br />
[[Category:Government and Administration]]<br />
[[Category:East India Company]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=East_India_Company&diff=91791East India Company2026-04-19T21:57:55Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]<br />
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}<br />
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.<br />
<br />
==FIBIS Resources==<br />
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]<br />
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]<br />
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article<br />
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.<br />
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.<br />
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[East India Company Factories]]<br />
*[[East India Company Army]]<br />
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]<br />
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]<br />
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including<br />
**[[Indian Civil Service]]<br />
**[[Maritime Service]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia<br />
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.<br />
*London and beyond<br />
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online<br />
**[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com <br />
**[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2011/10/east-india-company-london-workers.html East India Company London workers] British Library blog Untold Lives 17 October 2011<br />
**[http://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2017/02/east-india-company-saltpetre-warehouses-at-ratcliff.html East India Company saltpetre warehouses at Ratcliff] 02 February 2017 British Library Untold lives blog.<br />
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk<br />
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk<br />
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013) <br />
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.<br />
*[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2012/01/the-east-india-company-slaving-voyage-of-nicholas-skottowe.html The East India Company slaving voyage of Nicholas Skottowe] British Library blog Untold Lives 9 January 2012<br />
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu<br />
*[http://corporate-rule.co.uk/drupal/node/164 "Loot: In search of the East India Company"] by Nick Robins originally written 2003 corporate-rule.co.uk<br />
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''. <br />
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.<br />
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.<br />
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power. <br />
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019. <br />
*[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160330-the-worlds-most-powerful-corporation "The world’s most powerful corporation"] by Amanda Ruggeri 30 March 2016 bbc.com.<br />
*[http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/eicah/files/2013/01/EIC-Bibliography-Final-21.08.14.pdf East India Company Bibliography] “The East India Company at Home, 1757-1857 – UCL History” ucl.ac.uk<br />
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.<br />
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]<br />
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.<br />
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].<br />
====Maps====<br />
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].<br />
====Historical books online====<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.<br />
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books<br />
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org <br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902<br />
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.<br />
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year." <br />
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].<br />
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922<br />
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89. <br />
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books <br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books<br />
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6] <br />
<br />
*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866. <br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865. <br />
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org<br />
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.<br />
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the English, [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Research methods]]<br />
[[Category:Government and Administration]]<br />
[[Category:East India Company]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tinnevelly&diff=91787Tinnevelly2026-04-18T19:57:27Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Locations_Infobox<br />
|presidency= [[Madras (Presidency)|Madras]]<br />
|image=<br />
|coordinates= [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=8.73,77.7&spn=0.1,0.1&t=m&q=8.73,77.7 8.73°N, 77.7°E]<br />
|altitude= 47 m (154 ft)<br />
|presentname= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu Tirunelveli] <br />
|stateprovince= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu Tamil Nadu]<br />
|country=India<br />
|transport=<br />
}}<br />
{{Places of Interest|title=Tinnevelly|name=Tinnevelly |link=xxxxx}}<br />
<br />
'''Tinnevelly''' was the headquarters of [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V23_367.gif Tinnevelly District] during the British period.<br />
<br />
== Spelling variants ==<br />
Modern spelling: Tirunelveli<br><br />
Variants: Tinnevelly/Nellai <br />
<br />
== FIBIS resources ==<br />
<br />
==Schools and institutions==<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-ra131-s29 1850 Map of Tinnevelly in the Diocese of Madras] ''The Colonial Church Atlas 3rd Edition 1850''. National Library of Australia Digital Collections-Maps [http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn3667356 Catalogue entry]<br />
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=23&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V23_385.gif Tinnevelly Town] Imperial Gazetteer<br><br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/manualoftinnevel00stuarich#page/n3/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Tinnevelly District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Andrew John Stuart 1879 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/apoliticalandge00caldgoog ''A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras from the earliest period to its cession to the Engliah Government in AD 1801''] by Rev R Caldwell 1881<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/GazeetersTinnevellyVol11917 ''Madras District Gazetteers: Tinnevelly Volume I''] by H R Pate ICS 1917 Archive.org<br />
<br />
[[Category:Locations]]<br />
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Madras Presidency]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Masonic_Lodges&diff=91786Masonic Lodges2026-04-18T11:58:07Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[Image:Freemasons Hall Quetta.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Freemasons Hall, Quetta]]<br />
==List of Masonic Lodges in India 1860==<br />
<br />
Lodges with the * prefixed have Chapters attached.<br />
[[Image:Freemason.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Freemason Bombay Lodge]]<br />
<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND. <br />
<br />
<br />
! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING <br />
|- <br />
| 80 || Star in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 94 || Stewards', Freemasons' Hall, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 126* || Industry & Perseverance,Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 175* || Perfect Unanimity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 242 || Rising Sun, Fort Marlborough. || <br />
|- <br />
| 265 || True Friendship, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 279 || Humility with Fortitude, Fort William, Calcutta. || <br />
|- <br />
| 282 || Marine, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 284 || Anchor and Hope, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 293 || Neptune, Prince of Wales's Island. || <br />
|- <br />
| 825* || Rock, Trichinopoly, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 826* || Social Friendship, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 840* || Universal Charity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 480 || Benevolent, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 532 || Hope, Ahmednugger, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 646* || Perseverance, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 650 || Independence with Philanthropy, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 551* || Courage with Humanity, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 596* || Hope, Meerut, Bengal. || 2d Friday.<br />
|- <br />
| 698 || Orion in the West, Bombay Artillery, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 609 || True Brothers, Dinapore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 619 || Oriental Star, Cannanore, Malabar. || <br />
|- <br />
| 622 || Neilghcrry, Ootacamund, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 628* || St. John's, Secunderabad, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 634 || Social & Military Virtues.Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 636 || Universal Charity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 636 || Honour & Humanity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 637 || Military & Social Friendship, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 638 || Taprobane, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 689 || Corinthian, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 641* || Harmony, Cawnpore, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 664 || Doric, Kamptee, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 665 || St. John's, Kandy, Ceylon. || <br />
|- <br />
| 673* || [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=689&s_id=821 Himalayan Brotherhood,Simla, Bengal.] || <br />
|- <br />
| 684 || Goodwill, Bellary, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 685 || Armenia, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 710 || Bangalore Cantonment, Bangalore, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 715 || St. John's, Calcutta. || 2d & 4th Fridays.<br />
|- <br />
| 718 || St. Helena, St. Helena. || <br />
|- <br />
| 784 || St. Andrew's, Kamptee, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 740 || Kilwinning in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 748* || Zetland in the East, Singapore. || Last Monday.<br />
|- <br />
| 761* || Star of Hope, Agra, Bengal. || First Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 794 || Philanthropy, Maulmain. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 807 || St. George's, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 810 || Morning Star, Lucknow, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 828* || Charity, Umballa, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 831* || Pilgrims of Light, Mount-road, near Madras. || 4th Saturday.<br />
|- <br />
| 846 || Neptune,Georgetown, Prince of Wales's Island. || 3d Thursday. <br />
|- <br />
| 852* || Kyber, Peshawur, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 897 || Star of Burmah, Rangoon, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 906 || Jullunder, Jullunder, Bengal. || 1st Wednesday. <br />
|- <br />
| 922* || Dalhousie of Mussoorie and Deyrah, Mussoorie, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Tuesdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 925 || Fidelity, Darjeeling, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 929 || Am kan, Akyab, Bengal. || 3d Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 972 || Astrea, Thayetmys Pegu, Bengal || 2d Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 978 || Ramsey, Rawul Pinde, Bengal. || 1st Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 974 || Light of tbe North, Ferozepore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds. <br />
|- <br />
| 984 || Trinne Brotherhood, Subathoo, Bengal. || 3d Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 1038 || British, Port Louis, Mauritius. || 1st Wednesday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1042 || Fidelity, Singapore. || Last Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1058 || Good Hope,Dacca, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 1059 || Concord, Bombay. || 3d Saturday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1069 || Union, Kurrachee, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 1084 || Hope and Perseverance, Lahore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Mondays.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF SCOTLAND. <br />
<br />
<br />
! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING<br />
|- <br />
| 342 || Rising Star, Western India. || <br />
|- <br />
| 343 || St. Andrew's in the East, Poonah. || <br />
|- <br />
| 350 || Hope, Kurrachce. || <br />
|- <br />
| 351 || Perseverance, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 871 || St. David's in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || 1st & 3rd Tuesdays.<br />
|- <br />
| 389 || St. Paul's, Mhow, Bengal, India. || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==FIBIS resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=821&s_id=56 Freemasons] FIBIS database<br />
*[http://gallery.fibis.org/index.php?/tags/147-freemason Masonic Images] FIBIS Gallery<br />
*[[FIBIS Journals]] no 20 contains excellent article ''Freemasonry in India'' by Susan Snell<br />
<br />
==Abbreviations==<br />
*PM stands for Past Master (of a lodge).<br />
*PDGSB stands for Past Deputy Grand Sword Bearer (a ceremonial office in Grand Lodge).<ref>Faithfull, Robert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023913/https://mlarchives.rootsweb.com/listindexes/emails?listname=india&thread=785313 Masonic initials] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 December 2012, now archived.</ref><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[https://www.ugle.org.uk/freemasons-hall/museum-freemasonry The Library and Museum of Freemasonry (United Grand Lodge of England)]. <br />
:[http://www.masonicperiodicals.org Major English Masonic publications online] masonicperiodicals.org<br />
*There is a searchable name database of United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751-1921 on pay website [http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ ancestry.co.uk]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414121632/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index6.html Freemasonry Comes To India], now archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819230907/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index.html The Grand Lodge of AF and AM of India], now archived.<br />
*[https://houghton.hk/masonry/ Freemasonry, mainly in India during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Moira] by Roger Houghton<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150215015515/http://lodge-prudentia.com/masonry_in_india/freemasonry_in_madras Freemasonry in Madras] Lodge Prudentia No. 369 GLI, now archived.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160323135802/http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/prestonian_lectures_volume_3.htm 1979 Prestonian Lecture: 250 Years of Masonry in India] by G.E. Walker. Scroll down to page 82, (total c 300 pages, the numbers are generally at the left hand side of the webpage) phoenixmasonry.org, now an archived webpage.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130725193612/http://khyberlodge.co.uk/about-khyber-mainmenu-26.html Khyber Lodge No.582 EC, Peshawar] Khyberlodge.co.uk, now archived.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306123902/http://masonicmedals.net/articles/the-himalayan-brotherhood-lodge-no-459.html The Himalayan Brotherhood Lodge No. 459] Simla. masonicmedals.net, archived.<br />
*[http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/id37.html Freemasons] including [http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/himalayanbrotherhood Himalayan Brotherhood] from British India Family History (valmayukuk.tripod.com)<br />
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/kipling.html Rudyard Kipling and his masonic career] freemasons-freemasonry.com<br />
*[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/kipling_r/kipling_r.html Rudyard Kipling Freemason] freemasonry.bcy.ca<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/details/earlyhistoryoffr00firmuoft ''The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal and the Punjab; with which is incorporated "The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal" by Andrew D'Cruz''] by Walter Kelly Firminger (1906) Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323749#page/n5/mode/2up ''A history of Freemasonry (under the English constitution) on the Coast of Coromandel : together with histories of the old Madras lodges which were founded before the union : together with appendices and a map''] by Rev C H Malden (1895) Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323731#page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Lodge "St. George" of Bombay, No. 549 on the Registry of the United Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of England''] by Bro. Isaac M. Shields 1898 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/GouldRFMilitaryLodges1899/page/n183/mode/2up "India"] Chapter 6, page 165 ''Military Lodges. The Apron and the Sword, or Freemasonry under Arms'' by Robert Freke Gould 1899 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyoffreemas00grib#page/n7/mode/2up ''History of Freemasonry in Hyderabad (Deccan)''] by J. D. B. Gribble 1910 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n1/mode/2up ''"Stewart" Lodge, No. 1960, E.C., holding at Rawal Pindi and Murree, under the district Grand Lodge of the Punjab. Address by the Worshipful Master (Wor. Bro. C.H. Blackburn) on the working of the Lodge for the year 1896''] 1897 Archive.org<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n13/mode/2up List of members to 31 December 1896]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/historyoflodgeri00wadirich ''History of Lodge Rising Star of Western India No 342''] by D F Wadia 1912. Archive.org.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Society]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Masonic_Lodges&diff=91785Masonic Lodges2026-04-18T11:56:19Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[Image:Freemasons Hall Quetta.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Freemasons Hall, Quetta]]<br />
==List of Masonic Lodges in India 1860==<br />
<br />
Lodges with the * prefixed have Chapters attached.<br />
[[Image:Freemason.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Freemason Bombay Lodge]]<br />
<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND. <br />
<br />
<br />
! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING <br />
|- <br />
| 80 || Star in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 94 || Stewards', Freemasons' Hall, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 126* || Industry & Perseverance,Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 175* || Perfect Unanimity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 242 || Rising Sun, Fort Marlborough. || <br />
|- <br />
| 265 || True Friendship, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 279 || Humility with Fortitude, Fort William, Calcutta. || <br />
|- <br />
| 282 || Marine, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 284 || Anchor and Hope, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 293 || Neptune, Prince of Wales's Island. || <br />
|- <br />
| 825* || Rock, Trichinopoly, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 826* || Social Friendship, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 840* || Universal Charity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 480 || Benevolent, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 532 || Hope, Ahmednugger, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 646* || Perseverance, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 650 || Independence with Philanthropy, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 551* || Courage with Humanity, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 596* || Hope, Meerut, Bengal. || 2d Friday.<br />
|- <br />
| 698 || Orion in the West, Bombay Artillery, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 609 || True Brothers, Dinapore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 619 || Oriental Star, Cannanore, Malabar. || <br />
|- <br />
| 622 || Neilghcrry, Ootacamund, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 628* || St. John's, Secunderabad, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 634 || Social & Military Virtues.Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 636 || Universal Charity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 636 || Honour & Humanity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 637 || Military & Social Friendship, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 638 || Taprobane, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 689 || Corinthian, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 641* || Harmony, Cawnpore, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 664 || Doric, Kamptee, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 665 || St. John's, Kandy, Ceylon. || <br />
|- <br />
| 673* || [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=689&s_id=821 Himalayan Brotherhood,Simla, Bengal.] || <br />
|- <br />
| 684 || Goodwill, Bellary, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 685 || Armenia, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 710 || Bangalore Cantonment, Bangalore, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 715 || St. John's, Calcutta. || 2d & 4th Fridays.<br />
|- <br />
| 718 || St. Helena, St. Helena. || <br />
|- <br />
| 784 || St. Andrew's, Kamptee, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 740 || Kilwinning in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 748* || Zetland in the East, Singapore. || Last Monday.<br />
|- <br />
| 761* || Star of Hope, Agra, Bengal. || First Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 794 || Philanthropy, Maulmain. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 807 || St. George's, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 810 || Morning Star, Lucknow, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 828* || Charity, Umballa, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 831* || Pilgrims of Light, Mount-road, near Madras. || 4th Saturday.<br />
|- <br />
| 846 || Neptune,Georgetown, Prince of Wales's Island. || 3d Thursday. <br />
|- <br />
| 852* || Kyber, Peshawur, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 897 || Star of Burmah, Rangoon, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 906 || Jullunder, Jullunder, Bengal. || 1st Wednesday. <br />
|- <br />
| 922* || Dalhousie of Mussoorie and Deyrah, Mussoorie, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Tuesdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 925 || Fidelity, Darjeeling, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 929 || Am kan, Akyab, Bengal. || 3d Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 972 || Astrea, Thayetmys Pegu, Bengal || 2d Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 978 || Ramsey, Rawul Pinde, Bengal. || 1st Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 974 || Light of tbe North, Ferozepore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds. <br />
|- <br />
| 984 || Trinne Brotherhood, Subathoo, Bengal. || 3d Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 1038 || British, Port Louis, Mauritius. || 1st Wednesday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1042 || Fidelity, Singapore. || Last Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1058 || Good Hope,Dacca, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 1059 || Concord, Bombay. || 3d Saturday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1069 || Union, Kurrachee, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 1084 || Hope and Perseverance, Lahore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Mondays.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF SCOTLAND. <br />
<br />
<br />
! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING<br />
|- <br />
| 342 || Rising Star, Western India. || <br />
|- <br />
| 343 || St. Andrew's in the East, Poonah. || <br />
|- <br />
| 350 || Hope, Kurrachce. || <br />
|- <br />
| 351 || Perseverance, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 871 || St. David's in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || 1st & 3rd Tuesdays.<br />
|- <br />
| 389 || St. Paul's, Mhow, Bengal, India. || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==FIBIS resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=821&s_id=56 Freemasons] FIBIS database<br />
*[http://gallery.fibis.org/index.php?/tags/147-freemason Masonic Images] FIBIS Gallery<br />
*[[FIBIS Journals]] no 20 contains excellent article ''Freemasonry in India'' by Susan Snell<br />
<br />
==Abbreviations==<br />
*PM stands for Past Master (of a lodge).<br />
*PDGSB stands for Past Deputy Grand Sword Bearer (a ceremonial office in Grand Lodge).<ref>Faithfull, Robert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023913/https://mlarchives.rootsweb.com/listindexes/emails?listname=india&thread=785313 Masonic initials] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 December 2012, now archived.</ref><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[https://www.ugle.org.uk/freemasons-hall/museum-freemasonry The Library and Museum of Freemasonry (United Grand Lodge of England)]. <br />
:[http://www.masonicperiodicals.org Major English Masonic publications online] masonicperiodicals.org<br />
*There is a searchable name database of United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751-1921 on pay website [http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ ancestry.co.uk]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414121632/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index6.html Freemasonry Comes To India], now archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819230907/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index.html The Grand Lodge of AF and AM of India], now archived.<br />
*[https://houghton.hk/masonry/ Freemasonry, mainly in India during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Moira] by Roger Houghton<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150215015515/http://lodge-prudentia.com/masonry_in_india/freemasonry_in_madras Freemasonry in Madras] Lodge Prudentia No. 369 GLI, now archived.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160323135802/http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/prestonian_lectures_volume_3.htm 1979 Prestonian Lecture: 250 Years of Masonry in India] by G.E. Walker. Scroll down to page 82, (total c 300 pages, the numbers are generally at the left hand side of the webpage) phoenixmasonry.org, now an archived webpage.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130725193612/http://khyberlodge.co.uk/about-khyber-mainmenu-26.html Khyber Lodge No.582 EC, Peshawar] Khyberlodge.co.uk, now archived.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306123902/http://masonicmedals.net/articles/the-himalayan-brotherhood-lodge-no-459.html The Himalayan Brotherhood Lodge No. 459] Simla. masonicmedals.net, archived.<br />
*[http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/id37.html Freemasons] including [http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/himalayanbrotherhood Himalayan Brotherhood] from British India Family History (valmayukuk.tripod.com)<br />
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/kipling.html Rudyard Kipling and his masonic career] freemasons-freemasonry.com<br />
*[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/kipling_r/kipling_r.html Rudyard Kipling Freemason] freemasonry.bcy.ca<br />
*[http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason] (National Heritage Museum) became a Mason in India in 1907<br />
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/Francken-Manuscript.html A lost copy of the Francken manuscript found in Lahore Pakistan] freemasons-freemasonry.com<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/details/earlyhistoryoffr00firmuoft ''The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal and the Punjab; with which is incorporated "The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal" by Andrew D'Cruz''] by Walter Kelly Firminger (1906) Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323749#page/n5/mode/2up ''A history of Freemasonry (under the English constitution) on the Coast of Coromandel : together with histories of the old Madras lodges which were founded before the union : together with appendices and a map''] by Rev C H Malden (1895) Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323731#page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Lodge "St. George" of Bombay, No. 549 on the Registry of the United Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of England''] by Bro. Isaac M. Shields 1898 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/GouldRFMilitaryLodges1899/page/n183/mode/2up "India"] Chapter 6, page 165 ''Military Lodges. The Apron and the Sword, or Freemasonry under Arms'' by Robert Freke Gould 1899 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyoffreemas00grib#page/n7/mode/2up ''History of Freemasonry in Hyderabad (Deccan)''] by J. D. B. Gribble 1910 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n1/mode/2up ''"Stewart" Lodge, No. 1960, E.C., holding at Rawal Pindi and Murree, under the district Grand Lodge of the Punjab. Address by the Worshipful Master (Wor. Bro. C.H. Blackburn) on the working of the Lodge for the year 1896''] 1897 Archive.org<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n13/mode/2up List of members to 31 December 1896]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/historyoflodgeri00wadirich ''History of Lodge Rising Star of Western India No 342''] by D F Wadia 1912. Archive.org.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Society]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Masonic_Lodges&diff=91784Masonic Lodges2026-04-18T11:54:39Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[Image:Freemasons Hall Quetta.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Freemasons Hall, Quetta]]<br />
==List of Masonic Lodges in India 1860==<br />
<br />
Lodges with the * prefixed have Chapters attached.<br />
[[Image:Freemason.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Freemason Bombay Lodge]]<br />
<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND. <br />
<br />
<br />
! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING <br />
|- <br />
| 80 || Star in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 94 || Stewards', Freemasons' Hall, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 126* || Industry & Perseverance,Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 175* || Perfect Unanimity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 242 || Rising Sun, Fort Marlborough. || <br />
|- <br />
| 265 || True Friendship, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 279 || Humility with Fortitude, Fort William, Calcutta. || <br />
|- <br />
| 282 || Marine, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 284 || Anchor and Hope, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 293 || Neptune, Prince of Wales's Island. || <br />
|- <br />
| 825* || Rock, Trichinopoly, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 826* || Social Friendship, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 840* || Universal Charity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 480 || Benevolent, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 532 || Hope, Ahmednugger, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 646* || Perseverance, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 650 || Independence with Philanthropy, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 551* || Courage with Humanity, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 596* || Hope, Meerut, Bengal. || 2d Friday.<br />
|- <br />
| 698 || Orion in the West, Bombay Artillery, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 609 || True Brothers, Dinapore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 619 || Oriental Star, Cannanore, Malabar. || <br />
|- <br />
| 622 || Neilghcrry, Ootacamund, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 628* || St. John's, Secunderabad, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 634 || Social & Military Virtues.Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 636 || Universal Charity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 636 || Honour & Humanity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 637 || Military & Social Friendship, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 638 || Taprobane, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 689 || Corinthian, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 641* || Harmony, Cawnpore, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 664 || Doric, Kamptee, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 665 || St. John's, Kandy, Ceylon. || <br />
|- <br />
| 673* || [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=689&s_id=821 Himalayan Brotherhood,Simla, Bengal.] || <br />
|- <br />
| 684 || Goodwill, Bellary, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 685 || Armenia, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 710 || Bangalore Cantonment, Bangalore, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 715 || St. John's, Calcutta. || 2d & 4th Fridays.<br />
|- <br />
| 718 || St. Helena, St. Helena. || <br />
|- <br />
| 784 || St. Andrew's, Kamptee, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 740 || Kilwinning in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 748* || Zetland in the East, Singapore. || Last Monday.<br />
|- <br />
| 761* || Star of Hope, Agra, Bengal. || First Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 794 || Philanthropy, Maulmain. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 807 || St. George's, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 810 || Morning Star, Lucknow, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 828* || Charity, Umballa, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 831* || Pilgrims of Light, Mount-road, near Madras. || 4th Saturday.<br />
|- <br />
| 846 || Neptune,Georgetown, Prince of Wales's Island. || 3d Thursday. <br />
|- <br />
| 852* || Kyber, Peshawur, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 897 || Star of Burmah, Rangoon, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 906 || Jullunder, Jullunder, Bengal. || 1st Wednesday. <br />
|- <br />
| 922* || Dalhousie of Mussoorie and Deyrah, Mussoorie, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Tuesdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 925 || Fidelity, Darjeeling, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 929 || Am kan, Akyab, Bengal. || 3d Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 972 || Astrea, Thayetmys Pegu, Bengal || 2d Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 978 || Ramsey, Rawul Pinde, Bengal. || 1st Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 974 || Light of tbe North, Ferozepore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds. <br />
|- <br />
| 984 || Trinne Brotherhood, Subathoo, Bengal. || 3d Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 1038 || British, Port Louis, Mauritius. || 1st Wednesday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1042 || Fidelity, Singapore. || Last Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1058 || Good Hope,Dacca, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 1059 || Concord, Bombay. || 3d Saturday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1069 || Union, Kurrachee, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 1084 || Hope and Perseverance, Lahore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Mondays.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF SCOTLAND. <br />
<br />
<br />
! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING<br />
|- <br />
| 342 || Rising Star, Western India. || <br />
|- <br />
| 343 || St. Andrew's in the East, Poonah. || <br />
|- <br />
| 350 || Hope, Kurrachce. || <br />
|- <br />
| 351 || Perseverance, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 871 || St. David's in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || 1st & 3rd Tuesdays.<br />
|- <br />
| 389 || St. Paul's, Mhow, Bengal, India. || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==FIBIS resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=821&s_id=56 Freemasons] FIBIS database<br />
*[http://gallery.fibis.org/index.php?/tags/147-freemason Masonic Images] FIBIS Gallery<br />
*[[FIBIS Journals]] no 20 contains excellent article ''Freemasonry in India'' by Susan Snell<br />
<br />
==Abbreviations==<br />
*PM stands for Past Master (of a lodge).<br />
*PDGSB stands for Past Deputy Grand Sword Bearer (a ceremonial office in Grand Lodge).<ref>Faithfull, Robert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023913/https://mlarchives.rootsweb.com/listindexes/emails?listname=india&thread=785313 Masonic initials] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 December 2012, now archived.</ref><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[https://www.ugle.org.uk/freemasons-hall/museum-freemasonry The Library and Museum of Freemasonry (United Grand Lodge of England)]. <br />
:[http://www.masonicperiodicals.org Major English Masonic publications online] masonicperiodicals.org<br />
*There is a searchable name database of United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751-1921 on pay website [http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ ancestry.co.uk]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414121632/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index6.html Freemasonry Comes To India], now archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819230907/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index.html The Grand Lodge of AF and AM of India], now archived.<br />
*[https://houghton.hk/masonry/ Freemasonry, mainly in India during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Moira] by Roger Houghton<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150215015515/http://lodge-prudentia.com/masonry_in_india/freemasonry_in_madras Freemasonry in Madras] Lodge Prudentia No. 369 GLI, now archived.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160323135802/http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/prestonian_lectures_volume_3.htm 1979 Prestonian Lecture: 250 Years of Masonry in India] by G.E. Walker. Scroll down to page 82, (total c 300 pages, the numbers are generally at the left hand side of the webpage) phoenixmasonry.org, now an archived webpage.<br />
*[http://www.irishmasonichistory.com/260-years-of-irish-freemasonry-in-india-1754-2014-by-v-w-bro-aniruddha-pradhan.html "260 years of Irish Freemasonry in India, 1754-2014"] by V. W. Bro. Aniruddha Pradhan. Paper presented at Mumbai 2014. Pdf download also available. [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishmasonichistory.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F0%2F3%2F8%2F10381775%2F260_years_of_irish_freemasonry_in_india_1754-2014_by_v._w._bro._aniruddha_pradhan_.pdf Another html version]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130725193612/http://khyberlodge.co.uk/about-khyber-mainmenu-26.html Khyber Lodge No.582 EC, Peshawar] Khyberlodge.co.uk, now archived.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306123902/http://masonicmedals.net/articles/the-himalayan-brotherhood-lodge-no-459.html The Himalayan Brotherhood Lodge No. 459] Simla. masonicmedals.net, archived.<br />
*[http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/id37.html Freemasons] including [http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/himalayanbrotherhood Himalayan Brotherhood] from British India Family History (valmayukuk.tripod.com)<br />
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/kipling.html Rudyard Kipling and his masonic career] freemasons-freemasonry.com<br />
