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Dutch

2026-05-11T13:31:46Z

Lee: add book

{{Template:Nonbrit}}
Information on ancestors with a '''Dutch''' connection.

==The Dutch East India Company or VOC==
The Dutch name of the Dutch East India Company was the Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC, literally the "United East Indian Company". The alternative spelling Vereenigde is also used.

===Brief History===
"The Dutch sent their first fleet to the East in 1595. Being commercial realists they went straight to the source of the spice trade in the East Indies, established themselves at Batavia (now, as previous to their arrival, called Jakarta), and proceeded to oust the Portuguese. Then they established a chain of posts through Ceylon and Capetown to connect themselves with their home base and proceeded to develop a great Asian network of trade by which they planned to earn resources needed to purchase spices without drawing on the silver bullion which was in chronic short supply in northern Europe. India came within their purview only as a link in their great commerical chain. It was a source of textiles for sale in the East Indies in exchange for spices while the extreme south and Ceylon were valuable for their own supplies of pepper, cardamom and cinnamon. The Dutch had 'factories' or warehouses as far north as Agra but they took no part in politics or cultural contacts. Their eccentric tombs at Surat and their factories at Cochin and Negapatam are their principal memorials in India. Only in Ceylon did they exercise dominion in the plains from Colombo and leave a living memorial in the Burgher community."<ref> Spear, ''A History of India'' (Volume Two) (1978) pp.65-68 </ref>

"It is noticeable that the best jobs, merchants, administrators and
ships officers were nearly all of Dutch origin, but that the more
marginal roles as sailors, (who could expect to return home every two
years or so) and even less popular jobs as soldiers, who would
probably struggle to get home after ten or more years, if ever, came
from further afield", many of [[German]] origin from parts of
Western Germany.<ref>Balmer, Nick. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210709055054/https://groups.io/g/india-british-raj/message/585 VOC Records] ''<nowiki>india-british-raj@groups.io</nowiki>'' 7 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2021.</ref>

===Individuals===
An example of a Dutchman who ended up in Bengal was Johan Jacob Hoff . A Dutch book states he had joined the VOC in 1788. He went from Holland to the Dutch East Indies for the Chamber of Enkhuizen with the vessel Maria Carolina. Having arrived at Batavia, Hoff was sent to Malacca where he served as a “second chirurgeon.” In 1795 he was taken prisoner by the English in Malacca at Pera; together with the garrison stationed there, he was sent to Bengal. <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=agJXAAAAMAAJ&q=Hoff+inauthor:Pieter+inauthor:Van+inauthor:der+inauthor:Kemp&dq=Hoff+inauthor:Pieter+inauthor:Van+inauthor:der+inauthor:Kemp&hl=en&ei=A-AvTbRAi71xh9SI8wc&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAQ ''Het Nederlandsch-Indisch bestuur in het midden van 1817, naar oorspronkelijke stukken''] by Pieter Hendrik van der Kemp 1915 Google Books (snippet view); pages 216 and 217, translated by Leo Janssen. The book by Van der Kemp deals with the period of 1817 and the complications with respect to the cession of the former Dutch possessions in Bengal according to the Treaty of London of 1814. Details provided by Mary McPherson (<nowiki>marymac129@btinternet.com</nowiki>) who is researching a man named Johann Jacob Hoff, possibly the man mentioned in the book. The book is available at the [[British Library]] together with many other books by the author including ''De administratie der geldmiddelen van Neerl.-Indië. (Alphabetisch Register, etc.)''.</ref>

Also see [[Dutch#FIBIS resources|FIBIS resources]], below.

Some Scots are stated to have served with the Dutch East India Company.<ref>
[https://flemish.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2015/11/13/migration-from-scotland-before-1700/ "Migration from Scotland before 1700"] by David Dobson  November 2015. st-andrews.ac.uk. Includes a very brief statement "Scots soldiers and sailors served in the armies of the Netherlands and in their fleets, as well as those of the Dutch East India Company … in the Early Modern Period."</ref>

==FIBIS resources==
*"The Origins of Johann Jacob Hoff: my ancestor in the Dutch East India Company" by Mary McPherson ''FIBIS Journal Number 31 (Spring 2014)'', pages 30 -35. For access, see [[FIBIS Journals]]

== Church Records ==
'''See also general article: [[Church records]]'''

If your ancestors were baptised, married or buried in a European church in British India, then the church records should have been transcribed and sent to the capital of the Presidency, where they would later have been forwarded on to London. These records were indexed and about 80% of church records in British India are believed to have survived. You can access these records at the [[British Library]], or at [[LDS]] [[Family History Centres]]. Moreover many of the church records have now been didigitsed and are held on the subscription website [http://www.awin1.com/awclick.php?mid=2114&id=201071/ findmypast]

However, your Dutch ancestors may not have lived in British India (i.e. that portion of India that was controlled by the British - this grew from a very small area in 1600 to almost all of India by 1947). In this case, the church records will not be kept at the British Library.

The Dutch Churchbook of [[St Francis Church, Cochin]] has been microfilmed by the [[LDS]] and is available at [[LDS]] [[FamilySearch Centres]] as a digitised microfilm '''498601''', [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/154421 catalogue entry]. A transcribed index of the names in this book, together with dates of death, can be seen on the [http://web.archive.org/web/20040314182003/http://www.geocities.com/tijso/cochin/index.htm Archived Cochin Churchbook website] The dates of death cover the period 1751-1804

===Cemeteries===

[[BACSA]] have transcribed and published Bimlipatam Christian Cemeteries which contain British and Dutch tombs from the 17th century.
Other BACSA holdings at the British Library comprise lists of Dutch graves and miscellaneous papers relating to genealogical sources. These are itemised in the [http://bacsa.frontis.co/bin/index.php BACSA online database]

[http://databases.tanap.net/ead/html/LondonBL_1/ Dutch Records from Malacca in the India Office Records] Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=csr&CScn=dutch+cemetery&CScntry=34&CSst=0 Dutch Cemeteries] Findagrave.com for indexes and transcriptions of graves at
*[[Bheemunipatnam]]
*[[Cossimbazar]]
*[[Daatzerom]]
*[[Masulipatam]]
*[[Nagapattinam]]
*[[Pulicat]]
*[[Sadras]]

[http://www.flickr.com/photos/mars1940/sets/72157622742474621/ Photographs taken in Dutch Cemeteries in India] flickr.com

''Monumental remains of the Dutch East India Company in the Presidency of Madras'', by Alexander Rea, originally published 1897, is available online, refer Historical books online, below.

The book ''In Memoriam Burma-Siam 1942-1945'', published in Bangkok in 1946 (Dutch language) in respect of Dutch war graves is available at the British Library UIN: BLL01011257081 , and also at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah - [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/4286496 catalogue entry with details of contents]. Also at the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1037473 catalogue entry] for ''[List of deceased World War Two-era Dutch military personnel in Burma and Siam]'', 1946, Dutch language, source Nederlandsch Hoofdkwartier Bangkok, Kantoor Personeele Zaken Afd. Inlichtingen Overledenen (Dutch Headquarters Bangkok, Office Personnel Affairs Dept. Information Deceased).

== Records at the National Archives of the Netherlands==
*[http://www.gahetna.nl/ National Archives of the Netherlands] - website can be accessed in [http://www.gahetna.nl/en English]. Contains records relating to men of the Dutch East India Company.

*Located in the same building as the National Archives at The Hague but a separate organization, is the 'Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie' (Central Bureau for Genealogy - CBG), the Dutch information and documentation centre for genealogy, family history and related sciences. Researchers visiting this centre found some copies of records relating to British [[Ceylon]] christenings.<ref> Andresen, Larry & Coreen [https://web.archive.org/web/20200122062739/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/srilanka.rootsweb.com/thread/4877182/ British Ceylon christening records in The Hague] ''Rootsweb Srilanka Mailing List'', 01 January 2007 and [https://web.archive.org/web/20200814235255/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/srilanka.rootsweb.com/thread/4837756/ 02 January 2007], now archived</ref>

Refer [[Dutch#External links|External links below]] for both organisations.

== Associations ==
*If you had Dutch ancestors who lived in India, a useful association is the Indische Genealogische Vereniging (IGV) or Dutch Indies Genealogical Association. Although their main focus is what is now called Indonesia, the [[Dutch Indies Genealogical Association]] can also help with Dutch genealogy in India. The Fibiwiki page includes a research guide from the IGV and details of historical genealogy publications containing records, available to buy (Dutch language).
* [http://www.dutchburgherunion.org/ Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon] - Website contains much information including journals containing various family histories [http://www.dutchburgherunion.org/journals/vol_31_40/JDBU%20Vol%2040%20No%202%20-%201950%281%29.pdf Example]

==See also==
*[[Commerce and trade reading list]]
*[[Bencoolen]]
*[[Chinsura]]
*[[Dutch Indies Genealogical Association]]
*[[Indonesia]]

==External links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company Dutch East India Company] Wikipedia
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_India Dutch India] Wikipedia
*[http://what-when-how.com/western-colonialism/dutch-united-east-india-company-western-colonialism/ Dutch United East India Company] what-when-how.com
*[http://www.colonialvoyage.com/ Dutch and Portuguese Colonial History Links] Marco Ramerini's site
*[http://gutenberg.net.au/VOC.html "Why Did The Largest Corporation In The World Go Broke? [<nowiki>VOC]</nowiki>: An economic review"] By Peter Reynders. Abridged version. gutenberg.net.au
*[http://www.tanap.net/content/archives/introduction.cfm TANAP] a website about the Archives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC or Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie), 1602-1796. Includes a page about the holdings at the [http://www.tanap.net/content/archives/archives.cfm?ArticleID=202 Tamil Nadu Archives] in Madras. (For more details about the latter archives, refer [[Indian Libraries and Archives]])
**Various [http://www.tanap.net/content/voc/archnl/archnl_depart.htm muster and other records for the years 1700 [1720<nowiki>]</nowiki>-1791] for regions such as [http://www.tanap.net/content/voc/appendices/establishments.htm Bengal, Coromandel, Malabar] are available at the [http://www.tanap.net/content/archives/archives.cfm?ArticleID=209 National Archives of the Netherlands (Nationaal Archief)] in The Hague
*[http://www.academia.edu/1787722/_Gold-Leaf_Flattery_Calcuttan_Dust_and_a_Brand_New_Flagpole._Five_Little-Known_VOC_Collections_in_Asia_on_India_and_Ceylon_Itinerario_36_1_2012_ "Gold-Leaf Flattery, Calcuttan Dust, and a Brand New Flagpole: Five Little-Known VOC Collections in Asia on India and Ceylon"] by Lennart Bes ''Itinerario'' Volume 36 Issue 01 April 2012, pp 91 - 106.
*[http://en.nationaalarchief.nl Nationaal Archief (National Archives of the Netherlands)]
:[https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/overzicht-van-archieven-over-de-voc-in-het-nationaal-archief#collapse-5951 "Overzicht van archieven over de VOC in het Nationaal Archief"] Includes Databases.
:[https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/scheepswrakken Page with details of the Archives] including
:*[https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/1.04.02 1.04.02 Inventaris van het archief van de Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), 1602-1795 (1811)]
: There are a number of '''databases''' relevant to India, including under the headings Oost-Indië, and VOC.
:*In particular [https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/en/research/index/nt00444?searchTerm= '''VOC: Opvarenden'''] (English version) Searchable database. From the [https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/index/nt00444?searchTerm= Dutch version] there is a [https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/zoekhulpen/voc-opvarenden Research guide in Dutch] consisting of an Introductory section and four additional sections. Use [https://translate.google.com.au Google Translate], unless your web browser automatically performs this function.
::As far as can be determined the above database is the current version (at 2019/11) of a previous Nationaal Archief separate website "VOC-Sea Voyagers" which advised it was a searchable free database which was a comprehensive index of ships’ pay-ledgers. The ship's pay-ledgers form the basis of the personnel-administration of the 'VOC' or Dutch East India Company. For each departing ship all employees sailing with her were registered, amounting to some 655.000 persons over the period 1700-1794. There were four categories of sea-voyagers and there was a statement that the soldiers were mainly from German-speaking areas. The previous website is available [https://web.archive.org/web/20170114183520/http://vocopvarenden.nationaalarchief.nl/ archived] in Dutch including [https://web.archive.org/web/20161227172844/http://vocopvarenden.nationaalarchief.nl/Inleiding.aspx Inleiding] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20161227172844/http://vocopvarenden.nationaalarchief.nl/Inleiding.aspx Wat vind ik in de database?] Use Google Translate.
::[https://dutchshipsandsailors.nl Dutch Ships and Sailors] Includes VOC. Includes databases to Search. dutchshipsandsailors.nl
::There is a database on Ancestry <ref>[https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/61290/ Netherlands, Dutch East India Company Crew Index, 1633-1795] Ancestry. The source is stated to be a database VOC-Opvarenden from WieWasWie (a pay website).</ref> (pay website) which is believed to be the above database, although Ancestry does not credit the Nationaal Archief as the source.
:Also see the website TANAP above for more details of records at the Nationaal Archief.
:[http://dissertationreviews.org/archives-verenigde-oost-indische-compagnie-hague/ Dutch East India Company Archives] by Jurre Knoest. A review of The Archives of the Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) (Dutch East India Company) kept at the National Archives (The Hague, The Netherlands) Undated. dissertationreviews.org
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20190418125051/http://www.gahetna.nl/en/externe_onderzoekers Independent research at the Nationaal Archief] [paid research] Archived link at 18 April 2019 from the now archived Nationaal Archief website gahetna.nl
*[https://www.openarch.nl/indexen/ openarchives] "search the genealogical data of Dutch and Belgian archives". Includes the collection "Dutch East India Company Members (1699-1794)" from the [Dutch] National Archives, together with other records. openarch.nl . Website in English. Free website provided by Coret Genealogy.
*[https://www.wiewaswie.nl Wie Was Wie] Similar to a Dutch Findmypast<ref>Dent, Gearoidin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190522142736/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/521198/ Christoffel Jochem Salder] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'', 25 March 2013, archived.</ref>. Pay website with free searches.
*[https://cbg.nl CBG : Centrum voor familiegeschiedenis], formerly called Centraal Bureau voor Genealogie (CBG) (Central Bureau for Genealogy). Dutch language.
*[http://hdl.handle.net/1885/11102 ''The Dutch East India Company and the Straits of Malacca, 1700-1784 : trade and politics in the eighteenth century''] by Dianne Lewis 1970 PhD Thesis Australian National University. Link to a download ANU.
*[http://hdl.handle.net/1887/12087 ''Fort Cochin in Kerala 1750-1830 : the social condition of a Dutch community in an Indian milieu''] by Anjana Singh. June 2007 Doctoral thesis, Leiden University [Digital] Repository. Subsequently published in the series TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian-European interaction ; v. 13.
**[http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue17/pdf/v9n1a07.pdf Article about the thesis/book] by Markus Vink ''e-JPH'', Vol. 9, number 1, Summer 2011 brown.edu.
**[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-dutch-who-stayed-back/article782720.ece "The Dutch who stayed back"] by K. Pradeep March 1, 2010 ''The Hindu''.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150928085840/http://www.dutchmalaysia.net/lang_en/ Official website of the Malaysian Dutch Descendants Project], now archived, includes [https://web.archive.org/web/20150119021413/http://www.dutchmalaysia.net:80/lang_en/press/paper_20080527_history_of_the_dutch_and_dutch_eurasians_in_malaysia.html History of the Dutch and Dutch-Eurasians in Malaysia], now archived. A history has been published.<ref>[http://www.nutmegpublishing.com/hotdim.html ''History of the Dutch in Malaysia'' by Dennis De Witt]. Available at the British Library UIN: BLL01015564894 </ref>
*[http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/madras-miscellany/article4252833.ece "Madras Miscellany"] by S. Muthiah December 30, 2012 ''The Hindu'' Scroll down for "Getting to know Castle Geldria", in Pulicat. The Dutch presence on the Coromandel.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140306054626/http://www.rnw.nl/english/article/centuries-old-dutch-heritage-still-visible-india "Centuries-old Dutch heritage still visible in India"] by Johan van Slooten 25 October 2011 Radio Netherlands Worldwide, now an archived webpage.
*[https://sharedcemeteries.net/en/ Shared Cemeteries] is about (former Dutch) funerary heritage all over the world. Includes [https://sharedcemeteries.net/en/india/introduction India: Introduction], or access India from the menu across the top of the page.
*Dutch language aids
**[https://wiki.familysearch.org/en/The_Netherlands The Netherlands] includes [https://wiki.familysearch.org/en/Netherlands_Language_and_Languages Netherlands Language and Languages] FamilySearch (LDS) Wiki
*:[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/beginner-dutch-handwriting-quirks-dutch-names Beginner Dutch Handwriting Series] with links to 18 Lessons. With a [https://familysearch.brightspotcdn.com/85/b7/526bbf1f403d91ac8948adc4d2ce/reading-dutch-records-d-jones.pdf written handout] by Daniel R Jones 10/2019. FamilySearch Help Center/Lessons.
*:[https://www.familysearch.org/indexing/help#/ FamilySearch Indexing Help] then select "Language Resources and Handwriting Helps"/Dutch
**[https://script.byu.edu/Pages/the-dutch-documents-pages/the-dutch-documents(english) Script Tutorial: Dutch Documents] Brigham Young University
**Rudy Schmidt’s [https://web.archive.org/web/20130116104152/http://www.antiquusmorbus.com/International/Dutch.htm Dutch/English Glossary of Causes of Death and other Archaic Medical Terms], now archived.
===Historical books online===
*[https://archive.org/details/freedomofseasorr1916grot ''The freedom of the seas : or, The right which belongs to the Dutch to take part in the East Indian trade''] A dissertation by Hugo Grotius ; translated with a revision of the Latin text of 1633 by Ralph Van Deman Magoffin ; edited with an introductory note by James Brown Scott. 1916 Archive.org. A publication of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Division of International Law.
*[https://archive.org/stream/bub_gb_7oFZAAAAYAAJ#page/n323/mode/2up "The Management of the Dutch in India", page 309] ''An account of the trade in India: containing rules for good government in trade, price courants, and tables: with descriptions of Fort St. George, Acheen, Malacca, Condore, Canton, Anjengo, Muskat, Gombroon, Surat, Goa, Carwar, Telichery, Panola, Calicut, the Cape of Good-Hope, and St. Helena... To which is added, An Account of the Management of the Dutch in their Affairs in India'' by Charles Lockyer 1711 Archive.org.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023942828#page/n3/mode/2up ''Dutch Records No 13: The Dutch in Malabar : being a translation of selections nos. 1 and 2''] by A Galletti 1911 Archive.org. One of 15 volumes of records from the archives of the Madras Presidency, almost all of which are in Dutch, many also available at Archive.org. The other titles in the series may be seen at this [http://www.archive.org/details/selectionsfromre13madr Archive.org link]
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/williamboltsdutc00hallrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''William Bolts, a Dutch adventurer under John Company''] by Norman Leslie Hallward 1920 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529989/page/n1 ''The Dutch In Bengal And Bihar 1740-1825 A D''] by Dr Kalikinkar Datta 1948. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275322/page/n3 ''Malabar And The Dutch''] by K M Panikkar 1931. Full title: ''Malabar and the Dutch. Being the history of the fall of the Nayar power in Malabar.'' Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.71193/page/n1 ''The Dutch In Malabar''] by P C Alexander. 1946. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505180/page/n3 2nd digital file] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Generally the first file has clearer text, but note some pages are upside down.
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the [[East India Company|English]], [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.
*''Voyages To The East-Indies, by the late John Splinter Stavorinus, Esq Translated From The Original Dutch, by Samuel Hull Wilcocke. The Whole Comprising A Full And Accurate Account Of All The Present And Late Possessions Of The Dutch In India, And At The Cape Of Good Hope'' 1798 Google Books
**[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ci0LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 A Voyage to the Cape Of Good Hope, Batavia, Bantam, and Bengal, with Observations on Those Parts, &c. in the years 1768-1771''].
**[http://books.google.com/books?id=piwLAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 A Voyage To The Cape Of Good Hope, Batavia, Samarang, Macasser, Amboyna, and Surat, With Accounts Of Those Places in the years 1774 and 1775''].
**[http://books.google.com/books?id=pC0LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Volume 3 A Continuation Of The Voyage From Surat To Batavia, The Coast Of Malabar, and the Cape of Good Hope in the years 1775-1778''].
***[http://books.google.com/books?id=pC0LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA475 Appendix: "Regulations and Orders"], [http://books.google.com/books?id=pC0LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA561 Appendix:"Sketch of the Life of Reinier De Klerk, Late Governor General for the Dutch East-India Company"], [http://books.google.com/books?id=pC0LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA577 Index for the 3 volumes]
*A Translation of the ''Charter of the Dutch East India Company (Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC)'' Peter Reynders, Translator; Rupert Gerritsen, Editor. [http://rupertgerritsen.tripod.com/pdf/published/VOC_Charter_1602.pdf Pdf]
*[https://archive.org/details/monumentalremain00alex/page/n7 ''The Monumental Remains of the Dutch East India Company in the Presidency Of Madras 1664-1824''] by Alexr. Rea. Reprint edition, first published 1897. Archive.org.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.511637/page/n5 ''Dutch Activities In The East''] 1945. Full title: ''Dutch Activities in the East, seventeenth century : being a "Report on the records relating to the East in the State Archives in The Hague," with two appendices'' by Frederick Charles Danvers. Edited with an introd. by Nihar-ranjan Ray. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/das/#page=2&accessor=toc&source=1&view=imagePane ''Dutch-Asiatic Shipping in the 17th and 18th Centuries Volume I . Introductory volume''] by J.R. Bruijn, F.S. Gaastra, I. Schöffer, with assistance from ACJ Vermeulen. Translation by Mrs J Harris 1987. From ''Resources Huygens ING''.
:[https://www.academia.edu/43027412/Dutch_Asiatic_Shipping_In_The_17th_And_18th_Centuries_Vol_2_Outward_Bound_Voyages_From_The_Nether ''Dutch Asiatic Shipping in the 17th and 18th Centuries Vol. 2 Outward Bound Voyages from the Netherlands to Asia and the Cape (1595-1794)''] Link to a download. academia.edu
: ''Volume III, Homeward-bound voyages from Asia and the Cape to the Netherlands (1597-1795)'' [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=TqLuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 ''Volume III'' Sample pages Google Books]
*[https://archive.org/details/instructionsfro00maetgoog ''Instructions from the Governor-General and Council of India to the Governor of Ceylon, 1656-1665''] Translated by Sophia Pieters. [The Government of Netherlands India]. 1908 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/monumentalremain00alex/mode/2up?q=Rege Monumental remains of the Dutch East India Company in the Presidency of Madras by Rea, Alexander] archive.org

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Non-British Ancestors]]

French

2026-05-10T21:23:30Z

Lee: remove broken link

{{Template:Nonbrit}}
{{TOC right}}
Information relating to '''French''' ancestry in India, and also to the British in France.