*[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/kipling_r/kipling_r.html Rudyard Kipling Freemason] freemasonry.bcy.ca<br />
*[http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason] (National Heritage Museum) became a Mason in India in 1907<br />
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/Francken-Manuscript.html A lost copy of the Francken manuscript found in Lahore Pakistan] freemasons-freemasonry.com<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/details/earlyhistoryoffr00firmuoft ''The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal and the Punjab; with which is incorporated "The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal" by Andrew D'Cruz''] by Walter Kelly Firminger (1906) Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323749#page/n5/mode/2up ''A history of Freemasonry (under the English constitution) on the Coast of Coromandel : together with histories of the old Madras lodges which were founded before the union : together with appendices and a map''] by Rev C H Malden (1895) Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323731#page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Lodge "St. George" of Bombay, No. 549 on the Registry of the United Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of England''] by Bro. Isaac M. Shields 1898 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/GouldRFMilitaryLodges1899/page/n183/mode/2up "India"] Chapter 6, page 165 ''Military Lodges. The Apron and the Sword, or Freemasonry under Arms'' by Robert Freke Gould 1899 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyoffreemas00grib#page/n7/mode/2up ''History of Freemasonry in Hyderabad (Deccan)''] by J. D. B. Gribble 1910 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n1/mode/2up ''"Stewart" Lodge, No. 1960, E.C., holding at Rawal Pindi and Murree, under the district Grand Lodge of the Punjab. Address by the Worshipful Master (Wor. Bro. C.H. Blackburn) on the working of the Lodge for the year 1896''] 1897 Archive.org<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n13/mode/2up List of members to 31 December 1896]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/historyoflodgeri00wadirich ''History of Lodge Rising Star of Western India No 342''] by D F Wadia 1912. Archive.org.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Society]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Masonic_Lodges&diff=91783Masonic Lodges2026-04-18T11:53:46Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[Image:Freemasons Hall Quetta.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Freemasons Hall, Quetta]]<br />
==List of Masonic Lodges in India 1860==<br />
<br />
Lodges with the * prefixed have Chapters attached.<br />
[[Image:Freemason.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Freemason Bombay Lodge]]<br />
<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND. <br />
<br />
<br />
! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING <br />
|- <br />
| 80 || Star in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 94 || Stewards', Freemasons' Hall, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 126* || Industry & Perseverance,Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 175* || Perfect Unanimity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 242 || Rising Sun, Fort Marlborough. || <br />
|- <br />
| 265 || True Friendship, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 279 || Humility with Fortitude, Fort William, Calcutta. || <br />
|- <br />
| 282 || Marine, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 284 || Anchor and Hope, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 293 || Neptune, Prince of Wales's Island. || <br />
|- <br />
| 825* || Rock, Trichinopoly, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 826* || Social Friendship, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 840* || Universal Charity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 480 || Benevolent, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 532 || Hope, Ahmednugger, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 646* || Perseverance, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 650 || Independence with Philanthropy, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 551* || Courage with Humanity, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 596* || Hope, Meerut, Bengal. || 2d Friday.<br />
|- <br />
| 698 || Orion in the West, Bombay Artillery, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 609 || True Brothers, Dinapore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 619 || Oriental Star, Cannanore, Malabar. || <br />
|- <br />
| 622 || Neilghcrry, Ootacamund, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 628* || St. John's, Secunderabad, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 634 || Social & Military Virtues.Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 636 || Universal Charity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 636 || Honour & Humanity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 637 || Military & Social Friendship, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 638 || Taprobane, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 689 || Corinthian, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 641* || Harmony, Cawnpore, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 664 || Doric, Kamptee, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 665 || St. John's, Kandy, Ceylon. || <br />
|- <br />
| 673* || [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=689&s_id=821 Himalayan Brotherhood,Simla, Bengal.] || <br />
|- <br />
| 684 || Goodwill, Bellary, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 685 || Armenia, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 710 || Bangalore Cantonment, Bangalore, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 715 || St. John's, Calcutta. || 2d & 4th Fridays.<br />
|- <br />
| 718 || St. Helena, St. Helena. || <br />
|- <br />
| 784 || St. Andrew's, Kamptee, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 740 || Kilwinning in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 748* || Zetland in the East, Singapore. || Last Monday.<br />
|- <br />
| 761* || Star of Hope, Agra, Bengal. || First Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 794 || Philanthropy, Maulmain. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 807 || St. George's, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 810 || Morning Star, Lucknow, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 828* || Charity, Umballa, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 831* || Pilgrims of Light, Mount-road, near Madras. || 4th Saturday.<br />
|- <br />
| 846 || Neptune,Georgetown, Prince of Wales's Island. || 3d Thursday. <br />
|- <br />
| 852* || Kyber, Peshawur, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 897 || Star of Burmah, Rangoon, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 906 || Jullunder, Jullunder, Bengal. || 1st Wednesday. <br />
|- <br />
| 922* || Dalhousie of Mussoorie and Deyrah, Mussoorie, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Tuesdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 925 || Fidelity, Darjeeling, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 929 || Am kan, Akyab, Bengal. || 3d Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 972 || Astrea, Thayetmys Pegu, Bengal || 2d Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 978 || Ramsey, Rawul Pinde, Bengal. || 1st Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 974 || Light of tbe North, Ferozepore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds. <br />
|- <br />
| 984 || Trinne Brotherhood, Subathoo, Bengal. || 3d Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 1038 || British, Port Louis, Mauritius. || 1st Wednesday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1042 || Fidelity, Singapore. || Last Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1058 || Good Hope,Dacca, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 1059 || Concord, Bombay. || 3d Saturday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1069 || Union, Kurrachee, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 1084 || Hope and Perseverance, Lahore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Mondays.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF SCOTLAND. <br />
<br />
<br />
! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING<br />
|- <br />
| 342 || Rising Star, Western India. || <br />
|- <br />
| 343 || St. Andrew's in the East, Poonah. || <br />
|- <br />
| 350 || Hope, Kurrachce. || <br />
|- <br />
| 351 || Perseverance, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 871 || St. David's in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || 1st & 3rd Tuesdays.<br />
|- <br />
| 389 || St. Paul's, Mhow, Bengal, India. || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==FIBIS resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=821&s_id=56 Freemasons] FIBIS database<br />
*[http://gallery.fibis.org/index.php?/tags/147-freemason Masonic Images] FIBIS Gallery<br />
*[[FIBIS Journals]] no 20 contains excellent article ''Freemasonry in India'' by Susan Snell<br />
<br />
==Abbreviations==<br />
*PM stands for Past Master (of a lodge).<br />
*PDGSB stands for Past Deputy Grand Sword Bearer (a ceremonial office in Grand Lodge).<ref>Faithfull, Robert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023913/https://mlarchives.rootsweb.com/listindexes/emails?listname=india&thread=785313 Masonic initials] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 December 2012, now archived.</ref><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[https://www.ugle.org.uk/freemasons-hall/museum-freemasonry The Library and Museum of Freemasonry (United Grand Lodge of England)]. <br />
:[http://www.masonicperiodicals.org Major English Masonic publications online] masonicperiodicals.org<br />
*There is a searchable name database of United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751-1921 on pay website [http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ ancestry.co.uk]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414121632/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index6.html Freemasonry Comes To India], now archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819230907/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index.html The Grand Lodge of AF and AM of India], now archived.<br />
*[https://houghton.hk/masonry/ Freemasonry, mainly in India during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Moira] by Roger Houghton<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150215015515/http://lodge-prudentia.com/masonry_in_india/freemasonry_in_madras Freemasonry in Madras] Lodge Prudentia No. 369 GLI, now archived.<br />
*[http://fsantoke.byethost3.com/dglindia/index.html District Grand Lodge of India under Grand Lodge of Antient, Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland]. Includes Freemasonry in Bombay.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160323135802/http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/prestonian_lectures_volume_3.htm 1979 Prestonian Lecture: 250 Years of Masonry in India] by G.E. Walker. Scroll down to page 82, (total c 300 pages, the numbers are generally at the left hand side of the webpage) phoenixmasonry.org, now an archived webpage.<br />
*[http://www.irishmasonichistory.com/260-years-of-irish-freemasonry-in-india-1754-2014-by-v-w-bro-aniruddha-pradhan.html "260 years of Irish Freemasonry in India, 1754-2014"] by V. W. Bro. Aniruddha Pradhan. Paper presented at Mumbai 2014. Pdf download also available. [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishmasonichistory.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F0%2F3%2F8%2F10381775%2F260_years_of_irish_freemasonry_in_india_1754-2014_by_v._w._bro._aniruddha_pradhan_.pdf Another html version]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130725193612/http://khyberlodge.co.uk/about-khyber-mainmenu-26.html Khyber Lodge No.582 EC, Peshawar] Khyberlodge.co.uk, now archived.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306123902/http://masonicmedals.net/articles/the-himalayan-brotherhood-lodge-no-459.html The Himalayan Brotherhood Lodge No. 459] Simla. masonicmedals.net, archived.<br />
*[http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/id37.html Freemasons] including [http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/himalayanbrotherhood Himalayan Brotherhood] from British India Family History (valmayukuk.tripod.com)<br />
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/kipling.html Rudyard Kipling and his masonic career] freemasons-freemasonry.com<br />
*[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/kipling_r/kipling_r.html Rudyard Kipling Freemason] freemasonry.bcy.ca<br />
*[http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason] (National Heritage Museum) became a Mason in India in 1907<br />
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/Francken-Manuscript.html A lost copy of the Francken manuscript found in Lahore Pakistan] freemasons-freemasonry.com<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/details/earlyhistoryoffr00firmuoft ''The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal and the Punjab; with which is incorporated "The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal" by Andrew D'Cruz''] by Walter Kelly Firminger (1906) Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323749#page/n5/mode/2up ''A history of Freemasonry (under the English constitution) on the Coast of Coromandel : together with histories of the old Madras lodges which were founded before the union : together with appendices and a map''] by Rev C H Malden (1895) Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323731#page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Lodge "St. George" of Bombay, No. 549 on the Registry of the United Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of England''] by Bro. Isaac M. Shields 1898 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/GouldRFMilitaryLodges1899/page/n183/mode/2up "India"] Chapter 6, page 165 ''Military Lodges. The Apron and the Sword, or Freemasonry under Arms'' by Robert Freke Gould 1899 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyoffreemas00grib#page/n7/mode/2up ''History of Freemasonry in Hyderabad (Deccan)''] by J. D. B. Gribble 1910 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n1/mode/2up ''"Stewart" Lodge, No. 1960, E.C., holding at Rawal Pindi and Murree, under the district Grand Lodge of the Punjab. Address by the Worshipful Master (Wor. Bro. C.H. Blackburn) on the working of the Lodge for the year 1896''] 1897 Archive.org<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n13/mode/2up List of members to 31 December 1896]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/historyoflodgeri00wadirich ''History of Lodge Rising Star of Western India No 342''] by D F Wadia 1912. Archive.org.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Society]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Masonic_Lodges&diff=91782Masonic Lodges2026-04-18T11:52:46Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
[[Image:Freemasons Hall Quetta.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Freemasons Hall, Quetta]]<br />
==List of Masonic Lodges in India 1860==<br />
<br />
Lodges with the * prefixed have Chapters attached.<br />
[[Image:Freemason.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Freemason Bombay Lodge]]<br />
<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND. <br />
<br />
<br />
! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING <br />
|- <br />
| 80 || Star in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 94 || Stewards', Freemasons' Hall, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 126* || Industry & Perseverance,Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 175* || Perfect Unanimity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 242 || Rising Sun, Fort Marlborough. || <br />
|- <br />
| 265 || True Friendship, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 279 || Humility with Fortitude, Fort William, Calcutta. || <br />
|- <br />
| 282 || Marine, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 284 || Anchor and Hope, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 293 || Neptune, Prince of Wales's Island. || <br />
|- <br />
| 825* || Rock, Trichinopoly, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 826* || Social Friendship, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 840* || Universal Charity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 480 || Benevolent, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 532 || Hope, Ahmednugger, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 646* || Perseverance, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 650 || Independence with Philanthropy, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 551* || Courage with Humanity, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 596* || Hope, Meerut, Bengal. || 2d Friday.<br />
|- <br />
| 698 || Orion in the West, Bombay Artillery, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 609 || True Brothers, Dinapore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 619 || Oriental Star, Cannanore, Malabar. || <br />
|- <br />
| 622 || Neilghcrry, Ootacamund, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 628* || St. John's, Secunderabad, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 634 || Social & Military Virtues.Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 636 || Universal Charity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 636 || Honour & Humanity, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 637 || Military & Social Friendship, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 638 || Taprobane, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 689 || Corinthian, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 641* || Harmony, Cawnpore, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 664 || Doric, Kamptee, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 665 || St. John's, Kandy, Ceylon. || <br />
|- <br />
| 673* || [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=689&s_id=821 Himalayan Brotherhood,Simla, Bengal.] || <br />
|- <br />
| 684 || Goodwill, Bellary, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 685 || Armenia, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 710 || Bangalore Cantonment, Bangalore, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 715 || St. John's, Calcutta. || 2d & 4th Fridays.<br />
|- <br />
| 718 || St. Helena, St. Helena. || <br />
|- <br />
| 784 || St. Andrew's, Kamptee, Madras. || <br />
|- <br />
| 740 || Kilwinning in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 748* || Zetland in the East, Singapore. || Last Monday.<br />
|- <br />
| 761* || Star of Hope, Agra, Bengal. || First Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 794 || Philanthropy, Maulmain. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 807 || St. George's, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 810 || Morning Star, Lucknow, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 828* || Charity, Umballa, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 831* || Pilgrims of Light, Mount-road, near Madras. || 4th Saturday.<br />
|- <br />
| 846 || Neptune,Georgetown, Prince of Wales's Island. || 3d Thursday. <br />
|- <br />
| 852* || Kyber, Peshawur, Bengal. || <br />
|- <br />
| 897 || Star of Burmah, Rangoon, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 906 || Jullunder, Jullunder, Bengal. || 1st Wednesday. <br />
|- <br />
| 922* || Dalhousie of Mussoorie and Deyrah, Mussoorie, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Tuesdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 925 || Fidelity, Darjeeling, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays. <br />
|- <br />
| 929 || Am kan, Akyab, Bengal. || 3d Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 972 || Astrea, Thayetmys Pegu, Bengal || 2d Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 978 || Ramsey, Rawul Pinde, Bengal. || 1st Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 974 || Light of tbe North, Ferozepore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds. <br />
|- <br />
| 984 || Trinne Brotherhood, Subathoo, Bengal. || 3d Wednesday.<br />
|- <br />
| 1038 || British, Port Louis, Mauritius. || 1st Wednesday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1042 || Fidelity, Singapore. || Last Monday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1058 || Good Hope,Dacca, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.<br />
|- <br />
| 1059 || Concord, Bombay. || 3d Saturday. <br />
|- <br />
| 1069 || Union, Kurrachee, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 1084 || Hope and Perseverance, Lahore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Mondays.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" <br />
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF SCOTLAND. <br />
<br />
<br />
! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING<br />
|- <br />
| 342 || Rising Star, Western India. || <br />
|- <br />
| 343 || St. Andrew's in the East, Poonah. || <br />
|- <br />
| 350 || Hope, Kurrachce. || <br />
|- <br />
| 351 || Perseverance, Bombay. || <br />
|- <br />
| 871 || St. David's in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || 1st & 3rd Tuesdays.<br />
|- <br />
| 389 || St. Paul's, Mhow, Bengal, India. || <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==FIBIS resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=821&s_id=56 Freemasons] FIBIS database<br />
*[http://gallery.fibis.org/index.php?/tags/147-freemason Masonic Images] FIBIS Gallery<br />
*[[FIBIS Journals]] no 20 contains excellent article ''Freemasonry in India'' by Susan Snell<br />
<br />
==Abbreviations==<br />
*PM stands for Past Master (of a lodge).<br />
*PDGSB stands for Past Deputy Grand Sword Bearer (a ceremonial office in Grand Lodge).<ref>Faithfull, Robert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023913/https://mlarchives.rootsweb.com/listindexes/emails?listname=india&thread=785313 Masonic initials] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 December 2012, now archived.</ref><br />
<br />
== External Links ==<br />
*[https://www.ugle.org.uk/freemasons-hall/museum-freemasonry The Library and Museum of Freemasonry (United Grand Lodge of England)]. <br />
:[http://www.masonicperiodicals.org Major English Masonic publications online] masonicperiodicals.org<br />
*There is a searchable name database of United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751-1921 on pay website [http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ ancestry.co.uk]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414121632/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index6.html Freemasonry Comes To India], now archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819230907/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index.html The Grand Lodge of AF and AM of India], now archived.<br />
*[https://houghton.hk/masonry/ Freemasonry, mainly in India during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Moira] by Roger Houghton<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150215015515/http://lodge-prudentia.com/masonry_in_india/freemasonry_in_madras Freemasonry in Madras] Lodge Prudentia No. 369 GLI, now archived.<br />
*[http://fsantoke.byethost3.com/dglindia/hist1.htm History of Scottish Freemasonry in India:1838 – 2001] from [http://fsantoke.byethost3.com/dglindia/index.html District Grand Lodge of India under Grand Lodge of Antient, Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland]. Includes Freemasonry in Bombay.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160323135802/http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/prestonian_lectures_volume_3.htm 1979 Prestonian Lecture: 250 Years of Masonry in India] by G.E. Walker. Scroll down to page 82, (total c 300 pages, the numbers are generally at the left hand side of the webpage) phoenixmasonry.org, now an archived webpage.<br />
*[http://www.irishmasonichistory.com/260-years-of-irish-freemasonry-in-india-1754-2014-by-v-w-bro-aniruddha-pradhan.html "260 years of Irish Freemasonry in India, 1754-2014"] by V. W. Bro. Aniruddha Pradhan. Paper presented at Mumbai 2014. Pdf download also available. [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishmasonichistory.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F0%2F3%2F8%2F10381775%2F260_years_of_irish_freemasonry_in_india_1754-2014_by_v._w._bro._aniruddha_pradhan_.pdf Another html version]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130725193612/http://khyberlodge.co.uk/about-khyber-mainmenu-26.html Khyber Lodge No.582 EC, Peshawar] Khyberlodge.co.uk, now archived.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306123902/http://masonicmedals.net/articles/the-himalayan-brotherhood-lodge-no-459.html The Himalayan Brotherhood Lodge No. 459] Simla. masonicmedals.net, archived.<br />
*[http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/id37.html Freemasons] including [http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/himalayanbrotherhood Himalayan Brotherhood] from British India Family History (valmayukuk.tripod.com)<br />
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/kipling.html Rudyard Kipling and his masonic career] freemasons-freemasonry.com<br />
*[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/kipling_r/kipling_r.html Rudyard Kipling Freemason] freemasonry.bcy.ca<br />
*[http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason] (National Heritage Museum) became a Mason in India in 1907<br />
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/Francken-Manuscript.html A lost copy of the Francken manuscript found in Lahore Pakistan] freemasons-freemasonry.com<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/details/earlyhistoryoffr00firmuoft ''The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal and the Punjab; with which is incorporated "The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal" by Andrew D'Cruz''] by Walter Kelly Firminger (1906) Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323749#page/n5/mode/2up ''A history of Freemasonry (under the English constitution) on the Coast of Coromandel : together with histories of the old Madras lodges which were founded before the union : together with appendices and a map''] by Rev C H Malden (1895) Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323731#page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Lodge "St. George" of Bombay, No. 549 on the Registry of the United Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of England''] by Bro. Isaac M. Shields 1898 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/GouldRFMilitaryLodges1899/page/n183/mode/2up "India"] Chapter 6, page 165 ''Military Lodges. The Apron and the Sword, or Freemasonry under Arms'' by Robert Freke Gould 1899 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyoffreemas00grib#page/n7/mode/2up ''History of Freemasonry in Hyderabad (Deccan)''] by J. D. B. Gribble 1910 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n1/mode/2up ''"Stewart" Lodge, No. 1960, E.C., holding at Rawal Pindi and Murree, under the district Grand Lodge of the Punjab. Address by the Worshipful Master (Wor. Bro. C.H. Blackburn) on the working of the Lodge for the year 1896''] 1897 Archive.org<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n13/mode/2up List of members to 31 December 1896]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/historyoflodgeri00wadirich ''History of Lodge Rising Star of Western India No 342''] by D F Wadia 1912. Archive.org.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Society]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Punjab_Frontier_Force&diff=91781Punjab Frontier Force2026-04-18T11:48:36Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>== Military Strength ==<br />
Following the Sikh Wars the British annexed the frontier territory which was to become the [[North West Frontier Province]] in 1901. To maintain the peace of the border a special force was raised which consisted of 5 regiments of cavalry, the Corps of Guides, 5 regiments of infantry, 3 light field batteries, 2 garrison batteries, 2 companies of Sappers and Miners, and the Sind Camel Corps. <br />
== Chronology ==<br />
*'''1846''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_(British_India) Corps of Guides] raised by [[Harry Lumsden|Lt Harry Lumsden]] with one troop of Cavalry and two companies of infantry<br />
*'''1846-7''' The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)#Frontier_Brigade Frontier Brigade] formed by [[Henry Lawrence|Lt Col Henry Lawrence]] with 1st-4th Sikh Infantry Regiments <br />
*'''1849''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)#Transfrontier_Brigade The Transfrontier Brigade] formed by [[Henry Lawrence|Lt Col Henry Lawrence]] with five infantry and five cavalry regiments <br />
*'''1851''' amalgamation of the [[Corps of Guides, Punjab Irregular Force|Corps of Guides]], the four regiments of Sikh Local Infantry, the Transfrontier Brigade, and five batteries of artillery to form the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)#Punjab_Irregular_Force Punjab Irregular Force] (Piffers) <br />
*'''1865''' renamed the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)#Punjab_Frontier_Force Punjab Frontier Force]<br />
*'''1903''' the Piffer regiments lost their irregular status, and were thenceforth numbered in sequence with the other regiments of the Indian Army. However they retained their Frontier Force designations.<br />
== Biographies ==<br />
Entries in the Dictionary of Indian Biography 1906<br><br />
[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/87/mode/1up/search/Coke John Coke (1806-1897)]<br> <br />
[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/246/mode/1up Henry Lawrence (1806-1857)]<br><br />
[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/254/mode/2up Harry Lumsden (1821-1896)]<br><br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)#Punjab_Frontier_Force Punjab Frontier Force] Wikipedia<br><br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North-West_Frontier_Province#British_era NWF Province] Wikipedia<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/punjabfrontierforce1905/page/n11/mode/2up ''A Brief Account of the Punjab Frontier Force: From its Organization in 1849 to its re-distribution on 31st March 1903''] by Rai Sahib Boydo Nath Dey 1905 Archive.org.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/the-victorians-at-war-1815-1914-an-encyclopedia-of-british-military-history/page/268/mode/1up "Punjab Frontier Force"] page 268 ''The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History'' by Harold E Raugh Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/myserviceinindi00vauggoog#page/n11/mode/1up ''My service in the Indian Army –and after''] by Sir John Luther Vaughan 1904 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/reminiscencesofi00westuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''Reminiscences of an Indian Cavalry Officer''] by Colonel John Sutton Edward Western 1922 Archive.org. Born in India in 1857, he returned after schooling in England in 1876 , the greater part of his service being with the Punjab Frontier Force.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Punjab Frontier Force| Punjab Frontier Force]]<br />
[[Category:Regiments]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=91778Main Page2026-04-16T14:30:18Z<p>Lee: Upgrade featured article and report broken link</p>
<hr />
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<span style="color:#FFFFFF"><nowiki>http://www.borgnet.net/clients/hp/attendance.php?template=3</nowiki></span></div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Recommended_reading&diff=91777Category:Recommended reading2026-04-16T14:23:32Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>Material for family historians interested in Europeans and Anglo-Indians in India, Burma and Asian territories up to 1947.<br />
<br />
The titles listed in this bibliography range from books to direct research efforts, directories on CD which may show where an ancestor was living in a particular year, out-of-print titles available for reading online, to a wealth of background reading which will aid understanding of an ancestor's life and work in India and South Asia.<br />
<br />
===Arrangement of the reading lists===<br />
<br />
Items are grouped by broad subject categories shown at the bottom of this page. Each entry has a short annotation. To read titles reviewed in older issues of ''The Journal of the Families in British India Society'' see [http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=FIBIS_Journals FIBIS Journals].<br />
<br />
===Obtaining titles from the reading lists===<br />
<br />
Many items can be purchased through the [http://www.shop.fibis.org/ The FIBIS Bookshop]. Rare and out-of-print titles may be sought through [http://www.abebooks.com AbeBooks], which provides a meta-search of antiquarian and second-hand bookshops around the world.<br />
<br />
Many of the titles may be available at a local public library. If not in stock, the library may offer an inter-library loan service. [http://www.worldcat.org WorldCat] may help in identifying the closest holding library (NB it is not necessary to register to use WorldCat's search facility).<br />
<br />
It is possible that various titles may be available in more than one edition or format, and for this reason ISBNs are not listed.<br />
<br />
===Contributing to the reading lists===<br />
<br />
Reviews of relevant, well-written, authoritative titles are welcomed. Please read [[Guidelines for contributing to the Recommended Reading Lists | the guidelines]] before making a contribution. Reviews should be directed to [mailto:fibis-webmaster@fibis.org FIBIS Research co-ordinator ]. <br />
<br />
[[Category: Research methods]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Recommended_reading&diff=91776Category:Recommended reading2026-04-16T14:21:37Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>Material for family historians interested in Europeans and Anglo-Indians in India, Burma and Asian territories up to 1947.<br />
<br />
The titles listed in this bibliography range from books to direct research efforts, directories on CD which may show where an ancestor was living in a particular year, out-of-print titles available for reading online, to a wealth of background reading which will aid understanding of an ancestor's life and work in India and South Asia.<br />
<br />
===Arrangement of the reading lists===<br />
<br />
Items are grouped by broad subject categories shown at the bottom of this page. Each entry has a short annotation. To read titles reviewed in older issues of ''The Journal of the Families in British India Society'' see [http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=FIBIS_Journals FIBIS Journals].<br />
<br />
===Obtaining titles from the reading lists===<br />
<br />
Many items can be purchased through the [http://www.shop.fibis.org/ The FIBIS Bookshop]. Rare and out-of-print titles may be sought through [http://www.abebooks.com AbeBooks], which provides a meta-search of antiquarian and second-hand bookshops around the world.<br />
<br />
Many of the titles may be available at a local public library. If not in stock, the library may offer an inter-library loan service. [http://www.worldcat.org WorldCat] may help in identifying the closest holding library (NB it is not necessary to register to use WorldCat's search facility).<br />
<br />
It is possible that various titles may be available in more than one edition or format, and for this reason ISBNs are not listed.<br />
<br />
===Contributing to the reading lists===<br />
<br />
Reviews of relevant, well-written, authoritative titles are welcomed. Please read [[Guidelines for contributing to the Recommended Reading Lists | the guidelines]] before making a contribution. Reviews should be directed to FIBIS Research co-ordinator. <br />
<br />
[[Category: Research methods]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Warren_Hastings&diff=91775Warren Hastings2026-04-15T21:21:05Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Warren Hastings.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Warren Hastings]]<br />
<br />
'''Warren Hastings''' PC (1732–1818) was the first [[Governor-General]] of India. He joined the East India Company, went to Calcutta in 1750 and rose to be Resident at Murshidabad. After the conquest of Bengal he returned to England but ran up large debts. He returned to India as deputy ruler of Madras. In 1772 he was appointed Governor of Bengal. He made enemies among the East India Company councillors and his reputation in England was damaged. He eventually resigned in 1785 and returned home. Far from receiving the honours he felt he deserved he was impeached for corruption and it was eight years before he was finally acquitted. He eventually became a Privy Councillor.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/193/mode/1up Warren Hastings] ''Dictionary of Indian Biography'' (1906)<br /><br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings Warren Hastings] Wikipedia<br /><br />
<br />
==== Historical books online ====<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/warrenhastings00macagoog#page/n8/mode/2up ''Warren Hastings''] by Macaulay archive.org<br><br />
*[http://books.google.co.uk/ebooks/reader?id=2-0yAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA3 ''Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors''] by Edmund Burke 1786 Google Books<br><br />
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5tY9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 ''The Answer to the Articles''] by Warren Hastings 1788 Google Books<br><br />
*[https://archive.org/details/warrenhastings00lyaluoft/page/n9 ''Warren Hastings''] by Sir Alfred Lyall 1889 Archive.org. A book in the series ''English Men of Action''.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100753 ''The Administration Of Warren Hastings 1772- 1785''] by G W Forrest 1892 Archive.org<br />
:''Selections From The State Papers Of The Governors General Of India'' edited by G W Forrest. [https://archive.org/details/selectionsfromst01forr/page/n9 ''Volume I Warren Hastings''], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.102298 ''Volume II Warren Hastings''] 1910 Archive.org.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/lettersofwarrenh00hastrich/page/n7 ''The Letters of Warren Hastings to his Wife''] Introduced and annotated by Sydney C Grier 1905 Archive.org.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/warrenhastingsph0000weit/page/n5 ''Warren Hastings and Philip Francis''] by Sophia Weitzman 1929. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/warrenhastingsma0000davi/page/n9 ''Warren Hastings, Maker of British India''] by A Mervyn Davies 1935. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/warrenhastingsbr00moon/page/n7 ''Warren Hastings and British India''] by Penderel Moon 1949. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/warrenhastings0000turn/page/n5 ''Warren Hastings''] by Patrick Turnbull 1975. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/warrenhastingski0000edwa/page/n7 ''Warren Hastings : King of the Nabobs''] by Michael Edwardes 1976. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Governors-General of India|Hastings]]<br />
[[Category:People|Hastings, Warren]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Temperance_organisations&diff=91774Temperance organisations2026-04-12T19:38:55Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>Temperance organisations active in India include the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), the Army Temperance Association India (ATAI), the Royal Army Temperance Association: India/Home (RATA) and the Indian Army Temperance Association<ref name=DAH>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529090354/http://www.stewartbooks.com:80/Temperance_Medal.htm ''A Guide to Military Temperance Medals''] by David A. Harris. 2nd Edition (with additional information) 2006. Note, now an archived website. Published by Stewart Publishing and Printing, Ontario, Canada. The author died in 2016.</ref><br />
==Journal articles==<br />
"A Treatise on the Temperance Movement in H. M. Forces" by W. P. Dawson published by the Orders and Medals Research Society (OMRS) in 1967, [Journal, Volume 6, Part 1, Supplement] including both Army and Naval varieties. Also the subsequent three page article "Some Additions to the Temperance Supplement" of 1968 in which he added to, and corrected, some of his information.<ref name=DAH/> Most likely available at the British Library, see [[The Orders and Medals Research Society]].<br />