==Principal locations==
The major French possessions in India were:
*[[Pondicherry]] (Pondichéry)
*[[Chandernagar]] (Chandernagor)
*[[Karikal]]
*[[Mahé]]
*[[Yanaon]]

== Brief history of the French in India==
The '''French East India Company''' was formed in 1664, but it was so closely tied with the state that its fortunes rose and fell with the careers of ministers and turns of politics. It was not until after 1720 that its fortunes revived rapidly. Until this time, the the French stake in India was not great enough to warrant the English fighting over it, so the two companies declared neutrality. However, between 1720 and 1740, the French Company's trade increased to ten times its value until it was nearly half the size of the English Company. The French Company now presented an economic threat to the English Company.

This threat was exacerbated by two wholly European wars : the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years War (1756-1763), in which England and France were on opposite sides. The two Companies, backed by their respective states, went to war in India. The ensuing conflicts were known as the [[Carnatic Wars]]. In 1746 the French captured [[Madras (City)|Madras]] but the British exchanged this for Cape Breton Island in North America in 1748. The French and English then fought over Indian territory, aiding rival princes and governors, until the French were soundly defeated in 1760. Pondicherry fell and the power of the French in India was effectively ended, although a brief resurgence occurred in 1782 under Admiral de Suffren. The French colonies in India remained separate from British India until Independence came in 1947 and the French voluntarily ceded its former colonies to the new Indian state.<ref>''A History of India'' (Volume Two) (1978) by Percival Spear p.68, p.77 </ref>

Some Frenchmen served in the Armies of the rulers of the [[Princely States]]. For example, M. Maistre De la Tour, was the French commandant of Hyder Ali’s artillery which had "un Corps de Troupes Européennes". Refer [[French#External links|Historical books online]] below.

Other examples of a French background in India are a French Huguenot who worked for the King of Oudh <ref>Breen, Moira. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200507042542/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/1316322/ Campagnac memoirs of life in Burma] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 24 May 2011, archived. There is mention of the book ''The Autobiography of a Wanderer In England and Burma: Memoirs of a Former Mayor of Rangoon'' by Charles Haswell Campagnac</ref> and a family of plantation owners in South India whose ancestor was born early 1700s in France, and then emigrated to Isle de Bourbon (now Reunion Island) , (still an overseas department of France), around 1750.<ref> Normand, Christopher.
[https://www.ancestry.com/boards/localities.asia.india.general/1090.1.3.1/mb.ashx Coffee Planters in Nilgiris Hills] ''Rootsweb India Message Board'' 16 May 2012. Retrieved 10 February 2019.</ref>

== FIBIS resources ==
*Some indexes to Chandernagore Civil Births, Marriages and Deaths have been transcribed and are available to search. For further information see [[Chandernagore]].
*"Under Duress: The Tiger of Mysore and his Infidel Artisans (Part 1)" by David Atkinson ''FIBIS Journal Number 35 (Spring 2016)'', pages 20-30. An account of the French artisans who laboured in the workshops of Tipu Sultan's fort at Seringapatam during the 1790s. For details of how to access this article, see [[FIBIS Journals]].
*The French in India - Parts 1, 2 & 3" by Peter Summers ''FIBIS Journals Number 49, 51 & 52 ''- For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].

==Records==
General articles:
*[[Birth, marriage and death records]]
*[[Non-British Ancestors]]

=== Church records ===
If your ancestors were baptised, married or buried in a European church in [[British India]], then the church records should have been transcribed and sent to the capital of the Presidency, where they would later have been forwarded on to London. See [[Birth, marriage and death records]] for further information. However, your French ancestors may not have lived in British India. In this case, the church records will not be kept at the [[British Library]].

Births, marriages and deaths in Pondichéry from 1676 to 1784. ''Résumé des Actes de l'État Civil de Pondichéry''. Published by the Société de l'Histoire de l'Inde Française (Pondichéry) 1917-1937
:[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5839056x Tome I, De 1676 à 1735], [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5838947r Tome II, De 1736 à 1760], [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58467180 Tome III, De 1761 à 1784] Gallicia, Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Volume III contains an alphabetical index at the end, following page 408, which appears to be in respect of the third volume only. This displays in the “Table of Contents” box.

Some church records from French India have been microfilmed by [[FamilySearch]] (LDS). More details are available in the FamilySearch [https://familysearch.org/catalog/search Library catalogue].
<br>Digitised microfilms may be available to view online on home computers, or else have viewing restrictions such as being only viewable at at FamilySearch Centres, refer individual microfilm catalogue entries and the Fibiwiki page [[FamilySearch Centres]]. Please take this into account when reading the information below. :
*Parish records, 1676-1777 Catholic Church. Carnatic Mission, Pondicherry - microfilm no. '''1609811'''
*Parish records, 1709-1990 Catholic Church. Immaculate Conception Cathedral, Pondicherry - microfilm no. '''1609796, 1609809-1609812'''
*Parish records, 1815-1990 Catholic Church. Notre Dame des Anges, Pondicherry - microfilm no. '''1609813-1609814'''
*Parish records, 1903-1950 Catholic Church. Saint Francis of Assisi, Pondicherry - microfilm no. '''1609747'''
*Parish records, 1908-1990 Catholic Church. Sacred Heart, Pondicherry - microfilm no. '''1609747'''
*Parish records, 1587-1830 Catholic Church. Notre-Dame-des-Anges, Pondicherry - microfilm nos. '''1083618-1083619, 1083790-1083792, 1083779'''
*Parish records, 1731-1830 Catholic Church Notre-Dame, Karikal - microfilm no. '''1083797'''
*Parish records, 1723-1825 Catholic Church Ste-Thérèse Mahé - microfilm no. '''1083799'''
*Parish records, 1690-1830 Catholic Church St-Louis Chandernagor - microfilm no. '''1764204'''

Some digitised FamilySearch microfilms for Pondicherry were noted in the digitised records available in [https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/ Abhilekh Patal] digital platform of the National Archives of India. The files noted all had the wording Pondicherry, India, Acchbishop in the title with Identifier MF_222400105608, MF_222400105609, MF_222400105612, MF_222400105615, MF_222400105632, MF_222400105635, MF_222400105636, MF_222400105651, MF_222400105655, [https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=2da08e67-4723-4b25-8b92-aa766cf73f51 MF_222400105661]. See [[Indian Army#Abhilekh Patal, digital collection of NAI|Indian Army - Abhilekh Patal, digital collection of NAI]].

=== Civil registration ===
The [[LDS]] have microfilmed records of civil registration of births, marriages, deaths for French India. French Civil Registration records contain a great deal of information. The film details are:
*Karikal 1731-1854 Chandernagor 1817-1854 Pondicherry 1817-1834, 1844-1854 Mahé 1815-1854 Yanaon 1817-1854 ten-year indexes - microfilm no. '''1764204'''
*Pondicherry 1791-1867 - microfilm nos. '''1083780-1083784''' and '''1083793-1083795'''
*Karikal 1792-1864 - microfilm nos. '''1083797-1083798'''
*Mahé 1826-1864 - microfilm no. '''1083799'''

'''Update''': Civil registration Births, Marriages and Deaths from French India, in addition to other French colonies, are now available online. See Archives, below.

=== Cemeteries ===
The [[LDS]] have microfilmed the book ''List of inscriptions on tombs or monuments in Madras possessing historical or archaeological interest'' by Julian James Cotton, which includes cemeteries in Pondicherry. The microfilm no. is '''795967'''. This book is also available to read online, refer [[Cemeteries#Inscriptions in online books| Cemeteries-Inscriptions in online books]]

Jean-Claude Féray has transcribed [http://web.archive.org/web/20061117103230/http://pondichery.ifrance.com/patro-cim.html Surnames in the European Cemetery in Pondicherry]. They are in the French language, but non-French speakers should be able to work out the lists. This site is now archived.

[[BACSA]] has published many transcriptions of monumental inscriptions from headstones throughout South Asia. These include the French Cemetery at [[Calcutta]].

===Military records===
The LDS have 51 microfiche of the French Government's "Alphabetical list of military and civilian officers serving in the French colonies, (abt. 1659-1873)." They are microfiche no. '''6002212'''. [https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/453989 Catalogue entry]. The records are from ANOM, refer below.

===Other===
*See [[Biographical Records (IOR O series)]] for records which include some men born in France, mainly [[Indigo Plantation|indigo planters]].
*There are online records available at "Archives Nationales d'Outre-Mer (ANOM)", see [[French#ANOM, previously CAOM|ANOM, previously CAOM]] below.
*For records generally in France
**The Departmental Archives in France provide online records, see External links below, for The French Genealogy Blog (in English) which contains links to some of the online Departmental Archives
**FamilySearch [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/location/1927089?region=France France research page]. You must be signed in to [[FamilySearch]] to view records.
**The pay website [https://en.filae.com Filae], a " prime resource for accessing French archives and tracing French ancestors". (Filae is a Partner for Latter day Saints Church members). Filae has now been purchased by the pay website MyHeritage, which now contains many French records. (MyHeritage-Library Edition is available at [[FamilySearch Centres]] and elsewhere the Filae records are stated to be included in the MyHeritage-Library Edition.<ref>[https://biblioottawalibrary.ca/en/blogs/introducing-myheritage-library-edition Introducing: MyHeritage Library Edition] Ottawa Public Library.</ref>)
** The pay website [https://en.geneanet.org Geneanet] has the best collection of French Family Trees,<ref>Video "Beginning French Research for Non-French Speakers, Part 1" by Amberly Beck, see External links above.</ref> and may be accessed for free from FamilySearch Centres in the United Kingdom only, (although in the past it appears to have been available in all countries) see [https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Family_History_Center_Portal Family History Center Portal] FS Wiki article. (Geneanet was/is also a Partner for Latter day Saints Church members, current status unclear). See [[FamilySearch Centres]] for more details.
**To see what is available at pay website Ancestry, use the [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/catalog/?limitToCountry=0 Ancestry Card Catalogue], a listing of all record collections. You can filter by Location Europe, then by Location France to see what records are available for France.
**Pay website Findmypast [https://www.findmypast.co.uk/search/historical-records?page=1&order_direction=desc&order_by=relevance&region=world All Record Sets] currently (2021/02) indicates only one small database relating to France.
**Other sources are detailed in [https://familysearch.org/blog/en/searching-french-family-history-records Searching for French Family History Records] FamilySearch Blog.

==Archives==
===ANOM, previously CAOM===
The Pondicherry archives are in the "Archives Nationales d'Outre-Mer (ANOM)" previously known as the "Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer" (CAOM), in the city of Aix en Provence, France.

Records for Île Bourbon (Réunion), [Reunion Island] and Île de France (Île Maurice), [Mauritius], islands which have links with India, are included in those available at ANOM.

The website previously had a limited number of pages in English, which however no longer seems to be included. The current website seems to have had major changes, and the writer of this section found some aspects of the new website somewhat difficult to navigate.

In addition to the five Districts, mentioned above, it is/was previously advised there were eight subsidiary trading stations (factories), at [[Balasore| Balassore]], [[Cossimbazar|Kassimbazar]], Yougdia, or Jougdia now on the seabed near [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandwip Sandwip], [[Dacca]], [[Patna]], [[Masulipatam|Masulipatnam]], [[Calicut]], [[Surat|Surate]] and Iskitipitch, otherwise called the îles Iskitippah, or the Iskitippah Islands, (although only sandbanks<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100707032416/http://www.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/Interets_Britanniques.pdf "Pondicherry: The last months before India’s Independence: Perspectives of a British Consul General"] by Claude Arpi August 15, 2005, claudearpi.net, now an archived webpage</ref>) probably located in the vicinity of [[Yanaon]].

'''Civil registration Births, Marriages and Deaths from French India, in addition to other French colonies, are now available online''', for free. In addition to the digitised Registry of Births, Marriages and Deaths, there was previously, and presumably still is, also a People and Families Name Database. If you can't see the record images, you may need to download the latest Java software.
*[https://archives-nationales-outre-mer.culture.gouv.fr/ Archives nationales d’outre-mer]. Home page. French language. Some browsers have a built-in translator, but if not, consider [https://translate.google.com.au Google Translate] or [https://www.deepl.com/translator DeepL Translator] which some consider more accurate than Google. There is a link to a general [https://recherche-anom.culture.gouv.fr/archive/recherche/complexe/n:110 Search]
**[https://recherche-anom.culture.gouv.fr/ Recherche] includes
***[https://recherche-anom.culture.gouv.fr/n/archives-en-ligne/n:99 Archives en ligne] with links to five categories including
****[https://recherche-anom.culture.gouv.fr/n/etat-civil/n:103 État civil] (Probably the main database for genealogical purposes)
****Iconography, which is [http://anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/ulysse/ Base Ulysse]. ANOM's searchable database of images, including maps from the colonial period (in French).
**For a description of the India records see [https://recherche-anom.culture.gouv.fr/ark:/61561/wz818mjonlk Etablissements français de l'Inde]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20240528202632/http://www.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/anom/en/Presentation/Empires-coloniaux-francais-12.html French India and the French East India Company (5 trading stations)]. English language page, now archived.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archives_nationales_(France)#Archives_nationales_d.27outre-mer ANOM] Wikipedia
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415000000*/http://www.archivesmadeeasy.org/pdfs/france/france_centre_des_archives_doutre-mer_%2006_2005_Stephanie_Hare.doc Easy Archive Tip] on the CAOM written by Stephanie Hare in 2005. This is a Word document to download, (which you may need to locate in your downloads folder, depending on your browser), from the France page of LSE’s now archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20130108165752/http://www.archivesmadeeasy.org/ Archives Made Easy].

===Service historique de la Défense [SHD]===
*[http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr Service historique de la Défense [SHD<nowiki>]</nowiki>] French military archives. The military personnel archives (Centre des archives du personnel militaire (CAPM)) is at Pau. French language website, with English option.
*From a related website Mémoire des hommes (memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr)
**In respect of the Compagnie des Indes in the 1700s with searchable databases
*:[https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/article.php?larub=29&titre=equipages-et-passagers Équipages et passagers] Crew and passengers
*:[https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/fr/article.php?larub=28&titre=armements-des-navires Armements des navires] Ship outfitters
**[https://www.memoiredeshommes.sga.defense.gouv.fr/en/article.php?larub=78&titre=world-war-i Première Guerre Mondiale (1914-1918)] First World War
*:[https://forum.pages14-18.com/viewtopic.php Forum PAGES 14-18] Les combattants & l'histoire de la Grande Guerre, French language website. A Forum for the [[First World War]].
*:[https://lagrandeguerre.1fr1.net HistoiréMilitaria14-18]. French language website. A Forum for the [[First World War]].

==Tracing the British in France==
===Records of Departments in France===
Many British people with Indian connections lived in Boulogne-sur–Mer which had a large foreign population with schools, boarding houses etc catering for these residents. The online archives for Boulogne-sur-Mer are available as part of [http://www.archivespasdecalais.fr/Archives-en-ligne The Archives of Pas-de-Calais] <ref>Gourley, Mary Anne. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190210020336/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/1315567/ Born in India living in France in 1876] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 25 June 2011, archived.</ref>

Avranches in Lower Normandy was also very popular with retirees from British India.<ref> budebluecat.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20190210020905/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/785587/ LeMeur or Le Meur family in Bengal or Calcutta] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 9 February 2012, archived. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avranches Avranches] Wikipedia</ref>

There were three very large enclaves for British ex-pats in France: Pas de Calais, Paris and the Mediterranean coast of France and also a very large group living in Biarritz (where there was a very popular spa and casino).<ref> Fuller, Tony. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190210021458/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/785638/ IETD in Persia] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 20 February 2012, archived. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biarritz Biarritz] Wikipedia.</ref>

For French records generally available online, see [[French#Other|Records - Other]] above.

Some retirees from India also settled in the [[Channel Islands]], particularly in Jersey.
===British Records===
See [[General Register Office]]. As an example, a 1917 French "Etat Civil" death certificate was seen in the RG 35 series.

== Miscellaneous information ==
*In French, if you see a surname with the word ‘dit’ after it such as ‘Smith dit Brown’ it means Smith known as Brown.<ref> Douyere, Jean-Louis. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190210022556/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/1662790/ french, portuguese, english, dutch patronymes in Pondicherry] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 9 January 2010, archived.</ref> More details.<ref>[https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-a-dit-name-3972358 "What Is a Dit Name?"] by Kimberly Powell August 04, 2018 thoughtco.com .</ref> (FamilySearch classifies French "dit" names as "Name variants caused by naming customs".<ref>[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/article/how-to-enter-names-in-family-tree How should I enter names in Family Tree?] FamilySearch</ref>)
*A number of the marriages at the end of the 17th century and in the 18th century in French Indian territories were between Frenchmen and women of mixed Indian-[[Portuguese]] blood.<ref>Douyere, Jean-Louis.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20200226035044/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/4207842/ India Princess] (Scroll down) ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 8 February 2007, archived.</ref>
*Use [https://translate.google.com '''Google Translate'''] if required for a translation of French text, or French websites, or your browser may translate automatically.

==Also see==
*[[Sardhana]] for a brief mention of French mercenaries.

== Further reading ==
{{Template:Origin|text=This book list was provided by Cathy Day from her former Family History in India website. New recommendations should be added to the [[:Category:Recommended reading|recommended reading pages]].}}
*''Dictionnaire généalogique et armorial de l'Inde française, 1560-1962'' by Place, Agnès de. Published in 1997 in Versailles. Also includes Mauritius and Reunion Island. Available at the [[British Library]] and at the LDS Family History Centre in Salt Lake City. [http://www.memodoc.com/dictindeindex.html "Consultation de la table des noms de famille cites"] (French language). "Consultation of the table of cited surnames" which appear in this book. memodoc.com.
*''Dictionnaire généalogique des familles de l'Inde-française'' by Lucien Jean Bord and Michel Gaudart de Soulages. Paperback edition (1984).
*''The French in India : From Diamond Traders to Sanskrit Scholars'' by Rose Vincent (Editor). Hardcover edition (1990).
*''Fortunes a Faire : The French in Asian Trade,1719-48'' by Catherine Manning (Editor). Hardcover edition (1996).
*''Indika Essays in Indo-French Relations : Essays in Indo-French Relations, 1630-1976'' by Jean Marie Lafont. Hardcover edition (2000).
*''French in India and Indian Nationalism'' by K.S. Mathew (1999).