==External links==<br />
===Medals===<br />
*[https://www.aberdeenmedals.com/shop.php?code=22383-C Silver medal of the Army Temperance Association, India] The medal is in the shape of a Maltese Cross, with an elephant in the centre. It was awarded for accomplishing 8 years temperance . aberdeenmedals.com<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160330210147/http://www.fusiliermuseumlondon.org/uncategorized/504/ Falling off the wagon] The Temperance movement and medals. fusiliermuseumlondon.org, an archived page.<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/temperance-medals Watch and Be Sober’: The Story of Army Temperance]UK National Army Museum<br />
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Order_of_Good_Templars International Order of Good Templars] ( IOGT) (Wikipedia) originated as one of a number of fraternal organizations for temperance or total abstinence founded in the 19th century and with a structure modeled on Freemasonry, using similar ritual and regalia.<br />
*Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” <br />
**[https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/catholic-total-abstinence-league-of-the-cross/ Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross] alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org<br />
**[http://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/files/2010/08/000012.jpg Image of the title page] of ''Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” Manual of Temperance'' by Father James Doogan O.S. F.C. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. 1896. Image from a University of Notre Dame [https://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/student-projects/summer-projects/temperance/ webpage]<br />
**Scroll to pages 24-25 in the following link for a photograph of "Soldiers of 1st Connaught Rangers, who were members of the League of the Cross, at their Station in Daghshai, India 1908. Founded in 1873, the League was a Catholic organisation whose members took oaths of total abstinence." [https://issuu.com/obrienpress/docs/coward_if_i_return "Introduction": ''A Coward if I Return, A Hero if I Fall - Irishmen in World War I'' ] by Neil Richardson 2020. issuu.com<br />
*Article "The Cautionary Tale of Pte Patrick O’Hare", of the 1st Leinsters. Details the temperance tract published 1897 regarding the murders in 1894 at Ahmedabad committed while under the influence of alcohol, and subsequent execution of Private O Hara. pages 4-6 [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925223846/http://www.oldsite.leinster-regiment-association.org.uk/download/journal/LeinsterJournalDec09.pdf ''The 40/10 The Journal of the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) Regimental Association'' December 2009], archived.<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wjk9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA84 "Military Temperance Societies" [in Bengal<nowiki>]</nowiki>] page 84, "Asiatic Intelligence", ''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register''. Volume 27 September-December 1838 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/ritualofindepend00inteiala ''Ritual of the Independent Order of Good Templars for Subordinate Lodges under the jurisdiction of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of North America''] 1864 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/goodtemplars00turn ''The Good Templars: A History of the Rise and Progress of the Independent Order of Good Templars''] Jubilee Volume 1851-1901. Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/stream/goodtemplars00turn#page/153/mode/1up The situation in India in 1901] page 153. The members were mainly military.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/indiantemplarhan00inte ''Indian Templar Handbook''] Compiled by the Literature Committee of the International Order of Good Templars, Grand Lodge of India. Published 1907. Includes Chapter III "Good Templary in India", page 41 Archive.org. Membership included both military personnel and others.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Society]] [[Category:British Army]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Temperance_organisations&diff=91773Temperance organisations2026-04-12T19:38:24Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>Temperance organisations active in India include the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), the Army Temperance Association India (ATAI), the Royal Army Temperance Association: India/Home (RATA) and the Indian Army Temperance Association<ref name=DAH>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529090354/http://www.stewartbooks.com:80/Temperance_Medal.htm ''A Guide to Military Temperance Medals''] by David A. Harris. 2nd Edition (with additional information) 2006. Note, now an archived website. Published by Stewart Publishing and Printing, Ontario, Canada. The author died in 2016.</ref><br />
==Journal articles==<br />
"A Treatise on the Temperance Movement in H. M. Forces" by W. P. Dawson published by the Orders and Medals Research Society (OMRS) in 1967, [Journal, Volume 6, Part 1, Supplement] including both Army and Naval varieties. Also the subsequent three page article "Some Additions to the Temperance Supplement" of 1968 in which he added to, and corrected, some of his information.<ref name=DAH/> Most likely available at the British Library, see [[The Orders and Medals Research Society]].<br />
==External links==<br />
===Medals===<br />
*[https://www.aberdeenmedals.com/shop.php?code=22383-C Silver medal of the Army Temperance Association, India] The medal is in the shape of a Maltese Cross, with an elephant in the centre. It was awarded for accomplishing 8 years temperance . aberdeenmedals.com<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160330210147/http://www.fusiliermuseumlondon.org/uncategorized/504/ Falling off the wagon] The Temperance movement and medals. fusiliermuseumlondon.org, an archived page.<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
"[https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/temperance-medals Watch and Be Sober’: The Story of Army Temperance]UK National Army Museum<br />
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Order_of_Good_Templars International Order of Good Templars] ( IOGT) (Wikipedia) originated as one of a number of fraternal organizations for temperance or total abstinence founded in the 19th century and with a structure modeled on Freemasonry, using similar ritual and regalia.<br />
*Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” <br />
**[https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/catholic-total-abstinence-league-of-the-cross/ Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross] alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org<br />
**[http://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/files/2010/08/000012.jpg Image of the title page] of ''Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” Manual of Temperance'' by Father James Doogan O.S. F.C. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. 1896. Image from a University of Notre Dame [https://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/student-projects/summer-projects/temperance/ webpage]<br />
**Scroll to pages 24-25 in the following link for a photograph of "Soldiers of 1st Connaught Rangers, who were members of the League of the Cross, at their Station in Daghshai, India 1908. Founded in 1873, the League was a Catholic organisation whose members took oaths of total abstinence." [https://issuu.com/obrienpress/docs/coward_if_i_return "Introduction": ''A Coward if I Return, A Hero if I Fall - Irishmen in World War I'' ] by Neil Richardson 2020. issuu.com<br />
*Article "The Cautionary Tale of Pte Patrick O’Hare", of the 1st Leinsters. Details the temperance tract published 1897 regarding the murders in 1894 at Ahmedabad committed while under the influence of alcohol, and subsequent execution of Private O Hara. pages 4-6 [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925223846/http://www.oldsite.leinster-regiment-association.org.uk/download/journal/LeinsterJournalDec09.pdf ''The 40/10 The Journal of the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) Regimental Association'' December 2009], archived.<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wjk9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA84 "Military Temperance Societies" [in Bengal<nowiki>]</nowiki>] page 84, "Asiatic Intelligence", ''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register''. Volume 27 September-December 1838 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/ritualofindepend00inteiala ''Ritual of the Independent Order of Good Templars for Subordinate Lodges under the jurisdiction of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of North America''] 1864 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/goodtemplars00turn ''The Good Templars: A History of the Rise and Progress of the Independent Order of Good Templars''] Jubilee Volume 1851-1901. Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/stream/goodtemplars00turn#page/153/mode/1up The situation in India in 1901] page 153. The members were mainly military.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/indiantemplarhan00inte ''Indian Templar Handbook''] Compiled by the Literature Committee of the International Order of Good Templars, Grand Lodge of India. Published 1907. Includes Chapter III "Good Templary in India", page 41 Archive.org. Membership included both military personnel and others.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Society]] [[Category:British Army]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Temperance_organisations&diff=91772Temperance organisations2026-04-12T19:34:22Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>Temperance organisations active in India include the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), the Army Temperance Association India (ATAI), the Royal Army Temperance Association: India/Home (RATA) and the Indian Army Temperance Association<ref name=DAH>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529090354/http://www.stewartbooks.com:80/Temperance_Medal.htm ''A Guide to Military Temperance Medals''] by David A. Harris. 2nd Edition (with additional information) 2006. Note, now an archived website. Published by Stewart Publishing and Printing, Ontario, Canada. The author died in 2016.</ref><br />
==Journal articles==<br />
"A Treatise on the Temperance Movement in H. M. Forces" by W. P. Dawson published by the Orders and Medals Research Society (OMRS) in 1967, [Journal, Volume 6, Part 1, Supplement] including both Army and Naval varieties. Also the subsequent three page article "Some Additions to the Temperance Supplement" of 1968 in which he added to, and corrected, some of his information.<ref name=DAH/> Most likely available at the British Library, see [[The Orders and Medals Research Society]].<br />
==External links==<br />
===Medals===<br />
*[https://www.aberdeenmedals.com/shop.php?code=22383-C Silver medal of the Army Temperance Association, India] The medal is in the shape of a Maltese Cross, with an elephant in the centre. It was awarded for accomplishing 8 years temperance . aberdeenmedals.com<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160330210147/http://www.fusiliermuseumlondon.org/uncategorized/504/ Falling off the wagon] The Temperance movement and medals. fusiliermuseumlondon.org, an archived page.<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Order_of_Good_Templars International Order of Good Templars] ( IOGT) (Wikipedia) originated as one of a number of fraternal organizations for temperance or total abstinence founded in the 19th century and with a structure modeled on Freemasonry, using similar ritual and regalia.<br />
*Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” <br />
**[https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/catholic-total-abstinence-league-of-the-cross/ Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross] alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org<br />
**[http://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/files/2010/08/000012.jpg Image of the title page] of ''Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” Manual of Temperance'' by Father James Doogan O.S. F.C. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. 1896. Image from a University of Notre Dame [https://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/student-projects/summer-projects/temperance/ webpage]<br />
**Scroll to pages 24-25 in the following link for a photograph of "Soldiers of 1st Connaught Rangers, who were members of the League of the Cross, at their Station in Daghshai, India 1908. Founded in 1873, the League was a Catholic organisation whose members took oaths of total abstinence." [https://issuu.com/obrienpress/docs/coward_if_i_return "Introduction": ''A Coward if I Return, A Hero if I Fall - Irishmen in World War I'' ] by Neil Richardson 2020. issuu.com<br />
*Article "The Cautionary Tale of Pte Patrick O’Hare", of the 1st Leinsters. Details the temperance tract published 1897 regarding the murders in 1894 at Ahmedabad committed while under the influence of alcohol, and subsequent execution of Private O Hara. pages 4-6 [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925223846/http://www.oldsite.leinster-regiment-association.org.uk/download/journal/LeinsterJournalDec09.pdf ''The 40/10 The Journal of the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) Regimental Association'' December 2009], archived.<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wjk9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA84 "Military Temperance Societies" [in Bengal<nowiki>]</nowiki>] page 84, "Asiatic Intelligence", ''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register''. Volume 27 September-December 1838 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/ritualofindepend00inteiala ''Ritual of the Independent Order of Good Templars for Subordinate Lodges under the jurisdiction of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of North America''] 1864 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/goodtemplars00turn ''The Good Templars: A History of the Rise and Progress of the Independent Order of Good Templars''] Jubilee Volume 1851-1901. Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/stream/goodtemplars00turn#page/153/mode/1up The situation in India in 1901] page 153. The members were mainly military.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/indiantemplarhan00inte ''Indian Templar Handbook''] Compiled by the Literature Committee of the International Order of Good Templars, Grand Lodge of India. Published 1907. Includes Chapter III "Good Templary in India", page 41 Archive.org. Membership included both military personnel and others.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Society]] [[Category:British Army]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Temperance_organisations&diff=91771Temperance organisations2026-04-12T19:32:45Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>Temperance organisations active in India include the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), the Army Temperance Association India (ATAI), the Royal Army Temperance Association: India/Home (RATA) and the Indian Army Temperance Association<ref name=DAH>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529090354/http://www.stewartbooks.com:80/Temperance_Medal.htm ''A Guide to Military Temperance Medals''] by David A. Harris. 2nd Edition (with additional information) 2006. Note, now an archived website. Published by Stewart Publishing and Printing, Ontario, Canada. The author died in 2016.</ref><br />
==Journal articles==<br />
"A Treatise on the Temperance Movement in H. M. Forces" by W. P. Dawson published by the Orders and Medals Research Society (OMRS) in 1967, [Journal, Volume 6, Part 1, Supplement] including both Army and Naval varieties. Also the subsequent three page article "Some Additions to the Temperance Supplement" of 1968 in which he added to, and corrected, some of his information.<ref name=DAH/> Most likely available at the British Library, see [[The Orders and Medals Research Society]].<br />
==External links==<br />
===Medals===<br />
*[https://www.aberdeenmedals.com/shop.php?code=22383-C Silver medal of the Army Temperance Association, India] The medal is in the shape of a Maltese Cross, with an elephant in the centre. It was awarded for accomplishing 8 years temperance . aberdeenmedals.com<br />
*Three photographs from [http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal.html Soldiers of the Queen: By the Level and the Square] British Soldiers in Fraternal Regalia<br />
**[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal-UnidentifiedPrivateArmyTemperanceAssociation.html Photograph of a Private wearing Temperance medals] by L.C. Mullick – Photographer Quetta c 1902. The medals link him with both the Army Temperance Association and the Soldier's Total Abstinence Association. <br />
**[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal-PrivateCheshireRegimentInternationalOrderOfGoodTemplars.html Private of the 1st Battalion, The Cheshire Regiment a member of the International Order of Good Templars India c 1897] <br />
**[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal-PrivateKingsLiverpoolRegimentIOGT.html A Private of the King's (Liverpool) Regiment, a member of the International Order of Good Templars] Ramji & Co. – Photographer Dalhousie, Punjab, India c 1905<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160330210147/http://www.fusiliermuseumlondon.org/uncategorized/504/ Falling off the wagon] The Temperance movement and medals. fusiliermuseumlondon.org, an archived page.<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Order_of_Good_Templars International Order of Good Templars] ( IOGT) (Wikipedia) originated as one of a number of fraternal organizations for temperance or total abstinence founded in the 19th century and with a structure modeled on Freemasonry, using similar ritual and regalia.<br />
*Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” <br />
**[https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/catholic-total-abstinence-league-of-the-cross/ Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross] alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org<br />
**[http://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/files/2010/08/000012.jpg Image of the title page] of ''Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” Manual of Temperance'' by Father James Doogan O.S. F.C. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. 1896. Image from a University of Notre Dame [https://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/student-projects/summer-projects/temperance/ webpage]<br />
**Scroll to pages 24-25 in the following link for a photograph of "Soldiers of 1st Connaught Rangers, who were members of the League of the Cross, at their Station in Daghshai, India 1908. Founded in 1873, the League was a Catholic organisation whose members took oaths of total abstinence." [https://issuu.com/obrienpress/docs/coward_if_i_return "Introduction": ''A Coward if I Return, A Hero if I Fall - Irishmen in World War I'' ] by Neil Richardson 2020. issuu.com<br />
*Article "The Cautionary Tale of Pte Patrick O’Hare", of the 1st Leinsters. Details the temperance tract published 1897 regarding the murders in 1894 at Ahmedabad committed while under the influence of alcohol, and subsequent execution of Private O Hara. pages 4-6 [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925223846/http://www.oldsite.leinster-regiment-association.org.uk/download/journal/LeinsterJournalDec09.pdf ''The 40/10 The Journal of the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) Regimental Association'' December 2009], archived.<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wjk9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA84 "Military Temperance Societies" [in Bengal<nowiki>]</nowiki>] page 84, "Asiatic Intelligence", ''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register''. Volume 27 September-December 1838 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/ritualofindepend00inteiala ''Ritual of the Independent Order of Good Templars for Subordinate Lodges under the jurisdiction of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of North America''] 1864 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/goodtemplars00turn ''The Good Templars: A History of the Rise and Progress of the Independent Order of Good Templars''] Jubilee Volume 1851-1901. Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/stream/goodtemplars00turn#page/153/mode/1up The situation in India in 1901] page 153. The members were mainly military.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/indiantemplarhan00inte ''Indian Templar Handbook''] Compiled by the Literature Committee of the International Order of Good Templars, Grand Lodge of India. Published 1907. Includes Chapter III "Good Templary in India", page 41 Archive.org. Membership included both military personnel and others.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Society]] [[Category:British Army]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Temperance_organisations&diff=91770Temperance organisations2026-04-12T19:31:08Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>Temperance organisations active in India include the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), the Army Temperance Association India (ATAI), the Royal Army Temperance Association: India/Home (RATA) and the Indian Army Temperance Association<ref name=DAH>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529090354/http://www.stewartbooks.com:80/Temperance_Medal.htm ''A Guide to Military Temperance Medals''] by David A. Harris. 2nd Edition (with additional information) 2006. Note, now an archived website. Published by Stewart Publishing and Printing, Ontario, Canada. The author died in 2016.</ref><br />
==Journal articles==<br />
"A Treatise on the Temperance Movement in H. M. Forces" by W. P. Dawson published by the Orders and Medals Research Society (OMRS) in 1967, [Journal, Volume 6, Part 1, Supplement] including both Army and Naval varieties. Also the subsequent three page article "Some Additions to the Temperance Supplement" of 1968 in which he added to, and corrected, some of his information.<ref name=DAH/> Most likely available at the British Library, see [[The Orders and Medals Research Society]].<br />
==External links==<br />
===Medals===<br />
*[https://www.aberdeenmedals.com/shop.php?code=22383-C Silver medal of the Army Temperance Association, India] The medal is in the shape of a Maltese Cross, with an elephant in the centre. It was awarded for accomplishing 8 years temperance . aberdeenmedals.com<br />
*[http://www.prafulthakkar.in/my-hobbies/indian-numismatic/indian-numismatics/numismatic-exhibits/indian-temperance-medals.html Numismatic Exhibits: Indian Temperance Medals] prafulthakkar.in. <br />
:Previous website, archived, with different format, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128065704/http://indiannumismatics.com/products.php?id=76 British India Historic Medals: Army Temperance Medals] from Praful Thakkar’s Indian Numismatics. Images can be enlarged.<br />
*Three photographs from [http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal.html Soldiers of the Queen: By the Level and the Square] British Soldiers in Fraternal Regalia<br />
**[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal-UnidentifiedPrivateArmyTemperanceAssociation.html Photograph of a Private wearing Temperance medals] by L.C. Mullick – Photographer Quetta c 1902. The medals link him with both the Army Temperance Association and the Soldier's Total Abstinence Association. <br />
**[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal-PrivateCheshireRegimentInternationalOrderOfGoodTemplars.html Private of the 1st Battalion, The Cheshire Regiment a member of the International Order of Good Templars India c 1897] <br />
**[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal-PrivateKingsLiverpoolRegimentIOGT.html A Private of the King's (Liverpool) Regiment, a member of the International Order of Good Templars] Ramji & Co. – Photographer Dalhousie, Punjab, India c 1905<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160330210147/http://www.fusiliermuseumlondon.org/uncategorized/504/ Falling off the wagon] The Temperance movement and medals. fusiliermuseumlondon.org, an archived page.<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Order_of_Good_Templars International Order of Good Templars] ( IOGT) (Wikipedia) originated as one of a number of fraternal organizations for temperance or total abstinence founded in the 19th century and with a structure modeled on Freemasonry, using similar ritual and regalia.<br />
*Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” <br />
**[https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/catholic-total-abstinence-league-of-the-cross/ Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross] alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org<br />
**[http://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/files/2010/08/000012.jpg Image of the title page] of ''Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” Manual of Temperance'' by Father James Doogan O.S. F.C. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. 1896. Image from a University of Notre Dame [https://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/student-projects/summer-projects/temperance/ webpage]<br />
**Scroll to pages 24-25 in the following link for a photograph of "Soldiers of 1st Connaught Rangers, who were members of the League of the Cross, at their Station in Daghshai, India 1908. Founded in 1873, the League was a Catholic organisation whose members took oaths of total abstinence." [https://issuu.com/obrienpress/docs/coward_if_i_return "Introduction": ''A Coward if I Return, A Hero if I Fall - Irishmen in World War I'' ] by Neil Richardson 2020. issuu.com<br />
*Article "The Cautionary Tale of Pte Patrick O’Hare", of the 1st Leinsters. Details the temperance tract published 1897 regarding the murders in 1894 at Ahmedabad committed while under the influence of alcohol, and subsequent execution of Private O Hara. pages 4-6 [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925223846/http://www.oldsite.leinster-regiment-association.org.uk/download/journal/LeinsterJournalDec09.pdf ''The 40/10 The Journal of the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) Regimental Association'' December 2009], archived.<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wjk9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA84 "Military Temperance Societies" [in Bengal<nowiki>]</nowiki>] page 84, "Asiatic Intelligence", ''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register''. Volume 27 September-December 1838 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/ritualofindepend00inteiala ''Ritual of the Independent Order of Good Templars for Subordinate Lodges under the jurisdiction of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of North America''] 1864 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/goodtemplars00turn ''The Good Templars: A History of the Rise and Progress of the Independent Order of Good Templars''] Jubilee Volume 1851-1901. Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/stream/goodtemplars00turn#page/153/mode/1up The situation in India in 1901] page 153. The members were mainly military.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/indiantemplarhan00inte ''Indian Templar Handbook''] Compiled by the Literature Committee of the International Order of Good Templars, Grand Lodge of India. Published 1907. Includes Chapter III "Good Templary in India", page 41 Archive.org. Membership included both military personnel and others.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Society]] [[Category:British Army]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=9th_(The_Queen%27s_Royal)_Lancers&diff=917699th (The Queen's Royal) Lancers2026-04-12T12:02:56Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>Also known as the '''Delhi Spearmen'''.<br />
<br />
== Chronology ==<br />
*'''1715''' raised by Major-General Owen Wynne as the 9th Dragoons or "Wynne's Dragoons"<br />
*'''1783''' became the 9th Light Dragoons <br />
*'''1816''' became the 9th Lancers<br />
*'''1830''' became the '''9th (Queen's Royal) Lancers'''<br />
*'''1921''' became the 9th Queen's Royal Lancers<br />
*'''1953''' merged with [[12th Light Dragoons|12th Royal Lancers]] and became 9th/12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's)<br />
<br />
== Service in British India ==<br />
*'''1841''' India<br />
*'''1843''' [[:Category:Gwalior Campaign 1843|Gwalior Campaign]] <br />
*'''1845''' [[1st Sikh War]]<br />
*'''1848''' [[2nd Sikh War]]<br />
*'''1857''' [[Indian Mutiny]]<br />
*'''1875''' India<br />
*'''1878''' [[2nd Afghan War]]<br />
*'''1881''' [[Umballa]]<br />
*'''1898''' [[Punjab]]<br />
*'''1902''' [[Rawalpindi]]<br />
<br />
==FIBIS resources==<br />
*"Boy Soldier to Lancer: John Arnfield in the Anglo -Sikh Wars" by Ainslie Sharpe ''FIBIS Journal Number 26 Autumn 2011'', pages 31-40 For details of how to access this article, see [[FIBIS Journals]]<br />
:John Arnfield transferred from the [[16th Lancers]] 1 April 1846 when that regiment returned to England. He fought with the 9th Lancers in the [[2nd Sikh War]]. He was discharged at his own request 11 February 1853. He had served in India since joining as a Boy in 1833 and had fought in both the [[1st Sikh War]] and the [[2nd Sikh War]]. He died in Calcutta in 1856, age 35, ‘out of employment’<br />
<br />
==Histories and Accounts==<br />
*''The Life of a Lancer in the Wars of the Punjab, or, Seven Years in India, 1843-50'', by James Gilling, first published 1855, and available at the [[National Army Museum]]. Republished in 2014<ref>[https://www.helion.co.uk/military-history-books/the-life-of-a-lancer-in-the-wars-of-the-punjab-seven-years-in-india-1843-50.php ''The Life Of A Lancer In The Wars Of The Punjaub, Or, Seven Years In India, 1843-50''] Helion</ref>, but catalogued with the spelling ''Punjaub''. Gilling was a private soldier and a description of the book says "It is the only published memoir written from the ranks of a lancer regiment at this period".<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*''Historical record of the Ninth, or the Queen’s Royal Regiment of Light Dragoons; Lancers: containing an account of the formation of the regiment in 1715, and of its subsequent services to 1841'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=zp_yUexesdsC Google Books] 1841<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/journalofcavalry00humb ''Journal of a Cavalry Officer: including the memorable Sikh Campaign of 1845-46''] by William Wellington Waterloo Humbley, Captain 9th Queen’s Royal Lancers 1854 Archive.org. Includes some maps.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/withhm9thlancers00ansorich#page/n7/mode/2up ''With H.M. 9th Lancers during the Indian Mutiny. The letters of Brevet-major O.H.S.G. Anson''] 1896 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/cavalryexperien00ouvrgoog ''Cavalry Experiences and Leaves from My Journal''] by Colonel H A Ouvry 1892 Archive.org. The author arrived in India in late 1846 to join the [[3rd Light Dragoons]], where he took part in the [[2nd Sikh War]] and remained with the regiment until they returned to England. C 1854, he could not afford to remain in England and exchanged into the 9th Lancers, arriving back at Umballa in 1855 (page 99) and took part in the [[Indian Mutiny]], [https://archive.org/stream/cavalryexperien00ouvrgoog#page/n157/mode/2up page 127] He returned to England in 1859. His wife's account follows.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/aladysdiarybefo00ouvrgoog ''A Lady's Diary Before and During the Indian Mutiny''] by M H Ouvry 1892 Archive.org. The author 's husband wrote the book above.<br />
*[http://www.9th12thlancersmuseum.org/archive/journals/regimental-histories/regimental-histories-1715-1936-sheppard/38976 ''The Ninth Queen's Royal Lancers 1715-1936''] by Major E W Sheppard 1939 is available to read online on the website of the 9th/12th Royal Lancers Museum. There is also a history from 1936. Some of the pages were slow to display, or did not display in a reasonable time.<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20071016052244/www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/D09L.htm 9th Queen's Royal Lancers] including [http://web.archive.org/web/20071110142629/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-cav/d09.htm deployments] www.regiments.org, an archived site.<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Lancers 9th Lancers] Wikipedia<br />
*[http://www.armynavyairforce.co.uk/9th_queens_royal_lancers.htm 9th Lancers] armynavyairforce.co.uk<br />
*[https://derbymuseums.org/collection/the-soldiers-story/ The Soldier’s Story at Derby Museums] tells the stories of soldiers from three regiments; the 9th/12th Royal Lancers, the Sherwood Foresters (now part of the Mercian Regiment) and the Derbyshire Yeomanry.<br />
**[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/onlinelists/GB1609%20912L.pdf Catalogue of regimental records] for the 9th and [[12th (Prince of Wales's Royal) Lancers|12th]] Lancers available at the Derby Museum and Art Gallery<br />
*[http://www.9th12thlancersmuseum.org 9th/12th Royal Lancers Museum] Contains a search facility for those who served in the 19th and 20th centuries and online regimental histories<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100929105539/http://www.britishmedals.us/resources/regts/british/9thlancers.html The Ninth (Queen’s Own Royal) Lancers Service In India During The XIX Century] The Asplin Military History Resources, now archived.<br />
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20100927193510/http://www.britishmedals.us/files/9lpunjab.htm Punjab Medal Roll - 9th Lancers]<br />
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20100926111345/http://www.britishmedals.us/files/mutiny9l.htm Indian Mutiny Roll for the 9th Lancers]<br />
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20190125221242/http://www.britishmedals.us/files/9lafghan.htm 9th Lancers Afghanistan Medal Roll]<br />
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090227012149/http://www.britishmedals.us/kevin/other/exeter.html Exeter Memorial - 9th Lancers] Erected 1860 "By The Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers And Privates of the 9th Queens Royal Lancers Who Served With The Regiment In India In Memory Of Their Comrades Who Fell There In The Service Of Their Country"<br />
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20200712013943/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:bjCeYG4Bx6sJ:www.britishmedals.us/kevin/profiles/morgan.html "James Morgan – 9th Lancers – 1878 to 1887"] He arrived in Bombay January 1879, took part in the [[2nd Afghan War]], and remained in India until the regiment was returned to England at the end of 1885. He was discharged in 1887 with medical problems due to long service in India. Archived from a Google cache of a page.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
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[[Category:British Army Cavalry Regiments|9th Lancers]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Journalist&diff=91768Journalist2026-04-12T11:59:42Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>and '''Publisher'''<br />
<br />
There are some letters and manuscripts regarding some journalists in the Private Papers held at the [[British Library]]. References might also be found in Political and Secret Department Records and Public and Judicial Department Records as well as many other sources useful for researching non-official inhabitants such as Thackers Directories, East India Registers and [[Bonds, Covenants, Indentures and Obligations, etc.|bonds]].<br />
<br />
==FIBIS resources==<br />
*"From Soldier to Newspaperman: The Varied Experiences of Joachim Hayward Stocqueler in Bombay and Calcutta from 1819 to 1843" by Audrey T Carpenter ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 3-15. <br />
*"The Life of George Parbury, associate of Allen, Thacker and Spink" by Dr John Carpenter ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 3-17. <br />
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].<br />
<br />
==External links ==<br />
*[http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lang-john-3985 Lang, John (1816–1864)] by John Earnshaw. Australian Dictionary of Biography. An Australian, Lang came to India in 1842, where he initially practiced as a barrister at the Calcutta Bar, until he founded the ''Mofussilite'', c 1846, which became one of the most important newspapers in India. He died in Mussoorie in 1864.<br />
:[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PqYPVP2CjuoEoxmnHonWkN/The-story-of-John-Lang.html "The story of John Lang"] by Venkat Ananth, November 18 2014. livemint.com. John Lang was considered among the earliest champions of a free press in India.<br />
:See Historical books online, below for a series of sketches by Lang of British social life in India. <br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151004181205/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120721/jsp/opinion/story_15751500.jsp "End of a Chapter - The last British journalist to make India his home"] by Sunanda K. Datta-Ray July 21 , 2012 ''The Telegraph, Calcutta'', now an archived webpage. Obituary of Philip Crosland 1918- 2012<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*''Tropical Sketches; Or, Reminiscences of an Indian Journalist'' by William Knighton 1855. [https://archive.org/details/tropicalsketche00kniggoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/tropicalsketche01kniggoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/wanderingsinind01langgoog ''Wanderings in India: and other sketches of life in Hindostan''] by John Lang 1859 Archive.org. Missing the one image. [http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_00000003515A British Library Digital Collection]. The one image is rotatable. Most of the chapters first appeared in Charles Dickens’s magazine, ''Household Words''. For information about the author, see External links above.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/yesterdaytodayin00blan ''Yesterday and To-day in India''] by Sydney Laman Blanchard 1867 Archive.org. He was in India c 1854-1864. He was initially editor of the ''Bengal Hurkaru''. [http://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=32 Sidney Laman Blanchard (1825–1883)] victorianresearch.org <br />
*"The History of Journalism in India" by S C Sanial ''The Calcutta Review'' Volume 124 1907, July and October: [https://archive.org/stream/calcuttareviewv06unkngoog#page/n372/mode/2up I–Bengal] pages 350-393 and [https://archive.org/stream/calcuttareviewv06unkngoog#page/n590/mode/2up I-Bengal–II] pages 500-562. Archive.org.<br />
:Bengal III Volume 125, January 1908: Does not appear to be available online.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94742/page/n45 I Bengal IV] page 195, Vol 125 April 1908<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20892/page/n39 I Bengal V] page 351, Vol 127 July 1908<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20892/page/n177 I Bengal VI] page 485, Vol 127 October 1908<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49060/page/n53 II Bombay I] page 429, Vol 129 Oct 1909<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20894/page/n87 VIII Bombay II] page 80, Vol 130 January 1910.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20894/page/n275 IX Bombay III] page 264, Volume 130 April 1910.<br />
:Part X, Vol.131, July 1910.<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=SgnWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA354 Page 354] ''South Asian History, 1750-1950: A Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations and Newspapers'' by Margaret H. Case Google Books. Also available Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library, see above.</ref> Does not appear to be available online<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49061/page/n9 XI I- "Manuscript Newspapers"] page 1 Vol 132 January 1911.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49061/page/n155 XII "Vernacular Press of Bengal"] page 141, Vol 132 April 1911<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276743/page/n261 India in 1907] page 226 ''More Changes More Chances'' by Henry W. Nevinson 1925 Archive.org. He was sent to India by the ''Manchester Guardian'' to report on the "unrest" movement, following which he wrote [https://archive.org/details/thenewspiritinin00neviiala/page/xii ''The New Spirit in India''] by Henry W. Nevinson 1908 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/journalisminindi035524mbp#page/n5/mode/2up ''Journalism In India''] by Pat Lovett 1929 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/stream/angloindianstudi00mitriala#page/160/mode/2up ''The Indian Press''] from Anglo Indian Studies by S M Mitra 1913 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/indianliteraryye1918alla ''The Indian Literary Year-book and Author's Who is Who for 1918''], with Appendices relating to relevant legislation. Published by Mitra. Archive.org<br />
*[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15957898# ""The Englishman." Centenary Number"]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' Monday 15 Aug 1921 Page 7. ''Trove'' nla.gov.au. ''The Englishman'' was a Calcutta newspaper established 1821 as ''John Bull''.<br />
*Indian chapters commencing with [https://archive.org/details/wayoftransgresso00fars/page/546 “Flight to India”] [in 1930] page 547''The Way of a Transgressor'' by Negley Farson 1936 Archive.org Lending Library. The India chapters continue to page 591. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76543/page/n3 2nd file], with differing page numbers. Archive.org. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negley_Farson Negley Farson] Wikipedia. The author was then an American foreign correspondent, one of the most renowned of his day.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/monsoonmorning0000step/page/n5 ''Monsoon Morning''] by Ian Stephens 1966. A picture of India in 1942-44 by the editor of ''The Statesman'', mainly depicting events seen from Calcutta. Archive.org Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/printingincalcut0000shaw/page/n5 ''Printing in Calcutta to 1800 : a description and checklist of printing in late 18th-century Calcutta''] by Graham Shaw 1981. Archive.org Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/historyofindianj00nata/page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Indian Journalism: Part II of the Report of the Press Commission''] by J Natarajan. 2017 reprint, first published 1955. A Government of India publication. Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/southasianhistor0000case/page/n5/mode/2up ''South Asian History, 1750-1950; a Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations, and Newspapers''] by Margaret H Case 1968. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
====Fiction====<br />
*''The Chronicles of Budgepore; or, Sketches of Life in Upper India'' by Iltudus Prichard catalogued 1870. [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88564/page/n5/mode/2up Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88526/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II] Archive.org, mirror from Granth Sanjeevani Asiatic Society of Mumbai. During the latter period of his time in India, Prichard edited the ''Delhi Gazette'' and served as a barrister.<br />
: Prichard also wrote ''How to Manage It: a Novel'' 1864, concerning the [[Indian Mutiny#Fiction|Indian Mutiny]], in addition to non fiction books.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Journalist&diff=91767Journalist2026-04-12T11:56:09Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>and '''Publisher'''<br />
<br />
There are some letters and manuscripts regarding some journalists in the Private Papers held at the [[British Library]]. References might also be found in Political and Secret Department Records and Public and Judicial Department Records as well as many other sources useful for researching non-official inhabitants such as Thackers Directories, East India Registers and [[Bonds, Covenants, Indentures and Obligations, etc.|bonds]].<br />
<br />
==FIBIS resources==<br />
*"From Soldier to Newspaperman: The Varied Experiences of Joachim Hayward Stocqueler in Bombay and Calcutta from 1819 to 1843" by Audrey T Carpenter ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 3-15. <br />
*"The Life of George Parbury, associate of Allen, Thacker and Spink" by Dr John Carpenter ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 3-17. <br />
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].<br />
<br />
==External links ==<br />
*[http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lang-john-3985 Lang, John (1816–1864)] by John Earnshaw. Australian Dictionary of Biography. An Australian, Lang came to India in 1842, where he initially practiced as a barrister at the Calcutta Bar, until he founded the ''Mofussilite'', c 1846, which became one of the most important newspapers in India. He died in Mussoorie in 1864.<br />
:[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PqYPVP2CjuoEoxmnHonWkN/The-story-of-John-Lang.html "The story of John Lang"] by Venkat Ananth, November 18 2014. livemint.com. John Lang was considered among the earliest champions of a free press in India.<br />
:See Historical books online, below for a series of sketches by Lang of British social life in India. <br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151004181205/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120721/jsp/opinion/story_15751500.jsp "End of a Chapter - The last British journalist to make India his home"] by Sunanda K. Datta-Ray July 21 , 2012 ''The Telegraph, Calcutta'', now an archived webpage. Obituary of Philip Crosland 1918- 2012<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*''Tropical Sketches; Or, Reminiscences of an Indian Journalist'' by William Knighton 1855. [https://archive.org/details/tropicalsketche00kniggoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/tropicalsketche01kniggoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/wanderingsinind01langgoog ''Wanderings in India: and other sketches of life in Hindostan''] by John Lang 1859 Archive.org. Missing the one image. [http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_00000003515A British Library Digital Collection]. The one image is rotatable. Most of the chapters first appeared in Charles Dickens’s magazine, ''Household Words''. For information about the author, see External links above.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/yesterdaytodayin00blan ''Yesterday and To-day in India''] by Sydney Laman Blanchard 1867 Archive.org. He was in India c 1854-1864. He was initially editor of the ''Bengal Hurkaru''. [http://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=32 Sidney Laman Blanchard (1825–1883)] victorianresearch.org <br />
*"The History of Journalism in India" by S C Sanial ''The Calcutta Review'' Volume 124 1907, July and October: [https://archive.org/stream/calcuttareviewv06unkngoog#page/n372/mode/2up I–Bengal] pages 350-393 and [https://archive.org/stream/calcuttareviewv06unkngoog#page/n590/mode/2up I-Bengal–II] pages 500-562. Archive.org.<br />
:Bengal III Volume 125, January 1908: Does not appear to be available online.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94742/page/n45 I Bengal IV] page 195, Vol 125 April 1908<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20892/page/n39 I Bengal V] page 351, Vol 127 July 1908<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20892/page/n177 I Bengal VI] page 485, Vol 127 October 1908<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49060/page/n53 II Bombay I] page 429, Vol 129 Oct 1909<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20894/page/n87 VIII Bombay II] page 80, Vol 130 January 1910.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20894/page/n275 IX Bombay III] page 264, Volume 130 April 1910.<br />
:Part X, Vol.131, July 1910.<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=SgnWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA354 Page 354] ''South Asian History, 1750-1950: A Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations and Newspapers'' by Margaret H. Case Google Books. Also available Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library, see above.</ref> Does not appear to be available online<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49061/page/n9 XI I- "Manuscript Newspapers"] page 1 Vol 132 January 1911.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49061/page/n155 XII "Vernacular Press of Bengal"] page 141, Vol 132 April 1911<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276743/page/n261 India in 1907] page 226 ''More Changes More Chances'' by Henry W. Nevinson 1925 Archive.org. He was sent to India by the ''Manchester Guardian'' to report on the "unrest" movement, following which he wrote [https://archive.org/details/thenewspiritinin00neviiala/page/xii ''The New Spirit in India''] by Henry W. Nevinson 1908 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/journalisminindi035524mbp#page/n5/mode/2up ''Journalism In India''] by Pat Lovett 1929 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/stream/angloindianstudi00mitriala#page/160/mode/2up ''The Indian Press''] from Anglo Indian Studies by S M Mitra 1913 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/indianliteraryye1918alla ''The Indian Literary Year-book and Author's Who is Who for 1918''], with Appendices relating to relevant legislation. Published by Mitra. Archive.org<br />
*[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15957898# ""The Englishman." Centenary Number"]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' Monday 15 Aug 1921 Page 7. ''Trove'' nla.gov.au. ''The Englishman'' was a Calcutta newspaper established 1821 as ''John Bull''.<br />
*Indian chapters commencing with [https://archive.org/details/wayoftransgresso00fars/page/546 “Flight to India”] [in 1930] page 547''The Way of a Transgressor'' by Negley Farson 1936 Archive.org Lending Library. The India chapters continue to page 591. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76543/page/n3 2nd file], with differing page numbers. Archive.org. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negley_Farson Negley Farson] Wikipedia. The author was then an American foreign correspondent, one of the most renowned of his day.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/monsoonmorning0000step/page/n5 ''Monsoon Morning''] by Ian Stephens 1966. A picture of India in 1942-44 by the editor of ''The Statesman'', mainly depicting events seen from Calcutta. Archive.org Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/printingincalcut0000shaw/page/n5 ''Printing in Calcutta to 1800 : a description and checklist of printing in late 18th-century Calcutta''] by Graham Shaw 1981. Archive.org Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/negotiatingindia0000unse/page/n5 ''Negotiating India in the nineteenth-century media''] edited by David Finkelstein and Douglas M Peers 2000. Archive.org Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/historyofindianj00nata/page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Indian Journalism: Part II of the Report of the Press Commission''] by J Natarajan. 2017 reprint, first published 1955. A Government of India publication. Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/southasianhistor0000case/page/n5/mode/2up ''South Asian History, 1750-1950; a Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations, and Newspapers''] by Margaret H Case 1968. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
====Fiction====<br />
*''The Chronicles of Budgepore; or, Sketches of Life in Upper India'' by Iltudus Prichard catalogued 1870. [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88564/page/n5/mode/2up Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88526/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II] Archive.org, mirror from Granth Sanjeevani Asiatic Society of Mumbai. During the latter period of his time in India, Prichard edited the ''Delhi Gazette'' and served as a barrister.<br />
: Prichard also wrote ''How to Manage It: a Novel'' 1864, concerning the [[Indian Mutiny#Fiction|Indian Mutiny]], in addition to non fiction books.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Journalist&diff=91766Journalist2026-04-12T11:55:44Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>and '''Publisher'''<br />
<br />
There are some letters and manuscripts regarding some journalists in the Private Papers held at the [[British Library]]. References might also be found in Political and Secret Department Records and Public and Judicial Department Records as well as many other sources useful for researching non-official inhabitants such as Thackers Directories, East India Registers and [[Bonds, Covenants, Indentures and Obligations, etc.|bonds]].<br />
<br />
==FIBIS resources==<br />
*"From Soldier to Newspaperman: The Varied Experiences of Joachim Hayward Stocqueler in Bombay and Calcutta from 1819 to 1843" by Audrey T Carpenter ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 3-15. <br />
*"The Life of George Parbury, associate of Allen, Thacker and Spink" by Dr John Carpenter ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 3-17. <br />
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].<br />
<br />
==External links ==<br />
*[http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lang-john-3985 Lang, John (1816–1864)] by John Earnshaw. Australian Dictionary of Biography. An Australian, Lang came to India in 1842, where he initially practiced as a barrister at the Calcutta Bar, until he founded the ''Mofussilite'', c 1846, which became one of the most important newspapers in India. He died in Mussoorie in 1864.<br />
:[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PqYPVP2CjuoEoxmnHonWkN/The-story-of-John-Lang.html "The story of John Lang"] by Venkat Ananth, November 18 2014. livemint.com. John Lang was considered among the earliest champions of a free press in India.<br />
:See Historical books online, below for a series of sketches by Lang of British social life in India. <br />
*[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/11/stories/2003061100150300.htm Memories of The Madras Mail], established 1868. Also includes details of earlier publications. 11 June 2003 ''The Hindu''<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151004181205/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120721/jsp/opinion/story_15751500.jsp "End of a Chapter - The last British journalist to make India his home"] by Sunanda K. Datta-Ray July 21 , 2012 ''The Telegraph, Calcutta'', now an archived webpage. Obituary of Philip Crosland 1918- 2012<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*''Tropical Sketches; Or, Reminiscences of an Indian Journalist'' by William Knighton 1855. [https://archive.org/details/tropicalsketche00kniggoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/tropicalsketche01kniggoog Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/wanderingsinind01langgoog ''Wanderings in India: and other sketches of life in Hindostan''] by John Lang 1859 Archive.org. Missing the one image. [http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_00000003515A British Library Digital Collection]. The one image is rotatable. Most of the chapters first appeared in Charles Dickens’s magazine, ''Household Words''. For information about the author, see External links above.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/yesterdaytodayin00blan ''Yesterday and To-day in India''] by Sydney Laman Blanchard 1867 Archive.org. He was in India c 1854-1864. He was initially editor of the ''Bengal Hurkaru''. [http://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=32 Sidney Laman Blanchard (1825–1883)] victorianresearch.org <br />
*"The History of Journalism in India" by S C Sanial ''The Calcutta Review'' Volume 124 1907, July and October: [https://archive.org/stream/calcuttareviewv06unkngoog#page/n372/mode/2up I–Bengal] pages 350-393 and [https://archive.org/stream/calcuttareviewv06unkngoog#page/n590/mode/2up I-Bengal–II] pages 500-562. Archive.org.<br />
:Bengal III Volume 125, January 1908: Does not appear to be available online.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94742/page/n45 I Bengal IV] page 195, Vol 125 April 1908<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20892/page/n39 I Bengal V] page 351, Vol 127 July 1908<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20892/page/n177 I Bengal VI] page 485, Vol 127 October 1908<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49060/page/n53 II Bombay I] page 429, Vol 129 Oct 1909<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20894/page/n87 VIII Bombay II] page 80, Vol 130 January 1910.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20894/page/n275 IX Bombay III] page 264, Volume 130 April 1910.<br />
:Part X, Vol.131, July 1910.<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=SgnWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA354 Page 354] ''South Asian History, 1750-1950: A Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations and Newspapers'' by Margaret H. Case Google Books. Also available Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library, see above.</ref> Does not appear to be available online<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49061/page/n9 XI I- "Manuscript Newspapers"] page 1 Vol 132 January 1911.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49061/page/n155 XII "Vernacular Press of Bengal"] page 141, Vol 132 April 1911<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276743/page/n261 India in 1907] page 226 ''More Changes More Chances'' by Henry W. Nevinson 1925 Archive.org. He was sent to India by the ''Manchester Guardian'' to report on the "unrest" movement, following which he wrote [https://archive.org/details/thenewspiritinin00neviiala/page/xii ''The New Spirit in India''] by Henry W. Nevinson 1908 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/journalisminindi035524mbp#page/n5/mode/2up ''Journalism In India''] by Pat Lovett 1929 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/stream/angloindianstudi00mitriala#page/160/mode/2up ''The Indian Press''] from Anglo Indian Studies by S M Mitra 1913 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/indianliteraryye1918alla ''The Indian Literary Year-book and Author's Who is Who for 1918''], with Appendices relating to relevant legislation. Published by Mitra. Archive.org<br />
*[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15957898# ""The Englishman." Centenary Number"]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' Monday 15 Aug 1921 Page 7. ''Trove'' nla.gov.au. ''The Englishman'' was a Calcutta newspaper established 1821 as ''John Bull''.<br />
*Indian chapters commencing with [https://archive.org/details/wayoftransgresso00fars/page/546 “Flight to India”] [in 1930] page 547''The Way of a Transgressor'' by Negley Farson 1936 Archive.org Lending Library. The India chapters continue to page 591. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76543/page/n3 2nd file], with differing page numbers. Archive.org. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negley_Farson Negley Farson] Wikipedia. The author was then an American foreign correspondent, one of the most renowned of his day.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/monsoonmorning0000step/page/n5 ''Monsoon Morning''] by Ian Stephens 1966. A picture of India in 1942-44 by the editor of ''The Statesman'', mainly depicting events seen from Calcutta. Archive.org Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/printingincalcut0000shaw/page/n5 ''Printing in Calcutta to 1800 : a description and checklist of printing in late 18th-century Calcutta''] by Graham Shaw 1981. Archive.org Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/negotiatingindia0000unse/page/n5 ''Negotiating India in the nineteenth-century media''] edited by David Finkelstein and Douglas M Peers 2000. Archive.org Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/historyofindianj00nata/page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Indian Journalism: Part II of the Report of the Press Commission''] by J Natarajan. 2017 reprint, first published 1955. A Government of India publication. Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/southasianhistor0000case/page/n5/mode/2up ''South Asian History, 1750-1950; a Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations, and Newspapers''] by Margaret H Case 1968. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.<br />
====Fiction====<br />
*''The Chronicles of Budgepore; or, Sketches of Life in Upper India'' by Iltudus Prichard catalogued 1870. [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88564/page/n5/mode/2up Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88526/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II] Archive.org, mirror from Granth Sanjeevani Asiatic Society of Mumbai. During the latter period of his time in India, Prichard edited the ''Delhi Gazette'' and served as a barrister.<br />
: Prichard also wrote ''How to Manage It: a Novel'' 1864, concerning the [[Indian Mutiny#Fiction|Indian Mutiny]], in addition to non fiction books.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Bihar_Light_Horse&diff=91765Bihar Light Horse2026-04-12T11:53:07Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:bihar1.png|thumb|Badge of The Bihar Light Horse]]<br />
[[Image:Behar_Light_Horse.jpg|thumb|250px|The Bihar Light Horse in camp c.1908]]<br />
<br />
Alternative spelling '''Behar Light Horse'''<br />
<br />
Formed on 8th December 1862 as the [[Bihar Mounted Rifles]]. It became the Bihar Light Horse on 29th February 1884.<br />
<br />
*'''Uniform''' - Khaki<br />
*'''Facings''' - White<br />
*'''Badge''' - Wild boar<br />
*'''Motto''' "Necaspera terrent."<br />
<br />
<br />
In 1888 "Captain Francis Carandini, who is in the 8th King’s Royal Irish Hussars has been appointed adjutant of the Behar Light Horse with the rank of major. The appointment is one much sought after, the Behar Light Horse being composed of gentlemen planters all splendidly mounted. The salary attached to the position is 820 rupees a month." <ref> Ashburton Guardian 25 April 1888, page 2 from [http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=AG18880425.2.7&e=-------10--1----0-all Papers Past], National Library of New Zealand </ref><br />
==Regimental history==<br />
*''History of the Behar Light Horse'' by W N R Kemp 1948. See Historical books online, below.<br />
==Articles==<br />
*"Bihar Light Horse (the oldest volunteer cavalry regiment in India)" by H B Ellis. ''The Cavalry Journal'', Volume 18, 1928, published in London. [http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/library/browse/issue.xhtml?recordId=1094760&recordType=Journal Index of titles in this issue].<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_Light_Horse Bihar Light Horse] Wikipedia<br />
*[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1880.jpg Drawing of:"Volunteering in India--the Bahar Mounted Rifles of Bengal," from ''The Graphic'', May 8, 1880] from [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/troops.html this page] of Prof Fran Pritchett’s Indian Routes website<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/culturemanufactu00reidrich#page/152/mode/2up “The Behar Light Horse”], from ''The culture and manufacture of indigo; with a description of a planter's life and resources'' by Walter Maclagan Reid 1887 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024077806#page/n331/mode/2up “The Soubah Behar Mounted Rifles. An Epitomised History of the B.L.H.”] from ''History of Behar indigo factories ; Reminiscences of Behar ; Tirhoot and its inhabitants of the past ; History of Behar Light Horse Volunteers'' by Minden Wilson 1908 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/soneporereminisc00abborich#page/294/mode/2up ''Sonepore reminiscences. Years 1840-96''], page 295 by Harry E Abbott 1896. Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.238395 ''History of the Behar Light Horse''] by W N R Kemp 1948. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Auxiliary Regiments]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tea_Plantation&diff=91760Tea Plantation2026-04-11T19:51:12Z<p>Lee: remove</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:<br />
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]<br />
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]''' <br />
*[[Travancore]]<br />
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]<br />
*[[Kangra]] Valley<br />
*[[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Terai]]<br />
*the [[Dooars]]<br />
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)<br />
<br />
==Fibis Resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley<br />
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.<br />
==Fibis Lecture recordings==<br />
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures <br />
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.<br />
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.<br />
==Fibis Fact File==<br />
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]<br />
<br />
== Records==<br />
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]<br />
<br />
*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses” <br />
<br />
An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.<br />
<br />
Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].<br />
<br />
Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com<br />
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas<br />
<br />
==Cemeteries==<br />
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is<br />
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.<br />
<br />
:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.<br />
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books]. <br />
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service<br />
<br />
==Volunteer Regiments==<br />
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include<br />
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]] <br />
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar<br />
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[Tea]]<br />
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.<br />
<br />
==Historical books==<br />
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:<br />
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801<br />
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619<br />
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145<br />
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678<br />
<br />
==Historical books online==<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.<br />
<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books<br />
<br />
*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org<br />
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.<br />
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.<br />
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.<br />
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.<br />
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org<br />
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.<br />
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.<br />
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books<br />
<br />
==Recommended Reading==<br />
<br />
''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]]. <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information<br />
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].<br />
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.<br />
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.<br />
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.<br />
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man]. <br />
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.<br />
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.<br />
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.<br />
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)<br />
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tea_Plantation&diff=91759Tea Plantation2026-04-11T19:46:43Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:<br />
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]<br />
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]''' <br />
*[[Travancore]]<br />
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]<br />
*[[Kangra]] Valley<br />
*[[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Terai]]<br />
*the [[Dooars]]<br />
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)<br />
<br />
==Fibis Resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley<br />
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.<br />
==Fibis Lecture recordings==<br />
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures <br />
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.<br />
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.<br />
==Fibis Fact File==<br />
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]<br />
<br />
== Records==<br />
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]<br />
<br />
*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses” <br />
<br />
An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.<br />
<br />
Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].<br />
<br />
Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com<br />
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas<br />
<br />
==Cemeteries==<br />
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is<br />
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.<br />
<br />
:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.<br />
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books]. <br />
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service<br />
<br />
==Volunteer Regiments==<br />
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include<br />
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]] <br />
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar<br />
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[Tea]]<br />
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.<br />
<br />
==Historical books==<br />
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:<br />
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801<br />
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)<br />
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619<br />
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145<br />
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678<br />
<br />
==Historical books online==<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.<br />
<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books<br />
<br />
*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org<br />
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.<br />
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.<br />
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.<br />
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.<br />
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org<br />
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.<br />
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.<br />
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books<br />
<br />
==Recommended Reading==<br />
<br />
''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]]. <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information<br />
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].<br />
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.<br />
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.<br />
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.<br />
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man]. <br />
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.<br />
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.<br />
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.<br />
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)<br />
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tea_Plantation&diff=91758Tea Plantation2026-04-11T19:45:09Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:<br />
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]<br />
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]''' <br />
*[[Travancore]]<br />
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]<br />
*[[Kangra]] Valley<br />
*[[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Terai]]<br />
*the [[Dooars]]<br />
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)<br />
<br />
==Fibis Resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley<br />
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.<br />
==Fibis Lecture recordings==<br />
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures <br />
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.<br />
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.<br />
==Fibis Fact File==<br />
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]<br />
<br />
== Records==<br />
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]<br />
<br />
*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses” <br />
<br />
An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.<br />
<br />
Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].<br />
<br />
Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com<br />
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas<br />
<br />
==Cemeteries==<br />
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is<br />
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.<br />
<br />
:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.<br />
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books]. <br />
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service<br />
<br />
==Volunteer Regiments==<br />
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include<br />
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]] <br />
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar<br />
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[Tea]]<br />
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.<br />
<br />
==Historical books==<br />
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:<br />
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801<br />
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)<br />
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619<br />
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145<br />
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678<br />
<br />
==Historical books online==<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.<br />
<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books<br />
<br />
*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org<br />
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.<br />
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.<br />
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.<br />
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.<br />
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org<br />
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.<br />
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.<br />
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books<br />
<br />
==Recommended Reading==<br />
<br />
''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]]. <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information<br />
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].<br />
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.<br />
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))<br />
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu<br />
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.<br />
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.<br />
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man]. <br />
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.<br />
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.<br />
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.<br />
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)<br />
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tea_Plantation&diff=91757Tea Plantation2026-04-11T19:43:37Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:<br />
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]<br />
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]''' <br />
*[[Travancore]]<br />
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]<br />
*[[Kangra]] Valley<br />
*[[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Terai]]<br />
*the [[Dooars]]<br />
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)<br />
<br />
==Fibis Resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley<br />
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.<br />
==Fibis Lecture recordings==<br />
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures <br />
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.<br />
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.<br />
==Fibis Fact File==<br />
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]<br />
<br />
== Records==<br />
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]<br />
<br />
*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses” <br />
<br />
An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.<br />
<br />
Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].<br />
<br />
Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com<br />
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas<br />
<br />
==Cemeteries==<br />
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is<br />
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.<br />
<br />
:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.<br />
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books]. <br />
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service<br />
<br />
==Volunteer Regiments==<br />
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include<br />
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]] <br />
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar<br />
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[Tea]]<br />
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.<br />
<br />
==Historical books==<br />
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:<br />
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801<br />
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)<br />
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619<br />
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145<br />
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678<br />
<br />
==Historical books online==<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.<br />
<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books<br />
<br />
*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org<br />
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.<br />
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.<br />
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.<br />
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.<br />
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org<br />
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.<br />
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.<br />
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books<br />
<br />
==Recommended Reading==<br />
<br />
''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]]. <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information<br />
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].<br />
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.<br />
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))<br />
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu<br />
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.<br />
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.<br />
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip<br />
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man]. <br />
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.<br />
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.<br />
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.<br />
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)<br />
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tea_Plantation&diff=91756Tea Plantation2026-04-11T19:42:22Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:<br />
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]<br />
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]''' <br />
*[[Travancore]]<br />
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]<br />
*[[Kangra]] Valley<br />
*[[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Terai]]<br />
*the [[Dooars]]<br />
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)<br />
<br />
==Fibis Resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley<br />