==External links==
'''Wikipedia:'''
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_India French India]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_East_India_Company French East India Company]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_for_Liberation_of_French_colonies_in_India Causes for Liberation of French colonies in India]

'''Other:'''

:The French Genealogy Blog (in English) is now only available in an archived form, as the webmaster has now retired. There are links to some of the online Departmental Archives, which are now mainly of value for the descriptions provided. Note at least one Department, Côtes-d'Armor blocks access for those out of France.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20250819154829/https://french-genealogy.typepad.com/genealogie/ Archived website at 19 August 2025] including
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20250915102149/https://french-genealogy.typepad.com/genealogie/a-french-genealogy-glossary.html A French Genealogy Glossary].
**Earlier versions of the website may be accessed at [https://web.archive.org/web/20260000000000*/https://french-genealogy.typepad.com/genealogie/ Archive.org]
**Hint page, now archived [https://web.archive.org/web/20220811140720/https://french-genealogy.typepad.com/genealogie/2022/06/research-your-ancestor-through-archives-on-the-town.html Research Your Ancestor Through Archives on the Town] about a tool available on some online Departmental Archives. Some booklets available for purchase.
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20220521150643/https://french-genealogy.typepad.com/genealogie/2012/04/an-ancestor-from-pondichéry.html An Ancestor From Pondichéry?] The French Genealogy Blog (in English), archived page.
***Gives links for online listings of all of the births, marriages and deaths in Pondichéry from 1676 through 1784. (see above). There is also an [https://web.archive.org/web/20240917125342/https://french-genealogy.typepad.com/genealogie/2012/04/french-graves-in-india.html archived page] which mentions a book published in India ''The Last Post : Inscriptions on French Graves in India'' by K.J.S. Chatrath, which includes Pondichéry records.
*[https://www.memoiredeshommes.defense.gouv.fr/territoires-expeditions/activites-commerciales/compagnies-des-indes Compagnies des Indes], select [https://www.memoiredeshommes.defense.gouv.fr/territoires-expeditions/activites-commerciales/compagnies-des-indes/equipages-et-passagers Équipages et passagers] with Search facility, from [https://www.memoiredeshommes.defense.gouv.fr/ Mémoire des hommes] defense.gouv.fr.
*Prof. Frances Pritchett's [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/french/french.html The French]
*[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=French,_The The French] Banglapedia (National Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20200712035841/http://www.medicographia.com/wp-content/pdf/Medicographia98.pdf ''Medicographia'', Volume 31, No. 1, 2009], issue no. 98, (pdf, now archived) includes
**"Spices, diamonds, and Ayurvedic medicine: French physicians in 17th Century Mughal India" by Christian Régnier pages 92-99 (page 93 of the pdf) and
**"West Meets East: Pondicherry and the French East India Company" by Dominique Camus, pages 100-110 (page 101 of the pdf), both articles with coloured illustrations.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080804073158/http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2004/Carton-A-ASAA2004.pdf "Colour of Fraternity: Citizenship, Race and Domicile in French India"] by Adrian Carton 2004, a paper presented at ''Asia Examined: Proceedings of the 15th Biennial Conference of the ASAA, 2004'', Canberra, Australia, now archived.
*[http://ietd.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/817/browse?type=title&submit_browse=Title Theses from the Department of History, University of Pondicherry] from [http://ietd.inflibnet.ac.in/ Indian ETD Repository @ INFLIBNET] including
**[http://ietd.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/821 ''Trade and commerce in Pondicherry ( A. D. 1701 -1793'' )] by M Manickam February 1995
**[http://ietd.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/822 ''Society and economy of the French colonies with special reference to Pondicherry in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (A.D. 1674 - 1754)''] by Mary. A. Sr Georgia May 1996
*Mauritius
**[http://www.amamu.org AMA : Association Maurice Archives] Genealogy of Mauritius. French language website. Mauritius was a French colony from 1710-1810, then known as Isle de France, or Île de France.
**[http://www.genealogie.mu/en/ Cercle de Généalogie Maurice- Rodrigues [CGMR<nowiki>]</nowiki>] Mauritian Genealogy Association. English language version available
**[https://csd.govmu.org/Pages/index.aspx Mauritius: Civil Status Division] Civil Registration, Government of Mauritius. The [https://csd.govmu.org/Pages/FAQ.aspx FAQ page] implies birth records are available from 1861, marriage records from 1940 and death records from 1950 "subject that accurate information is provided by applicant".
*[http://www.cgb-reunion.re CGB : Cercle Généalogique de Bourbon]. Île de la Réunion, or Reunion Island. It was previously known as Île Bourbon. It is located about 200 kilometres (120 mi) southwest of Mauritius, the nearest island.
*French and Latin language and other research aids
**[https://www.familysearch.org/rootstech/series/beginning-french-research-for-non-french-speakers Beginning French Research for Non-French Speakers] 2021 RootsTech, FamilySearch. Links to three video presentations by Amberly Beck, also available on YouTube. Direct YouTube links [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AJhc8irSar8 Part 1], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iz8jGSzRU70 Part 2], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=et2JKwlGcDI Part 3].
***Part 1 recommends the pay websites Filae and Geneanet, see above under [[French#Other|Records, Other]].
**[https://wiki.familysearch.org/en/France France] includes [https://wiki.familysearch.org/en/France_Language_and_Languages France Language and Languages] which includes a Word List. FamilySearch Wiki.
*:[https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/French_Handwriting French Handwriting] FamilySearch Wiki.
**[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/france-research-with-the-wiki-part-1-of-8-the-france-main-page France Research With the Wiki Part 1 of 8: The France Main Page] with links to a total of 8 Lessons including [https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/france-research-with-the-wiki-part-5-of-8-reading-records-in-french-and-latin France Research With the Wiki Part 5 of 8: Reading Records in French and Latin] FamilySearch Help Center.
**[https://www.familysearch.org/indexing/help#/ FamilySearch Indexing Help] then select "Language Resources and Handwriting Helps"/French
**[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/417661 ''French records extraction : an instructional guide''] Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Genealogical Department c [198-?] 171 page guide. FamilySearch Digital Library. You need to be signed in to FamilySearch to view this online guide.
**Rudy Schmidt’s [https://web.archive.org/web/20140127040707/http://www.antiquusmorbus.com/French/French.htm French Glossary of Causes of Death and other Archaic Medical Terms], now archived.
**[https://wiki.familysearch.org/en/Latin_Genealogical_Word_List Latin Genealogical Word List]. Some Roman Catholic records may be in Latin. Family Search (LDS) Wiki.
*:[https://blog.genealogybank.com/a-genealogists-guide-to-old-latin-terms-abbreviations.html A Genealogist’s Guide to Old Latin Terms & Abbreviations] genealogybank.com
*:The abbreviation "L. C." stands for loco citato = in the place cited. This abbreviation sometimes appears after the mother's name. It likely means the parents live in the city/village/town where these parish records come from.<ref>Scroll to Robert Seal_1. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210505021826/https://community.familysearch.org/en/discussion/84590/translation-needed Translation Needed] ''FamilySearch Community Germany Genealogy Research'' 2 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.</ref>
::[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/latin-handwriting-1-introduction Latin Handwriting] Lesson 1 with links to a series of a total of 10 Lessons. FamilySearch Help Center/Lessons
::[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/lessons/latin-for-genealogists Latin For Genealogists]. Note however, the records discussed are from German church registers. FamilySearch Help Center/Lessons
:*[https://script.byu.edu/Pages/the-latin-documents-pages/the-latin-documents(english) Script Tutorial: Latin Documents] Brigham Young University
:*Rudy Schmidt’s [https://web.archive.org/web/20160217205823/http://www.antiquusmorbus.com/Latin/Latin.htm Latin/English Glossary of Causes of Death and other Archaic Medical Terms], now archived.
:*[https://www.transkribus.org transkribus.org], an AI powered platform, may be able to read a handwritten page for you in a foreign language, including French and Latin. For more about Transkribus, see [[Miscellaneous tips#Translate from another language, including Latin, into English| Miscellaneous tips - Translate from another language, including Latin, into English]]/ General.
*[http://www.france24.com/en/20140225-world-war-one-bengal-india-bangladesh-france "Remembering the Bengalis who fought for France in WWI"] by Stéphanie Trouillard 2014-02-25 france24.com
*[https://opil.ouplaw.com/display/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e2175 Decolonization: French India] by Jamie Trinidad September 2019. opil.ouplaw.com
===Historical books online===
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=DRANAAAAYAAJ ''An account of the war in India, between the English and French, on the coast of Coromandel, from 1750 to the year 1760''] by Richard Owen Cambridge (1761) Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hkwBAAAAQAAJ ''Notes on Pondicherry: or, The French in India. To which is added A sketch of the Moguls. etc]'' by an Officer of the Madras Artillery (1845) Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vAxX68LiNMkC ''History of the French in India: From the Founding of Pondichery in 1674 to the Capture of that Place in 1761''] by George Bruce Malleson (1868) Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/finalfrenchstru01mallgoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Final French Struggles in India and on the Indian Seas''] by George Bruce Malleson (1878) Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/details/aparticularacco00goog ''A Particular Account of the European Adventurers of Hindustan 1784 to 1803''] by Herbert Compton (1893) ( Benoit De Boigne (French), George Thomas, General Perron (French)) Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/hindustanunderf01keengoog#page/n10/mode/1up ''Hindustan Under Free Lances, 1770-1820: Sketches of Military Adventure in Hindustan''] by Henry George Keene 1907 Archive.org. This book is about European adventurers, many of them French.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/threefrenchmenin00hill#page/n7/mode/2up ''Three Frenchmen in Bengal; or, The commercial ruin of the French settlements in 1757''] by Samuel Charles Hill 1903 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the [[East India Company|English]], [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.
*[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.500671/2015.500671.Bengal-Past#page/n95/mode/2up "Echoes from Old Chandernagore"] page 343 ''Bengal Past and Present'' Volume 2, July 1908. Archive.org/Digital Library of India Collection. Contains some cemetery records, and a few marriage and baptism details.
*''Private diary of Ananda Ranga Pillai, [http://www.archive.org/stream/hobsonjobsonbein00yuleuoft#page/328/mode/1up dubash] to Joseph François Dupleix, a record of matters political, historical, social, and personal, from 1736 to 1761'' published 1904 [http://www.archive.org/stream/privatediaryofan01ananuoft#page/n9/mode/2up Volume 1], [http://www.archive.org/stream/privatediaryofan02ananuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 2] Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=MnUIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Transactions in India, from the commencement of the French War in seventeen hundred and fifty-six, to the conclusion of the late peace, in seventeen hundred and eighty-three: Containing a history of the British interests in Indostan, during a period of near thirty years; distinguished by two wars with France, several revolutions and treaties of alliance, the acquisition of an extensive territory, and the administration of Governor Hastings''] by John Moir 1786 Google Books
*''The History of Ayder Ali Khan, Nabob-Bahader: or, New Memoirs Concerning the East Indies'' by M. M. D. L. T. [M. Maistre De la Tour, the French commandant of Hyder Ali’s artillery] 1784 [http://books.google.com/books?id=YncIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=ZXcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 2]. Original Edition in French [http://books.google.com/books?id=lFAVAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR2 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ji2AiHvyO_YC&pg=PP4 Volume 2] 1783 Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/dupleixetladfe00duca#page/n9/mode/2up ''Dupleix et la défense de Pondichéry (1748) d'après les documents inédits et les archives de la famille de Dupleix''] by Marquis de Nazelle 1908 Archive.org Written in French.
*''Correspondance du Conseil superieur de Pondichéry et de la Compagnie [des Indes]'':[http://books.google.com/books?id=hCMnAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover Volume 2 1736-1738], [http://books.google.com/books?id=QRxXAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover Volume 5 1755-1759] Google Books. Written in French
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/correspondancedu02pond#page/n7/mode/2up ''Correspondance du Conseil supérieur de Pondichéry avec le Conseil de Chandernagor Volume 2 1738-1747''] 1916 Archive.org. Written in French
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=YI5DAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA3 ''Hygiène des blancs, des mixtes, et des Indiens à Pondichéry''] by Docteur Huillet 1867 Google Books. Written in French
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/unitedservicema01pollgoog#page/n531/mode/1up "The French In India"] by 'Cato' page 507 ''The United Service Magazine Volume 8 New Series October 1893 to April 1894'' Archive.org
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924065780813?urlappend=%3Bseq=99 ''French Possessions in India''] Handbook prepared under the direction of the Historical Section of the Foreign Office-No 77. Reprint edition. Originally published 1920 London: H.M. Stationery Office. HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11927/ World Digital Library version], Library of Congress.
*[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32701183w/date&rk=21459;2 ''Archives administratives des Etablissements français de l'Inde''] French language, broken range from 1826-1913. gallica.bnf.fr
*[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32802121r/date ''Journal Officiel des Établissements Français dans l'Inde''] Editions from 1894 to 1937. Printed at Pondicherry. In French, with parts in an Indian language, thought to be Tamil. gallica.bnf.fr
*[https://eap.bl.uk/project/EAP191/search Digitised publications of French india published in Pondicherry] These publications are currently held at the library of the French Institute in Pondicherry (FIP). British Library Endangered Archives Programme. Includes the titles above ''Journal Officiel des Établissements Français dans l'Inde'' to 1954, the title changing in 1943 to ''Journal officiel de l’Inde française'' . Also includes the series ''Archives administratives des Établissements français de l’Inde'' from 1823 continued as ''Bulletin des actes administratifs des Établissements français de l’Inde'' and then as ''Bulletin officiel des Établissements français de l’Inde'', to 1910.
*Mauritius
**[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=0-KfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Rough Notes of a Trip to Reunion, the Mauritius and Ceylon: With Remarks on the Eligibility as Sanitaria for Indian Invalids''] by Frederic J Mouat, Bengal Medical Staff 1852 Google Books
**[https://archive.org/details/bluebookofcolony1920maur/page/n7 ''Blue Book of the colony of Mauritius and its dependencies [for<nowiki>]</nowiki> 1920''], also containing [https://archive.org/details/bluebookofcolony1920maur/page/n271 ''1921''] from digital page 272. Archive.org

==References==
<references />

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[[Category:Non-British Ancestors]] [[Category:Migration]]

Edward Greathed

2026-05-08T11:01:22Z

Lee: remove broken link

'''General Sir Edward Harris Greathed, KCB (1812-1881)''' was a British soldier who entered the army in 1833 as an ensign in the [[8th Regiment of Foot]]. He arrived in India as a major and by the outbreak of the [[Indian Mutiny]] was a Lt-Colonel commanding the 3rd Infantry Brigade in the siege of Delhi. He was appointed to lead a [[Greathed's Movable Column|movable column]] to pursue rebels fleeing into [[Oude]]. After a number of successful actions the force arrived at [[Lucknow]]. Greathed commanded the 3rd Infantry Brigade leading to the [[Second Lucknow Relief]]. He returned to England in 1859 and in 1880 was made colonel of the [[3rd Madras (European) Infantry|108th Regiment of Foot]] and promoted general.

== External links ==
[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/178/mode/1upp Edward Greathed] ''Dictionary of Indian Biography'' (1906)<br />

[[Category:British Military commanders|Greathed, Edward]]
[[Category:People|Greathed, Edward]]

93rd Regiment of Foot

2026-05-08T10:57:56Z

Lee:

Also known as '''Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders'''
== History ==
*'''1759''' raised as 1st Sutherland Fencibles
*'''1763''' disbanded
*'''1779''' 2nd Sutherland Fencibles raised by Lt-Col Wemyss
*'''1793''' 3rd Sutherland Fencibles raised by Lt-Col Wemyss disbanded 1799
*'''1799''' 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot raised by Maj-Gen Wemyss
*'''1881''' amalgamated with the [[91st Regiment of Foot|91st (Argyllshire Highlanders) Regiment of Foot]] to become 2nd Battalion of the Princess Louise's (Sutherland and Argyll Highlanders)
*'''2004''' amalgamated with the other Scottish infantry regiments into the single Royal Regiment of Scotland

==Regimental histories==
*''An Reisimeid Chataich. The 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, now 2nd Bn. The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, Princess Louise's, 1799-1927'' by Brigadier-General A. E. J. Cavendish 1928. Available at the [[British Library]] UIN: BLL01001097006 .
*''History of the Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders, 2nd Battalion (reconstituted), European Campaign, 1944-45'' by Major W. L. McElwee 1949. Available at the British Library UIN: BLL01001097003 .
== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/93rd_Regiment_of_Foot 93rd Regiment of Foot] Wikipedia
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyll_and_Sutherland_Highlanders Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders] Wikipedia
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Scotland Royal Regiment of Scotland] Wikipedia
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20080113060531/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/093-799.htm 93rd (Sutherland Highlanders) Regiment of Foot] including [http://web.archive.org/web/20071217103413/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/093-1.htm deployments] Regiments.org, an archived website
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20080118041311/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/091ASH.htm The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)] including deployments: [http://web.archive.org/web/20071219055803/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/091-1.htm 1st Battalion], [http://web.archive.org/web/20071217103413/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/093-1.htm 2nd Battalion] Regiments.org, an archived website
*[http://www.argylls.co.uk/ The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (Princess Louise's)-the Museum]. Located in Stirling Castle, in the city of Stirling, Scotland
*Career of Colour-Sergt David Douglas Mackie, [[72nd Regiment of Foot]], and his son James Mackie: [https://www.thesocialhistorian.com/?s=David+Douglas+Mackie David Douglas Mackie pts 1-5] thesocialhistorian.com
:Part 3. 72nd returned to England and James Douglas Mackie, son, enlisted 24 November 1885 age 14, for 12 years, with the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, which later sailed for India November, 1891 on the troopship Malabar.
:Part 4. David Mackie killed himself. James Mackie took part in the [[Tochi Valley Expedition 1897-98|Tochi Valley Expedition]] in 1897, then returned to Scotland in 1898. In 1899, his wife Laura was put off the strength of the married establishment for her conduct.
:Part 5. James Mackie was deployed to South Africa to fight in the Boer War. On return, he resumed divorce proceedings in 1902 and was granted a divorce. Discharged in 1909, he rejoined the Army during WW1, was commissioned and killed 1916.
*IWM catalogue entry with details of the service history of [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1030012958 Lieutenant J Gordon Smith] platoon commander in the 2nd Battalion Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (12th Indian Infantry Brigade, 11th Indian Division) from (?) July 1941 in Singapore and Malaya, his eventual capture in late January, 1942 and his time in the camps on the Burma - Siam railway. His memoir is ''War Memories: A Medical Student In Malaya And Thailand''

====Historical books online====
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historicalrecor00unkngoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Historical Records of the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders now the 2nd Battalion, Princess Louise's Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders''] compiled by Roderick Hamilton Burgoyne 1883 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofscottis02kelt#page/866/mode/2up ''History of the Scottish Highlands : Highland clans and Highland regiments Volume 2''] "The 93rd Sutherland Highlanders " by John S Keltie (c.1886) Archive.org. Indian service commences [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofscottis02kelt#page/878/mode/2up page 878] in 1857.
*[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hnzw1d?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 ''The historical records of the 93rd The Sutherland Highlanders, now 2nd Batt. Princess Louise's Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders, from 1800 to 1890 : from the regimental records, the War Office, and other original and authentic sources''] by James MacVeigh 1890. HathiTrust Digital Library. Also available [https://archive.org/details/93rdsutherlandhighlanders1890/page/n11/mode/2up Archive.org].
*[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433082130562?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 ''History of the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, now the 2nd Battalion Princess Louise's Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders ... 1800-1895''] by Lieut.-Col. Percy Groves 1895. HathiTrust Digital Library. Also available [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ESswAAAAYAAJ Google Books].
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924064186566#page/n7/mode/2up ''Reminiscences of the Great Mutiny''] by William Forbes-Mitchell, Late Sergeant 93rd Sutherland Highlanders 1893 Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/details/reliefoflucknow0000forb/page/n5 ''The Relief of Lucknow''] by William Forbes-Mitchell. Edited, and with an introduction by Michael Edwardes 1962 Archive.org Lending Library.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/recollectionsah00alexgoog#page/n12/mode/2up ''Recollections of a Highland Subaltern, during the Campaigns of the 93rd Highlanders in India, under Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde, in 1857, 1858 and 1859''] by Lieut.-Colonel W. Gordon-Alexander 1898 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=StsSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA360 "Topographical and Sanitary Report on Subathoo (A Lower Himalayan Station)"] by Dr Munro, Surgeon, 93rd Highlanders 1859-60, page 362 ''Army Medical Department: Statistical Sanitary and Medical Reports for the year 1861'' (published 1863) Google Books
:[https://books.google.com/books?id=MddBAAAAYAAJ ''Reminiscences of Military Service with the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders''] by Surgeon-General Munro, formerly Surgeon of the Regiment 1883 Google Books. The regiment had been sailing to China, but was directed to India arriving in Calcutta in September 1857, page 117, and then took part in the [[Indian Mutiny]].
:''Records of Service and Campaigning in Many Lands'' by Surgeon-General Munro 1887. [https://archive.org/details/recordsservicea00munrgoog/page/n6/mode/2up Volume 1] The author was appointed in late 1844 Assistant Surgeon to the [[91st Regiment of Foot]] then in South Africa, and departed England in February 1845. In 1854 he was promoted to Surgeon and joined the 93rd Regiment of Foot which is covered in [https://archive.org/details/recordsservicea01munrgoog/page/n6/mode/2up Volume 2] Both Archive.org.

[[Category:British Army Infantry Regiments]]

15th (Ludhiana) Regiment of Sikh Infantry

2026-05-05T21:09:29Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:15th Ludhiana Sikhs.jpg|right|thumb|350px|15th Ludhiana Sikhs]]
Known as '''15th Ludhiana Sikhs''' or '''15th Loodiana Sikhs''' or '''15th Sikhs'''
==Chronology and Designations==
*'''1846''' The Regiment of Ludhiana
*'''1861''' The 16th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
*'''1861''' The 15th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
*'''1864''' The 15th (Ludhiana) Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry
*'''1885''' The 15th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry (Ludhiana Sikhs)
*'''1901''' The '''15th (Ludhiana) Sikh Infantry'''
*'''1903''' The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs
*'''1922''' The 2nd Bn/[[11th Sikh Regiment]]
*'''1935''' The 2nd Royal Battalion (Ludhiana Sikhs) 11th Sikh Regt
*'''1947''' allocated to India on Partition

==War Diaries, First World War==
*A transcribed war diary (of an original handwritten diary, where the handwriting has been deciphered for you!) is available for 15th Ludhiana Sikhs 1914-15 on the Western Front.<ref>[https://www.amazon.co.uk/Great-War-Diaries-Ludhiana-1914-15-ebook/dp/B076X75N31/ ''Great War Diaries: 15th Ludhiana Sikhs War Diary 1914-15: Indian Army on the Western Front'']. Available on Kindle - Kindle App available to read the Diary.</ref> See [[Western Front#War Diaries| Western Front - War Diaries]] for more details.

==The Ceremony of the Presentation of New Colours to the 2nd Royal Bn (Ludhiana Sikhs) 11th Sikh Regiment==
The following text of the Regiment of Ludhiana was transcribed from the programme booklet "The Ceremony of the Presentation of New Colours to the 2nd Royal Bn (Ludhiana Sikhs) 11th Sikh Regiment" and donated to FIBIS in Feb 2022. <br>
The booklet cover for 2nd Royal Bn (Ludhiana Sikhs) 11th Sikh Regt can be downloaded here: [[File:Fileicon-pdf.png|50px|link=File:2-11 Sikhs Regt New Colours cover.pdf]]<br>

The complete booklet has been uploaded to the FIBIS database along with the dataset. '''See FIBIS resources below'''

===History===
On June 30th 1846, Major P. Gordon, by order of Lord Gough, raised the battalion at Ludhiana under the name of the "Regiment of Ludhiana".

By October of the same year the strength of the Battalion was 1160 and in the following year it moved to Meerut where it received its first colours.

The first action of note in the regiment was its part in the time of the mutiny when it was stationed at Benares. There it was in charge of the Treasury and prevented it from falling into the hands of the mutineers. Many awards for bravery were won and it was here that the first V. C. was won by Sergeant Major Gill of the regiment. He was awarded it for saving the life of Major Brett.

The Battalion next saw service during the Boxer rebellion in China in 1859 to 1862 where it took a prominent part in the defence of Shanghai against Tse Ping.

In the Year 1880 the Battalion was fighting in Afghanistan with the South Afghanistan Field Force. It marched to Kabul, taking part in the battle of Ahmed Khel ''en route''. It took part in the relief of Kandahar under General Roberts.

The Battalion was again ordered overseas in 1885 this time to Africa. One of its most famous actions took place at Tofrek in the battle known as MacNeill's zareba.

Here the Battalion with the rest of the force was collecting brushwood from the surrounding scrub to construct the zareba, when, with practically no warning, a fierce and sudden attack by overwhelming numbers of the Mahdi's men was made on the flank on which the Battalion was working. Luckily the men were working with their arms slung and were able to put up a stout defence giving time for the Berkshire Regiment to fall in and come to its assistance.

A sanguinary battle followed in the course of which the British forces lost 455 men and 176 wounded while the losses of the enemy were estimated at 2000.

It was here that the Berkshire Regiment won its title of "Royal" and since then a close liaison has been maintained between the two regiments.

Both Regiments celebrate "Tofrek Day" in commemoration of this notable day in their histories. To-day, the 22nd of March is "Tofrek Day".

After the African Campaign the Regiment returned to India and saw service in the North West Frontier and in Chitral.

1914 saw the Battalion embark for France and the Great War. On the 26th September it disembarked at Marseilles, the first of the Indian Infantry to set foot in that country. The appearance of the troops caused great excitement among the inhabitants, particularly among the barbers who, knowing nothing about Sikhs, thought that the voyage and the long spell at sea were responsible for their beards!

For a year the Battalion fought with distinction under conditions, climatic and otherwise, which the men had never known. It was present and fought at Neuve Chappelle, Aubers, Ypres, St Julian and Festubert.

At Festubert, Lt (now Lt.-Col) J. G. Smyth won his V. C., the second to be won in the Regiment.

In August 1915 the Regiment proceeded to Egypt where it took part in the Senussi operations and distinguished itself particularly at the action at Bir Shola. The following year the Battalion returned to India arriving at Peshawar on the 27th January, 1916.

This year saw them again on service on the Mohmand blockade. This was followed in 1919 by the Afghan war.

The Battalion proceeded overseas for the fourth time in 1920, this time to Mesopotamia where it took part in the suppression of the Arab rebellion in the operations in Kurdistan in 1822 and 1923.

Followed by a spell of comparative peace until 1936-37 when the Battalion found itself taking a very active part in the Waziristan operations. From these it has only recently returned.

===Battle Honours===
Battle Honours borne on the King's Colour of the 11th Sikh Regiment are:
* 1914 La Bassee.
* 1915 Neuve Chapelle, Ypres.
* 1916 Helles, Suvla, Megiddo, Tigris.
* 1917 Kut-al-Amara. Sharqat. Tsingtao.

Battle Honours borne on the Regimental Colours:
* Defence of Arrah.
* Lucknow.
* Behar.
* China 1860-62.
* Ali Masjid.
* Ahmed Khel.
* Kandahar 1880.
* Afghanistan 1878-80.
* Tofrek.
* Suakin 1885.
* Defence of Chitral.
* Chitral.
* Malakand.
* Punjab Frontier.
* Samana.
* Tirah.
* China 1900.
* Afghanistan 1919.

===Speech by His Excellency the Governor of the NW Frontier Province===
Transcript of the speech given by His Excellency the Governor of the North West Frontier Province at the presentation of Colours to the 2nd Battalion (Ludhiana Kishs) 11th Sikh Regiment at Nowshera on the 22nd March, 1939.

Major Birdwood, Officers, Non Commissioned Officers and Men of the 2nd Royal Battalion, 11th Sikh Regiment:

It is a matter of great pride to me that I am privileged to present new Colours to your Battalion on behalf of His Majesty the King-Emperor.

To-day, March the 22nd, is a day already commemorated by your Battalion every year. For on this date, 54 years ago, the battle of Tofrek was fought in which the 15th Ludhiana Sikhs, fighting shoulder to shoulder with the Royal Berkshire Regiment, won a victory of which the memory is still fresh in our minds. It must, I know, be an added pleasure to you to-day that you are able to associate the presentation of your Colours with the annual celebration.

From the time, nearly 100 years ago, when your Battalion was raised, it has held a conspicuous place in the history of the Indian Army. It is distinguished not only for the number of occasions on which it has been sent overseas, but also for the length of time it has spent on active service. In China, Afghanistan, Sudan and, in more recent times, in France, Egypt and Iraq your Battalion has won honour and distinction. Yours was the first Battalion of Indian troops to land at Marseilles in 1914. The names of La Bassie, Neuve Chapelle and Ypres, which your new Colours record, bear testimony to the important battles in which you took part on the Western Front.

Here, also, on the North-West Frontier, your deeds are well known. Above all, during the last two years in Waziristan, you have added even further honours to the reputation of your Regiment by the fine spirit you displayed in the many engagements in which you took part.

In 1935 your Battalion was honoured with the title "Royal". To-day another Royal gift has been bestowed upon you. These Colours which have now been given into your keeping are a symbol of your solidierly pride in serving the King-Emperor. I am confident that you and your successors will never fail to maintain to the full that spirit of courage and initiative which has always been the tradition of your Battalion in the past.

I join with the many friends whom you have made during your service in this Province in wishing all of you good fortune in the future wherever you may be.

==FIBIS resources==
*FIBIS database: [https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1264&s_id=330 2nd Royal Bn (Ludhiana Sikhs) 11th Sikh Regt - Colours Ceremony] Ceremony of the Presentation of New Colours to the 2nd Royal Bn (Lukhiana Sikhs) 11 Sikh Regt. By his Excellency Sir George Cunningham KCSI, KCIW, OBE Governor of the NWFP. Nowshera, March 22nd 1939. The programme was Donated to FIBIS in Feb 2022 It is complete with 9 pages. Photographs, History of, Regiment Designations, Battle Honours, Colours, On Parade, Music and so on of the entire event. The names of those involved have been added to the FIBIS database.
== External Links ==
*[http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indianinfantry/15thsikhs.htm 15th Ludhiana Sikhs] British Empire website<br>
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/15th_Ludhiana_Sikhs 15th Ludhiana Sikhs] Wikipedia
*Watercolour by Charles James Lyall: [https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:250980/ 1900. 15th Loodiana Sikhs. Bengal. Bugler] Brown Digital Repository, Brown University Library
*[http://www.empirefaithwar.com/tell-their-story/research-your-soldier/helpful-guides/ww1-indian-war-diaries A Guide To WW1 Indian War Diaries: Researching Indian Soldiers Using War Diaries]. Scroll down to excerpts from the war diary of the 15th Sikhs between August and October 1914 (WO95/3929/5), from mobilization in India for overseas deployment, to the trenches on the [[Western Front]]. empirefaithwar.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151009205504/http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/stories/manta-singh-neuve-chapelle.php Manta Singh and the Battle of Neuve Chapell], France, March 1915. Regiment: 15th Ludhiana Sikhs. cwgc.org, now an archived webpage.
**[http://jostamon.blogspot.com/2009/11/indian-soldier-in-great-war.html "An Indian Soldier in the Great War"] Subedar Manta Singh. Text from Ian Hislop’s ''Not Forgotten'' documentaries about the WW1, shown c 2009 on Channel 4.
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/188001/297622.html The 15th Ludhiana Sikhs and the Senussi. The Egyptian Western Desert, November 1915 to February 1916] from Harry Fecitt’s [http://www.kaiserscross.com/188001/home.html Harry’s Africa] kaiserscross.com
*[http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/lt-col-r-banks/ Audio: 1980 Interview Lt Col R. Banks], with [http://media.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/pdf/082.pdf transcript] Indian Army life and career 1914-c 1937 Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge. He transferred to the Indian Army in 1917, initially he was with the 15th Sikhs, then joined the Judge Advocate General’s Department, part of the Indian Army dealing with court martial work, military law and any uprisings, and subsequently officiated as Judge Advocate General in India, until he was medically retired in 1937 (rabies related).
===Historical books online===
*[https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab00parruoft ''The Sikhs of the Punjab''] by R E Parry late Indian Army Reserve of Officers; sometime Acting Captain and Adjutant 2/15th Ludhiana Sikhs. Sometime attached 35th Sikhs. [1921] Archive.org. Includes [https://archive.org/stream/sikhsofpunjab00parruoft#page/104/mode/2up Chapter VI Recruiting Methods] page 104.
* ''Handbook for the Indian Army: Sikhs'' by A E Barstow 2/11th Sikh Regiment (late 15th Ludhiana Sikhs) 1928. 1940 reprint of the 1928 edition is available to read online on the [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=2673&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched= Panjab Digital Library].
*A romantic novel: [https://archive.org/details/55230680R.nlm.nih.gov ''The nurse's story : in which reality meets romance''] by Adele Bleneau 1915 Archive.org. The hero of this romantic novel set on the [[Western Front]] during the First World War is a Captain in the Ludhiana Sikhs (page 97). There are suggestions that when it was published the book was considered to be fictionalized memoirs, perhaps not written under the author’s actual name. A film based on the book was made in 1919. It is from the collection of the US National Library of Medicine, so perhaps is considered to have a realistic nursing background. For a [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19150807&id=YMUaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h0kEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4225,1611451&hl=en review of this novel] scroll if necessary to page 7, 5th column of the ''Pittsburgh Press'' (newspaper) dated August 7, 1917.

==References==
<references/>
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[[Category:Indian Army Infantry Regiments]]

Poona

2026-04-29T06:45:38Z

Lee: duplicated entry

{{Locations_Infobox
|presidency= [[Bombay]]
|image= St Patricks RC Church Poona.jpg
|coordinates= [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=18.53,73.85&spn=0.1,0.1&q=18.53,73.85 18.520469°N, 73.85662°E]
|altitude= 560 m (1,837 ft)
|presentname= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poona Pune]
|stateprovince= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra Maharashtra]
|country= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India]
|transport= [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]<br>[[Southern Mahratta Railway]]
}}
{{Places of Interest|title=Poona|name=Poona |link=https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=211401480495186034184.0004d2ca7085a745dbddd&msa=0&ll=18.508602,73.898249&spn=0.004115,0.004334}}
'''Poona''' is a city about 100km south-east of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), which was a popular social retreat for residents of Bombay as well as formerly the largest garrison town in the Deccan for the [[British Army]]. The British comedian, Spike Milligan, spent his childhood there (his father was in the [[Royal Artillery]]<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=-UIBNTzdi6oC&pg=PT16 "Chapter 1: Beginnings"] ''Milligan's Meaning of Life: An Autobiography of Sorts'' by Spike Milligan, edited by Norma Farnes. 2011. Google Books.</ref>). There was also another cantonment nearby, at [[Kirkee]].

Poona was the headquarters of [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_171.gif Poona District] in the Central division of [[Bombay (Presidency)|Bombay Presidency]] during the British period. See [[Bombay Districts]]. It was an important junction where the metre gauge [[Southern Mahratta Railway]] met the broad gauge of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]].

Modern Pune lies on the west side of the Deccan plateau beneath the Western Ghats (Sahyadri mountain range) at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. Known for its textiles and metal working, it is now the sixth largest city in India, with India's largest student population, and site of the ashram of the Orange People (followers of Sri Rajneesh).

== History ==
Poona grew under the Moguls from 1636 as a trade route. Its importance escalated after 1750 when it became the capital of the Marathá Empire, where the Peshwas had their palace.

A battle for Poona in October 1802 between the Peshwa Bajirao II and the Holkars led to the 2nd Anglo-Maratha War.

The British involvement in Poona began after the 1802 Treaty of Bassein - when Peshwā Bjī Rao allowed the English to station a small military force in the town.

After the Peshwas were defeated at the [[Battle of Poona]] on 17/18 November 1817 (aka: Battle of Yeraoda) between the British and the Marathas near Poona in the [[3rd Maratha War]] the city was seized. It was placed under the administration of the Bombay Presidency. The British built a large military cantonment to the east of the city (still used by the Indian Army).

The arrival of the railways opened up communication routes to Bombay, previously constrained by the terrain.

Poona Municipality was established in 1858 and was at one time the "monsoon capital" of the [[Bombay Presidency]].

== Spelling Variants ==
Modern name: Pune<br>
Variants: Puna/Poona/Poonah<br>
[[Image:Western India Club Poona.jpg|300px|thumb|Western India Club, Poona]]

==FIBIS Resources==
*[[:Category:Poona images|Images of Poona]]
*FIBIS database [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=2357&s_id=694 Dhobi Ghat Cemetery, Poona]. Inscriptions have been transcribed from gravestones at the cemetery. Images, (by Mr Rajat Sharma who was commissioned by FIBIS), are also available, which are part of the [https://www.fibis.org/about-2/cemeteries/cemeteries-project/ FIBIS Cemeteries Project], and may be ordered for a modest donation.
*FIBIS database [https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=1465&s_id=694 St Sepulchre Cemetery, Pune] Indexes to miscellaneous donated images, with images
*FIBIS Database [https://search.fibis.org/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=list_sources&source_class=207 Poona District Memorials] Large number of gravestone images - include Holkar, Caldecote and Kirkee War Cemetery Memorials in addition to those listed above.

==English Quarters==
*The Civil Lines
*Stavely Road (from the old city, heading to the Poona Cantonment)
*Poona Cantonment

== Clubs==
*Western India Club - English members
*Deccan Club - mixed Indian and English members
*Sanvarjanik Sabha and Deccan Sabah- Indian members

==Volunteer Regiment==
*[[Poona Rifles]]

==Education==
'''Further Education'''

Poona Sanskrit College 1837 opened and offered a combined Sanskrit and medicine course (linked to Sansoon General Hospital) – under Superintendant: Captain Candy.

Sanskrit and Vernacular College est 1851/52, formed from the amalgamation of Poona’s English and Venacular schools, later it became the Deccan Arts College 1857, with an affiliation to Bombay University 1860.

The Engineering College was founded 1865 and was affiliated to Bombay University (its creation is contemporary with the construction of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway) Later (1880) it was known as the College for Science . It educated staff for the Public Works Department. Courses were offered in: Civil Engineering, Agriculture, Forestry, plus apprentice training.

Political activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak and local citizens founded The Deccan Education Society est 1884, and were responsible for founding Fergusson College, a law school, in 1885.

'''Schools'''

Supplementing native sanskrit schools, Government Schools opened in 1826 to teach vernacular, initially under control of Mr Jervis. Numbers increased to 3 Government Schools in Poona by 1847, and 23 by 1883 (many other existed in the greater Poona district). They comprised:

*High School 1
*Anglo-Vernacular 2
*Vernacular 18
*Teacher Training schools 2 (male est: 1857, female est: 1870)

In addition there were 45 Private schools, including:

*The Free Church Mission School for Girls est 1850 in the camp
*The Convent High School for Girls est 1860
*Bishops High School, est1864
*The Pensioner's Middle Class School for boys and girls est 1864
*Free Church Mission Institute est 1866
*Poona Native Institution est 1866
*St Vincent Roman Catholic High School est 1867 includes anglo-indian section,
*St Mary’s Girls High School est 1867
*St Anne’s Middle Class School for Girls est 1873
*The Victoria Girls High School est 1876
*The Free Church Mission School for Boys est 1876 in Aditvar Peth
*The Conference Middle Class School est 1879
*The Mission Orphanage and Christian Boys Middle Class School est 1879
*The New English School est 1880
*The Scottish Girls High School est 1882
*The Zanana Mission Anglo-Vernacular School for Girls est 1882 in Sukravar Peth, Sadasiv Peth *Civil Lines and Kamathipura
*The Mission Orphanage Panch Haud Vernacular School est 1882
*The Free Church Mission for Girls Vernacular School est 1882 in Aditvar Peth
*The Bene-Israel Girls Vernacular School in Rastya Peth est 1882
*The 'posher' schools in Poona in the 1940s : Protestant schools were Bishops School for boys and St Marys School for girls. Both these were adjacent to St Mary's Anglican Church; Catholic Schools were the Convent of Jesus and Mary for girls and St VIncents for boys. Both were adjacent to St Xaviers Church.<ref>Taylor, Rosemary. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929040046/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/1315599/ Public schools in India] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 10 March 2011, archived.</ref>

==Hospitals==
In addition to the Sansoon General Hospital, Roman Catholic Orphanage, Charitable Infirmary, St Margaret’s Hospital, St Johns Hospital, and Leper Hospital,there were 10 dispenseries in Poona.

==Churches==
[[Image:Poona StPauls Church.jpg|thumb|right|200px|St Paul's Church]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary's_Church,_Pune St Mary’s Church] est 1825 originally, mainly for the officers and soldiers of the British, along with their families located in the military cantonment (the latter also known as the camp).
*Christ Church opened by Scottish Missionaries 1831
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick's_Cathedral,_Poona St.Patrick's Cathedral] est 1850
*Church of the Immaculate Conception, est 1854
*St.Xavier's Church est 1864
*The St.Andrew's Church est 1864, was built to cater to the British Army personnel and their families belonging to the Church of Scotland. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0HuDaIDGD0 St.Andrew's Church,Khadki,Pune] You Tube. Baptism and Marriage registers are now wth St Andrew's Church, [[Calcutta#Churches and missions|Calcutta]]
*All Saints Church est 1869 (Birth, Death, Marriage and Baptism registers are all available since 1869) a military church at the Kirkee cantonment
*Methodist Marathi Church est 1872.
*The Church Of The Holy Name est 1885
*Ghorpuri Garrison Church, est 1890, now known as St.John's Telugu Church
*St Matthew's Tamil Curch est1893
*Jewish Synagogue
*United Free Church
*St Paul's Church

==Cemeteries==
[[Image:DSC 0295.jpeg|300px|thumb| St Sepulchre Cemetery (East Gate), Poona 2011]]
*Sangam (near the old Residency)
*St Pauls Church
*East Street (This cemetery has now disappeared <ref>[https://rahulajmera.com/blog/youve-been-shopping-on-a-graveyard/ You've Been Shopping on a Graveyard] by Rahul Ajmera </ref>)
*Kirkee close to the rifle butts
*Sholapur Road
*Kirkee Memorial for 1,800 servicemen who died in India during the First World War, who are buried in civil and cantonment cemeteries in India and Pakistan
*Kirkee War Cemetery contains 1668 Commonwealth burials from the Second World War - many graves have been reinterred at Kirkee from other sites in western and central India
*St Sepulchre's Cemetery. See FIBIS Resources above for images and transcriptions. Thought to contain both Protestant and Roman Catholic graves.<ref>James, Leslie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929031355/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/4206490/ St Patrick's RC Cathedral Poona] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 20 June 2007, archived.</ref> In the 1980s burial registers were available at the gatehouse<ref>James, Leslie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929040355/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/2240628/ Anybody Heading Down The Family Trail This Holiday???] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 November 2009, archived.</ref>, but at a visit in 2011 these were no longer available, and the East part of the cemetery was a jungle infested with snakes.<ref>Bourne, Edmund
[https://web.archive.org/web/20190929022938/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/785919/ trip to India] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 15 March 2012, archived.</ref> Some general cemetery images may be seen [[:Category:Poona cemetery images|here]].

==Newspapers==
European newspapers were the ''Deccan Herald'', and ''Poona Observer''.