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.<br />
==Fibis Lecture recordings==<br />
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures <br />
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.<br />
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.<br />
==Fibis Fact File==<br />
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]<br />
<br />
== Records==<br />
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]<br />
<br />
*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses” <br />
<br />
An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.<br />
<br />
Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].<br />
<br />
Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com<br />
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas<br />
<br />
==Cemeteries==<br />
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is<br />
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.<br />
<br />
:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.<br />
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books]. <br />
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service<br />
<br />
==Volunteer Regiments==<br />
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include<br />
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]] <br />
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar<br />
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[Tea]]<br />
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.<br />
<br />
==Historical books==<br />
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:<br />
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801<br />
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)<br />
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619<br />
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145<br />
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678<br />
<br />
==Historical books online==<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.<br />
<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books<br />
<br />
*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org<br />
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.<br />
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.<br />
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.<br />
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.<br />
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org<br />
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.<br />
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.<br />
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books<br />
<br />
==Recommended Reading==<br />
<br />
''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]]. <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information<br />
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].<br />
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.<br />
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))<br />
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu<br />
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.<br />
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.<br />
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip<br />
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man]. <br />
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.<br />
*[http://www.assamco.com/heritage.html Assam Company Ltd] Background to the Assam Tea Company and its [http://www.assamco.com/teaplantation.html Tea Plantations]<br />
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.<br />
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com<br />
[https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.<br />
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)<br />
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tea_Plantation&diff=91755Tea Plantation2026-04-11T19:41:23Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:<br />
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]<br />
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]''' <br />
*[[Travancore]]<br />
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]<br />
*[[Kangra]] Valley<br />
*[[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Terai]]<br />
*the [[Dooars]]<br />
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)<br />
<br />
==Fibis Resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley<br />
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.<br />
==Fibis Lecture recordings==<br />
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures <br />
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.<br />
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.<br />
==Fibis Fact File==<br />
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]<br />
<br />
== Records==<br />
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]<br />
<br />
*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses” <br />
<br />
An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.<br />
<br />
Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].<br />
<br />
Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com<br />
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas<br />
<br />
==Cemeteries==<br />
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is<br />
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.<br />
<br />
:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.<br />
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books]. <br />
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service<br />
<br />
==Volunteer Regiments==<br />
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include<br />
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]] <br />
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar<br />
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[Tea]]<br />
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.<br />
<br />
==Historical books==<br />
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:<br />
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801<br />
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)<br />
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619<br />
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145<br />
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678<br />
<br />
==Historical books online==<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.<br />
<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books<br />
<br />
*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org<br />
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.<br />
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.<br />
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.<br />
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.<br />
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org<br />
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.<br />
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.<br />
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books<br />
<br />
==Recommended Reading==<br />
<br />
''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]]. <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information<br />
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].<br />
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.<br />
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))<br />
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu<br />
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.<br />
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.<br />
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip<br />
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man]. <br />
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.<br />
*[http://www.assamco.com/heritage.html Assam Company Ltd] Background to the Assam Tea Company and its [http://www.assamco.com/teaplantation.html Tea Plantations]<br />
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.<br />
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com<br />
*[http://www.upasi.org/ UPASI (The United Planters' Association of Southern India)] is an apex body of planters of tea, coffee, rubber, pepper and cardamom in the Southern States of India viz. Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in existence since 1893, located at [[Coonoor]], Nilgiris. Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.<br />
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)<br />
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tea_Plantation&diff=91754Tea Plantation2026-04-11T19:40:22Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:<br />
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]<br />
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]''' <br />
*[[Travancore]]<br />
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]<br />
*[[Kangra]] Valley<br />
*[[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Terai]]<br />
*the [[Dooars]]<br />
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)<br />
<br />
==Fibis Resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley<br />
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.<br />
==Fibis Lecture recordings==<br />
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures <br />
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.<br />
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.<br />
==Fibis Fact File==<br />
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]<br />
<br />
== Records==<br />
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]<br />
<br />
*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses” <br />
<br />
An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.<br />
<br />
Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].<br />
<br />
Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com<br />
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas<br />
<br />
==Cemeteries==<br />
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is<br />
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.<br />
<br />
:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.<br />
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books]. <br />
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service<br />
<br />
==Volunteer Regiments==<br />
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include<br />
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]] <br />
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar<br />
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[Tea]]<br />
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.<br />
<br />
==Historical books==<br />
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:<br />
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801<br />
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)<br />
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619<br />
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145<br />
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678<br />
<br />
==Historical books online==<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.<br />
<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books<br />
<br />
*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org<br />
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.<br />
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.<br />
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.<br />
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.<br />
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org<br />
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.<br />
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.<br />
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books<br />
<br />
==Recommended Reading==<br />
<br />
''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]]. <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information<br />
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].<br />
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.<br />
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))<br />
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu<br />
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.<br />
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.<br />
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip<br />
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man]. <br />
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.<br />
*[http://www.assamco.com/heritage.html Assam Company Ltd] Background to the Assam Tea Company and its [http://www.assamco.com/teaplantation.html Tea Plantations]<br />
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.<br />
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com<br />
*[http://www.upasi.org/ UPASI (The United Planters' Association of Southern India)] is an apex body of planters of tea, coffee, rubber, pepper and cardamom in the Southern States of India viz. Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in existence since 1893, located at [[Coonoor]], Nilgiris. Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.<br />
*[http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2021%20No%205/otherstories.html#story4 When planters turned to their ''Directory of South India''] by K.V.S. Krishna ''Madras Musings'' Vol. XXI No. 5, June 16-30, 2011<br />
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)<br />
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tea_Plantation&diff=91753Tea Plantation2026-04-11T19:39:35Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:<br />
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]<br />
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]''' <br />
*[[Travancore]]<br />
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]<br />
*[[Kangra]] Valley<br />
*[[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Terai]]<br />
*the [[Dooars]]<br />
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)<br />
<br />
==Fibis Resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley<br />
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.<br />
==Fibis Lecture recordings==<br />
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures <br />
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.<br />
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.<br />
==Fibis Fact File==<br />
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]<br />
<br />
== Records==<br />
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]<br />
<br />
*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses” <br />
<br />
An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.<br />
<br />
Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].<br />
<br />
Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com<br />
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas<br />
<br />
==Cemeteries==<br />
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is<br />
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.<br />
<br />
:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.<br />
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books]. <br />
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service<br />
<br />
==Volunteer Regiments==<br />
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include<br />
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]] <br />
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar<br />
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[Tea]]<br />
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.<br />
<br />
==Historical books==<br />
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:<br />
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801<br />
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)<br />
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619<br />
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145<br />
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678<br />
<br />
==Historical books online==<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.<br />
<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books<br />
<br />
*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org<br />
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.<br />
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.<br />
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.<br />
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.<br />
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org<br />
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.<br />
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.<br />
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books<br />
<br />
==Recommended Reading==<br />
<br />
''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]]. <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information<br />
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].<br />
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.<br />
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))<br />
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu<br />
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.<br />
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.<br />
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip<br />
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man]. <br />
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.<br />
*[http://www.assamco.com/heritage.html Assam Company Ltd] Background to the Assam Tea Company and its [http://www.assamco.com/teaplantation.html Tea Plantations]<br />
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.<br />
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com<br />
*[http://www.upasi.org/ UPASI (The United Planters' Association of Southern India)] is an apex body of planters of tea, coffee, rubber, pepper and cardamom in the Southern States of India viz. Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in existence since 1893, located at [[Coonoor]], Nilgiris. Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.<br />
*[http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2021%20No%205/otherstories.html#story4 When planters turned to their ''Directory of South India''] by K.V.S. Krishna ''Madras Musings'' Vol. XXI No. 5, June 16-30, 2011<br />
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)<br />
*The Path to the Hills: History of the Plantations on Western Ghats. Tea Coffee and Rubber. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:mb4CNqQRCP4J:www.stayhomz.com/history.pdf+The+Path+to+the+Hills:+History+of+the+Plantations+on+Western+Ghats&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShykzcs746xK8gx-9gUcVbCosd1GdhTgwYbrr_CGGnE4tiwU-uikALEM1MjCswgoLKzwEuu8fPO2SNlc78HhwGl1ztKcywrYnYGabdQ4n-nA7CEabA8KFh9JANlJrqtkbh2lpnH&sig=AHIEtbRc0xnPWfot6-Vp8dd6x-QJ1jHf6A html version], [http://www.stayhomz.com/history.pdf original pdf] www.stayhomz.com<br />
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tea&diff=91752Tea2026-04-11T19:37:40Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Tea leaves seeds and buds.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Tea leaves seeds and buds]]<br />
<br />
==Early History concerning the East India Company’s trade in Tea (c1660-c1830)==<br />
<br />
'''Tea''' drinking became very fashionable in Britain in the 17th century – an occupation which was possibly precipitated by the marriage between Charles II and Catherine de Braganza in 1662 as this habit was popular in Europe at the time. Moreover, Charles II had spent much time in Holland and it was the [[Dutch]] who were early importers of tea from Asia to Europe. <br />
<br />
Tea was indeed a sought after luxury and, in fact, a large chest of tea formed part of the dowry that accompanied Catherine. Also forming part of this dowry was the gift of [[Bombay]], which allowed the [[East India Company]] to assume a strong foothold in India. This enabled the Company to trade with [[China]] and obtain a direct supply of tea.<br />
<br />
The tea industry in Britain flourished and subsidiary industries arose as the most beautiful teapots and tea services were evidenced in fashionable circles. This popularity in tea drinking was especially encouraged by the British government as it was realised that lucrative profit could be made from the levying of import taxes on the tea obtained by the East India Company.<br />
<br />
===Tea Act 1773===<br />
<br />
Until 1773 the tea was sold exclusively in London to the various merchants and retailers but as the East India Company began to face financial difficulties, a Tea Act was passed whereby it was agreed the Company could distribute the tea directly to other British Colonies - particularly those in North America. This enabled tea to be offered abroad at a competitive price as the usual import tax did not apply, and the cost was lower even than of smuggled tea (which often came from Holland). However, the ensuing East India Company’s monopoly of the tea trade was not popular – and some part of this was because the cost was seen to be controlled by the British Government. This unpopularity is evidenced in the events of the Boston Tea Party in 1773, when the contents of tea chests held on East India company ships were seized and emptied overboard. (This was, in fact, one of the incidents which signalled the beginning of the American War of Independence).<br />
<br />
===Opium Trade===<br />
<br />
China remained the supplier of tea to Britain , via the East India Company, from around 1700 to 1830. However, the demand for goods from Canton exceeded the supply and this was causing a trade deficit. It was important that the Company could entice China to accept more from them. From about 1780 onwards the inducement came in the form of opium. This [[Opium trade]] quickly escalated but the effect of the drug began to cause problems in China and eventually gave rise to the [[Opium Wars]] as the Chinese Government fought to rid their country of addiction.<br />
<br />
===Cultivation of Tea Grown in India===<br />
<br />
Fortunately, by this time Britain had realised the potential of growing tea in India itself and the first [[Tea Plantation]] was cultivated in [[Assam]] in the early 1830s. At first the tea plants were imported from China to be grown in Indian soil but soon local plants were substituted. The industry thrived and soon spread to other parts of India. <br />
<br />
=== Transportation===<br />
<br />
Tea was originally brought to Britain in huge sailing vessels known as “Tea clippers”. The last known example of one of these ships is the [http://www.cuttysark.org.uk/ “Cutty Sark”] which remains a popular tourist attraction in Greenwich (UK) to this day.<br />
<br />
== Related articles ==<br />
*[[Tea Plantation]] <br />
*[[Opium trade]]<br />
<br />
==Recommended Reading==<br />
<br />
''FIBIS Fact File no 8'' - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]<br />
<br />
''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]]. <br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.bostonteapartyship.com/history.asp Boston Tea Party] Website of Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum.<br />
*[http://www.tocklai.net/about-tra/history/#top Tea Research Association] A short history of organised reasearch into tea growing in India, including the Tocklai Research Station<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government and Administration]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tea&diff=91751Tea2026-04-11T19:36:28Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Tea leaves seeds and buds.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Tea leaves seeds and buds]]<br />
<br />
==Early History concerning the East India Company’s trade in Tea (c1660-c1830)==<br />
<br />
'''Tea''' drinking became very fashionable in Britain in the 17th century – an occupation which was possibly precipitated by the marriage between Charles II and Catherine de Braganza in 1662 as this habit was popular in Europe at the time. Moreover, Charles II had spent much time in Holland and it was the [[Dutch]] who were early importers of tea from Asia to Europe. <br />
<br />
Tea was indeed a sought after luxury and, in fact, a large chest of tea formed part of the dowry that accompanied Catherine. Also forming part of this dowry was the gift of [[Bombay]], which allowed the [[East India Company]] to assume a strong foothold in India. This enabled the Company to trade with [[China]] and obtain a direct supply of tea.<br />
<br />
The tea industry in Britain flourished and subsidiary industries arose as the most beautiful teapots and tea services were evidenced in fashionable circles. This popularity in tea drinking was especially encouraged by the British government as it was realised that lucrative profit could be made from the levying of import taxes on the tea obtained by the East India Company.<br />
<br />
===Tea Act 1773===<br />
<br />
Until 1773 the tea was sold exclusively in London to the various merchants and retailers but as the East India Company began to face financial difficulties, a Tea Act was passed whereby it was agreed the Company could distribute the tea directly to other British Colonies - particularly those in North America. This enabled tea to be offered abroad at a competitive price as the usual import tax did not apply, and the cost was lower even than of smuggled tea (which often came from Holland). However, the ensuing East India Company’s monopoly of the tea trade was not popular – and some part of this was because the cost was seen to be controlled by the British Government. This unpopularity is evidenced in the events of the Boston Tea Party in 1773, when the contents of tea chests held on East India company ships were seized and emptied overboard. (This was, in fact, one of the incidents which signalled the beginning of the American War of Independence).<br />
<br />
===Opium Trade===<br />
<br />
China remained the supplier of tea to Britain , via the East India Company, from around 1700 to 1830. However, the demand for goods from Canton exceeded the supply and this was causing a trade deficit. It was important that the Company could entice China to accept more from them. From about 1780 onwards the inducement came in the form of opium. This [[Opium trade]] quickly escalated but the effect of the drug began to cause problems in China and eventually gave rise to the [[Opium Wars]] as the Chinese Government fought to rid their country of addiction.<br />
<br />
===Cultivation of Tea Grown in India===<br />
<br />
Fortunately, by this time Britain had realised the potential of growing tea in India itself and the first [[Tea Plantation]] was cultivated in [[Assam]] in the early 1830s. At first the tea plants were imported from China to be grown in Indian soil but soon local plants were substituted. The industry thrived and soon spread to other parts of India. <br />
<br />
=== Transportation===<br />
<br />
Tea was originally brought to Britain in huge sailing vessels known as “Tea clippers”. The last known example of one of these ships is the [http://www.cuttysark.org.uk/ “Cutty Sark”] which remains a popular tourist attraction in Greenwich (UK) to this day.<br />
<br />
== Related articles ==<br />
*[[Tea Plantation]] <br />
*[[Opium trade]]<br />
<br />
==Recommended Reading==<br />
<br />
''FIBIS Fact File no 8'' - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]<br />
<br />
''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]]. <br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.2basnob.com/tea-history-timeline.html The History of Tea ] 2B A Snob website<br />
*[http://www.bostonteapartyship.com/history.asp Boston Tea Party] Website of Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum.<br />
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip<br />
*[http://www.tocklai.net/about-tra/history/#top Tea Research Association] A short history of organised reasearch into tea growing in India, including the Tocklai Research Station<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government and Administration]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tea&diff=91750Tea2026-04-11T19:35:58Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:Tea leaves seeds and buds.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Tea leaves seeds and buds]]<br />
<br />
==Early History concerning the East India Company’s trade in Tea (c1660-c1830)==<br />
<br />
'''Tea''' drinking became very fashionable in Britain in the 17th century – an occupation which was possibly precipitated by the marriage between Charles II and Catherine de Braganza in 1662 as this habit was popular in Europe at the time. Moreover, Charles II had spent much time in Holland and it was the [[Dutch]] who were early importers of tea from Asia to Europe. <br />
<br />
Tea was indeed a sought after luxury and, in fact, a large chest of tea formed part of the dowry that accompanied Catherine. Also forming part of this dowry was the gift of [[Bombay]], which allowed the [[East India Company]] to assume a strong foothold in India. This enabled the Company to trade with [[China]] and obtain a direct supply of tea.<br />
<br />
The tea industry in Britain flourished and subsidiary industries arose as the most beautiful teapots and tea services were evidenced in fashionable circles. This popularity in tea drinking was especially encouraged by the British government as it was realised that lucrative profit could be made from the levying of import taxes on the tea obtained by the East India Company.<br />
<br />
===Tea Act 1773===<br />
<br />
Until 1773 the tea was sold exclusively in London to the various merchants and retailers but as the East India Company began to face financial difficulties, a Tea Act was passed whereby it was agreed the Company could distribute the tea directly to other British Colonies - particularly those in North America. This enabled tea to be offered abroad at a competitive price as the usual import tax did not apply, and the cost was lower even than of smuggled tea (which often came from Holland). However, the ensuing East India Company’s monopoly of the tea trade was not popular – and some part of this was because the cost was seen to be controlled by the British Government. This unpopularity is evidenced in the events of the Boston Tea Party in 1773, when the contents of tea chests held on East India company ships were seized and emptied overboard. (This was, in fact, one of the incidents which signalled the beginning of the American War of Independence).<br />
<br />
===Opium Trade===<br />
<br />
China remained the supplier of tea to Britain , via the East India Company, from around 1700 to 1830. However, the demand for goods from Canton exceeded the supply and this was causing a trade deficit. It was important that the Company could entice China to accept more from them. From about 1780 onwards the inducement came in the form of opium. This [[Opium trade]] quickly escalated but the effect of the drug began to cause problems in China and eventually gave rise to the [[Opium Wars]] as the Chinese Government fought to rid their country of addiction.<br />
<br />
===Cultivation of Tea Grown in India===<br />
<br />
Fortunately, by this time Britain had realised the potential of growing tea in India itself and the first [[Tea Plantation]] was cultivated in [[Assam]] in the early 1830s. At first the tea plants were imported from China to be grown in Indian soil but soon local plants were substituted. The industry thrived and soon spread to other parts of India. <br />
<br />
=== Transportation===<br />
<br />
Tea was originally brought to Britain in huge sailing vessels known as “Tea clippers”. The last known example of one of these ships is the [http://www.cuttysark.org.uk/ “Cutty Sark”] which remains a popular tourist attraction in Greenwich (UK) to this day.<br />
<br />
== Related articles ==<br />
*[[Tea Plantation]] <br />
*[[Opium trade]]<br />
<br />
==Recommended Reading==<br />
<br />
''FIBIS Fact File no 8'' - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]<br />
<br />
''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]]. This title can be ordered via the [http://www.new.fibis.org/products-page/3-other-books-about-colonial-india/occupations/bkx-0075-a-brief-history-of-tea/ FIBIS Shop]<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
<br />
*[http://www.2basnob.com/tea-history-timeline.html The History of Tea ] 2B A Snob website<br />
*[http://www.bostonteapartyship.com/history.asp Boston Tea Party] Website of Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum.<br />
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip<br />
*[http://www.tocklai.net/about-tra/history/#top Tea Research Association] A short history of organised reasearch into tea growing in India, including the Tocklai Research Station<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government and Administration]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Tea_Plantation&diff=91749Tea Plantation2026-04-11T19:33:17Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:<br />
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]<br />
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]''' <br />
*[[Travancore]]<br />
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]<br />
*[[Kangra]] Valley<br />
*[[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Terai]]<br />
*the [[Dooars]]<br />
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)<br />
<br />
==Fibis Resources==<br />
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.<br />
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley<br />
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.<br />
==Fibis Lecture recordings==<br />
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures <br />
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.<br />
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.<br />
==Fibis Fact File==<br />
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]<br />
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]<br />
<br />
== Records==<br />
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]<br />
<br />
*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses” <br />
<br />
An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.<br />
<br />
Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].<br />
<br />
Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com<br />
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas<br />
<br />
==Cemeteries==<br />
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is<br />
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.<br />
<br />
:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.<br />
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books]. <br />
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service<br />
<br />
==Volunteer Regiments==<br />
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include<br />
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]<br />
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]] <br />
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar<br />
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].<br />
<br />
==Related articles==<br />
*[[Tea]]<br />
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.<br />
<br />
==Historical books==<br />
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:<br />
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801<br />
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)<br />
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619<br />
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145<br />
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678<br />
<br />
==Historical books online==<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books<br />
<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.<br />
<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books<br />
<br />
*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org<br />
<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.<br />
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org<br />
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.<br />
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.<br />
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.<br />
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.<br />
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.<br />
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org<br />
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.<br />
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.<br />
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books<br />
<br />
==Recommended Reading==<br />
<br />
''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]]. <br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information<br />
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].<br />
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.<br />
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))<br />
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu<br />
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.<br />
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.<br />
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip<br />
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man]. <br />
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.<br />
*[http://www.assamco.com/heritage.html Assam Company Ltd] Background to the Assam Tea Company and its [http://www.assamco.com/teaplantation.html Tea Plantations]<br />
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.<br />
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com<br />
*[http://www.upasi.org/ UPASI (The United Planters' Association of Southern India)] is an apex body of planters of tea, coffee, rubber, pepper and cardamom in the Southern States of India viz. Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in existence since 1893, located at [[Coonoor]], Nilgiris. Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.<br />
*[http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2021%20No%205/otherstories.html#story4 When planters turned to their ''Directory of South India''] by K.V.S. Krishna ''Madras Musings'' Vol. XXI No. 5, June 16-30, 2011<br />
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)<br />
*The Path to the Hills: History of the Plantations on Western Ghats. Tea Coffee and Rubber. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:mb4CNqQRCP4J:www.stayhomz.com/history.pdf+The+Path+to+the+Hills:+History+of+the+Plantations+on+Western+Ghats&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShykzcs746xK8gx-9gUcVbCosd1GdhTgwYbrr_CGGnE4tiwU-uikALEM1MjCswgoLKzwEuu8fPO2SNlc78HhwGl1ztKcywrYnYGabdQ4n-nA7CEabA8KFh9JANlJrqtkbh2lpnH&sig=AHIEtbRc0xnPWfot6-Vp8dd6x-QJ1jHf6A html version], [http://www.stayhomz.com/history.pdf original pdf] www.stayhomz.com<br />
*[http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/total-tea-day/article4081155.ece "Total Tea Day:A Taste Of History. The museum at the Nullathani estate in Munnar] November 9, 2012 thehindu.com<br />
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com<br />
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Occupations]]<br />
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Madras_(Presidency)&diff=91748Madras (Presidency)2026-04-11T13:33:20Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>An adminsitrative subdivision of [[British India]]. The Madras Presidency covered the southern half of India and [[Ceylon]] (now called Sri Lanka).<br />
<br />
See [[Presidencies]] in the [[Beginners' Guide]]<br />
<br />
== Maps==<br />
*[http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-ra131-s28 1850 Map of the Diocese of Madras] ''The Colonial Church Atlas 3rd Edition 1850''. National Library of Australia Digital Collections-Maps [http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn3667353 Catalogue entry]<br />
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1931/fullscreen.php?object=51 1931: Madras Presidency northern section] Imperial Gazetteer<br><br />
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1931/fullscreen.php?object=50 1931: Madras Presidency southern section] Imperial Gazetteer<br />
<br />
== See also==<br />
*[[Madras Districts]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC&pg=PA9&dq=The+history+of+British+India:+a+chronology%2Madras%2BPresidency%2B1756&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Madras Presidency 1611-1755] Google Books<br><br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Presidency Madras Presidency] Wikipedia<br />
*[https://spuddybike.org.uk/research/madras-churches-and-priests/ Churches and Priests in Madras Presidency] spuddybike.org.uk Retrieved. April 2026<br />
<br />
====Historical books online====<br />
Also see [[Madras (City)]]<br />
*''Bengal and Madras papers: recounting the growth of British power in India'' edited by G W Forrest 1928. Published by Imperial Record Department, Calcutta.<br />