== External links ==
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=20&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_187.gif Poona City] Imperial Gazetteer
*[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/POL_PRE/POONA_or_PUNA.html| Poona] Encyclopedia.org 1911
*[http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/495 ''Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries''] by Wayne Thomas Mullen. Sydney University Digital Theses 26 March 2006. A thesis which is “structured around the analysis of a model that describes the Cantonment, the Civil Lines, the Sadr Bazar and part of the Native City of the Western Indian settlement of Poona in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries”
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190117002842/http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/status/christ/christ.shtml "Churches"] ''virtualpune: churches'', now an archived webpage.
*St Mary’s Church Pune website, archived, includes [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929042007/http://stmaryschurchpune.in/history/ History] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929042032/http://stmaryschurchpune.in/archives/ Archives] with details of graves and memorials. This church is now part of the Church of North India.
*[http://www.smspune.com/?page_id=1157 St Mary’s School, Pune] Established in 1866, the School was run until 1977 by the Sisters of the Community of St. Mary the Virgin, an Anglican order based in Wantage, England. The abbreviation Sr C S M V was used. Also see [[Nurse#Religious Orders|Nurse-Religious Orders]] for brief details of this order.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101222021523/http://www.veritas.ie/Books/Social_Issues/General-j/The_Curious_Mind/9781847302007/details3.aspx An Indian Boyhood: Spike Milligan recalls growing up in India in the 1920s] including Poona. (scroll down) veritas.ie archived webpage. His father was a sergeant in the British Army.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210318090833/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1386241/Spike-Milligan.html Spike Milligan [Obituary<nowiki>]</nowiki>] 28 February 2002 ''The Telegraph'', archived.
*Wikipedia article [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapekar_brothers Chapekar brothers] gives details of the 1896-1897 bubonic plague epidemic in Poona, and the murder of W C Rand, I. C. S, Chairman of the Special Plague Committee
*[http://www.25thlondon.com/hpalbum/148_-_Poona_Post_Office.html Photograph: Poona Post Office] c 1918 25thlondon.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014
*[http://www.25thlondon.com/hpalbum/151_-_Poona_-_Willingdon_Soldiers_club.html Photograph: Poona - Willingdon Soldiers club] c 1918 25thlondon.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/38811045@N04/ Photographs: Kirkee War Cemetery] includes Memorial panels. Taken July 4, 2005 by Paul C A Nixon. Flickr.com
*[http://www.slideshare.net/avinash15/old-pune-2 Slideshow of photographs : Old Pune] by Avinash Bhondwe. slideshare.net. Retrieved 29 August 2014. The photographs are listed by number (scroll down the webpage)- enter the number in the relevant box, and click on Enter on your computer. Click the icon beside the number box to enlarge. Includes
**St Mary’s Church, Pune 176, 178-182, 292; Poster for Poona Races 609
*[http://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Stations-P.htm#Poona RAF Poona] rafweb.org (retrieved 1 July 2014)
====Historical Books Online====
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=SD1cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA21 Poonah January 1840] page 21 ''The Diary of Sergeant William Hall, …, late of Her Majesty’s Forty-First Regiment, containing The Incidents connected with two years campaign in Scinde and Affghanistan during the late War''. c 1848 Google Books
*[https://archive.org/stream/b21452404#page/446/mode/2up Poona and Kirkee] page 447 ''Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Sanitary State of the Army in India : with Abstract of Evidence, and of Reports Received from Indian Military Stations'' 1864 Archive.org
*''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency'' Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924070623677#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 18, Part 1, Poona] 1885
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924070623685#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 18, Part 2, Poona] 1885
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/gazetteer13pregoog Volume 18, Part 3, Poona] 1885
*[https://archive.org/details/ourtroublesinpoo00crawrich/page/n7 ''Our Troubles in Poona and the Deccan''] by Arthur Crawford 1897 Archive.org. There was a 1987 edition of what appears to be this book published in India with the title page ''History of Poona and Deccan in a perspective'' by Archur Crawford, [https://archive.org/details/historyofpoonade0000craw/page/n5 Archive.org Lending Library]
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ Poona] ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'' 1908 Digital South Asia Library
*[http://archive.org/stream/handbooktravelle00john#page/342/mode/2up "Map of Poona and Kirkee"] between pages 342 and 343, ''A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon'' published by John Murray, London Eighth Edition 1911 Archive.org.
*''Poona Directory and Guide 1904 '' (Times of India), "Corrected to 15 June 1904" [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83767 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/n13/mode/2up ''The Poona Guide and Directory''] 1922 Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/2/mode/2up Poona Cantonment], page 2
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/42/mode/2up Officers in the Poona Rifles], page 43
*[https://archive.org/stream/fliesinrelationt00grah#page/138/mode/2up Page 139] ''Flies in Relation to Disease: non-bloodsucking flies'' by G. S. Graham- Smith. 1913 Archive.org. There is a description of the “place where the sewage of Poona was deposited” c 1905 and the connection with enteric (which includes typhoid) fever.
*[https://archive.org/details/LocalHistoryOfPoona '' A Local History Of Poona and its Battlefields''] by Colonel L W Shakespear (AQMG 6th Poona Division). 1916 Archive.org

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Locations]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Bombay Presidency]]

Poona

2026-04-29T06:44:08Z

Lee: remove broken link

{{Locations_Infobox
|presidency= [[Bombay]]
|image= St Patricks RC Church Poona.jpg
|coordinates= [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=18.53,73.85&spn=0.1,0.1&q=18.53,73.85 18.520469°N, 73.85662°E]
|altitude= 560 m (1,837 ft)
|presentname= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poona Pune]
|stateprovince= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra Maharashtra]
|country= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India]
|transport= [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]<br>[[Southern Mahratta Railway]]
}}
{{Places of Interest|title=Poona|name=Poona |link=https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=211401480495186034184.0004d2ca7085a745dbddd&msa=0&ll=18.508602,73.898249&spn=0.004115,0.004334}}
'''Poona''' is a city about 100km south-east of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), which was a popular social retreat for residents of Bombay as well as formerly the largest garrison town in the Deccan for the [[British Army]]. The British comedian, Spike Milligan, spent his childhood there (his father was in the [[Royal Artillery]]<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=-UIBNTzdi6oC&pg=PT16 "Chapter 1: Beginnings"] ''Milligan's Meaning of Life: An Autobiography of Sorts'' by Spike Milligan, edited by Norma Farnes. 2011. Google Books.</ref>). There was also another cantonment nearby, at [[Kirkee]].

Poona was the headquarters of [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_171.gif Poona District] in the Central division of [[Bombay (Presidency)|Bombay Presidency]] during the British period. See [[Bombay Districts]]. It was an important junction where the metre gauge [[Southern Mahratta Railway]] met the broad gauge of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]].

Modern Pune lies on the west side of the Deccan plateau beneath the Western Ghats (Sahyadri mountain range) at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. Known for its textiles and metal working, it is now the sixth largest city in India, with India's largest student population, and site of the ashram of the Orange People (followers of Sri Rajneesh).

== History ==
Poona grew under the Moguls from 1636 as a trade route. Its importance escalated after 1750 when it became the capital of the Marathá Empire, where the Peshwas had their palace.

A battle for Poona in October 1802 between the Peshwa Bajirao II and the Holkars led to the 2nd Anglo-Maratha War.

The British involvement in Poona began after the 1802 Treaty of Bassein - when Peshwā Bjī Rao allowed the English to station a small military force in the town.

After the Peshwas were defeated at the [[Battle of Poona]] on 17/18 November 1817 (aka: Battle of Yeraoda) between the British and the Marathas near Poona in the [[3rd Maratha War]] the city was seized. It was placed under the administration of the Bombay Presidency. The British built a large military cantonment to the east of the city (still used by the Indian Army).

The arrival of the railways opened up communication routes to Bombay, previously constrained by the terrain.

Poona Municipality was established in 1858 and was at one time the "monsoon capital" of the [[Bombay Presidency]].

== Spelling Variants ==
Modern name: Pune<br>
Variants: Puna/Poona/Poonah<br>
[[Image:Western India Club Poona.jpg|300px|thumb|Western India Club, Poona]]

==FIBIS Resources==
*[[:Category:Poona images|Images of Poona]]
*FIBIS database [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=2357&s_id=694 Dhobi Ghat Cemetery, Poona]. Inscriptions have been transcribed from gravestones at the cemetery. Images, (by Mr Rajat Sharma who was commissioned by FIBIS), are also available, which are part of the [https://www.fibis.org/about-2/cemeteries/cemeteries-project/ FIBIS Cemeteries Project], and may be ordered for a modest donation.
*FIBIS database [https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=1465&s_id=694 St Sepulchre Cemetery, Pune] Indexes to miscellaneous donated images, with images
*FIBIS Database [https://search.fibis.org/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=list_sources&source_class=207 Poona District Memorials] Large number of gravestone images - include Holkar, Caldecote and Kirkee War Cemetery Memorials in addition to those listed above.

==English Quarters==
*The Civil Lines
*Stavely Road (from the old city, heading to the Poona Cantonment)
*Poona Cantonment

== Clubs==
*Western India Club - English members
*Deccan Club - mixed Indian and English members
*Sanvarjanik Sabha and Deccan Sabah- Indian members

==Volunteer Regiment==
*[[Poona Rifles]]

==Education==
'''Further Education'''

Poona Sanskrit College 1837 opened and offered a combined Sanskrit and medicine course (linked to Sansoon General Hospital) – under Superintendant: Captain Candy.

Sanskrit and Vernacular College est 1851/52, formed from the amalgamation of Poona’s English and Venacular schools, later it became the Deccan Arts College 1857, with an affiliation to Bombay University 1860.

The Engineering College was founded 1865 and was affiliated to Bombay University (its creation is contemporary with the construction of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway) Later (1880) it was known as the College for Science . It educated staff for the Public Works Department. Courses were offered in: Civil Engineering, Agriculture, Forestry, plus apprentice training.

Political activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak and local citizens founded The Deccan Education Society est 1884, and were responsible for founding Fergusson College, a law school, in 1885.

'''Schools'''

Supplementing native sanskrit schools, Government Schools opened in 1826 to teach vernacular, initially under control of Mr Jervis. Numbers increased to 3 Government Schools in Poona by 1847, and 23 by 1883 (many other existed in the greater Poona district). They comprised:

*High School 1
*Anglo-Vernacular 2
*Vernacular 18
*Teacher Training schools 2 (male est: 1857, female est: 1870)

In addition there were 45 Private schools, including:

*The Free Church Mission School for Girls est 1850 in the camp
*The Convent High School for Girls est 1860
*Bishops High School, est1864
*The Pensioner's Middle Class School for boys and girls est 1864
*Free Church Mission Institute est 1866
*Poona Native Institution est 1866
*St Vincent Roman Catholic High School est 1867 includes anglo-indian section,
*St Mary’s Girls High School est 1867
*St Anne’s Middle Class School for Girls est 1873
*The Victoria Girls High School est 1876
*The Free Church Mission School for Boys est 1876 in Aditvar Peth
*The Conference Middle Class School est 1879
*The Mission Orphanage and Christian Boys Middle Class School est 1879
*The New English School est 1880
*The Scottish Girls High School est 1882
*The Zanana Mission Anglo-Vernacular School for Girls est 1882 in Sukravar Peth, Sadasiv Peth *Civil Lines and Kamathipura
*The Mission Orphanage Panch Haud Vernacular School est 1882
*The Free Church Mission for Girls Vernacular School est 1882 in Aditvar Peth
*The Bene-Israel Girls Vernacular School in Rastya Peth est 1882
*The 'posher' schools in Poona in the 1940s : Protestant schools were Bishops School for boys and St Marys School for girls. Both these were adjacent to St Mary's Anglican Church; Catholic Schools were the Convent of Jesus and Mary for girls and St VIncents for boys. Both were adjacent to St Xaviers Church.<ref>Taylor, Rosemary. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929040046/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/1315599/ Public schools in India] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 10 March 2011, archived.</ref>

==Hospitals==
In addition to the Sansoon General Hospital, Roman Catholic Orphanage, Charitable Infirmary, St Margaret’s Hospital, St Johns Hospital, and Leper Hospital,there were 10 dispenseries in Poona.

==Churches==
[[Image:Poona StPauls Church.jpg|thumb|right|200px|St Paul's Church]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary's_Church,_Pune St Mary’s Church] est 1825 originally, mainly for the officers and soldiers of the British, along with their families located in the military cantonment (the latter also known as the camp).
*Christ Church opened by Scottish Missionaries 1831
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick's_Cathedral,_Poona St.Patrick's Cathedral] est 1850
*Church of the Immaculate Conception, est 1854
*St.Xavier's Church est 1864
*The St.Andrew's Church est 1864, was built to cater to the British Army personnel and their families belonging to the Church of Scotland. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0HuDaIDGD0 St.Andrew's Church,Khadki,Pune] You Tube. Baptism and Marriage registers are now wth St Andrew's Church, [[Calcutta#Churches and missions|Calcutta]]
*All Saints Church est 1869 (Birth, Death, Marriage and Baptism registers are all available since 1869) a military church at the Kirkee cantonment
*Methodist Marathi Church est 1872.
*The Church Of The Holy Name est 1885
*Ghorpuri Garrison Church, est 1890, now known as St.John's Telugu Church
*St Matthew's Tamil Curch est1893
*Jewish Synagogue
*United Free Church
*St Paul's Church

==Cemeteries==
[[Image:DSC 0295.jpeg|300px|thumb| St Sepulchre Cemetery (East Gate), Poona 2011]]
*Sangam (near the old Residency)
*St Pauls Church
*East Street (This cemetery has now disappeared <ref>[https://rahulajmera.com/blog/youve-been-shopping-on-a-graveyard/ You've Been Shopping on a Graveyard] by Rahul Ajmera </ref>)
*Kirkee close to the rifle butts
*Sholapur Road
*Kirkee Memorial for 1,800 servicemen who died in India during the First World War, who are buried in civil and cantonment cemeteries in India and Pakistan
*Kirkee War Cemetery contains 1668 Commonwealth burials from the Second World War - many graves have been reinterred at Kirkee from other sites in western and central India
*St Sepulchre's Cemetery. See FIBIS Resources above for images and transcriptions. Thought to contain both Protestant and Roman Catholic graves.<ref>James, Leslie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929031355/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/4206490/ St Patrick's RC Cathedral Poona] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 20 June 2007, archived.</ref> In the 1980s burial registers were available at the gatehouse<ref>James, Leslie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929040355/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/2240628/ Anybody Heading Down The Family Trail This Holiday???] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 November 2009, archived.</ref>, but at a visit in 2011 these were no longer available, and the East part of the cemetery was a jungle infested with snakes.<ref>Bourne, Edmund
[https://web.archive.org/web/20190929022938/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/785919/ trip to India] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 15 March 2012, archived.</ref> Some general cemetery images may be seen [[:Category:Poona cemetery images|here]].

==Newspapers==
European newspapers were the ''Deccan Herald'', and ''Poona Observer''.

== External links ==
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=20&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_187.gif Poona City] Imperial Gazetteer
*[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/POL_PRE/POONA_or_PUNA.html| Poona] Encyclopedia.org 1911
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/ourtroublesinpoo00crawuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Our Troubles in Poona and the Deccan] A Crawford 1897. A colourful account of local characters and their relationships with the English
*[http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/495 ''Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries''] by Wayne Thomas Mullen. Sydney University Digital Theses 26 March 2006. A thesis which is “structured around the analysis of a model that describes the Cantonment, the Civil Lines, the Sadr Bazar and part of the Native City of the Western Indian settlement of Poona in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries”
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190117002842/http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/status/christ/christ.shtml "Churches"] ''virtualpune: churches'', now an archived webpage.
*St Mary’s Church Pune website, archived, includes [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929042007/http://stmaryschurchpune.in/history/ History] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929042032/http://stmaryschurchpune.in/archives/ Archives] with details of graves and memorials. This church is now part of the Church of North India.
*[http://www.smspune.com/?page_id=1157 St Mary’s School, Pune] Established in 1866, the School was run until 1977 by the Sisters of the Community of St. Mary the Virgin, an Anglican order based in Wantage, England. The abbreviation Sr C S M V was used. Also see [[Nurse#Religious Orders|Nurse-Religious Orders]] for brief details of this order.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101222021523/http://www.veritas.ie/Books/Social_Issues/General-j/The_Curious_Mind/9781847302007/details3.aspx An Indian Boyhood: Spike Milligan recalls growing up in India in the 1920s] including Poona. (scroll down) veritas.ie archived webpage. His father was a sergeant in the British Army.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210318090833/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1386241/Spike-Milligan.html Spike Milligan [Obituary<nowiki>]</nowiki>] 28 February 2002 ''The Telegraph'', archived.
*Wikipedia article [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapekar_brothers Chapekar brothers] gives details of the 1896-1897 bubonic plague epidemic in Poona, and the murder of W C Rand, I. C. S, Chairman of the Special Plague Committee
*[http://www.25thlondon.com/hpalbum/148_-_Poona_Post_Office.html Photograph: Poona Post Office] c 1918 25thlondon.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014
*[http://www.25thlondon.com/hpalbum/151_-_Poona_-_Willingdon_Soldiers_club.html Photograph: Poona - Willingdon Soldiers club] c 1918 25thlondon.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/38811045@N04/ Photographs: Kirkee War Cemetery] includes Memorial panels. Taken July 4, 2005 by Paul C A Nixon. Flickr.com
*[http://www.slideshare.net/avinash15/old-pune-2 Slideshow of photographs : Old Pune] by Avinash Bhondwe. slideshare.net. Retrieved 29 August 2014. The photographs are listed by number (scroll down the webpage)- enter the number in the relevant box, and click on Enter on your computer. Click the icon beside the number box to enlarge. Includes
**St Mary’s Church, Pune 176, 178-182, 292; Poster for Poona Races 609
*[http://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Stations-P.htm#Poona RAF Poona] rafweb.org (retrieved 1 July 2014)
====Historical Books Online====
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=SD1cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA21 Poonah January 1840] page 21 ''The Diary of Sergeant William Hall, …, late of Her Majesty’s Forty-First Regiment, containing The Incidents connected with two years campaign in Scinde and Affghanistan during the late War''. c 1848 Google Books
*[https://archive.org/stream/b21452404#page/446/mode/2up Poona and Kirkee] page 447 ''Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Sanitary State of the Army in India : with Abstract of Evidence, and of Reports Received from Indian Military Stations'' 1864 Archive.org
*''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency'' Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924070623677#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 18, Part 1, Poona] 1885
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924070623685#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 18, Part 2, Poona] 1885
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/gazetteer13pregoog Volume 18, Part 3, Poona] 1885
*[https://archive.org/details/ourtroublesinpoo00crawrich/page/n7 ''Our Troubles in Poona and the Deccan''] by Arthur Crawford 1897 Archive.org. There was a 1987 edition of what appears to be this book published in India with the title page ''History of Poona and Deccan in a perspective'' by Archur Crawford, [https://archive.org/details/historyofpoonade0000craw/page/n5 Archive.org Lending Library]
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ Poona] ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'' 1908 Digital South Asia Library
*[http://archive.org/stream/handbooktravelle00john#page/342/mode/2up "Map of Poona and Kirkee"] between pages 342 and 343, ''A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon'' published by John Murray, London Eighth Edition 1911 Archive.org.
*''Poona Directory and Guide 1904 '' (Times of India), "Corrected to 15 June 1904" [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83767 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/n13/mode/2up ''The Poona Guide and Directory''] 1922 Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/2/mode/2up Poona Cantonment], page 2
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/42/mode/2up Officers in the Poona Rifles], page 43
*[https://archive.org/stream/fliesinrelationt00grah#page/138/mode/2up Page 139] ''Flies in Relation to Disease: non-bloodsucking flies'' by G. S. Graham- Smith. 1913 Archive.org. There is a description of the “place where the sewage of Poona was deposited” c 1905 and the connection with enteric (which includes typhoid) fever.
*[https://archive.org/details/LocalHistoryOfPoona '' A Local History Of Poona and its Battlefields''] by Colonel L W Shakespear (AQMG 6th Poona Division). 1916 Archive.org

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Locations]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Bombay Presidency]]

Poona

2026-04-29T06:29:07Z

Lee:

{{Locations_Infobox
|presidency= [[Bombay]]
|image= St Patricks RC Church Poona.jpg
|coordinates= [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=18.53,73.85&spn=0.1,0.1&q=18.53,73.85 18.520469°N, 73.85662°E]
|altitude= 560 m (1,837 ft)
|presentname= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poona Pune]
|stateprovince= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra Maharashtra]
|country= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India]
|transport= [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]<br>[[Southern Mahratta Railway]]
}}
{{Places of Interest|title=Poona|name=Poona |link=https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=211401480495186034184.0004d2ca7085a745dbddd&msa=0&ll=18.508602,73.898249&spn=0.004115,0.004334}}
'''Poona''' is a city about 100km south-east of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), which was a popular social retreat for residents of Bombay as well as formerly the largest garrison town in the Deccan for the [[British Army]]. The British comedian, Spike Milligan, spent his childhood there (his father was in the [[Royal Artillery]]<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=-UIBNTzdi6oC&pg=PT16 "Chapter 1: Beginnings"] ''Milligan's Meaning of Life: An Autobiography of Sorts'' by Spike Milligan, edited by Norma Farnes. 2011. Google Books.</ref>). There was also another cantonment nearby, at [[Kirkee]].