:[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/35331 Volume I [1670-1688<nowiki>]</nowiki>]; [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/21510 Vol. II [1688-1757<nowiki>]</nowiki>]; [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/21511 Vol. III [1757-1785<nowiki>]</nowiki>]. Links to pdf downloads Digital Repository of GIPE, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, India.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109698/page/n3/mode/2up Vol. I], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31988/page/n3/mode/2up Vol. I, 2nd file]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109699/page/n3/mode/2up Vol.II], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31989/page/n5/mode/2up Vol.II, 2nd file]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109700/page/n3/mode/2up Vol.III]. All Archive.org.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/ageographicalac00bowrgoog#page/n8/mode/2up ''A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669 to 1679''] by Thomas Bowrey, edited by Sir Richard Carnac Temple 1905 Archive.org. Includes [http://www.archive.org/stream/ageographicalac00bowrgoog#page/n22/mode/2up Madras and the Coromandel Coast]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284859/mode/2up ''An accurate and authentic narrative of the origin and progress of the dissentions at the Presidency of Madras: founded on original papers and correspondence''] 1810. Missing at least one page which may be found in [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.00040 File 2], however generally the 1st file is better quality. Archive.org<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=TeYGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR4 ''The Road Book of India; or, East Indian traveller's guide through the presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay''] by John B Seely, Captain Bombay Army. 1825 Google Books. Contains many place names.<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OARXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 ''The Madras Road Book. Edition - 1839''], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OARXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA143 Index], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OARXAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA3 Alphabetical List of the Madras Collectorates] with details. Google Books<br />
*''Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire from the Official Records of the Colonial Office'' by Robert Montgomery Martin 1839 Google Books. ''Book IV- Possessions in Asia'' [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PvtqMe2cxhoC&pg=PA273 "Chapter I-Hindostan"] pages 273-368<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/routesinpeninsu00scotgoog ''Routes in the Peninsula of India: Comprising the Whole of the Madras Presidency and Portions of the Adjacent Territories of Bengal and Bombay''] by Major F H Scott, Quartermaster General of the Madras Army 1853 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/atlasofsouthernp00phar ''An Atlas of the Southern Part of India, including plans of all the principal towns & cantonments, reduced from the grand trigonometrical survey of India, shewing also the Tenasserim Provinces''] 1854. Archive.org. [https://archive.org/stream/atlasofsouthernp00phar#page/n8/mode/1up Contents]. Also available on [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6b285086?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 Hathi Trust Digital Library] where the pages can be rotated, (but the images may be difficult to enlarge).<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/b2809265x ''Reports on mountain and marine sanitaria; medical and statistical observations on civil stations and military cantonments, jails - dispensaries - regiments - barracks, &c. within the Presidency of Madras, the Straits of Malacca, the Andaman Islands, and British Burmah from January 1858 to January 1862''] by Inspector General of Hospitals Duncan Macpherson. 1862 Archive.org. Part of the series ''Selections from the Records of the Madras Government''.<br />
*''Manuals'' of the ''Districts''<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/manualbellarydi00kelsgoog ''Manual of the Bellary District''] by John Kelsall, Madras Civil Service, Acting Sub-Collector, North Arcot 1872. Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12210 ''Manual of the District of Cuddapah in the Presidency of Madras''] by J D B Gribble 1875 Archive.org. Mirror of a file at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online.<br />
**[http://archive.org/stream/amanualkistnadi01mackgoog#page/n9/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Kistna District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Gordon Thomson Mackenzie 1883 Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12208 ''Manual of the Kurnool District In the Presidency of Madras''] by Narahari Gopalakrishnamah Chetty (Comp.) 1886 Archive.org. Mirror of a file at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online.<br />
**[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=kXooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''A Manual of the Nellore District in the Presidency of Madras''] by John Alexander Corrie Boswell, Collector and Magistrate of the Kistna District 1873 Google Books<br />
**[http://archive.org/stream/manualofnlagir00grigrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Nílagiri District in the Madras Presidency''] by Henry Bidewell Grigg 1880 Archive.org<br />
**''A Manual of the Salem District in the Presidency of Madras'' by Henry Le Fanu 1883 Archive.org [http://archive.org/stream/amanualsalemdis00fanugoog#page/n3/mode/2up ''Volume I: The District''], [http://archive.org/stream/amanualsalemdis01fanugoog#page/n3/mode/2up ''Volume II: The Taluks'']<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/manualsoutharco00garsgoog ''Manual of the South Arcot District''] by J H Garstin, Collector of South Arcot. 1878 Archive.org. Also available at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online, with a [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12222 mirror version on Archive.org]<br />
**[http://archive.org/stream/manualoftinnevel00stuarich#page/n3/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Tinnevelly District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Andrew John Stuart 1879 Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12224 ''Manual of the Trichinopoly District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Lewis Moore (Comp.) 1878 Archive.org. Mirror of a file at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online.<br />
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=1rE5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 ''A Manual of the District of Vizagapatam, in the Presidency of Madras''] by D. F. Carmichael 1869 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/adescriptiveand00morrgoog ''A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Henry Morris 1878 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/apoliticalandge00caldgoog ''A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras from the earliest period to its cession to the Engliah Government in AD 1801''] by Rev R Caldwell 1881 Archive.org<br />
*''Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series Madras'' [http://archive.org/stream/madras00unkngoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume I], [http://archive.org/stream/madras01unkngoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume II] 1908 Archive.org<br />
*''Madras District Gazetteers'' mainly Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/anantapurvolume00frangoog ''Anantapur''] by W Francis 1905. Catalogued Volume 2, but in fact is Volume 1. <br />
**[https://archive.org/details/statisticalappen02madriala ''Anjengo Volume II: Statistical Appendix''] 1915<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46792/page/n5 ''Madras District Gazetteers: Bellary''] by W Francis 1904.<br />
*:[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1430/page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Bellary''] by W Francis 1916. <br />
**[https://archive.org/details/cuddapah01madr ''Madras District Gazetteers: Cuddapah''] by C F Brackenbury ICS 1915 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/godavari01madr#page/n9/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Godaveri''] 1915<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/madurafrancis01madr#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Madura''] 1906<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.75585/page/n3 ''Madras District Gazetteers Malabar. Vol. 1''] by C A Innes 1951 edition with additional information and incorporating 1908 edition Archive.org. Mirror of a book from Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online, catalogue no. 75585.<br />
*:[https://archive.org/details/malabarandanjen00innegoog ''Malabar, Volume II: Statistical Appendix''] 1905 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/NilgirisFrancis/Untitled#page/n0/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: The Nilgiris''] 1908 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/p1salemrich01richuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Salem Volume 1-Part 1''] 1918, [http://www.archive.org/stream/salemgazet02richuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for Salem District''] 1932<br />
**''Madras District Gazetteers: Tanjore'' by F R Hemingway <br />
*:1906 edition [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13345 Archive.org version]; 1915 edition [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1428/page/n3 Archive.org version]. Originally from Digital Library of India.<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/GazeetersTinnevellyVol11917 ''Madras District Gazetteers: Tinnevelly Volume I''] by H R Pate ICS 1917 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/trichinopoly01madr#page/n9/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Trichinopoly''] 1907<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/vizagapatam01madr#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Vizagapatam''] 1907<br />
<br />
:There may be additional volumes available to read online on Archive.org as [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Madras+District+Gazetteers%29&sort=titleSorter ''Madras District Gazetteers''], or try searching by District name.<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=qvkNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''A Handbook for India: Being an Account of the Three Presidencies, and of the Overland Route; intended as a guide for Travellers, Officers and Civilians. Part I Madras''] by Edward B. Eastwick, published by John Murray 1859 Google Books<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/handbookmadrasp00firgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Handbook of the Madras Presidency''] by Edward B. Eastwick, published by John Murray 2nd edition, (almost entirely rewritten) 1879 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=alwOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Regulations and Acts in force within the Madras Presidency''] by Richard Clarke 1848 Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LNApAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Madras: Report of the Railway Department 1853''] Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/madrasitscivilad00smolrich ''Madras: Its civil administration; being rough notes from personal observation written in 1855 and 1856''] by Patrick B Smollett 1858 Archive.org<br />
*''Report on the administration of the Madras Presidency for the Year...''<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=_oAZAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1862-63] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=5iUbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 1864-65] 1866, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vUQbAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1865-66] 1866, [http://books.google.com/books?id=TRUTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1867-68] 1868, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vhUTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1868-69] 1869 Google Books; [http://www.archive.org/stream/reportonadminis00statgoog#page/n4/mode/2up 1869-70] 1870, [http://www.archive.org/stream/reportonadminis00goog#page/n4/mode/2up 1870-71] 1872 Archive.org<br />
* Many Administration Reports from Departments of the Madras Government, such as Public Works Department, Forest Department, Madras Municipality, are available online from the [https://rmrl.in/en/dl/official-publications/colonial-records Digital Library], Roja Muthiah Research Library, Chennai India.<br />
*Madras Presidency Reports from [https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/madraspresidencyreports-34134223 South Asia Open Archives (SAOA)] from jstor.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=AAcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 ''The Indian Official Thesaurus: Being Introductory to Annals of Indian Administration''] Compiled by Meredith Townsend 1858 Google Books. A guide to records.<br />
*''The Annals of Indian Administration'', edited by Meredith Townsend and later George Smith. Selected extracts from the Records of the Indian, Bengal, Madras Bombay, NWP, and Punjab and perhaps other Governments. <br />
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OqsEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Part I 1856], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=YrAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR6 Part VI 1858], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jrAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3, Part 2 June 1859], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p7AEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR4 Volume 4, Part 1 March 1860], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=frIEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 14 1868-69]. Google Books<br />
**Many additional volume may be viewed on Archive.org [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Annals+of+Indian+Administration%29&sort=-date ''Annals of Indian Administration'']<br />
*Madras Almanac and Directory.There were various titles over time. See [[Directories online#Madras|'''Directories online - Madras''']]<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=cxtYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Manual of Rules and Regulations compiled for the use of Junior Members of the Madras Civil Service. Brought up to 31st January 1870''] by William Donald Google Books<br />
*''Memoirs of the life and correspondence of the Reverend Christian Frederick Swartz, to which is prefixed a Sketch of the history of Christianity in India'' by Hugh Pearson, Dean of Salisbury 2nd Edition 1835 [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PHDMBnALbxUC&pg=PR3 Volume I], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=vsiRnK4F6egC&pg=PR1Volume II], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=x20eAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 First American edition (abridged) 1835] Google Books<br />
*''The Church in Madras : being the History of the Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras'' by Rev Frank Penny 1904 Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/churchinmadrasbe01penn#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 1 In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries''] [http://www.archive.org/stream/churchinmadrasbe02penn#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1805 to 1835''] [http://www.archive.org/stream/churchinmadrasbe03penn#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1835 to 1861'']<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/oncoromandelcoas00pennuoft/page/n7/mode/2up ''On the Coromandel Coast''] by F. E. Penny 1908. Archive.org. Also see [[Madras (City)]] for further books by Fanny Emily Penny, the wife of Rev Frank Penny, see item above.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/southernindia00pennuoft ''Southern India''] Painted by Lady Lawler, Described by F E Penny 1914 Archive.org<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=YlIBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Memoir of an Indian Chaplain, the Reverend Charles Church, M.A, of the Madras Establishment of the East India Company''], by Rev James Hough 1859 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/RecordssportSou00Hami ''Records of sport in Southern India : chiefly on the Annamullay, Nielgherry and Pulney mountains, also including notes on Singapore, Java and Labuan, from journals written between 1844 and 1870''] by the late General Douglas Hamilton, Madras Army 1892 Archive.org. With many illustrations by the author.<br />
*''Notes from a Diary: Kept chiefly in Southern India, 1881-1886'' by the Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart E Grant Duff 1899. [https://archive.org/details/notesfromadiary00duffgoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/notesfromadiary13duffgoog Volume II] Archive.org. The author was Governor of Madras.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesofl00drurrich ''Reminiscences of Life and Sport in Southern India''] by Colonel Heber Drury, late Madras Staff Corps and Assistant Resident in Travancore and Cochin 1890 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/roughingitinsout00handrich ''Roughing it in Southern India''] by Mrs M A Handley 1911 Archive.org. The author was the wife of a [[Forestry|Forest Officer]].<br />
* ''Work And Sport In The Old I. C. S.'' by W O Horne [William Ogilvie] 1928. The author was appointed to the Madras Civil Service in 1882. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461199 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*''The Engineering Works Of The Godavari Delta: A Descriptive and Historical Account'' by George Turner Walch, Chief Engineer for Irrigation, Madras (Retired). 1896. Compiled for the Madras Government. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari Volume I], with [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari/The_engineering_works_of_the_Godavari#page/n34/mode/1up Map of the Godarari Delta: Left side] and [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari/The_engineering_works_of_the_Godavari#page/n35/mode/1up Map: Right side], [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari1 Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*''The Engineering Works Of The Kistna Delta: A Descriptive and Historical Account'' by George Turner Walch, Chief Engineer for Irrigation, Madras (Retired). 1899. Compiled for the Madras Government. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt Volume I] with [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt/The_engineering_works_of_the_Kistna_delt#page/n19/mode/2up Map of the Kistna River Basin], now known as the Krishna River. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt1 Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_irg2AAAAMAAJ/page/n3 ''Illustrated guide to the South Indian Railway, including the Mayavaram-Mutupet, and Peralam-Karaikkal railway''] 1900 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/provincialgeogra03holluoft ''The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States''] by Edgar Thurston 1913 Archive.org. A volume in the series ''Provincial Geographies of India''. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/southernindiaits00some/page/n5 ''Southern India, its history, people, commerce, and industrial resources''], comp. by Somerset Playne, assisted by J. W. Bond, ed. by Arnold Wright. Reprint edition, originally published 1914-1915. Archive.org. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281893 ''Routes In Madras District'' 1922]. Title is catalogued ''Maddras''. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. Publications about ''Routes'' were generally published by the Quartermaster General's Department.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/thomasmunrodevel0000beag/page/n7 ''Thomas Munro and the development of administrative policy in Madras, 1792-1818 : the origins of the Munro system''] by T H Beaglehole. 1966. Archive.org Lending Library.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/notesonpearlchan00thur/page/n4/mode/2up ''Notes on the Pearl and Chank Fisheries and Marine Fauna of the Gulf of Manaar''] by Edgar Thurston. 1890 Archive.org. The Madras Government pearl fishery.<br />
*Monograph Series. Republished in 1982 as ''Art in industry through the ages. Monograph series on Madras Presidency / Southern India'', whose contents of 8 monographs may be seen in this [http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1951597 catalogue link] nla.gov.au<br />
**Not included in the reprint: [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/38196 ''Monograph on Dyes and Dyeing in the Madras Presidency''] by Edwin Holder 1896. Pdf download GIPE Digitised Books, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune. <br />
**[https://archive.org/details/SilkIndustry ''Monograph on the Silk Fabric Industry of the Madras Presidency''] by Edgar Thurston 1899 Archive.org. Note page 1 is at the back of the book and some pages may be missing. Also available as a pdf download from [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25447 GIPE Digitised Books].<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/IvoryIndia ''Monograph on the Ivory Carving Industry of Southern India''] by Edgar Thurston 1901 Archive.org. Also available as a pdf download from [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25886 GIPE Digitised Books]. <br />
**[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/35139 ''Monograph on Wood-carving in Southern India''] by Edgar Thurston 1903. Pdf download GIPE Digitised Books.<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/monographoncarpe00harrrich ''Monograph on the Carpet Weaving Industry of Southern India''] by Henry T Harris 1908 Archive.org. Also available as a pdf download from [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25312 GIPE Digitised Books].<br />
**Not included in the reprint: [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25449 ''Monograph on Tinsel and Wire in the Madras Presidency''] by W S Hadaway 1909. Pdf download GIPE Digitised Books.<br />
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<br />
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[[Category:Locations]]<br />
[[Category:Presidencies]]<br />
[[Category:Madras Presidency| ]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Madras_(Presidency)&diff=91747Madras (Presidency)2026-04-11T13:29:22Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>An adminsitrative subdivision of [[British India]]. The Madras Presidency covered the southern half of India and [[Ceylon]] (now called Sri Lanka).<br />
<br />
See [[Presidencies]] in the [[Beginners' Guide]]<br />
<br />
== Maps==<br />
*[http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-ra131-s28 1850 Map of the Diocese of Madras] ''The Colonial Church Atlas 3rd Edition 1850''. National Library of Australia Digital Collections-Maps [http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn3667353 Catalogue entry]<br />
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1931/fullscreen.php?object=51 1931: Madras Presidency northern section] Imperial Gazetteer<br><br />
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1931/fullscreen.php?object=50 1931: Madras Presidency southern section] Imperial Gazetteer<br />
<br />
== See also==<br />
*[[Madras Districts]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC&pg=PA9&dq=The+history+of+British+India:+a+chronology%2Madras%2BPresidency%2B1756&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Madras Presidency 1611-1755] Google Books<br><br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Presidency Madras Presidency] Wikipedia<br />
*[https://spuddybike.org.uk/research/madras-churches-and-priests/ Churches and Priests in Madras Presidency] spuddybike.org.uk Retrieved. April 2026<br />
<br />
====Historical books online====<br />
Also see [[Madras (City)]]<br />
*''Bengal and Madras papers: recounting the growth of British power in India'' edited by G W Forrest 1928. Published by Imperial Record Department, Calcutta.<br />
:[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/35331 Volume I [1670-1688<nowiki>]</nowiki>]; [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/21510 Vol. II [1688-1757<nowiki>]</nowiki>]; [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/21511 Vol. III [1757-1785<nowiki>]</nowiki>]. Links to pdf downloads Digital Repository of GIPE, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, India.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109698/page/n3/mode/2up Vol. I], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31988/page/n3/mode/2up Vol. I, 2nd file]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109699/page/n3/mode/2up Vol.II], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31989/page/n5/mode/2up Vol.II, 2nd file]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109700/page/n3/mode/2up Vol.III]. All Archive.org.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/ageographicalac00bowrgoog#page/n8/mode/2up ''A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669 to 1679''] by Thomas Bowrey, edited by Sir Richard Carnac Temple 1905 Archive.org. Includes [http://www.archive.org/stream/ageographicalac00bowrgoog#page/n22/mode/2up Madras and the Coromandel Coast]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284859/mode/2up ''An accurate and authentic narrative of the origin and progress of the dissentions at the Presidency of Madras: founded on original papers and correspondence''] 1810. Missing at least one page which may be found in [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.00040 File 2], however generally the 1st file is better quality. Archive.org<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=TeYGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR4 ''The Road Book of India; or, East Indian traveller's guide through the presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay''] by John B Seely, Captain Bombay Army. 1825 Google Books. Contains many place names.<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OARXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 ''The Madras Road Book. Edition - 1839''], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OARXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA143 Index], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OARXAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA3 Alphabetical List of the Madras Collectorates] with details. Google Books<br />
*''Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire from the Official Records of the Colonial Office'' by Robert Montgomery Martin 1839 Google Books. ''Book IV- Possessions in Asia'' [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PvtqMe2cxhoC&pg=PA273 "Chapter I-Hindostan"] pages 273-368<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/routesinpeninsu00scotgoog ''Routes in the Peninsula of India: Comprising the Whole of the Madras Presidency and Portions of the Adjacent Territories of Bengal and Bombay''] by Major F H Scott, Quartermaster General of the Madras Army 1853 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/atlasofsouthernp00phar ''An Atlas of the Southern Part of India, including plans of all the principal towns & cantonments, reduced from the grand trigonometrical survey of India, shewing also the Tenasserim Provinces''] 1854. Archive.org. [https://archive.org/stream/atlasofsouthernp00phar#page/n8/mode/1up Contents]. Also available on [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6b285086?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 Hathi Trust Digital Library] where the pages can be rotated, (but the images may be difficult to enlarge).<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/b2809265x ''Reports on mountain and marine sanitaria; medical and statistical observations on civil stations and military cantonments, jails - dispensaries - regiments - barracks, &c. within the Presidency of Madras, the Straits of Malacca, the Andaman Islands, and British Burmah from January 1858 to January 1862''] by Inspector General of Hospitals Duncan Macpherson. 1862 Archive.org. Part of the series ''Selections from the Records of the Madras Government''.<br />
*''Manuals'' of the ''Districts''<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/manualbellarydi00kelsgoog ''Manual of the Bellary District''] by John Kelsall, Madras Civil Service, Acting Sub-Collector, North Arcot 1872. Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12210 ''Manual of the District of Cuddapah in the Presidency of Madras''] by J D B Gribble 1875 Archive.org. Mirror of a file at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online.<br />
**[http://archive.org/stream/amanualkistnadi01mackgoog#page/n9/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Kistna District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Gordon Thomson Mackenzie 1883 Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12208 ''Manual of the Kurnool District In the Presidency of Madras''] by Narahari Gopalakrishnamah Chetty (Comp.) 1886 Archive.org. Mirror of a file at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online.<br />
**[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=kXooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''A Manual of the Nellore District in the Presidency of Madras''] by John Alexander Corrie Boswell, Collector and Magistrate of the Kistna District 1873 Google Books<br />
**[http://archive.org/stream/manualofnlagir00grigrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Nílagiri District in the Madras Presidency''] by Henry Bidewell Grigg 1880 Archive.org<br />
**''A Manual of the Salem District in the Presidency of Madras'' by Henry Le Fanu 1883 Archive.org [http://archive.org/stream/amanualsalemdis00fanugoog#page/n3/mode/2up ''Volume I: The District''], [http://archive.org/stream/amanualsalemdis01fanugoog#page/n3/mode/2up ''Volume II: The Taluks'']<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/manualsoutharco00garsgoog ''Manual of the South Arcot District''] by J H Garstin, Collector of South Arcot. 1878 Archive.org. Also available at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online, with a [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12222 mirror version on Archive.org]<br />
**[http://archive.org/stream/manualoftinnevel00stuarich#page/n3/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Tinnevelly District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Andrew John Stuart 1879 Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12224 ''Manual of the Trichinopoly District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Lewis Moore (Comp.) 1878 Archive.org. Mirror of a file at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online.<br />
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=1rE5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 ''A Manual of the District of Vizagapatam, in the Presidency of Madras''] by D. F. Carmichael 1869 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/adescriptiveand00morrgoog ''A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Henry Morris 1878 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/apoliticalandge00caldgoog ''A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras from the earliest period to its cession to the Engliah Government in AD 1801''] by Rev R Caldwell 1881 Archive.org<br />
*''Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series Madras'' [http://archive.org/stream/madras00unkngoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume I], [http://archive.org/stream/madras01unkngoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume II] 1908 Archive.org<br />
*''Madras District Gazetteers'' mainly Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/anantapurvolume00frangoog ''Anantapur''] by W Francis 1905. Catalogued Volume 2, but in fact is Volume 1. <br />
**[https://archive.org/details/statisticalappen02madriala ''Anjengo Volume II: Statistical Appendix''] 1915<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46792/page/n5 ''Madras District Gazetteers: Bellary''] by W Francis 1904.<br />
*:[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1430/page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Bellary''] by W Francis 1916. <br />
**[https://archive.org/details/cuddapah01madr ''Madras District Gazetteers: Cuddapah''] by C F Brackenbury ICS 1915 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/godavari01madr#page/n9/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Godaveri''] 1915<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/madurafrancis01madr#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Madura''] 1906<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.75585/page/n3 ''Madras District Gazetteers Malabar. Vol. 1''] by C A Innes 1951 edition with additional information and incorporating 1908 edition Archive.org. Mirror of a book from Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online, catalogue no. 75585.<br />
*:[https://archive.org/details/malabarandanjen00innegoog ''Malabar, Volume II: Statistical Appendix''] 1905 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/NilgirisFrancis/Untitled#page/n0/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: The Nilgiris''] 1908 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/p1salemrich01richuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Salem Volume 1-Part 1''] 1918, [http://www.archive.org/stream/salemgazet02richuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for Salem District''] 1932<br />
**''Madras District Gazetteers: Tanjore'' by F R Hemingway <br />
*:1906 edition [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13345 Archive.org version]; 1915 edition [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1428/page/n3 Archive.org version]. Originally from Digital Library of India.<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/GazeetersTinnevellyVol11917 ''Madras District Gazetteers: Tinnevelly Volume I''] by H R Pate ICS 1917 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/trichinopoly01madr#page/n9/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Trichinopoly''] 1907<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/vizagapatam01madr#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Vizagapatam''] 1907<br />
<br />
:There may be additional volumes available to read online on Archive.org as [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Madras+District+Gazetteers%29&sort=titleSorter ''Madras District Gazetteers''], or try searching by District name.<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=qvkNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''A Handbook for India: Being an Account of the Three Presidencies, and of the Overland Route; intended as a guide for Travellers, Officers and Civilians. Part I Madras''] by Edward B. Eastwick, published by John Murray 1859 Google Books<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/handbookmadrasp00firgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Handbook of the Madras Presidency''] by Edward B. Eastwick, published by John Murray 2nd edition, (almost entirely rewritten) 1879 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=alwOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Regulations and Acts in force within the Madras Presidency''] by Richard Clarke 1848 Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LNApAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Madras: Report of the Railway Department 1853''] Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/madrasitscivilad00smolrich ''Madras: Its civil administration; being rough notes from personal observation written in 1855 and 1856''] by Patrick B Smollett 1858 Archive.org<br />
*''Report on the administration of the Madras Presidency for the Year...''<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=_oAZAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1862-63] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=5iUbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 1864-65] 1866, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vUQbAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1865-66] 1866, [http://books.google.com/books?id=TRUTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1867-68] 1868, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vhUTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1868-69] 1869 Google Books; [http://www.archive.org/stream/reportonadminis00statgoog#page/n4/mode/2up 1869-70] 1870, [http://www.archive.org/stream/reportonadminis00goog#page/n4/mode/2up 1870-71] 1872 Archive.org<br />
* Many Administration Reports from Departments of the Madras Government, such as Public Works Department, Forest Department, Madras Municipality, are available online from the [https://rmrl.in/en/dl/official-publications/colonial-records Digital Library], Roja Muthiah Research Library, Chennai India.<br />
*Madras Presidency Reports from [https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/madraspresidencyreports-34134223 South Asia Open Archives (SAOA)] from jstor.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=AAcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 ''The Indian Official Thesaurus: Being Introductory to Annals of Indian Administration''] Compiled by Meredith Townsend 1858 Google Books. A guide to records.<br />
*''The Annals of Indian Administration'', edited by Meredith Townsend and later George Smith. Selected extracts from the Records of the Indian, Bengal, Madras Bombay, NWP, and Punjab and perhaps other Governments. <br />
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OqsEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Part I 1856], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=YrAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR6 Part VI 1858], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jrAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3, Part 2 June 1859], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p7AEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR4 Volume 4, Part 1 March 1860], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=frIEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 14 1868-69]. Google Books<br />
**Many additional volume may be viewed on Archive.org [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Annals+of+Indian+Administration%29&sort=-date ''Annals of Indian Administration'']<br />
*Madras Almanac and Directory.There were various titles over time. See [[Directories online#Madras|'''Directories online - Madras''']]<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=cxtYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Manual of Rules and Regulations compiled for the use of Junior Members of the Madras Civil Service. Brought up to 31st January 1870''] by William Donald Google Books<br />
*''Memoirs of the life and correspondence of the Reverend Christian Frederick Swartz, to which is prefixed a Sketch of the history of Christianity in India'' by Hugh Pearson, Dean of Salisbury 2nd Edition 1835 [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PHDMBnALbxUC&pg=PR3 Volume I], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=vsiRnK4F6egC&pg=PR1Volume II], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=x20eAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 First American edition (abridged) 1835] Google Books<br />
*''The Church in Madras : being the History of the Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras'' by Rev Frank Penny 1904 Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/churchinmadrasbe01penn#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 1 In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries''] [http://www.archive.org/stream/churchinmadrasbe02penn#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1805 to 1835''] [http://www.archive.org/stream/churchinmadrasbe03penn#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1835 to 1861'']<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/oncoromandelcoas00pennuoft/page/n7/mode/2up ''On the Coromandel Coast''] by F. E. Penny 1908. Archive.org. Also see [[Madras (City)]] for further books by Fanny Emily Penny, the wife of Rev Frank Penny, see item above.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/southernindia00pennuoft ''Southern India''] Painted by Lady Lawler, Described by F E Penny 1914 Archive.org<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=YlIBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Memoir of an Indian Chaplain, the Reverend Charles Church, M.A, of the Madras Establishment of the East India Company''], by Rev James Hough 1859 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/RecordssportSou00Hami ''Records of sport in Southern India : chiefly on the Annamullay, Nielgherry and Pulney mountains, also including notes on Singapore, Java and Labuan, from journals written between 1844 and 1870''] by the late General Douglas Hamilton, Madras Army 1892 Archive.org. With many illustrations by the author.<br />
*''Notes from a Diary: Kept chiefly in Southern India, 1881-1886'' by the Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart E Grant Duff 1899. [https://archive.org/details/notesfromadiary00duffgoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/notesfromadiary13duffgoog Volume II] Archive.org. The author was Governor of Madras.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesofl00drurrich ''Reminiscences of Life and Sport in Southern India''] by Colonel Heber Drury, late Madras Staff Corps and Assistant Resident in Travancore and Cochin 1890 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/roughingitinsout00handrich ''Roughing it in Southern India''] by Mrs M A Handley 1911 Archive.org. The author was the wife of a [[Forestry|Forest Officer]].<br />
* ''Work And Sport In The Old I. C. S.'' by W O Horne [William Ogilvie] 1928. The author was appointed to the Madras Civil Service in 1882. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461199 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*''The Engineering Works Of The Godavari Delta: A Descriptive and Historical Account'' by George Turner Walch, Chief Engineer for Irrigation, Madras (Retired). 1896. Compiled for the Madras Government. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari Volume I], with [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari/The_engineering_works_of_the_Godavari#page/n34/mode/1up Map of the Godarari Delta: Left side] and [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari/The_engineering_works_of_the_Godavari#page/n35/mode/1up Map: Right side], [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari1 Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*''The Engineering Works Of The Kistna Delta: A Descriptive and Historical Account'' by George Turner Walch, Chief Engineer for Irrigation, Madras (Retired). 1899. Compiled for the Madras Government. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt Volume I] with [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt/The_engineering_works_of_the_Kistna_delt#page/n19/mode/2up Map of the Kistna River Basin], now known as the Krishna River. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt1 Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_irg2AAAAMAAJ/page/n3 ''Illustrated guide to the South Indian Railway, including the Mayavaram-Mutupet, and Peralam-Karaikkal railway''] 1900 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/provincialgeogra03holluoft ''The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States''] by Edgar Thurston 1913 Archive.org. A volume in the series ''Provincial Geographies of India''. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/southernindiaits00some/page/n5 ''Southern India, its history, people, commerce, and industrial resources''], comp. by Somerset Playne, assisted by J. W. Bond, ed. by Arnold Wright. Reprint edition, originally published 1914-1915. Archive.org. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281893 ''Routes In Madras District'' 1922]. Title is catalogued ''Maddras''. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. Publications about ''Routes'' were generally published by the Quartermaster General's Department.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/thomasmunrodevel0000beag/page/n7 ''Thomas Munro and the development of administrative policy in Madras, 1792-1818 : the origins of the Munro system''] by T H Beaglehole. 1966. Archive.org Lending Library.<br />
*[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000034530 ''A Handbook of Directions to the Ports in the Presidency of Madras and Ceylon''] by T. E. Marshall, First Assistant Master Attendant, Madras. 1874. British Library Digital Collection.<br />
:[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000035E32 ''A Handbook to the Ports on the Coast of India between Calcutta and Bombay, including the Island of Ceylon''] by Herbert Samuel Brown, Lieutenant, R.N.R. Port and Customs Officer, Mangalore. 1897. British Library Digital Collection.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/notesonpearlchan00thur/page/n4/mode/2up ''Notes on the Pearl and Chank Fisheries and Marine Fauna of the Gulf of Manaar''] by Edgar Thurston. 1890 Archive.org. The Madras Government pearl fishery.<br />
*Monograph Series. Republished in 1982 as ''Art in industry through the ages. Monograph series on Madras Presidency / Southern India'', whose contents of 8 monographs may be seen in this [http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1951597 catalogue link] nla.gov.au<br />
**Not included in the reprint: [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/38196 ''Monograph on Dyes and Dyeing in the Madras Presidency''] by Edwin Holder 1896. Pdf download GIPE Digitised Books, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune. <br />
**[https://archive.org/details/SilkIndustry ''Monograph on the Silk Fabric Industry of the Madras Presidency''] by Edgar Thurston 1899 Archive.org. Note page 1 is at the back of the book and some pages may be missing. Also available as a pdf download from [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25447 GIPE Digitised Books].<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/IvoryIndia ''Monograph on the Ivory Carving Industry of Southern India''] by Edgar Thurston 1901 Archive.org. Also available as a pdf download from [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25886 GIPE Digitised Books]. <br />
**[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/35139 ''Monograph on Wood-carving in Southern India''] by Edgar Thurston 1903. Pdf download GIPE Digitised Books.<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/monographoncarpe00harrrich ''Monograph on the Carpet Weaving Industry of Southern India''] by Henry T Harris 1908 Archive.org. Also available as a pdf download from [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25312 GIPE Digitised Books].<br />
**Not included in the reprint: [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25449 ''Monograph on Tinsel and Wire in the Madras Presidency''] by W S Hadaway 1909. Pdf download GIPE Digitised Books.<br />
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[[Category:Locations]]<br />
[[Category:Presidencies]]<br />
[[Category:Madras Presidency| ]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Madras_(Presidency)&diff=91746Madras (Presidency)2026-04-11T13:28:13Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>An adminsitrative subdivision of [[British India]]. The Madras Presidency covered the southern half of India and [[Ceylon]] (now called Sri Lanka).<br />
<br />
See [[Presidencies]] in the [[Beginners' Guide]]<br />
<br />
== Maps==<br />
*[http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-ra131-s28 1850 Map of the Diocese of Madras] ''The Colonial Church Atlas 3rd Edition 1850''. National Library of Australia Digital Collections-Maps [http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn3667353 Catalogue entry]<br />
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1931/fullscreen.php?object=51 1931: Madras Presidency northern section] Imperial Gazetteer<br><br />
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1931/fullscreen.php?object=50 1931: Madras Presidency southern section] Imperial Gazetteer<br />
<br />
== See also==<br />
*[[Madras Districts]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC&pg=PA9&dq=The+history+of+British+India:+a+chronology%2Madras%2BPresidency%2B1756&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Madras Presidency 1611-1755] Google Books<br><br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Presidency Madras Presidency] Wikipedia<br />
*[https://spuddybike.org.uk/research/madras-churches-and-priests/ Churches and Priests in Madras Presidency] spuddybike.org.uk Retrieved. April 2026<br />
<br />
====Historical books online====<br />
Also see [[Madras (City)]]<br />
*''Bengal and Madras papers: recounting the growth of British power in India'' edited by G W Forrest 1928. Published by Imperial Record Department, Calcutta.<br />
:[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/35331 Volume I [1670-1688<nowiki>]</nowiki>]; [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/21510 Vol. II [1688-1757<nowiki>]</nowiki>]; [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/21511 Vol. III [1757-1785<nowiki>]</nowiki>]. Links to pdf downloads Digital Repository of GIPE, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, India.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109698/page/n3/mode/2up Vol. I], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31988/page/n3/mode/2up Vol. I, 2nd file]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109699/page/n3/mode/2up Vol.II], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31989/page/n5/mode/2up Vol.II, 2nd file]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109700/page/n3/mode/2up Vol.III]. All Archive.org.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/ageographicalac00bowrgoog#page/n8/mode/2up ''A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669 to 1679''] by Thomas Bowrey, edited by Sir Richard Carnac Temple 1905 Archive.org. Includes [http://www.archive.org/stream/ageographicalac00bowrgoog#page/n22/mode/2up Madras and the Coromandel Coast]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.92492/mode/2up ''Records of Fort St. George. James Strange’s Journal and Narrative of the Commercial Expedition From Bombay to the North-West Coast of America, together with a Chart showing the Tract of the Expedition''], with an Introduction by the Curator, Madras Records Office, published 1928. Archive.org. James Strange was in the Madras Civil Service. The journey took place August 1785 to May 1787.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284859/mode/2up ''An accurate and authentic narrative of the origin and progress of the dissentions at the Presidency of Madras: founded on original papers and correspondence''] 1810. Missing at least one page which may be found in [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.00040 File 2], however generally the 1st file is better quality. Archive.org<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=TeYGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR4 ''The Road Book of India; or, East Indian traveller's guide through the presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay''] by John B Seely, Captain Bombay Army. 1825 Google Books. Contains many place names.<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OARXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 ''The Madras Road Book. Edition - 1839''], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OARXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA143 Index], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OARXAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA3 Alphabetical List of the Madras Collectorates] with details. Google Books<br />
*''Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire from the Official Records of the Colonial Office'' by Robert Montgomery Martin 1839 Google Books. ''Book IV- Possessions in Asia'' [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PvtqMe2cxhoC&pg=PA273 "Chapter I-Hindostan"] pages 273-368<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/routesinpeninsu00scotgoog ''Routes in the Peninsula of India: Comprising the Whole of the Madras Presidency and Portions of the Adjacent Territories of Bengal and Bombay''] by Major F H Scott, Quartermaster General of the Madras Army 1853 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/atlasofsouthernp00phar ''An Atlas of the Southern Part of India, including plans of all the principal towns & cantonments, reduced from the grand trigonometrical survey of India, shewing also the Tenasserim Provinces''] 1854. Archive.org. [https://archive.org/stream/atlasofsouthernp00phar#page/n8/mode/1up Contents]. Also available on [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6b285086?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 Hathi Trust Digital Library] where the pages can be rotated, (but the images may be difficult to enlarge).<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/b2809265x ''Reports on mountain and marine sanitaria; medical and statistical observations on civil stations and military cantonments, jails - dispensaries - regiments - barracks, &c. within the Presidency of Madras, the Straits of Malacca, the Andaman Islands, and British Burmah from January 1858 to January 1862''] by Inspector General of Hospitals Duncan Macpherson. 1862 Archive.org. Part of the series ''Selections from the Records of the Madras Government''.<br />
*''Manuals'' of the ''Districts''<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/manualbellarydi00kelsgoog ''Manual of the Bellary District''] by John Kelsall, Madras Civil Service, Acting Sub-Collector, North Arcot 1872. Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12210 ''Manual of the District of Cuddapah in the Presidency of Madras''] by J D B Gribble 1875 Archive.org. Mirror of a file at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online.<br />
**[http://archive.org/stream/amanualkistnadi01mackgoog#page/n9/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Kistna District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Gordon Thomson Mackenzie 1883 Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12208 ''Manual of the Kurnool District In the Presidency of Madras''] by Narahari Gopalakrishnamah Chetty (Comp.) 1886 Archive.org. Mirror of a file at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online.<br />
**[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=kXooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''A Manual of the Nellore District in the Presidency of Madras''] by John Alexander Corrie Boswell, Collector and Magistrate of the Kistna District 1873 Google Books<br />
**[http://archive.org/stream/manualofnlagir00grigrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Nílagiri District in the Madras Presidency''] by Henry Bidewell Grigg 1880 Archive.org<br />
**''A Manual of the Salem District in the Presidency of Madras'' by Henry Le Fanu 1883 Archive.org [http://archive.org/stream/amanualsalemdis00fanugoog#page/n3/mode/2up ''Volume I: The District''], [http://archive.org/stream/amanualsalemdis01fanugoog#page/n3/mode/2up ''Volume II: The Taluks'']<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/manualsoutharco00garsgoog ''Manual of the South Arcot District''] by J H Garstin, Collector of South Arcot. 1878 Archive.org. Also available at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online, with a [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12222 mirror version on Archive.org]<br />
**[http://archive.org/stream/manualoftinnevel00stuarich#page/n3/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Tinnevelly District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Andrew John Stuart 1879 Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12224 ''Manual of the Trichinopoly District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Lewis Moore (Comp.) 1878 Archive.org. Mirror of a file at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online.<br />
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=1rE5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 ''A Manual of the District of Vizagapatam, in the Presidency of Madras''] by D. F. Carmichael 1869 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/adescriptiveand00morrgoog ''A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Henry Morris 1878 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/apoliticalandge00caldgoog ''A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras from the earliest period to its cession to the Engliah Government in AD 1801''] by Rev R Caldwell 1881 Archive.org<br />
*''Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series Madras'' [http://archive.org/stream/madras00unkngoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume I], [http://archive.org/stream/madras01unkngoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume II] 1908 Archive.org<br />
*''Madras District Gazetteers'' mainly Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/anantapurvolume00frangoog ''Anantapur''] by W Francis 1905. Catalogued Volume 2, but in fact is Volume 1. <br />
**[https://archive.org/details/statisticalappen02madriala ''Anjengo Volume II: Statistical Appendix''] 1915<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46792/page/n5 ''Madras District Gazetteers: Bellary''] by W Francis 1904.<br />
*:[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1430/page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Bellary''] by W Francis 1916. <br />
**[https://archive.org/details/cuddapah01madr ''Madras District Gazetteers: Cuddapah''] by C F Brackenbury ICS 1915 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/godavari01madr#page/n9/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Godaveri''] 1915<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/madurafrancis01madr#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Madura''] 1906<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.75585/page/n3 ''Madras District Gazetteers Malabar. Vol. 1''] by C A Innes 1951 edition with additional information and incorporating 1908 edition Archive.org. Mirror of a book from Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online, catalogue no. 75585.<br />
*:[https://archive.org/details/malabarandanjen00innegoog ''Malabar, Volume II: Statistical Appendix''] 1905 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/NilgirisFrancis/Untitled#page/n0/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: The Nilgiris''] 1908 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/p1salemrich01richuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Salem Volume 1-Part 1''] 1918, [http://www.archive.org/stream/salemgazet02richuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for Salem District''] 1932<br />
**''Madras District Gazetteers: Tanjore'' by F R Hemingway <br />
*:1906 edition [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13345 Archive.org version]; 1915 edition [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1428/page/n3 Archive.org version]. Originally from Digital Library of India.<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/GazeetersTinnevellyVol11917 ''Madras District Gazetteers: Tinnevelly Volume I''] by H R Pate ICS 1917 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/trichinopoly01madr#page/n9/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Trichinopoly''] 1907<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/vizagapatam01madr#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Vizagapatam''] 1907<br />
<br />
:There may be additional volumes available to read online on Archive.org as [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Madras+District+Gazetteers%29&sort=titleSorter ''Madras District Gazetteers''], or try searching by District name.<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=qvkNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''A Handbook for India: Being an Account of the Three Presidencies, and of the Overland Route; intended as a guide for Travellers, Officers and Civilians. Part I Madras''] by Edward B. Eastwick, published by John Murray 1859 Google Books<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/handbookmadrasp00firgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Handbook of the Madras Presidency''] by Edward B. Eastwick, published by John Murray 2nd edition, (almost entirely rewritten) 1879 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=alwOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Regulations and Acts in force within the Madras Presidency''] by Richard Clarke 1848 Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LNApAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Madras: Report of the Railway Department 1853''] Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/madrasitscivilad00smolrich ''Madras: Its civil administration; being rough notes from personal observation written in 1855 and 1856''] by Patrick B Smollett 1858 Archive.org<br />
*''Report on the administration of the Madras Presidency for the Year...''<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=_oAZAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1862-63] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=5iUbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 1864-65] 1866, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vUQbAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1865-66] 1866, [http://books.google.com/books?id=TRUTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1867-68] 1868, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vhUTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1868-69] 1869 Google Books; [http://www.archive.org/stream/reportonadminis00statgoog#page/n4/mode/2up 1869-70] 1870, [http://www.archive.org/stream/reportonadminis00goog#page/n4/mode/2up 1870-71] 1872 Archive.org<br />
* Many Administration Reports from Departments of the Madras Government, such as Public Works Department, Forest Department, Madras Municipality, are available online from the [https://rmrl.in/en/dl/official-publications/colonial-records Digital Library], Roja Muthiah Research Library, Chennai India.<br />
*Madras Presidency Reports from [https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/madraspresidencyreports-34134223 South Asia Open Archives (SAOA)] from jstor.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=AAcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 ''The Indian Official Thesaurus: Being Introductory to Annals of Indian Administration''] Compiled by Meredith Townsend 1858 Google Books. A guide to records.<br />
*''The Annals of Indian Administration'', edited by Meredith Townsend and later George Smith. Selected extracts from the Records of the Indian, Bengal, Madras Bombay, NWP, and Punjab and perhaps other Governments. <br />
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OqsEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Part I 1856], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=YrAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR6 Part VI 1858], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jrAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3, Part 2 June 1859], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p7AEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR4 Volume 4, Part 1 March 1860], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=frIEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 14 1868-69]. Google Books<br />
**Many additional volume may be viewed on Archive.org [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Annals+of+Indian+Administration%29&sort=-date ''Annals of Indian Administration'']<br />
*Madras Almanac and Directory.There were various titles over time. See [[Directories online#Madras|'''Directories online - Madras''']]<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=cxtYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Manual of Rules and Regulations compiled for the use of Junior Members of the Madras Civil Service. Brought up to 31st January 1870''] by William Donald Google Books<br />
*''Memoirs of the life and correspondence of the Reverend Christian Frederick Swartz, to which is prefixed a Sketch of the history of Christianity in India'' by Hugh Pearson, Dean of Salisbury 2nd Edition 1835 [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PHDMBnALbxUC&pg=PR3 Volume I], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=vsiRnK4F6egC&pg=PR1Volume II], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=x20eAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 First American edition (abridged) 1835] Google Books<br />
*''The Church in Madras : being the History of the Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras'' by Rev Frank Penny 1904 Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/churchinmadrasbe01penn#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 1 In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries''] [http://www.archive.org/stream/churchinmadrasbe02penn#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1805 to 1835''] [http://www.archive.org/stream/churchinmadrasbe03penn#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1835 to 1861'']<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/oncoromandelcoas00pennuoft/page/n7/mode/2up ''On the Coromandel Coast''] by F. E. Penny 1908. Archive.org. Also see [[Madras (City)]] for further books by Fanny Emily Penny, the wife of Rev Frank Penny, see item above.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/southernindia00pennuoft ''Southern India''] Painted by Lady Lawler, Described by F E Penny 1914 Archive.org<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=YlIBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Memoir of an Indian Chaplain, the Reverend Charles Church, M.A, of the Madras Establishment of the East India Company''], by Rev James Hough 1859 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/RecordssportSou00Hami ''Records of sport in Southern India : chiefly on the Annamullay, Nielgherry and Pulney mountains, also including notes on Singapore, Java and Labuan, from journals written between 1844 and 1870''] by the late General Douglas Hamilton, Madras Army 1892 Archive.org. With many illustrations by the author.<br />
*''Notes from a Diary: Kept chiefly in Southern India, 1881-1886'' by the Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart E Grant Duff 1899. [https://archive.org/details/notesfromadiary00duffgoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/notesfromadiary13duffgoog Volume II] Archive.org. The author was Governor of Madras.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesofl00drurrich ''Reminiscences of Life and Sport in Southern India''] by Colonel Heber Drury, late Madras Staff Corps and Assistant Resident in Travancore and Cochin 1890 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/roughingitinsout00handrich ''Roughing it in Southern India''] by Mrs M A Handley 1911 Archive.org. The author was the wife of a [[Forestry|Forest Officer]].<br />
* ''Work And Sport In The Old I. C. S.'' by W O Horne [William Ogilvie] 1928. The author was appointed to the Madras Civil Service in 1882. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461199 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*''The Engineering Works Of The Godavari Delta: A Descriptive and Historical Account'' by George Turner Walch, Chief Engineer for Irrigation, Madras (Retired). 1896. Compiled for the Madras Government. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari Volume I], with [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari/The_engineering_works_of_the_Godavari#page/n34/mode/1up Map of the Godarari Delta: Left side] and [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari/The_engineering_works_of_the_Godavari#page/n35/mode/1up Map: Right side], [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari1 Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*''The Engineering Works Of The Kistna Delta: A Descriptive and Historical Account'' by George Turner Walch, Chief Engineer for Irrigation, Madras (Retired). 1899. Compiled for the Madras Government. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt Volume I] with [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt/The_engineering_works_of_the_Kistna_delt#page/n19/mode/2up Map of the Kistna River Basin], now known as the Krishna River. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt1 Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_irg2AAAAMAAJ/page/n3 ''Illustrated guide to the South Indian Railway, including the Mayavaram-Mutupet, and Peralam-Karaikkal railway''] 1900 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/provincialgeogra03holluoft ''The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States''] by Edgar Thurston 1913 Archive.org. A volume in the series ''Provincial Geographies of India''. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/southernindiaits00some/page/n5 ''Southern India, its history, people, commerce, and industrial resources''], comp. by Somerset Playne, assisted by J. W. Bond, ed. by Arnold Wright. Reprint edition, originally published 1914-1915. Archive.org. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281893 ''Routes In Madras District'' 1922]. Title is catalogued ''Maddras''. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. Publications about ''Routes'' were generally published by the Quartermaster General's Department.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/thomasmunrodevel0000beag/page/n7 ''Thomas Munro and the development of administrative policy in Madras, 1792-1818 : the origins of the Munro system''] by T H Beaglehole. 1966. Archive.org Lending Library.<br />
*[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000034530 ''A Handbook of Directions to the Ports in the Presidency of Madras and Ceylon''] by T. E. Marshall, First Assistant Master Attendant, Madras. 1874. British Library Digital Collection.<br />
:[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000035E32 ''A Handbook to the Ports on the Coast of India between Calcutta and Bombay, including the Island of Ceylon''] by Herbert Samuel Brown, Lieutenant, R.N.R. Port and Customs Officer, Mangalore. 1897. British Library Digital Collection.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/notesonpearlchan00thur/page/n4/mode/2up ''Notes on the Pearl and Chank Fisheries and Marine Fauna of the Gulf of Manaar''] by Edgar Thurston. 1890 Archive.org. The Madras Government pearl fishery.<br />
*Monograph Series. Republished in 1982 as ''Art in industry through the ages. Monograph series on Madras Presidency / Southern India'', whose contents of 8 monographs may be seen in this [http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1951597 catalogue link] nla.gov.au<br />
**Not included in the reprint: [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/38196 ''Monograph on Dyes and Dyeing in the Madras Presidency''] by Edwin Holder 1896. Pdf download GIPE Digitised Books, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune. <br />
**[https://archive.org/details/SilkIndustry ''Monograph on the Silk Fabric Industry of the Madras Presidency''] by Edgar Thurston 1899 Archive.org. Note page 1 is at the back of the book and some pages may be missing. Also available as a pdf download from [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25447 GIPE Digitised Books].<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/IvoryIndia ''Monograph on the Ivory Carving Industry of Southern India''] by Edgar Thurston 1901 Archive.org. Also available as a pdf download from [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25886 GIPE Digitised Books]. <br />
**[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/35139 ''Monograph on Wood-carving in Southern India''] by Edgar Thurston 1903. Pdf download GIPE Digitised Books.<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/monographoncarpe00harrrich ''Monograph on the Carpet Weaving Industry of Southern India''] by Henry T Harris 1908 Archive.org. Also available as a pdf download from [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25312 GIPE Digitised Books].<br />
**Not included in the reprint: [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25449 ''Monograph on Tinsel and Wire in the Madras Presidency''] by W S Hadaway 1909. Pdf download GIPE Digitised Books.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Locations]]<br />
[[Category:Presidencies]]<br />
[[Category:Madras Presidency| ]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Madras_(Presidency)&diff=91745Madras (Presidency)2026-04-11T13:27:13Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>An adminsitrative subdivision of [[British India]]. The Madras Presidency covered the southern half of India and [[Ceylon]] (now called Sri Lanka).<br />
<br />
See [[Presidencies]] in the [[Beginners' Guide]]<br />
<br />
== Maps==<br />
*[http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-ra131-s28 1850 Map of the Diocese of Madras] ''The Colonial Church Atlas 3rd Edition 1850''. National Library of Australia Digital Collections-Maps [http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn3667353 Catalogue entry]<br />
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1931/fullscreen.php?object=51 1931: Madras Presidency northern section] Imperial Gazetteer<br><br />
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1931/fullscreen.php?object=50 1931: Madras Presidency southern section] Imperial Gazetteer<br />
<br />
== See also==<br />
*[[Madras Districts]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V2nGnWXV7coC&pg=PA9&dq=The+history+of+British+India:+a+chronology%2Madras%2BPresidency%2B1756&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Madras Presidency 1611-1755] Google Books<br><br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madras_Presidency Madras Presidency] Wikipedia<br />
*[http://www.tnarchives.tn.gov.in/gazzetters.html District Gazetteers] Lists (some of) the various editions which have been published. Department of Archives and Historical Research, Government of Tamil Nadu<br />
*[https://spuddybike.org.uk/research/madras-churches-and-priests/ Churches and Priests in Madras Presidency] spuddybike.org.uk Retrieved. April 2026<br />
<br />
====Historical books online====<br />
Also see [[Madras (City)]]<br />
*''Bengal and Madras papers: recounting the growth of British power in India'' edited by G W Forrest 1928. Published by Imperial Record Department, Calcutta.<br />
:[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/35331 Volume I [1670-1688<nowiki>]</nowiki>]; [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/21510 Vol. II [1688-1757<nowiki>]</nowiki>]; [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/21511 Vol. III [1757-1785<nowiki>]</nowiki>]. Links to pdf downloads Digital Repository of GIPE, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune, India.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109698/page/n3/mode/2up Vol. I], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31988/page/n3/mode/2up Vol. I, 2nd file]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109699/page/n3/mode/2up Vol.II], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31989/page/n5/mode/2up Vol.II, 2nd file]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109700/page/n3/mode/2up Vol.III]. All Archive.org.<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/ageographicalac00bowrgoog#page/n8/mode/2up ''A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669 to 1679''] by Thomas Bowrey, edited by Sir Richard Carnac Temple 1905 Archive.org. Includes [http://www.archive.org/stream/ageographicalac00bowrgoog#page/n22/mode/2up Madras and the Coromandel Coast]<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.92492/mode/2up ''Records of Fort St. George. James Strange’s Journal and Narrative of the Commercial Expedition From Bombay to the North-West Coast of America, together with a Chart showing the Tract of the Expedition''], with an Introduction by the Curator, Madras Records Office, published 1928. Archive.org. James Strange was in the Madras Civil Service. The journey took place August 1785 to May 1787.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284859/mode/2up ''An accurate and authentic narrative of the origin and progress of the dissentions at the Presidency of Madras: founded on original papers and correspondence''] 1810. Missing at least one page which may be found in [https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.00040 File 2], however generally the 1st file is better quality. Archive.org<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=TeYGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR4 ''The Road Book of India; or, East Indian traveller's guide through the presidencies of Bengal, Madras, and Bombay''] by John B Seely, Captain Bombay Army. 1825 Google Books. Contains many place names.<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OARXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 ''The Madras Road Book. Edition - 1839''], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OARXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA143 Index], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OARXAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA3 Alphabetical List of the Madras Collectorates] with details. Google Books<br />
*''Statistics of the Colonies of the British Empire from the Official Records of the Colonial Office'' by Robert Montgomery Martin 1839 Google Books. ''Book IV- Possessions in Asia'' [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PvtqMe2cxhoC&pg=PA273 "Chapter I-Hindostan"] pages 273-368<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/routesinpeninsu00scotgoog ''Routes in the Peninsula of India: Comprising the Whole of the Madras Presidency and Portions of the Adjacent Territories of Bengal and Bombay''] by Major F H Scott, Quartermaster General of the Madras Army 1853 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/atlasofsouthernp00phar ''An Atlas of the Southern Part of India, including plans of all the principal towns & cantonments, reduced from the grand trigonometrical survey of India, shewing also the Tenasserim Provinces''] 1854. Archive.org. [https://archive.org/stream/atlasofsouthernp00phar#page/n8/mode/1up Contents]. Also available on [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t6b285086?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 Hathi Trust Digital Library] where the pages can be rotated, (but the images may be difficult to enlarge).<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/b2809265x ''Reports on mountain and marine sanitaria; medical and statistical observations on civil stations and military cantonments, jails - dispensaries - regiments - barracks, &c. within the Presidency of Madras, the Straits of Malacca, the Andaman Islands, and British Burmah from January 1858 to January 1862''] by Inspector General of Hospitals Duncan Macpherson. 1862 Archive.org. Part of the series ''Selections from the Records of the Madras Government''.<br />
*''Manuals'' of the ''Districts''<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/manualbellarydi00kelsgoog ''Manual of the Bellary District''] by John Kelsall, Madras Civil Service, Acting Sub-Collector, North Arcot 1872. Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12210 ''Manual of the District of Cuddapah in the Presidency of Madras''] by J D B Gribble 1875 Archive.org. Mirror of a file at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online.<br />
**[http://archive.org/stream/amanualkistnadi01mackgoog#page/n9/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Kistna District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Gordon Thomson Mackenzie 1883 Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12208 ''Manual of the Kurnool District In the Presidency of Madras''] by Narahari Gopalakrishnamah Chetty (Comp.) 1886 Archive.org. Mirror of a file at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online.<br />
**[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=kXooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''A Manual of the Nellore District in the Presidency of Madras''] by John Alexander Corrie Boswell, Collector and Magistrate of the Kistna District 1873 Google Books<br />
**[http://archive.org/stream/manualofnlagir00grigrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Nílagiri District in the Madras Presidency''] by Henry Bidewell Grigg 1880 Archive.org<br />
**''A Manual of the Salem District in the Presidency of Madras'' by Henry Le Fanu 1883 Archive.org [http://archive.org/stream/amanualsalemdis00fanugoog#page/n3/mode/2up ''Volume I: The District''], [http://archive.org/stream/amanualsalemdis01fanugoog#page/n3/mode/2up ''Volume II: The Taluks'']<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/manualsoutharco00garsgoog ''Manual of the South Arcot District''] by J H Garstin, Collector of South Arcot. 1878 Archive.org. Also available at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online, with a [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12222 mirror version on Archive.org]<br />
**[http://archive.org/stream/manualoftinnevel00stuarich#page/n3/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Tinnevelly District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Andrew John Stuart 1879 Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12224 ''Manual of the Trichinopoly District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Lewis Moore (Comp.) 1878 Archive.org. Mirror of a file at Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online.<br />
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=1rE5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 ''A Manual of the District of Vizagapatam, in the Presidency of Madras''] by D. F. Carmichael 1869 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/adescriptiveand00morrgoog ''A Descriptive and Historical Account of the Godavery District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Henry Morris 1878 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/apoliticalandge00caldgoog ''A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras from the earliest period to its cession to the Engliah Government in AD 1801''] by Rev R Caldwell 1881 Archive.org<br />