Poona was the headquarters of [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_171.gif Poona District] in the Central division of [[Bombay (Presidency)|Bombay Presidency]] during the British period. See [[Bombay Districts]]. It was an important junction where the metre gauge [[Southern Mahratta Railway]] met the broad gauge of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]].

Modern Pune lies on the west side of the Deccan plateau beneath the Western Ghats (Sahyadri mountain range) at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. Known for its textiles and metal working, it is now the sixth largest city in India, with India's largest student population, and site of the ashram of the Orange People (followers of Sri Rajneesh).

== History ==
Poona grew under the Moguls from 1636 as a trade route. Its importance escalated after 1750 when it became the capital of the Marathá Empire, where the Peshwas had their palace.

A battle for Poona in October 1802 between the Peshwa Bajirao II and the Holkars led to the 2nd Anglo-Maratha War.

The British involvement in Poona began after the 1802 Treaty of Bassein - when Peshwā Bjī Rao allowed the English to station a small military force in the town.

After the Peshwas were defeated at the [[Battle of Poona]] on 17/18 November 1817 (aka: Battle of Yeraoda) between the British and the Marathas near Poona in the [[3rd Maratha War]] the city was seized. It was placed under the administration of the Bombay Presidency. The British built a large military cantonment to the east of the city (still used by the Indian Army).

The arrival of the railways opened up communication routes to Bombay, previously constrained by the terrain.

Poona Municipality was established in 1858 and was at one time the "monsoon capital" of the [[Bombay Presidency]].

== Spelling Variants ==
Modern name: Pune<br>
Variants: Puna/Poona/Poonah<br>
[[Image:Western India Club Poona.jpg|300px|thumb|Western India Club, Poona]]

==FIBIS Resources==
*[[:Category:Poona images|Images of Poona]]
*FIBIS database [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=2357&s_id=694 Dhobi Ghat Cemetery, Poona]. Inscriptions have been transcribed from gravestones at the cemetery. Images, (by Mr Rajat Sharma who was commissioned by FIBIS), are also available, which are part of the [https://www.fibis.org/about-2/cemeteries/cemeteries-project/ FIBIS Cemeteries Project], and may be ordered for a modest donation.
*FIBIS database [https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=1465&s_id=694 St Sepulchre Cemetery, Pune] Indexes to miscellaneous donated images, with images
*FIBIS Database [https://search.fibis.org/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=list_sources&source_class=207 Poona District Memorials] Large number of gravestone images - include Holkar, Caldecote and Kirkee War Cemetery Memorials in addition to those listed above.

==English Quarters==
*The Civil Lines
*Stavely Road (from the old city, heading to the Poona Cantonment)
*Poona Cantonment

== Clubs==
*Western India Club - English members
*Deccan Club - mixed Indian and English members
*Sanvarjanik Sabha and Deccan Sabah- Indian members

==Volunteer Regiment==
*[[Poona Rifles]]

==Education==
'''Further Education'''

Poona Sanskrit College 1837 opened and offered a combined Sanskrit and medicine course (linked to Sansoon General Hospital) – under Superintendant: Captain Candy.

Sanskrit and Vernacular College est 1851/52, formed from the amalgamation of Poona’s English and Venacular schools, later it became the Deccan Arts College 1857, with an affiliation to Bombay University 1860.

The Engineering College was founded 1865 and was affiliated to Bombay University (its creation is contemporary with the construction of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway) Later (1880) it was known as the College for Science . It educated staff for the Public Works Department. Courses were offered in: Civil Engineering, Agriculture, Forestry, plus apprentice training.

Political activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak and local citizens founded The Deccan Education Society est 1884, and were responsible for founding Fergusson College, a law school, in 1885.

'''Schools'''

Supplementing native sanskrit schools, Government Schools opened in 1826 to teach vernacular, initially under control of Mr Jervis. Numbers increased to 3 Government Schools in Poona by 1847, and 23 by 1883 (many other existed in the greater Poona district). They comprised:

*High School 1
*Anglo-Vernacular 2
*Vernacular 18
*Teacher Training schools 2 (male est: 1857, female est: 1870)

In addition there were 45 Private schools, including:

*The Free Church Mission School for Girls est 1850 in the camp
*The Convent High School for Girls est 1860
*Bishops High School, est1864
*The Pensioner's Middle Class School for boys and girls est 1864
*Free Church Mission Institute est 1866
*Poona Native Institution est 1866
*St Vincent Roman Catholic High School est 1867 includes anglo-indian section,
*St Mary’s Girls High School est 1867
*St Anne’s Middle Class School for Girls est 1873
*The Victoria Girls High School est 1876
*The Free Church Mission School for Boys est 1876 in Aditvar Peth
*The Conference Middle Class School est 1879
*The Mission Orphanage and Christian Boys Middle Class School est 1879
*The New English School est 1880
*The Scottish Girls High School est 1882
*The Zanana Mission Anglo-Vernacular School for Girls est 1882 in Sukravar Peth, Sadasiv Peth *Civil Lines and Kamathipura
*The Mission Orphanage Panch Haud Vernacular School est 1882
*The Free Church Mission for Girls Vernacular School est 1882 in Aditvar Peth
*The Bene-Israel Girls Vernacular School in Rastya Peth est 1882
*The 'posher' schools in Poona in the 1940s : Protestant schools were Bishops School for boys and St Marys School for girls. Both these were adjacent to St Mary's Anglican Church; Catholic Schools were the Convent of Jesus and Mary for girls and St VIncents for boys. Both were adjacent to St Xaviers Church.<ref>Taylor, Rosemary. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929040046/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/1315599/ Public schools in India] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 10 March 2011, archived.</ref>

==Hospitals==
In addition to the Sansoon General Hospital, Roman Catholic Orphanage, Charitable Infirmary, St Margaret’s Hospital, St Johns Hospital, and Leper Hospital,there were 10 dispenseries in Poona.

==Churches==
[[Image:Poona StPauls Church.jpg|thumb|right|200px|St Paul's Church]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary's_Church,_Pune St Mary’s Church] est 1825 originally, mainly for the officers and soldiers of the British, along with their families located in the military cantonment (the latter also known as the camp).
*Christ Church opened by Scottish Missionaries 1831
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick's_Cathedral,_Poona St.Patrick's Cathedral] est 1850
*Church of the Immaculate Conception, est 1854
*St.Xavier's Church est 1864
*The St.Andrew's Church est 1864, was built to cater to the British Army personnel and their families belonging to the Church of Scotland. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0HuDaIDGD0 St.Andrew's Church,Khadki,Pune] You Tube. Baptism and Marriage registers are now wth St Andrew's Church, [[Calcutta#Churches and missions|Calcutta]]
*All Saints Church est 1869 (Birth, Death, Marriage and Baptism registers are all available since 1869) a military church at the Kirkee cantonment
*Methodist Marathi Church est 1872.
*The Church Of The Holy Name est 1885
*Ghorpuri Garrison Church, est 1890, now known as St.John's Telugu Church
*St Matthew's Tamil Curch est1893
*Jewish Synagogue
*United Free Church
*St Paul's Church

==Cemeteries==
[[Image:DSC 0295.jpeg|300px|thumb| St Sepulchre Cemetery (East Gate), Poona 2011]]
*Sangam (near the old Residency)
*St Pauls Church
*East Street (This cemetery has now disappeared <ref>[https://rahulajmera.com/blog/youve-been-shopping-on-a-graveyard/ You've Been Shopping on a Graveyard] by Rahul Ajmera </ref>)
*Kirkee close to the rifle butts
*Sholapur Road
*Kirkee Memorial for 1,800 servicemen who died in India during the First World War, who are buried in civil and cantonment cemeteries in India and Pakistan
*Kirkee War Cemetery contains 1668 Commonwealth burials from the Second World War - many graves have been reinterred at Kirkee from other sites in western and central India
*St Sepulchre's Cemetery. See FIBIS Resources above for images and transcriptions. Thought to contain both Protestant and Roman Catholic graves.<ref>James, Leslie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929031355/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/4206490/ St Patrick's RC Cathedral Poona] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 20 June 2007, archived.</ref> In the 1980s burial registers were available at the gatehouse<ref>James, Leslie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929040355/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/2240628/ Anybody Heading Down The Family Trail This Holiday???] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 November 2009, archived.</ref>, but at a visit in 2011 these were no longer available, and the East part of the cemetery was a jungle infested with snakes.<ref>Bourne, Edmund
[https://web.archive.org/web/20190929022938/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/785919/ trip to India] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 15 March 2012, archived.</ref> Some general cemetery images may be seen [[:Category:Poona cemetery images|here]].

==Newspapers==
European newspapers were the ''Deccan Herald'', and ''Poona Observer''.

== External links ==
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=20&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_187.gif Poona City] Imperial Gazetteer
*[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/POL_PRE/POONA_or_PUNA.html| Poona] Encyclopedia.org 1911
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/ourtroublesinpoo00crawuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Our Troubles in Poona and the Deccan] A Crawford 1897. A colourful account of local characters and their relationships with the English
*[http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/495 ''Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries''] by Wayne Thomas Mullen. Sydney University Digital Theses 26 March 2006. A thesis which is “structured around the analysis of a model that describes the Cantonment, the Civil Lines, the Sadr Bazar and part of the Native City of the Western Indian settlement of Poona in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries”
*[http://www.punediary.com/html/churches.html "Churches"] ''punediary: churches''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190117002842/http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/status/christ/christ.shtml "Churches"] ''virtualpune: churches'', now an archived webpage.
*[http://www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_details.aspx?cemetery=146500&mode=1 "Commonwealth War Graves in Poona"]
*St Mary’s Church Pune website, archived, includes [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929042007/http://stmaryschurchpune.in/history/ History] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929042032/http://stmaryschurchpune.in/archives/ Archives] with details of graves and memorials. This church is now part of the Church of North India.
*[http://www.smspune.com/?page_id=1157 St Mary’s School, Pune] Established in 1866, the School was run until 1977 by the Sisters of the Community of St. Mary the Virgin, an Anglican order based in Wantage, England. The abbreviation Sr C S M V was used. Also see [[Nurse#Religious Orders|Nurse-Religious Orders]] for brief details of this order.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101222021523/http://www.veritas.ie/Books/Social_Issues/General-j/The_Curious_Mind/9781847302007/details3.aspx An Indian Boyhood: Spike Milligan recalls growing up in India in the 1920s] including Poona. (scroll down) veritas.ie archived webpage. His father was a sergeant in the British Army.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210318090833/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1386241/Spike-Milligan.html Spike Milligan [Obituary<nowiki>]</nowiki>] 28 February 2002 ''The Telegraph'', archived.
*Wikipedia article [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapekar_brothers Chapekar brothers] gives details of the 1896-1897 bubonic plague epidemic in Poona, and the murder of W C Rand, I. C. S, Chairman of the Special Plague Committee
*[http://www.deccancollegepune.ac.in/museum_maratha_history.asp Maratha History Museum at the Deccan College, Pune]
*[http://www.25thlondon.com/hpalbum/148_-_Poona_Post_Office.html Photograph: Poona Post Office] c 1918 25thlondon.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014
*[http://www.25thlondon.com/hpalbum/151_-_Poona_-_Willingdon_Soldiers_club.html Photograph: Poona - Willingdon Soldiers club] c 1918 25thlondon.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/38811045@N04/ Photographs: Kirkee War Cemetery] includes Memorial panels. Taken July 4, 2005 by Paul C A Nixon. Flickr.com
*[http://www.slideshare.net/avinash15/old-pune-2 Slideshow of photographs : Old Pune] by Avinash Bhondwe. slideshare.net. Retrieved 29 August 2014. The photographs are listed by number (scroll down the webpage)- enter the number in the relevant box, and click on Enter on your computer. Click the icon beside the number box to enlarge. Includes
**St Mary’s Church, Pune 176, 178-182, 292; Poster for Poona Races 609
*[http://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Stations-P.htm#Poona RAF Poona] rafweb.org (retrieved 1 July 2014)
====Historical Books Online====
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=SD1cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA21 Poonah January 1840] page 21 ''The Diary of Sergeant William Hall, …, late of Her Majesty’s Forty-First Regiment, containing The Incidents connected with two years campaign in Scinde and Affghanistan during the late War''. c 1848 Google Books
*[https://archive.org/stream/b21452404#page/446/mode/2up Poona and Kirkee] page 447 ''Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Sanitary State of the Army in India : with Abstract of Evidence, and of Reports Received from Indian Military Stations'' 1864 Archive.org
*''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency'' Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924070623677#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 18, Part 1, Poona] 1885
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924070623685#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 18, Part 2, Poona] 1885
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/gazetteer13pregoog Volume 18, Part 3, Poona] 1885
*[https://archive.org/details/ourtroublesinpoo00crawrich/page/n7 ''Our Troubles in Poona and the Deccan''] by Arthur Crawford 1897 Archive.org. There was a 1987 edition of what appears to be this book published in India with the title page ''History of Poona and Deccan in a perspective'' by Archur Crawford, [https://archive.org/details/historyofpoonade0000craw/page/n5 Archive.org Lending Library]
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ Poona] ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'' 1908 Digital South Asia Library
*[http://archive.org/stream/handbooktravelle00john#page/342/mode/2up "Map of Poona and Kirkee"] between pages 342 and 343, ''A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon'' published by John Murray, London Eighth Edition 1911 Archive.org.
*''Poona Directory and Guide 1904 '' (Times of India), "Corrected to 15 June 1904" [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83767 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/n13/mode/2up ''The Poona Guide and Directory''] 1922 Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/2/mode/2up Poona Cantonment], page 2
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/42/mode/2up Officers in the Poona Rifles], page 43
*[https://archive.org/stream/fliesinrelationt00grah#page/138/mode/2up Page 139] ''Flies in Relation to Disease: non-bloodsucking flies'' by G. S. Graham- Smith. 1913 Archive.org. There is a description of the “place where the sewage of Poona was deposited” c 1905 and the connection with enteric (which includes typhoid) fever.
*[https://archive.org/details/LocalHistoryOfPoona '' A Local History Of Poona and its Battlefields''] by Colonel L W Shakespear (AQMG 6th Poona Division). 1916 Archive.org

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Locations]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Bombay Presidency]]

Poona

2026-04-25T13:21:25Z

Lee:

{{Locations_Infobox
|presidency= [[Bombay]]
|image= St Patricks RC Church Poona.jpg
|coordinates= [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=18.53,73.85&spn=0.1,0.1&q=18.53,73.85 18.520469°N, 73.85662°E]
|altitude= 560 m (1,837 ft)
|presentname= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poona Pune]
|stateprovince= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra Maharashtra]
|country= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India]
|transport= [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]<br>[[Southern Mahratta Railway]]
}}
{{Places of Interest|title=Poona|name=Poona |link=https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msid=211401480495186034184.0004d2ca7085a745dbddd&msa=0&ll=18.508602,73.898249&spn=0.004115,0.004334}}
'''Poona''' is a city about 100km south-east of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), which was a popular social retreat for residents of Bombay as well as formerly the largest garrison town in the Deccan for the [[British Army]]. The British comedian, Spike Milligan, spent his childhood there (his father was in the [[Royal Artillery]]<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=-UIBNTzdi6oC&pg=PT16 "Chapter 1: Beginnings"] ''Milligan's Meaning of Life: An Autobiography of Sorts'' by Spike Milligan, edited by Norma Farnes. 2011. Google Books.</ref>). There was also another cantonment nearby, at [[Kirkee]].

Poona was the headquarters of [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_171.gif Poona District] in the Central division of [[Bombay (Presidency)|Bombay Presidency]] during the British period. See [[Bombay Districts]]. It was an important junction where the metre gauge [[Southern Mahratta Railway]] met the broad gauge of the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]].

Modern Pune lies on the west side of the Deccan plateau beneath the Western Ghats (Sahyadri mountain range) at the confluence of the Mula and Mutha rivers. Known for its textiles and metal working, it is now the sixth largest city in India, with India's largest student population, and site of the ashram of the Orange People (followers of Sri Rajneesh).

== History ==
Poona grew under the Moguls from 1636 as a trade route. Its importance escalated after 1750 when it became the capital of the Marathá Empire, where the Peshwas had their palace.

A battle for Poona in October 1802 between the Peshwa Bajirao II and the Holkars led to the 2nd Anglo-Maratha War.

The British involvement in Poona began after the 1802 Treaty of Bassein - when Peshwā Bjī Rao allowed the English to station a small military force in the town.

After the Peshwas were defeated at the [[Battle of Poona]] on 17/18 November 1817 (aka: Battle of Yeraoda) between the British and the Marathas near Poona in the [[3rd Maratha War]] the city was seized. It was placed under the administration of the Bombay Presidency. The British built a large military cantonment to the east of the city (still used by the Indian Army).

The arrival of the railways opened up communication routes to Bombay, previously constrained by the terrain.

Poona Municipality was established in 1858 and was at one time the "monsoon capital" of the [[Bombay Presidency]].

== Spelling Variants ==
Modern name: Pune<br>
Variants: Puna/Poona/Poonah<br>
[[Image:Western India Club Poona.jpg|300px|thumb|Western India Club, Poona]]

==FIBIS Resources==
*[[:Category:Poona images|Images of Poona]]
*FIBIS database [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=2357&s_id=694 Dhobi Ghat Cemetery, Poona]. Inscriptions have been transcribed from gravestones at the cemetery. Images, (by Mr Rajat Sharma who was commissioned by FIBIS), are also available, which are part of the [https://www.fibis.org/about-2/cemeteries/cemeteries-project/ FIBIS Cemeteries Project], and may be ordered for a modest donation.
*FIBIS database [https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=1465&s_id=694 St Sepulchre Cemetery, Pune] Indexes to miscellaneous donated images, with images

==English Quarters==
*The Civil Lines
*Stavely Road (from the old city, heading to the Poona Cantonment)
*Poona Cantonment

== Clubs==
*Western India Club - English members
*Deccan Club - mixed Indian and English members
*Sanvarjanik Sabha and Deccan Sabah- Indian members

==Volunteer Regiment==
*[[Poona Rifles]]

==Education==
'''Further Education'''

Poona Sanskrit College 1837 opened and offered a combined Sanskrit and medicine course (linked to Sansoon General Hospital) – under Superintendant: Captain Candy.

Sanskrit and Vernacular College est 1851/52, formed from the amalgamation of Poona’s English and Venacular schools, later it became the Deccan Arts College 1857, with an affiliation to Bombay University 1860.

The Engineering College was founded 1865 and was affiliated to Bombay University (its creation is contemporary with the construction of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway) Later (1880) it was known as the College for Science . It educated staff for the Public Works Department. Courses were offered in: Civil Engineering, Agriculture, Forestry, plus apprentice training.

Political activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak and local citizens founded The Deccan Education Society est 1884, and were responsible for founding Fergusson College, a law school, in 1885.

'''Schools'''

Supplementing native sanskrit schools, Government Schools opened in 1826 to teach vernacular, initially under control of Mr Jervis. Numbers increased to 3 Government Schools in Poona by 1847, and 23 by 1883 (many other existed in the greater Poona district). They comprised:

*High School 1
*Anglo-Vernacular 2
*Vernacular 18
*Teacher Training schools 2 (male est: 1857, female est: 1870)

In addition there were 45 Private schools, including:

*The Free Church Mission School for Girls est 1850 in the camp
*The Convent High School for Girls est 1860
*Bishops High School, est1864
*The Pensioner's Middle Class School for boys and girls est 1864
*Free Church Mission Institute est 1866
*Poona Native Institution est 1866
*St Vincent Roman Catholic High School est 1867 includes anglo-indian section,
*St Mary’s Girls High School est 1867
*St Anne’s Middle Class School for Girls est 1873
*The Victoria Girls High School est 1876
*The Free Church Mission School for Boys est 1876 in Aditvar Peth
*The Conference Middle Class School est 1879
*The Mission Orphanage and Christian Boys Middle Class School est 1879
*The New English School est 1880
*The Scottish Girls High School est 1882
*The Zanana Mission Anglo-Vernacular School for Girls est 1882 in Sukravar Peth, Sadasiv Peth *Civil Lines and Kamathipura
*The Mission Orphanage Panch Haud Vernacular School est 1882
*The Free Church Mission for Girls Vernacular School est 1882 in Aditvar Peth
*The Bene-Israel Girls Vernacular School in Rastya Peth est 1882
*The 'posher' schools in Poona in the 1940s : Protestant schools were Bishops School for boys and St Marys School for girls. Both these were adjacent to St Mary's Anglican Church; Catholic Schools were the Convent of Jesus and Mary for girls and St VIncents for boys. Both were adjacent to St Xaviers Church.<ref>Taylor, Rosemary. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929040046/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/1315599/ Public schools in India] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 10 March 2011, archived.</ref>

==Hospitals==
In addition to the Sansoon General Hospital, Roman Catholic Orphanage, Charitable Infirmary, St Margaret’s Hospital, St Johns Hospital, and Leper Hospital,there were 10 dispenseries in Poona.