*''Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial Series Madras'' [http://archive.org/stream/madras00unkngoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume I], [http://archive.org/stream/madras01unkngoog#page/n6/mode/2up Volume II] 1908 Archive.org<br />
*''Madras District Gazetteers'' mainly Archive.org<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/anantapurvolume00frangoog ''Anantapur''] by W Francis 1905. Catalogued Volume 2, but in fact is Volume 1. <br />
**[https://archive.org/details/statisticalappen02madriala ''Anjengo Volume II: Statistical Appendix''] 1915<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46792/page/n5 ''Madras District Gazetteers: Bellary''] by W Francis 1904.<br />
*:[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.1430/page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Bellary''] by W Francis 1916. <br />
**[https://archive.org/details/cuddapah01madr ''Madras District Gazetteers: Cuddapah''] by C F Brackenbury ICS 1915 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/godavari01madr#page/n9/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Godaveri''] 1915<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/madurafrancis01madr#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Madura''] 1906<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.75585/page/n3 ''Madras District Gazetteers Malabar. Vol. 1''] by C A Innes 1951 edition with additional information and incorporating 1908 edition Archive.org. Mirror of a book from Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online, catalogue no. 75585.<br />
*:[https://archive.org/details/malabarandanjen00innegoog ''Malabar, Volume II: Statistical Appendix''] 1905 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/NilgirisFrancis/Untitled#page/n0/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: The Nilgiris''] 1908 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/p1salemrich01richuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Salem Volume 1-Part 1''] 1918, [http://www.archive.org/stream/salemgazet02richuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for Salem District''] 1932<br />
**''Madras District Gazetteers: Tanjore'' by F R Hemingway <br />
*:1906 edition [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.13345 Archive.org version]; 1915 edition [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.1428/page/n3 Archive.org version]. Originally from Digital Library of India.<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/GazeetersTinnevellyVol11917 ''Madras District Gazetteers: Tinnevelly Volume I''] by H R Pate ICS 1917 <br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/trichinopoly01madr#page/n9/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Trichinopoly''] 1907<br />
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/vizagapatam01madr#page/n5/mode/2up ''Madras District Gazetteers: Vizagapatam''] 1907<br />
<br />
:There may be additional volumes available to read online on Archive.org as [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Madras+District+Gazetteers%29&sort=titleSorter ''Madras District Gazetteers''], or try searching by District name.<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=qvkNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''A Handbook for India: Being an Account of the Three Presidencies, and of the Overland Route; intended as a guide for Travellers, Officers and Civilians. Part I Madras''] by Edward B. Eastwick, published by John Murray 1859 Google Books<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/handbookmadrasp00firgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Handbook of the Madras Presidency''] by Edward B. Eastwick, published by John Murray 2nd edition, (almost entirely rewritten) 1879 Archive.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=alwOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Regulations and Acts in force within the Madras Presidency''] by Richard Clarke 1848 Google Books<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LNApAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Madras: Report of the Railway Department 1853''] Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/madrasitscivilad00smolrich ''Madras: Its civil administration; being rough notes from personal observation written in 1855 and 1856''] by Patrick B Smollett 1858 Archive.org<br />
*''Report on the administration of the Madras Presidency for the Year...''<br />
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=_oAZAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1862-63] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=5iUbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 1864-65] 1866, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vUQbAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1865-66] 1866, [http://books.google.com/books?id=TRUTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1867-68] 1868, [http://books.google.com/books?id=vhUTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover 1868-69] 1869 Google Books; [http://www.archive.org/stream/reportonadminis00statgoog#page/n4/mode/2up 1869-70] 1870, [http://www.archive.org/stream/reportonadminis00goog#page/n4/mode/2up 1870-71] 1872 Archive.org<br />
* Many Administration Reports from Departments of the Madras Government, such as Public Works Department, Forest Department, Madras Municipality, are available online from the [https://rmrl.in/en/dl/official-publications/colonial-records Digital Library], Roja Muthiah Research Library, Chennai India.<br />
*Madras Presidency Reports from [https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/madraspresidencyreports-34134223 South Asia Open Archives (SAOA)] from jstor.org<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=AAcoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 ''The Indian Official Thesaurus: Being Introductory to Annals of Indian Administration''] Compiled by Meredith Townsend 1858 Google Books. A guide to records.<br />
*''The Annals of Indian Administration'', edited by Meredith Townsend and later George Smith. Selected extracts from the Records of the Indian, Bengal, Madras Bombay, NWP, and Punjab and perhaps other Governments. <br />
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OqsEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Part I 1856], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=YrAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR6 Part VI 1858], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jrAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3, Part 2 June 1859], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p7AEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR4 Volume 4, Part 1 March 1860], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=frIEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 14 1868-69]. Google Books<br />
**Many additional volume may be viewed on Archive.org [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Annals+of+Indian+Administration%29&sort=-date ''Annals of Indian Administration'']<br />
*Madras Almanac and Directory.There were various titles over time. See [[Directories online#Madras|'''Directories online - Madras''']]<br />
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=cxtYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Manual of Rules and Regulations compiled for the use of Junior Members of the Madras Civil Service. Brought up to 31st January 1870''] by William Donald Google Books<br />
*''Memoirs of the life and correspondence of the Reverend Christian Frederick Swartz, to which is prefixed a Sketch of the history of Christianity in India'' by Hugh Pearson, Dean of Salisbury 2nd Edition 1835 [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PHDMBnALbxUC&pg=PR3 Volume I], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=vsiRnK4F6egC&pg=PR1Volume II], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=x20eAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 First American edition (abridged) 1835] Google Books<br />
*''The Church in Madras : being the History of the Ecclesiastical and Missionary Action of the East India Company in the Presidency of Madras'' by Rev Frank Penny 1904 Archive.org<br />
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/churchinmadrasbe01penn#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 1 In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries''] [http://www.archive.org/stream/churchinmadrasbe02penn#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1805 to 1835''] [http://www.archive.org/stream/churchinmadrasbe03penn#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1835 to 1861'']<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/oncoromandelcoas00pennuoft/page/n7/mode/2up ''On the Coromandel Coast''] by F. E. Penny 1908. Archive.org. Also see [[Madras (City)]] for further books by Fanny Emily Penny, the wife of Rev Frank Penny, see item above.<br />
:[https://archive.org/details/southernindia00pennuoft ''Southern India''] Painted by Lady Lawler, Described by F E Penny 1914 Archive.org<br />
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=YlIBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Memoir of an Indian Chaplain, the Reverend Charles Church, M.A, of the Madras Establishment of the East India Company''], by Rev James Hough 1859 Google Books<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/RecordssportSou00Hami ''Records of sport in Southern India : chiefly on the Annamullay, Nielgherry and Pulney mountains, also including notes on Singapore, Java and Labuan, from journals written between 1844 and 1870''] by the late General Douglas Hamilton, Madras Army 1892 Archive.org. With many illustrations by the author.<br />
*''Notes from a Diary: Kept chiefly in Southern India, 1881-1886'' by the Right Hon. Sir Mountstuart E Grant Duff 1899. [https://archive.org/details/notesfromadiary00duffgoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/notesfromadiary13duffgoog Volume II] Archive.org. The author was Governor of Madras.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/reminiscencesofl00drurrich ''Reminiscences of Life and Sport in Southern India''] by Colonel Heber Drury, late Madras Staff Corps and Assistant Resident in Travancore and Cochin 1890 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/roughingitinsout00handrich ''Roughing it in Southern India''] by Mrs M A Handley 1911 Archive.org. The author was the wife of a [[Forestry|Forest Officer]].<br />
* ''Work And Sport In The Old I. C. S.'' by W O Horne [William Ogilvie] 1928. The author was appointed to the Madras Civil Service in 1882. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461199 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.<br />
*''The Engineering Works Of The Godavari Delta: A Descriptive and Historical Account'' by George Turner Walch, Chief Engineer for Irrigation, Madras (Retired). 1896. Compiled for the Madras Government. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari Volume I], with [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari/The_engineering_works_of_the_Godavari#page/n34/mode/1up Map of the Godarari Delta: Left side] and [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari/The_engineering_works_of_the_Godavari#page/n35/mode/1up Map: Right side], [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari1 Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*''The Engineering Works Of The Kistna Delta: A Descriptive and Historical Account'' by George Turner Walch, Chief Engineer for Irrigation, Madras (Retired). 1899. Compiled for the Madras Government. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt Volume I] with [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt/The_engineering_works_of_the_Kistna_delt#page/n19/mode/2up Map of the Kistna River Basin], now known as the Krishna River. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt1 Volume II] Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_irg2AAAAMAAJ/page/n3 ''Illustrated guide to the South Indian Railway, including the Mayavaram-Mutupet, and Peralam-Karaikkal railway''] 1900 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/provincialgeogra03holluoft ''The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States''] by Edgar Thurston 1913 Archive.org. A volume in the series ''Provincial Geographies of India''. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/southernindiaits00some/page/n5 ''Southern India, its history, people, commerce, and industrial resources''], comp. by Somerset Playne, assisted by J. W. Bond, ed. by Arnold Wright. Reprint edition, originally published 1914-1915. Archive.org. <br />
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281893 ''Routes In Madras District'' 1922]. Title is catalogued ''Maddras''. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. Publications about ''Routes'' were generally published by the Quartermaster General's Department.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/thomasmunrodevel0000beag/page/n7 ''Thomas Munro and the development of administrative policy in Madras, 1792-1818 : the origins of the Munro system''] by T H Beaglehole. 1966. Archive.org Lending Library.<br />
*[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000034530 ''A Handbook of Directions to the Ports in the Presidency of Madras and Ceylon''] by T. E. Marshall, First Assistant Master Attendant, Madras. 1874. British Library Digital Collection.<br />
:[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000035E32 ''A Handbook to the Ports on the Coast of India between Calcutta and Bombay, including the Island of Ceylon''] by Herbert Samuel Brown, Lieutenant, R.N.R. Port and Customs Officer, Mangalore. 1897. British Library Digital Collection.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/notesonpearlchan00thur/page/n4/mode/2up ''Notes on the Pearl and Chank Fisheries and Marine Fauna of the Gulf of Manaar''] by Edgar Thurston. 1890 Archive.org. The Madras Government pearl fishery.<br />
*Monograph Series. Republished in 1982 as ''Art in industry through the ages. Monograph series on Madras Presidency / Southern India'', whose contents of 8 monographs may be seen in this [http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1951597 catalogue link] nla.gov.au<br />
**Not included in the reprint: [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/38196 ''Monograph on Dyes and Dyeing in the Madras Presidency''] by Edwin Holder 1896. Pdf download GIPE Digitised Books, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, Pune. <br />
**[https://archive.org/details/SilkIndustry ''Monograph on the Silk Fabric Industry of the Madras Presidency''] by Edgar Thurston 1899 Archive.org. Note page 1 is at the back of the book and some pages may be missing. Also available as a pdf download from [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25447 GIPE Digitised Books].<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/IvoryIndia ''Monograph on the Ivory Carving Industry of Southern India''] by Edgar Thurston 1901 Archive.org. Also available as a pdf download from [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25886 GIPE Digitised Books]. <br />
**[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/35139 ''Monograph on Wood-carving in Southern India''] by Edgar Thurston 1903. Pdf download GIPE Digitised Books.<br />
**[https://archive.org/details/monographoncarpe00harrrich ''Monograph on the Carpet Weaving Industry of Southern India''] by Henry T Harris 1908 Archive.org. Also available as a pdf download from [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25312 GIPE Digitised Books].<br />
**Not included in the reprint: [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25449 ''Monograph on Tinsel and Wire in the Madras Presidency''] by W S Hadaway 1909. Pdf download GIPE Digitised Books.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Locations]]<br />
[[Category:Presidencies]]<br />
[[Category:Madras Presidency| ]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Hansara_Tea_Tramway_System&diff=91740Hansara Tea Tramway System2026-04-10T19:06:49Z<p>Lee: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Hansara Tea Tramway System'''<br />
[[File:Hansara Tea Tramway System.png|thumb|Hansara Tea Tramway System]]<br />
'Hansara Tea Tramway System' in the Tinsukia District of [[Assam]] at Hansara is the name we have selected that is identified from the maps of the area <ref> page 103 “Industrial Railways and Locomotives of India and South Asia” compiled by Simon Darvill. Published by ‘The Industrial Railway Society’ 2013. ISBN 978 1 901556 82-7. </ref> which provides the following information:-<br />
<br />
The tramway system, with a length of about 8 miles(13km), of unknown gauge, ran from the [[Dibru-Sadiya Railway]] station at Hansara and had two branches:-<br />
*Branch 1<br />
**'Raidang Tea Garden', owner 'Unknown'<br />
*Branch 2<br />
**'Samdang Tea Garden', owner 'Unknown'<br />
**'Mesai Tea Garden', owner 'Unknown'<br />
<br />
''The owner(s) of these three tea gardens we have described as 'Unknown 3 in the Table '''<br />
<br />
Note: Raidang and Samdang are still in existence (2019) while Mesai has been taken over by one or the other.<br />
<br />
=Further Information==<br />
See '''[[Assam Tea Industry Tramways]]'''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Railways]]<br />
[[Category:Tramways]]<br />
[[Category:Industrial Railways]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=John_Masters&diff=91734John Masters2026-04-07T17:54:56Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div>Lieutenant Colonel John Masters, DSO (1914–1983) was an officer in the Indian Army from 1934, with the 2nd Battalion [[4th Gurkha Rifles]] from 1935, and novelist. <br />
<br />
His autobiography ''Bugles and a Tiger; a Volume of Autobiography'' was published in 1956 and has since been republished under slightly different titles as ''Bugles and a Tiger'', ''Bugles and a Tiger : a Personal Adventure'' and ''Bugles and a Tiger: My Life in the Gurkhas''. It covers the Waziristan Campaign 1936-39. The second volume of his autobiography ''Road Past Mandalay'' deals mostly with the Burma campaign in the Second World War. Both volumes are available online, refer below.<br />
<br />
His 1954 novel Bhowani Junction, set in the period of Britain's exodus and the Partition of India, was made into a successful film, starring Ava Gardner. The geographic location of fictional Bhowani Junction was most likely Jhansi, but the film was shot in Lahore.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Masters John Masters] Wikipedia<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhowani_Junction Bhowani Junction] Wikipedia <br />
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20121016030558/http://pakistaniat.com/2010/06/22/ava-gardner-in-lahore-for-bhowani-junction/ Ava Gardner in Lahore for 'Bhowani Junction'] 22 June 2010 All Things Pakistan, now an archived website. <br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141111152844/http://forpakistan.org/fpdata/bhowani-junction-a-brief-but-memorable-encounter-with-hollywood/ Bhowani Junction – a brief but memorable encounter with Hollywood] by Hamid Hussain April 12, 2013 forpakistan.org, now an archived webpage.<br />
* Listen to a [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/john-masters/ 1978 interview with John Masters (1914-1983), including transcripts] .s-asian.cam.ac.uk<br />
<br />
===Online books===<br />
====Autobiography====<br />
* ''Bugles And A Tiger: A Personal Adventure'' 1956. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278629 Archive.org], mirror version from Digital Library of India. Also available titled [http://archive.org/details/buglesandtigervo00mast ''Bugles And A Tiger: A Volume of Autobiography''] Internet Archive (Archive.org) Lending Library. Only one person at a time is able to borrow, so you may need to wait for the book to be returned, First you must [http://openlibrary.org/account/create sign up with the Open Library]. Waziristan in the late 1930s with the Indian Army.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/roadpastmandalay0000mast ''The Road past Mandalay : a personal narrative''] 1961. [https://archive.org/details/roadpastmandalay00mast 1979 reprint edition] Internet Archive (Archive.org) Books to Borrow/ Lending Library. 2nd volume of Autobiography, [[Second World War]] period. The short first part takes Masters and the 2/4th Ghurkas to Iraq and Syria. After a staff course back in India, the balance of the book concerns his time in Burma, with a Chindit Column. <br />
* ''Pilgrim Son'' 1971 Full title: ''Pilgrim Son : a Personal Odyssey''. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.184920 Archive.org] mirror version from Digital Library of India. 3rd volume of Autobiography. Masters' life as a writer.<br />
<br />
====Novels with an Indian background====<br />
Listed according to the period in which the novels are set.<ref> Wikipedia article</ref><br />
*[http://archive.org/details/coromandel00mast ''Coromandel!''] 1955. Internet Archive (Archive.org) Lending Library. A 17th-century English lad runs away to sea and ends up in India.<br />
* ''The Deceivers'' first published c 1952. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.351129 Archive.org] mirror from Digital Library of India. An English officer goes undercover to root out the ritual murders of Thuggee.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/nightrunnersofbe00mast ''Nightrunners Of Bengal''] 1966 reprint edition, first published 1951. Internet Archive (Archive.org) Lending Library. Also available [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.425656/page/n1/mode/2up 1955 edition, Archive.org]. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857.<br />
* ''The Lotus And The Wind'' first published c 1952. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149087 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The Great Game of British and Russian agents on the Northwest Frontier.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/ravilancersnovel00mast ''The Ravi Lancers''] 1972. Internet Archive (Archive.org) Lending Library. An Indian cavalry regiment is sent to the France at the outbreak of the First World War. Believed to be based on the real-life Jodhpur Lancers (Indian States Forces)<ref>Comment by Peter Moore on an archived webpage [https://web.archive.org/web/20170328152740/http://ww1.nam.ac.uk/stories/lieutenant-frank-de-pass/ Soldiers Stories: Lieutenant Frank de Pass] nam.ac.uk</ref>.<br />
* ''Bhowani Junction'' 1954. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.68403 Archive.org] mirror from Digital Library of India. Also available in the [http://archive.org/details/bhowanijunction00mast Internet Archive (Archive.org) Lending Library]. Britain's exodus and the Partition of India.<br />
* ''To The Coral Strand'' [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149979 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. An ex-officer refuses to go gracefully after Indian independence.<br />
<br />
====Other novels====<br />
* ''Fandango Rock'' 1959 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.3050 Archive.org] mirror from Digital Library of India. Set in Spain.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:People|Masters, John]] [[Category:Authors|Masters, John]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Rumer_Godden&diff=91733Rumer Godden2026-04-06T10:04:35Z<p>Lee: remove broken link</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
'''Margaret Rumer Godden''' OBE (10 December 1907 – 8 November 1998) was born in England but spent much of her childhood and some of her schooling in India. She returned from England to Calcutta in 1925 where she opened a dance school for children. She wrote many books from 1936, for both adults and children, some with an Indian setting. Some of her books have been reprinted in the series ''Virago Modern Classics''.<ref>[https://viragomodern.wordpress.com/a-list-of-virago-modern-classics/ A List of Virago Modern Classics] viragomodern.wordpress.com. Last number is 595.</ref><br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumer_Godden Rumer Godden] Wikipedia<br />
*[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/mar/01/rumer-godden-rereading-india-novels "Rereading the India novels by Rumer Godden"] by Rosie Thomas 2 March 2013 ''The Guardian''.<br />
<br />
===Historical books online===<br />
====Autobiographies====<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/twounderindians000godd ''Two Under the Indian Sun''] by Jon and Rumer Godden 1966. [https://archive.org/details/twounderindiansu00godd 2nd file] Both files Archive.org Books to Borrow. The sisters were born 1906 and 1907.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/timetodancenotim00godd ''A Time to Dance, No Time to Weep''] by Rumer Godden 1987. [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780688089047 2nd file] Both files Archive.org Books to Borrow.<br />
====Non-fiction====<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/gulbadanportrait00godd ''Gulbadan, Portrait of a Rose Princess at the Mughal Court''] by Rumer Godden 1981. Illustrated with Indian and Persian miniature paintings. Archive.org Books to Borrow. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbadan_Begum Gulbadan Begum] Wikipedia. Gulbandan lived c 1523 -1603.<br />
====Fiction====<br />
*[https://archive.org/search?query=title%3A%28Black+Narcissus%29&sort=date&and%5B%5D=mediatype%3A%22texts%22 ''Black Narcissus''] by Rumer Godden 1939 Archive.org. Many different editions, including reprints. Archive.org Books to Borrow. Also published in a later reprint as a ''Virago Modern Classic'' (No. 566). Details of the book.<ref>[https://heavenali.wordpress.com/2017/07/19/black-narcissus-rumer-godden-1939/ "Black Narcissus – Rumer Godden (1939)"] July 19, 2017 heavenali.wordpress.com</ref><br />
*[https://archive.org/details/breakfastwithnik0000godd/page/n7 ''Breakfast with the Nikolides''] by Rumer Godden 1964, first published 1942. Archive.org Books to Borrow. Also published in a later reprint as a ''Virago Modern Classic'' (No.573). Details of the book.<ref>[https://heavenali.wordpress.com/2013/08/13/breakfast-with-the-nikolides-rumer-godden-1942/ "Breakfast with the Nikolides – Rumer Godden (1942)"] heavenali.wordpress.com August 13, 2013 heavenali.wordpress.com</ref><br />
*''The River'' 1946 Also published in a later reprint as a ''Virago Modern Classic'' (No.565) <br />
*''Kingfishers Catch Fire, a Novel'' 1953 Also published in a later reprint as a ''Virago Modern Classic'' (No.567). Details of the book.<ref>[https://heavenali.wordpress.com/2014/02/02/kingfishers-catch-fire-rumer-godden-1953/ "Kingfishers Catch Fire – Rumer Godden (1953)"] February 2, 2014 heavenali.wordpress.com</ref><br />
*[https://archive.org/details/mooltikistoriesp00godd/page/n5 ''Mooltiki; stories and poems from India''] by Rumer Godden 1957 Archive.org Books to Borrow.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/peacockspring00godd/page/n7 ''The Peacock Spring''] by Rumer Godden 1976 Archive.org Books to Borrow. Details of the book.<ref><br />
[https://heavenali.wordpress.com/2007/12/01/the-peacock-spring-rumer-godden/ "The Peacock Spring – Rumer Godden"] December 1, 2007 heavenali.wordpress.com</ref><br />
*[https://archive.org/details/valiantchattimak00godd/page/n5 ''The Valiant Chatti-Maker''] by Rumer Godden, illustrated by Jeroo Roy 1983. Archive.org Books to Borrow. A story for children.<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/coromandelseacha00godd ''Coromandel Sea Change''] by Rumer Godden 1991. Archive.org Books to Borrow. Details of the book.<ref><br />
[https://heavenali.wordpress.com/2010/02/27/coromandel-sea-change-rumer-godden/ "Coromandel Sea Change – Rumer Godden"] February 27, 2010 heavenali.wordpress.com </ref><br />
*[https://archive.org/details/cromartievgodshi00godd/page/n5 ''Cromartie V. the God Shiva acting through the Government of India''] by Rumer Godden 1997 Archive.org Books to Borrow. Also published in a later reprint as a ''Virago Modern Classic'' (No. 577). <br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:People|Godden, Rumer]] [[Category:Authors|Godden, Rumer]]</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Fort_St_George&diff=91727Fort St George2026-04-05T22:38:01Z<p>Lee: </p>
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<div>{{Locations_Infobox<br />
|presidency=[[Madras Presidency]]<br />
|image=Barrack block fort st george.jpg<br />
|coordinates=[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?ll=13.079722,80.286944&z=9&t=h&hl=en 13.079722°N 80.286944°E] <br />
|altitude= 0 m (0 ft)<br />
|presentname= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_St_George Fort St George], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai Chennai]<br />
|stateprovince=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu Tamil Nadu]<br />
|country= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India]<br />
|transport=[[Southern Railway]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Fort St George''' was the name of the military garrison in [[Madras (City)|Madras]], and it was home to [[British Army]] units for many centuries. It is now the home of the state legislature for Tamil Nadu. The church in Fort St George is called St Mary’s and it claims to be the oldest Anglican church outside of Europe.<br />
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== History ==<br />
[[Loss of Fort St George]] 1746<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Madras Cemeteries]] - details St Mary's Church cemetery<br />
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== External Links ==<br />
[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/mughal/mollmaps/madras1726/madras1726supermax.jpg A Plan of Fort St. George and the City of Madras, by Herman Moll, from 'Modern History: or, the Present State of all Nations', by Thomas Salmon. Published by Bettesworth & Hitch, London, 1726]. Source : Columbia University<br />
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====Church Records====<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/marriages-madras-fep/page/1/mode/2up Marriages at Fort St. George, Madras India, 1680-1815] archive.org (reprinted from The Genealogist, Volumes 19-23 published in London 1903 to 1907)<br />
*Also see [[Cemeteries#Inscriptions in online books|Cemeteries - Inscriptions in online books]] for records from Madras.<br />
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==== Historical Books Online====<br />
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_374.gif Fort St George] Imperial Gazetteer<br><br />
*[https://archive.org/stream/b21452404#page/404/mode/2up Fort St. George] page 404 ''Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Sanitary State of the Army in India : with Abstract of Evidence, and of Reports Received from Indian Military Stations'' 1864 Archive.org<br />
*[https://archive.org/stream/fortstgeorgemad02penngoog#page/n12/mode/2up ''Fort St George, Madras - A Short History of our First Possession''] by Mrs Frank Penny. 1900. Archive.org Contains [https://archive.org/stream/fortstgeorgemad02penngoog#page/n252/mode/2up Details of Monuments in Old Cemetery]<br />
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[[Category:Locations]]<br />
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Madras Presidency]]<br />
[[Category:Forts]]<br />
[[Category:Forts in Madras Presidency]]<br />
== External links ==</div>Leehttps://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Books_online_containing_strong_Biographical_Interest&diff=91726Books online containing strong Biographical Interest2026-04-05T22:27:59Z<p>Lee: </p>
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<div>This page to be regarded work in progress….. designed to provide a quick search into some standard “first stop” sources for biographical information. <br />
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==General content==<br />
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* [https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Directories_online East India Registers and other directories ] This is an internal link to lists of available online searchable directories. <br />
* Also a collective search of the above directories available in full view at googlebooks can be made via the [https://books.google.co.uk/books?uid=101804070117049493718&source=gbs_lp_bookshelf_list Fibis Library]<br />
* [http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Dictionary of Indian Biography'' by C E Buckland], published 1906. archive.org See review in [http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Biographies_reading_list Biographies Reading List]<br />
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianbiographic00raoc#page/n11/mode/2up ''The Indian Biographical Dictionary 1915'']. Edited by C. Hayavadana Rao Archive.org<br />
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==Civil Service==<br />
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See also : [[Indian Civil Service]] for further information and titles. <br />
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*[http://www.archive.org/details/recordofservices00prinrich Record of services of the Honourable East India Company's civil servants in the Madras presidency, from 1741 to 1858. by Charles Campbell Prinsep]. Archive.org<br />
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*[http://books.google.com/books?id=lgIRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PT12#v=onepage&q&f=false Alphabetical List of the honourable East India Company’s Bengal Civil Servants from the year 1780 to the year 1838 by Dodwell & Miles] googlebooks.com<br />
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*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9TU6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PT7&dq=%22bombay+civil+servants%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wWg1U6WtLoiV7AbeooCICA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22bombay%20civil%20servants%22&f=false Alphabetical List of the Bombay Civil Servants 1798-1839 by Dodwell and Miles ] googlebooks.com<br />
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* [http://www.archive.org/stream/memorialsoldhai00collgoog#page/n5/mode/2up Memorials of Old Haileybury College] archive.org. Contains histories of service of [[writer|Writers]].<br />
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* [http://www.archive.org/stream/classifiedlistof00indirich#page/n5/mode/2up Classified list of forest officers of the Imperial and Provincial services in India and Burma on 1st January 1916] Archive.org<br />
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== Army ==<br />
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====East India Company Army ====<br />
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*[http://www.archive.org/details/alphabeticallist00dodwrich Alphabetical list of the officers of the Bengal army; with the dates of their respective promotion, retirement, resignation, or death from 1760 to 1834 inclusive, by Dodwell & Miles] Archive.org<br />
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*[http://www.archive.org/details/alphabeticallist00dodwuoft Alphabetical list of the officers of the Madras army; with the dates of their respective promotion, retirement, resignation, or death from 1760 to 1834 inclusive, by Edward Dodwell] Archive.org<br />
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*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nONAAQAAMAAJ&lpg&pg=RA2-PP1#v=twopage&q&f=false Alphabetical list of the officers of the Bombay army; with the dates of their respective promotion, retirement, resignation, or death from 1760 to 1837 inclusive, by Edward Dodwell] Googlebooks<br />
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* [http://www.archive.org/stream/addiscombeitsher00viba#page/n7/mode/2up Addiscome - Its heroes and men of Note by Col H M Vibart] <br />
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* Officers of the Bengal Army 1758-1834 by Hodson, V.C.P. [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3624/page/n1/mode/2up Part I], [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3669/mode/2up Part II], [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3562/page/n1/mode/2up Part III], [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3492/page/n1/mode/2up Part IV]. Archive.org<br />
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====British Army====<br />
*[[Military periodicals online]] Fibiwiki page linking to full view editions of annual Army lists. Also refer to[[Military reading list]] for background to these annual publications <br />
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== Medical==<br />
*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=t5ZRAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y Alphabetical List of the Medical Officers of the Indian Army 17864-1838 by Dodwell and Miles]googlebooks.com<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/rollofcommisssio00johnuoft ''Roll of Commissioned Officers in the Medical Service of the British Army 20 June 1727 to 23 June 1898'' by Colonel William Johnston CB ] archive.org<br />
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==Church Records==<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/marriages-madras-fep/page/1/mode/2up Marriages at Fort St. George, Madras India, 1680-1815] archive.org (reprinted from The Genealogist, Volumes 19-23 published in London 1903 to 1907)<br />
*[https://archive.org/details/marriages-madras-dodwell/page/n1/mode/2up List of Marriages Registered in the Presidency of Fort St George 1680 - 1800 by H Dodwell] archive.org<br />
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==Miscellaneous==<br />
*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=y0hDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=Pensions#v=onepage&q=Pensions&f=false Return of East India Company Pensions payable in Europe] pub 1822 Gives name of each recipient with details of office held and reason for payment of pension.<br />
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==Cemetery Inscriptions ==<br />
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See also [https://wiki.fibis.org/w/Cemeteries Cemeteries] for further information and links<br />
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*[http://www.archive.org/details/listofinscriptio00blunuoft List of Inscriptions on Christian Tombs and Tablets of Historical Interest in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh by Sir Edward Arthur Henry Blunt (1911)] Archive.org<br />
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*[http://books.google.com/books?id=T-HwSiLns14C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false The Bengal Obituary: or, a record to perpetuate the memory of departed worth, being a compilation of tablets and monumental inscriptions from various parts of the Bengal and Agra presidencies 1851] Google Books <br />
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*[http://books.google.com/books?id=3HYIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP11 The Complete Monumental Register: Containing All the Epitaphs in the Different Churches and Burial Grounds in and about Calcutta by M Derozario 1815 ]Google Books<br />
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924007648516#page/n7/mode/2up List of inscriptions on tombstones and monuments in Ceylon, of historical or local interest, with an obituary of persons uncommemorated by J Penry Lewis 1913] Archive.org<br />
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[[Category:Online books]]</div>Lee