==Churches==
[[Image:Poona StPauls Church.jpg|thumb|right|200px|St Paul's Church]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary's_Church,_Pune St Mary’s Church] est 1825 originally, mainly for the officers and soldiers of the British, along with their families located in the military cantonment (the latter also known as the camp).
*Christ Church opened by Scottish Missionaries 1831
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick's_Cathedral,_Poona St.Patrick's Cathedral] est 1850
*Church of the Immaculate Conception, est 1854
*St.Xavier's Church est 1864
*The St.Andrew's Church est 1864, was built to cater to the British Army personnel and their families belonging to the Church of Scotland. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0HuDaIDGD0 St.Andrew's Church,Khadki,Pune] You Tube. Baptism and Marriage registers are now wth St Andrew's Church, [[Calcutta#Churches and missions|Calcutta]]
*All Saints Church est 1869 (Birth, Death, Marriage and Baptism registers are all available since 1869) a military church at the Kirkee cantonment
*Methodist Marathi Church est 1872.
*The Church Of The Holy Name est 1885
*Ghorpuri Garrison Church, est 1890, now known as St.John's Telugu Church
*St Matthew's Tamil Curch est1893
*Jewish Synagogue
*United Free Church
*St Paul's Church

==Cemeteries==
[[Image:DSC 0295.jpeg|300px|thumb| St Sepulchre Cemetery (East Gate), Poona 2011]]
*Sangam (near the old Residency)
*St Pauls Church
*East Street (This cemetery has now disappeared <ref>[https://rahulajmera.com/blog/youve-been-shopping-on-a-graveyard/ You've Been Shopping on a Graveyard] by Rahul Ajmera </ref>)
*Kirkee close to the rifle butts
*Sholapur Road
*Kirkee Memorial for 1,800 servicemen who died in India during the First World War, who are buried in civil and cantonment cemeteries in India and Pakistan
*Kirkee War Cemetery contains 1668 Commonwealth burials from the Second World War - many graves have been reinterred at Kirkee from other sites in western and central India
*St Sepulchre's Cemetery. See FIBIS Resources above for images and transcriptions. Thought to contain both Protestant and Roman Catholic graves.<ref>James, Leslie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929031355/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/4206490/ St Patrick's RC Cathedral Poona] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 20 June 2007, archived.</ref> In the 1980s burial registers were available at the gatehouse<ref>James, Leslie. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929040355/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/2240628/ Anybody Heading Down The Family Trail This Holiday???] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 November 2009, archived.</ref>, but at a visit in 2011 these were no longer available, and the East part of the cemetery was a jungle infested with snakes.<ref>Bourne, Edmund
[https://web.archive.org/web/20190929022938/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/785919/ trip to India] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 15 March 2012, archived.</ref> Some general cemetery images may be seen [[:Category:Poona cemetery images|here]].

==Newspapers==
European newspapers were the ''Deccan Herald'', and ''Poona Observer''.

== External links ==
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=20&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_187.gif Poona City] Imperial Gazetteer
*[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/POL_PRE/POONA_or_PUNA.html| Poona] Encyclopedia.org 1911
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/ourtroublesinpoo00crawuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Our Troubles in Poona and the Deccan] A Crawford 1897. A colourful account of local characters and their relationships with the English
*[http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/495 ''Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries''] by Wayne Thomas Mullen. Sydney University Digital Theses 26 March 2006. A thesis which is “structured around the analysis of a model that describes the Cantonment, the Civil Lines, the Sadr Bazar and part of the Native City of the Western Indian settlement of Poona in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries”
*[http://www.punediary.com/html/churches.html "Churches"] ''punediary: churches''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190117002842/http://www.virtualpune.com/html/channel/status/christ/christ.shtml "Churches"] ''virtualpune: churches'', now an archived webpage.
*[http://www.cwgc.org/search/cemetery_details.aspx?cemetery=146500&mode=1 "Commonwealth War Graves in Poona"]
*St Mary’s Church Pune website, archived, includes [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929042007/http://stmaryschurchpune.in/history/ History] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20190929042032/http://stmaryschurchpune.in/archives/ Archives] with details of graves and memorials. This church is now part of the Church of North India.
*[http://www.smspune.com/?page_id=1157 St Mary’s School, Pune] Established in 1866, the School was run until 1977 by the Sisters of the Community of St. Mary the Virgin, an Anglican order based in Wantage, England. The abbreviation Sr C S M V was used. Also see [[Nurse#Religious Orders|Nurse-Religious Orders]] for brief details of this order.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101222021523/http://www.veritas.ie/Books/Social_Issues/General-j/The_Curious_Mind/9781847302007/details3.aspx An Indian Boyhood: Spike Milligan recalls growing up in India in the 1920s] including Poona. (scroll down) veritas.ie archived webpage. His father was a sergeant in the British Army.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20210318090833/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1386241/Spike-Milligan.html Spike Milligan [Obituary<nowiki>]</nowiki>] 28 February 2002 ''The Telegraph'', archived.
*Wikipedia article [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapekar_brothers Chapekar brothers] gives details of the 1896-1897 bubonic plague epidemic in Poona, and the murder of W C Rand, I. C. S, Chairman of the Special Plague Committee
*[http://www.deccancollegepune.ac.in/museum_maratha_history.asp Maratha History Museum at the Deccan College, Pune]
*[http://www.25thlondon.com/hpalbum/148_-_Poona_Post_Office.html Photograph: Poona Post Office] c 1918 25thlondon.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014
*[http://www.25thlondon.com/hpalbum/151_-_Poona_-_Willingdon_Soldiers_club.html Photograph: Poona - Willingdon Soldiers club] c 1918 25thlondon.com. Retrieved 25 August 2014
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/38811045@N04/ Photographs: Kirkee War Cemetery] includes Memorial panels. Taken July 4, 2005 by Paul C A Nixon. Flickr.com
*[http://www.slideshare.net/avinash15/old-pune-2 Slideshow of photographs : Old Pune] by Avinash Bhondwe. slideshare.net. Retrieved 29 August 2014. The photographs are listed by number (scroll down the webpage)- enter the number in the relevant box, and click on Enter on your computer. Click the icon beside the number box to enlarge. Includes
**St Mary’s Church, Pune 176, 178-182, 292; Poster for Poona Races 609
*[http://www.rafweb.org/Stations/Stations-P.htm#Poona RAF Poona] rafweb.org (retrieved 1 July 2014)
====Historical Books Online====
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=SD1cAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA21 Poonah January 1840] page 21 ''The Diary of Sergeant William Hall, …, late of Her Majesty’s Forty-First Regiment, containing The Incidents connected with two years campaign in Scinde and Affghanistan during the late War''. c 1848 Google Books
*[https://archive.org/stream/b21452404#page/446/mode/2up Poona and Kirkee] page 447 ''Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Sanitary State of the Army in India : with Abstract of Evidence, and of Reports Received from Indian Military Stations'' 1864 Archive.org
*''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency'' Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924070623677#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 18, Part 1, Poona] 1885
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924070623685#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 18, Part 2, Poona] 1885
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/gazetteer13pregoog Volume 18, Part 3, Poona] 1885
*[https://archive.org/details/ourtroublesinpoo00crawrich/page/n7 ''Our Troubles in Poona and the Deccan''] by Arthur Crawford 1897 Archive.org. There was a 1987 edition of what appears to be this book published in India with the title page ''History of Poona and Deccan in a perspective'' by Archur Crawford, [https://archive.org/details/historyofpoonade0000craw/page/n5 Archive.org Lending Library]
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ Poona] ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India'' 1908 Digital South Asia Library
*[http://archive.org/stream/handbooktravelle00john#page/342/mode/2up "Map of Poona and Kirkee"] between pages 342 and 343, ''A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma, and Ceylon'' published by John Murray, London Eighth Edition 1911 Archive.org.
*''Poona Directory and Guide 1904 '' (Times of India), "Corrected to 15 June 1904" [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83767 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/n13/mode/2up ''The Poona Guide and Directory''] 1922 Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/2/mode/2up Poona Cantonment], page 2
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/poonaguidedirect00poon#page/42/mode/2up Officers in the Poona Rifles], page 43
*[https://archive.org/stream/fliesinrelationt00grah#page/138/mode/2up Page 139] ''Flies in Relation to Disease: non-bloodsucking flies'' by G. S. Graham- Smith. 1913 Archive.org. There is a description of the “place where the sewage of Poona was deposited” c 1905 and the connection with enteric (which includes typhoid) fever.
*[https://archive.org/details/LocalHistoryOfPoona '' A Local History Of Poona and its Battlefields''] by Colonel L W Shakespear (AQMG 6th Poona Division). 1916 Archive.org

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Locations]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Bombay Presidency]]

32nd Regiment of Foot

2026-04-24T22:02:46Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:cornwall.gif|right]]
For a list of all Corporals in the Regiment in 1888, see the [[#Adjutant’s Roll 1888|Adjutant’s Roll]]. For a list of married Sergeants and Corporals, see the [[#Married Roll 1889|Married Roll]].

== Chronology ==
*'''1702''' raised as Fox's Regiment of Marines
*'''1751''' became 32nd Regiment of Foot
*'''1782''' became 32nd (The Cornwall) Regiment of Foot
*'''1858''' became the 32nd (Cornwall) Light Infantry
*'''1881''' amalgamated with the [[46th Regiment of Foot]] to become 1st Battalion, The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry
*'''1959''' merged to become part of the Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry
*'''1968''' amalgamated with the three other regiments of the Light Infantry Brigade to form The Light Infantry

==Service in India==
=== 1847-1859===
In 1847 the regiment were in [[Meerut]] and were involved in the [[2nd Sikh War]] (1848-49).

At the outbreak of the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857 the 32nd (The Cornwall) Regiment was stationed at [[Lucknow]] except for 30 men who were at Cawnpore. They were part of the [[Siege of Lucknow]] from 30 May until the final relief by [[Colin Campbell|Sir Colin Campbell]] on 27 November. They lost 15 officers and 364 other ranks dead and 11 officers and 198 other ranks wounded. The regiment won four Victoria Crosses for gallantry during the siege:
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Oxenham Cpl William Oxenham] 30 June
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dowling_(VC) Pte William Dowling] 4 July, 9 July and 27 September
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hill_Lawrence Lieut Samuel Hill Lawrence] 7 July and 26 September
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_George_Gore-Browne Capt Henry George Gore-Browne] 21 August

=== 1888-1901===
During 1884, The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (DCLI) was stationed at Dublin, where its men would be sent after four months training at the newly-built depot at Bodmin, Cornwall. The Regimental Museum has photographs of all the recruits of the time, but unfortunately, they are not named. In 1885, the First Battalion moved to Malta, and three years later, on 18th February 1888, to India arriving in [[Madras (City)|Madras]] on 7th March.

In 1890, rebellion broke out in [[Burma]], led by a tribe known as the Tsawbaws. The First Battalion was moved to [[Mandalay]], and the following year took part in what became known as the Wunthoo Expedition which successfully quelled the revolt.

It then returned to India, doing garrison duty successively at Pur and [[Roorkee]] (1893), Chakrata and [[Meerut]] (1894) and [[Lucknow]] (1896). In 1897 a campaign was fought on the [[North West Frontier Province|North West Frontier]] in which the battalion took part in the [[Tirah Campaign 1897-98]], seeing active service in Tirah and the Bara Valley.

During the next two years it was stationed at [[Peshawar]], [[Rawalpindi]] and [[Lucknow]] (1898-1899) and [[Calcutta]] and [[Dum Dum]] (1900). In 1901, prisoners of war from [[South Africa]] were shipped over to [[Ceylon]] to hastily constructed camps, and the First Battalion was given the task of guarding them.

=== 1902-1914===
The following year the battalion sailed for South Africa as part of the army of occupation, and was stationed at Stellenbosch (1902), Middleburg and Cape Colony (1903) and Wynberg (1904-05). In 1906, the Battalion returned to England whereit was initially quartered at Crownhill Barracks, Plymouth. From thereit moved to Woolwich (1907), Gravesend (1908-1910) and Tidworth (1911). In 1913 it was back in Ireland in Curragh and they mobilised for war on 5th August, 1914. They took part in every major battle on the Western Front.

==Regimental Museum==
For further information on the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, you could contact the Regimental Museum. Its address is:
:{|The Curator
|-
|Bodmin Keep: Cornwall’s Army Museum
|-
|The Keep
|-
|Bodmin
|-
|Cornwall
|-
|PL31 1EG
|-
|ENGLAND
|-
|Telephone: Bodmin (0208) 72810.
|}

==Nominal rolls==
{{Template:Origin|text=This section was transcribed by Cathy Day of Alice Springs, Central Australia in November, 1998. Cathy's great-grandfather, Job Henry HARMAN, served in the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry from 1882 until he transferred to the East Surrey Regiment in 1895. Job finally retired from military service in 1918 and died the following year.}}
===Adjutant’s Roll 1888 ===
The following is an extract from the Adjutant’s Roll of the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry for 1888 when the regiment was in Madras, India. This brief extract is from a single page of the Roll and contains the names of all Corporals.
{|border="1"
|+
! No. of Soldier !! Name of Soldier !! Rank !! Rate of Good Conduct Pay
|-
| 1527 || Ball H. || Corporal || F
|-
| 380 || Harman Job || Corporal || A
|-
| 381 || Harris Thomas || Corporal || C
|-
| 1833 || Henczenberg William || Corporal || B
|-
| 441 || Hodges C.J. || Corporal || H
|-
| 867 || Hunter A. || Corporal || E
|-
| 1521 || James T. || Corporal || E
|-
| 1740 || Keating J. || Corporal || A
|-
| 1538 || Kelly E.J. || Corporal || E
|-
| 1329 || Liddell W. || Corporal || E
|-
| 1840 || Morris T. || Corporal || D
|-
| 1610 || Ovenden H. || Corporal || D
|-
| 928 || Pester H. || Corporal || D
|-
| 1691 || Sandy W.T. || Corporal || B
|-
| 905 || Tabutt C.J. || Corporal || E
|-
| 240 || Teague J.W. || Corporal || H
|-
| 1247 || Thompson G. || Corporal || H
|-
| 1064 || Webb W. || Corporal || C
|-
| 1185 || White James || Corporal || G
|}

===Married Roll 1889 ===
The following is the Married Roll of the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry for 1889, when the regiment was in Madras, India. This brief extract is from a single page of the Roll and contains the names of Sergeants down to Lance Corproals, with one Private named.

{| border="1"
|+
! No. of Soldier !! Name of Soldier !! Rank !! Name of Wife !! Ages of Children !! Date of Being Placed on Marriage Roll
|-
| 400 || Adair, W. || Private || Annie || 2 yrs 8 mths / 0 yrs 2 mths || 18 Feb 1888
|-
| 1803 || Belt, E.J. || Sgt || Mary Jane || None || 5 Mar 1889
|-
| 2121 || Bradley, E. || Corporal || Sarah Ruth || 2 yrs 7 mths || 10 Jun 1883
|-
| 2148 || Evans, G. || Corporal || Laura || 7 yrs 7 mths / 0 yrs 4 mths || 23 Apr 1880
|-
| 2895 || Fitzwalter, W.F. || Lance Corporal || Eve Winifred || None || Struck Off
|-
| 380 || Harman, J. || Lance Sgt || Sarah Florence || None || 29 May 1889
|-
| 1340 || Hawke, H. || Sgt || Mary Ann || None || 18 Feb 1888
|-
| 1833 || Henczenberg, W. || Lance Sgt || Jane || None || 17 Feb 1888
|-
| 1538 || Kelly, E.J. || Corporal || Kate || 1 yr 9 mths || 22 Jan 1883
|-
| 1308 || Misson, G. || Sgt || Bridget || 4 yrs 4 mths / 2 yrs 4 mths || 7 Dec 1883
|-
| 1629 || Perkins, W. || Sgt || Margaret || None || 30 Jan 1889
|-
| 1851 || Reader, W. || Sgt || Ethel B. || 0 yrs 11 mths || 18 Feb 1888
|-
| 1691 || Sandy, W.T. || Corporal || Elizabeth || None || 18 Feb 1888
|-
| 2114 || Trowell, D. || Sgt || Jane || None || 17 Dec 1881
|-
| 191 || Warren, J.S. || Lance Corporal || Emma Mole [?] || Child born / 27 Mar 1889 || 17 Feb 1888
|}

== External Links ==
*[http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=BLVU1 British Library Catalogue link]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32nd_(Cornwall)_Regiment_of_Foot 32nd (Cornwall) Regiment of Foot] Wikipedia<br>
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall's_Light_Infantry Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry] Wikipedia<br>
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_and_Cornwall_Light_Infantry Somerset & Cornwall Light Infantry] Wikipedia<br>
*[http://www.lightinfantry.org.uk/regiments/dcli/duke_timeline.htm Regimental Timeline] www.lightinfantry.org.uk<br>
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20080113060252/www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/032-702.htm 32nd (Cornwall Light Infantry) Regiment of Foot] including [http://web.archive.org/web/20071221053831/www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/032-1.htm deployments] Regiments.org, an archived site<br>
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20080118040213/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/032DCLI.htm The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry] including deployments: [http://web.archive.org/web/20071221053831/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/032-1.htm 1st Battalion], [http://web.archive.org/web/20071221233605/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/046-1.htm 2nd Battalion] Regiments.org, an archived site
*[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/duke-of-cornwalls-light-infantry/ The Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry 1914-1918] The Long, Long Trail. The 1/4th Battalion and 2/4th Battalion were in [[First World War#British Army Territorial Force troops in India|India as part of the Territorial Force]] 1914-1916 and 1914-1918 respectively.
*[https://bodminkeep.org.uk/museum-history Bodmin Keep: Cornwall’s Army Museum] The former headquarters of the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry.

===Historical books online===
*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OXABAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Four Years' Service in India''] by John Ryder 1853 Google Books. The author was in India 1846-1849. (This title has been reprinted subsequently by Leonaur Publishing as ''A Leicestershire Soldier in the Second Sikh War: Recollections of a Corporal of the 32nd Regiment of Foot in India 1848-49''.)
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historicalrecor00swingoog#page/n10/mode/2up ''Historical Records of the 32nd (Cornwall) Light Infantry now the 1st Battalion Duke of Cornwall’s L.I.''], compiled by Colonel G C Swiney 1893 Archive.org
*"Notes on the History and Services of the Thirty-Second Regiment" ''Colburn's United Service Magazine and Naval and Military Journal''. Sections relating to the Indian Mutiny are in 1880 Parts 2 and 3, and 1881 Part 1, as follows:
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=K-cRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA290 Page 290], from 1880 Part 2; [http://www.archive.org/stream/unitedservicema02pollgoog#page/n125/mode/1up page 114], [http://www.archive.org/stream/unitedservicema02pollgoog#page/n227/mode/1up page 218], [http://www.archive.org/stream/unitedservicema02pollgoog#page/n302/mode/1up page 299] from 1880 Part 3, [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081663571?urlappend=%3Bseq=33 page 23] from 1881, Part 1. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.
:Earlier history is available in earlier pages of 1880 Part 2, and earlier editions of ''Colburn's United Service Magazine'', see [[Military periodicals online#The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine|Military periodicals online - The United Service Journal and Naval and Military Magazine]].
*[https://archive.org/stream/siegelucknowadi00inglgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''The Siege of Lucknow, A Diary''] by The Honourable Lady Inglis 1892 (archive.org) Account by the wife of the colonel of the 32nd Regt during the Siege of Lucknow.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.71912/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Chronicle Of Private Henry Metcalfe H M 32nd Regiment of Foot, together with Lieutenant John Edmondstone’s Letter to his Mother of 4 January 1858''] collected and edited by Lieut.-General Sir Francis Tuker 1953 Archive.org. Metcalfe embarked for India 14 June 1849, and served there until the regiment returned to England in 1859. He served until discharged 1872.
*[https://archive.org/details/eightshorthistories/page/n389/mode/2up ''The Story of the First Battalion the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry (32nd Foot)''], published 1924. Cover title ''A Short History of the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry''. Part of the digital book ''Eight Short Histories'' commencing digital page 390.
*[https://archive.org/details/historydcli1914/page/n9/mode/2up ''The History of the Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry 1914-1919''] by Everard Wyrall 1932. Archive.org

[[Category: British Army Infantry Regiments]]

57th Regiment of Foot

2026-04-24T21:58:59Z

Lee: remove broken link

'''Known as "The Die Hards"'''
== Chronology ==
*'''1755''' raised as the 59th Regiment of Foot at Gloucester
*'''1756''' became the 57th Regiment of Foot
*'''1782''' became the 57th (the West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot
*'''1881''' amalgamated with the [[77th Regiment of Foot]] to become the 1st Battalion The Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment)
*'''1966''' amalgamated with three other regiments to become the 4th Battalion The Queen's Regiment
*'''1973''' 4th Battalion disbanded<br />

==External Links==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_(West_Middlesex)_Regiment_of_Foot 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot] Wikipedia<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Middlesex_Regiment Middlesex Regiment] Wikipedia<br />
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Queen%27s_Regiment Queen's Regiment] Wikipedia<br />
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20071214220443/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/057-757.htm 57th (the West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot] including [http://web.archive.org/web/20071216143702/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/057-1.htm deployments] Regiments.org, an archived site<br>
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20071215184402/http://www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/inf/057Midx.htm The Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own)] including deployments: [http://web.archive.org/web/20071216143702/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/057-1.htm 1st Battalion], [http://web.archive.org/web/20071217120831/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/077-1.htm 2nd Battalion] Regiments.org, an archived site<br>
*[http://www.thediehards.co.uk/ The Diehard Company 1st Battalion, Middlesex Regiment Re-enactment Group] thediehards.co.uk<br>
*[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/the-british-infantry-regiments-of-1914-1918/the-duke-of-cambridges-own-middlesex-regiment/ The Duke of Cambridge’s Own (Middlesex Regiment)] 1/9th Battalion and 1/10th Battalion Middlesex Regiment: Both battalions sailed 30 October 1914 from Southampton for India, arriving Bombay on 2 December 1914. The 1/9th Battalion eventually moved to Mesopotamia, arriving Basra on 24 November 1917, and joined the 53rd Brigade of the 18th Indian Division. It remained in that theatre until the end of the war. The 1/10th Battalion remained in India until the end of the war. longlongtrail.co.uk.
**The [[National Army Museum]] has many papers and photographs in its collection including
***1/9th Middlesex Regiment: "Album of 56 photographs, including 5 loose, 9th Bn Middlesex Regiment, Waziristan, 1919 (c); showing mostly commercial views of the North West Frontier, including a camp at [[Landi Kotal]] and a camp at Landi Khana, a Viceroy inspecting Kurram Militia and group photographs". NAM Accession Number Photographs 1992-08-106
***1/10th Middlesex Regiment
****Transcription of the diary of Pte William Henry Fox, D Coy 1/10th Middlesex Regiment, 1916-1918; covers the troopship journey out to India in December 1916 and his service in [[Lucknow]] between August 1917 and March 1918; NAM Accession Number Archives 2004-10-189
****Album of 214 photographs including 1 loose, 1/10th Bn Middlesex Regiment, India 1914-1919; showing portraits, group photographs, views, a camp at Hatti 1916, a machine gun post 1916, the Nepalese Imperial Service Bn at [[Abbottabad]] in 1917, an Indian mountain gun ready for action and barracks at [[Quetta]]. NAM Accession Number Photographs 1992-08-107

====Historical books online====
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historicalrecor00warrgoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Historical records of the Fifty-Seventh, or, West Middlesex Regiment of Foot: compiled from official and private sources, from the date of its formation in 1755, to the present time, 1878''] by H J Warre (1878) Archive.org. Indian Service commences [http://www.archive.org/stream/historicalrecor00warrgoog#page/n122/mode/1up page 76], in 1831 in Madras.
*[http://archive.org/stream/storyofdukeofcam00king#page/n5/mode/2up ''The Story of the Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment)''] by Charles Lethbridge Kingsford 1916. Archive.org
** The 1st Battalion was in India 1898-1912, [http://archive.org/stream/storyofdukeofcam00king#page/158/mode/2up page 158]
** The 3rd Battalion moved to India in 1911 and was there when war broke out, [http://archive.org/stream/storyofdukeofcam00king#page/n203/mode/2up page 159]
** The Territorial Battalions in India are briefly mentioned (to 1916) [http://archive.org/stream/storyofdukeofcam00king#page/210/mode/2up page 210]
*[https://archive.org/details/eightshorthistories/page/n177/mode/2up ''A Short History of the Middlesex Regiment (Duke of Cambridge's Own)''], published 1922 Archive.org. Part of a digital book ''Eight Short Histories'', digital page 178.
*[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008230950 ''The Die-hards in the Great War: a History of the Duke of Cambridge's Own (Middlesex Regiment) 1914-1919, compiled from the records of the line special reserve, service, and territorial battalions'' Vol. I 1914-1916, Vol. II 1916-1919] by Everard Wyrall [1926] HathiTrust Digital Library. Volume II includes a chapter [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b742714?urlappend=%3Bseq=358%3Bownerid=9007199274792718-396 "India and Mesopotamia"] page 331. Also available [https://archive.org/details/diehardsvol1 Volume 1 Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/diehardsvol2 Volume 2 Archive.org].
*The Middlesex Regiment Journals from "The Queen's Regimental Association" website.
:[https://queensregimentalassociation.org/publications.html Publications & Downloads]
:Select MIDDX [Middlesex] Regiment: ''The Die-Hards. The Journal of the Middlesex Regiment Duke of Cambridge's Own'' from Volume 1 August 1922 to Volume 16 October 1967.
:Select The Queen's Regiment: ''The Journal of the Queen's Regiment'' 1967-1992.

[[Category:British Army Infantry Regiments]]

East India Company

2026-04-19T22:11:55Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.

==FIBIS Resources==
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].

==Related articles==
*[[East India Company Factories]]
*[[East India Company Army]]
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including
**[[Indian Civil Service]]
**[[Maritime Service]]

== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.
*London and beyond
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013)
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''.
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power.
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019.

*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].
====Maps====
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].
====Historical books online====
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year."
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89.
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6]

*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866.
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865.
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Research methods]]
[[Category:Government and Administration]]
[[Category:East India Company]]

East India Company

2026-04-19T22:11:14Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.

==FIBIS Resources==
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].

==Related articles==
*[[East India Company Factories]]
*[[East India Company Army]]
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including
**[[Indian Civil Service]]
**[[Maritime Service]]

== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.
*London and beyond
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013)
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''.
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power.
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019.

*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].
====Maps====
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].
====Historical books online====
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year."
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89.
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6]

*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866.
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865.
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India.
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Research methods]]
[[Category:Government and Administration]]
[[Category:East India Company]]

East India Company

2026-04-19T22:09:00Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.

==FIBIS Resources==
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].

==Related articles==
*[[East India Company Factories]]
*[[East India Company Army]]
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including
**[[Indian Civil Service]]
**[[Maritime Service]]

== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.
*London and beyond
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013)
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''.
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power.
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019.

*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].
====Maps====
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].
====Historical books online====
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year."
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89.
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6]

*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866.
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865.
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the English, [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India.
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Research methods]]
[[Category:Government and Administration]]
[[Category:East India Company]]

East India Company

2026-04-19T22:08:11Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.

==FIBIS Resources==
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].

==Related articles==
*[[East India Company Factories]]
*[[East India Company Army]]
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including
**[[Indian Civil Service]]
**[[Maritime Service]]

== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.
*London and beyond
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013)
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''.
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power.
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019.
*[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160330-the-worlds-most-powerful-corporation "The world’s most powerful corporation"] by Amanda Ruggeri 30 March 2016 bbc.com.
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].
====Maps====
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].
====Historical books online====
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year."
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89.
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6]

*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866.
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865.
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the English, [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India.
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Research methods]]
[[Category:Government and Administration]]
[[Category:East India Company]]

East India Company

2026-04-19T22:06:46Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.

==FIBIS Resources==
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].

==Related articles==
*[[East India Company Factories]]
*[[East India Company Army]]
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including
**[[Indian Civil Service]]
**[[Maritime Service]]

== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.
*London and beyond
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013)
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''.
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power.
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019.
*[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160330-the-worlds-most-powerful-corporation "The world’s most powerful corporation"] by Amanda Ruggeri 30 March 2016 bbc.com.
*[http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/eicah/files/2013/01/EIC-Bibliography-Final-21.08.14.pdf East India Company Bibliography] “The East India Company at Home, 1757-1857 – UCL History” ucl.ac.uk
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].
====Maps====
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].
====Historical books online====
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year."
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89.
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6]

*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866.
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865.
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the English, [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India.
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Research methods]]
[[Category:Government and Administration]]
[[Category:East India Company]]

East India Company

2026-04-19T22:01:59Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.

==FIBIS Resources==
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].

==Related articles==
*[[East India Company Factories]]
*[[East India Company Army]]
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including
**[[Indian Civil Service]]
**[[Maritime Service]]

== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.
*London and beyond
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com

**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013)
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.
*[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2012/01/the-east-india-company-slaving-voyage-of-nicholas-skottowe.html The East India Company slaving voyage of Nicholas Skottowe] British Library blog Untold Lives 9 January 2012
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu
*[http://corporate-rule.co.uk/drupal/node/164 "Loot: In search of the East India Company"] by Nick Robins originally written 2003 corporate-rule.co.uk
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''.
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power.
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019.
*[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160330-the-worlds-most-powerful-corporation "The world’s most powerful corporation"] by Amanda Ruggeri 30 March 2016 bbc.com.
*[http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/eicah/files/2013/01/EIC-Bibliography-Final-21.08.14.pdf East India Company Bibliography] “The East India Company at Home, 1757-1857 – UCL History” ucl.ac.uk
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].
====Maps====
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].
====Historical books online====
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year."
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89.
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6]

*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866.
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865.
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the English, [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India.
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Research methods]]
[[Category:Government and Administration]]
[[Category:East India Company]]

East India Company

2026-04-19T22:00:13Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.

==FIBIS Resources==
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].

==Related articles==
*[[East India Company Factories]]
*[[East India Company Army]]
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including
**[[Indian Civil Service]]
**[[Maritime Service]]

== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.
*London and beyond
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online
*[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com
**[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2011/10/east-india-company-london-workers.html East India Company London workers] British Library blog Untold Lives 17 October 2011
***[http://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2017/02/east-india-company-saltpetre-warehouses-at-ratcliff.html East India Company saltpetre warehouses at Ratcliff] 02 February 2017 British Library Untold lives blog.
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013)
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.
*[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2012/01/the-east-india-company-slaving-voyage-of-nicholas-skottowe.html The East India Company slaving voyage of Nicholas Skottowe] British Library blog Untold Lives 9 January 2012
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu
*[http://corporate-rule.co.uk/drupal/node/164 "Loot: In search of the East India Company"] by Nick Robins originally written 2003 corporate-rule.co.uk
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''.
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power.
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019.
*[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160330-the-worlds-most-powerful-corporation "The world’s most powerful corporation"] by Amanda Ruggeri 30 March 2016 bbc.com.
*[http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/eicah/files/2013/01/EIC-Bibliography-Final-21.08.14.pdf East India Company Bibliography] “The East India Company at Home, 1757-1857 – UCL History” ucl.ac.uk
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].
====Maps====
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].
====Historical books online====
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year."
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89.
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6]

*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866.
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865.
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the English, [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India.
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Research methods]]
[[Category:Government and Administration]]
[[Category:East India Company]]

East India Company

2026-04-19T21:57:55Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:HEIC Flag.png|208px|right|HEIC Flag 1801-58]]
{{Map|title=HEIC Factories|name=17th cent HEIC Factories|link=http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000494c64cd48a687fd36&ll=6.315299,101.865234&spn=61.116931,61.699219&t=p&z=4}}
The '''East India Company''' (EIC) was also known as the '''Honourable East India Company''' (HEIC), as '''[[John Company]]''', or in India as '''Company Bahadur''' (Hindustani bahādur, "brave")<ref>[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl</ref>. The name '''United East-India Company''' was also used. It was a joint-stock company that was granted an English Royal Charter on December 31, 1600 by Elizabeth I. The British East India Company started out as a commercial trading venture, but grew in strength and eventually virtually ruled India until the [[Indian Mutiny]] in 1857.

==FIBIS Resources==
*[https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1335&s_id=367 Alphabetical list of Directors of the East India Company from 1758-1858]
*A review by Richard Morgan of the book ''The Chaplains of the East India Company, 1601-1858'' by Daniel O’Connor 2012. ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 53-54. For details of how to access this article see [[FIBIS Journals]]
*"Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, Director of the HEIC" by George Buxton ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 49-50. He lived 1745-1813. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article
*"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 1)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 43-50.
:"The East India Company: some snapshots of its history (Part 2)" by David Blake ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 38-44.
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].

==Related articles==
*[[East India Company Factories]]
*[[East India Company Army]]
*[[East India Company Acts of Parliament]]
*[[HEIC Early Voyages]]
*[[:Category:Occupations|Occupations]] for information about East India Company employees including
**[[Indian Civil Service]]
**[[Maritime Service]]

== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_East_India_Company Honourable East India Company] Wikipedia
:*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_British_East_India_Company People associated with the British East India Company]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220416185541/http://www.hubert-herald.nl/BhaHEIC.htm Honourable East India Company]. Coat of arms, seals, marks. “National Arms and Emblems Past and Present” hubert-herald.nl, archived.
*London and beyond
**[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46473 Poplar High Street [London<nowiki>]</nowiki>: The Church of St Matthias and the East India Company’s Almshouses] from British History Online
**[http://www.theeastindiacompany.com/index.php/24/london-landmarks/ London Landmarks with EIC connections] theeastindiacompany.com
**[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2011/10/east-india-company-london-workers.html East India Company London workers] British Library blog Untold Lives 17 October 2011
**[http://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2017/02/east-india-company-saltpetre-warehouses-at-ratcliff.html East India Company saltpetre warehouses at Ratcliff] 02 February 2017 British Library Untold lives blog.
**[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-379-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_87/surreyac087_095-111_fairclough.pdf "The East India Company and gunpowder production in England, 1625-1636"] by K R Fairclough archaeologydataservice.ac.uk
**[http://www.balh.org.uk/uploads/tlh-downloads/balh-the-local-historian-30-1.pdf "The Isle of Wight and the East India Company 1700–1840: some connections considered"] by James H. Thomas ''The Local Historian, Journal Of The British Association For Local History'' Volume 30, Number 1, February 2000. balh.org.uk
*:[http://www.hantsfieldclub.org.uk/publications/hampshirestudies/digital/2010s/Vol_68/Thomas.pdf "County, Commerce And Contacts: Hampshire And The East India Company In The Eighteenth Century"] by James H. Thomas ''Proc. Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society '' 68, 2013, 169-177 (Hampshire Studies 2013)
*:James H. Thomas is also the author of ''The East India Company And The Provinces In The Eighteenth Century'', in two volumes.
*[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2012/01/the-east-india-company-slaving-voyage-of-nicholas-skottowe.html The East India Company slaving voyage of Nicholas Skottowe] British Library blog Untold Lives 9 January 2012
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/British/EAco.html The East India Company - a view] www.sscnet.ucla.edu
*[http://corporate-rule.co.uk/drupal/node/164 "Loot: In search of the East India Company"] by Nick Robins originally written 2003 corporate-rule.co.uk
*[http://www.economist.com/node/21541753 "The East India Company: The Company that ruled the waves"] 17 December 2011 ''The Economist''.
*[http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/05201057/Blame-the-British-Raj-on-banke.html "Blame the British Raj on bankers: One community played a significant role in helping the British take over the country’s administration"] by Aakar Patel 6 April 2012. livemint.com
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/04/east-india-company-original-corporate-raiders "The East India Company: The original corporate raiders"] by William Dalrymple 4 March 2015 ''The Guardian''.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20191113112053/http://www.afr.com/life-and-luxury/arts-and-culture/the-rise-and-rise-of-the-east-india-company-20190828-p52lhf "The rise and rise of the East India Company"] by William Dalrymple 5 September 2019 ''Financial Review'', archived link. An extract from ''The Anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company'' by William Dalrymple.
: Listen to [https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/william-dalrymple-on-the-east-india-company/ William Dalrymple on the East India Company] October 7, 2019 ''History Extra'' Podcast from BBC. How a single London corporation took over the Mughal empire and became a major imperial power.
:Listen to [https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/william-dalrymple-british-east-india/11648048 William Dalrymple on the ruthless rise of the British East India Company] Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 4 November 2019.
*[http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20160330-the-worlds-most-powerful-corporation "The world’s most powerful corporation"] by Amanda Ruggeri 30 March 2016 bbc.com.
*[http://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/eicah/files/2013/01/EIC-Bibliography-Final-21.08.14.pdf East India Company Bibliography] “The East India Company at Home, 1757-1857 – UCL History” ucl.ac.uk
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8425 ''The Civil and Military Patronage of the East India Company, 1784-1858''] by John Michael Bourne 1977 PhD thesis, University of Leicester.
*[https://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/376 ''Company culture: information, scholarship, and the East India Company settlements 1660-1720s''] by Anna E Winterbottom 2010 PhD thesis, University of London. [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/77036594.pdf Pdf, core.ac.uk]
* Listen to [http://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/conversations/conversations-andrew-phillips/8818328 "The Rise and Fall of the East India Company"], an interview with Andrew Phillips. Part of the ABC [Australian Broadcasting Commission] radio series ''Conversations with Richard Fidler'' , broadcast 24 August 2017. Duration: 50min 11sec. Andrew Phillips is an Associate Professor at the University of Queensland.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPVLr4Np0jA&feature=share Episode 1 – The East India Company] [The origins] 6 minute YouTube video. Originates from the website [http://400yearsseries.com 400 Years: Britain & India].
====Maps====
*[https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth298421/ ''A map of the East-Indies and the adjacent countries, with the settlements, factories and territories, explaning [sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> what belongs to England, Spain, France, Holland, Denmark, Portugal etc. with many remarks not extant in any other map''] c1717- 1720 by Herman Moll, geographer. University of Texas. Also available [https://collections.leventhalmap.org/search/commonwealth:cj82ks67n Norman B. Leventhal Map Center Collection at the Boston Public Library] and [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-231221936/view National Library of Australia]. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/3426425 catalogue description from NLA].
====Historical books online====
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindianchrono00hawkuoft/page/n3/mode/2up ''The East Indian Chronologist : where the historical events respecting the East Indian Company are briefly arranged in succession from the date of their Charter in 1600, to the 4th of June 1801, with other particulars necessary to be known, as interesting to the inhabitants of India''] Printed at Calcutta 1801. Archive.org. Note: There are many scribbles and crossings out on the text. The British Library catalogue gives the author as John Hawkesworth.
*''Annals of the Honorable East-India Company: From Their Establishment by the Charter of Queen Elizabeth, 1600, to the Union of the London and English East-India Companies, 1707-8'' by John Bruce (1810). Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=3s4NAAAAIAAJ Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=J84NAAAAIAAJ Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=qbYIAAAAQAAJ Volume 3].
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=STIwAAAAYAAJ ''A Sketch of the History of the East-India company: from its first formation to the passing of the Regulating act of 1773; with a summary view of the changes which have taken place since that period in the internal administration of British India''] by Robert Grant (1813) Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ ''An analysis of the constitution of the East-India company, and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad: To which is prefixed, a brief history of the company, and of the rise and progress of the British power in India''] by Peter Auber (1826). The [http://books.google.com/books?id=vbR-AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA741 Appendix] contains names of important officials - eg. Governor Generals, Commanders-in Chief of Armies, Members of Council. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=zlMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Supplement to An analysis of the constitution of the East-India Company: and of the laws passed by Parliament for the government of their affairs, at home and abroad : to which is prefixed, a brief history of the Company, and of the rise and progress of the British Power in India''] by Peter Auber (1828). Covers the period May 1826 to 1828. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=8kNmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Descriptive List of Secret Department Records 1784''] National Archives of India 1970 Volume 5 Google Books
*''Letters Received by the East India Company from Its Servants in the East: transcribed from India Office Records'' Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb01east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 1 1602-1613''] 1896 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb02east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 1613-1615''] 1897 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb03east#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 3 1615''] 1899 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb04east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 4 1616''] 1900 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceived05fostgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Volume 5 1617 January to June''] 1901 [http://www.archive.org/stream/lettersreceivedb06east#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6, 1617 July-December''] 1902
*''The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to the Court of the Great Mogul, 1615-1619, as narrated in his journal and correspondence''. Edited by William Foster 1899 [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma03roegoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/embassysirthoma00roegoog Volume II] Archive.org
*''The English Factories in India: A Calendar of Documents in the India Office, British Museum and Public Records Office'' by William Foster Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories01fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1618-1621] 1906 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactorie00fostgoog 1622-1623] 1908 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories03fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1624-1629] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories04fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1630-1633] 1910 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories05fostuoft#page/n5/mode/2up 1634-1636] 1911 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories06fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1637-41] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories07fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1642-45] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories08fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1646-1650] 1914 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories09fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1651-1654] 1915 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories10fost#page/n5/mode/2up 1655-1660] 1921 [http://www.archive.org/stream/englishfactories11fost#page/n7/mode/2up 1661-1664] 1923'''.''' Volume 12 1665-1667, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206632 Archive.org mirror version DLI] 1925 and Volume 13 1668-1669, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206636 Archive.org version DLI] although the author is incorrectly catalogued.
:''The English Factories in India'' ... New series by Sir Charles Fawcett. ''vol. 1. The Western Presidency, 1670-1677''. 1936. ''vol. 2. The Eastern Coast and Bengal, 1670-1677''. 1952. ''vol. 3. Bombay, Surat and Malabar Coast 1678-1684''. 1954. ''vol. 4. The Eastern Coast and Bay of Bengal 1678-1684''. 1955. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84022 Vol I Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/englishfactoriesindiavol2/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II, Archive.org]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285593/page/n3 Vol III Archive.org version, DLI]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.135647 Vol IV Archive.org version, DLI]. The catalogue entry for [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000870347 HathiTrust Digital Library] says: In this "new set of volumes...the contents of the records are to be digested into a readable account of the main events in each year."
*''Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series'' edited by W Noel Sainsbury. Archive.org and HathiTrust Digital Library.
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialrecordsc02greauoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Volume 2 East Indies, China and Japan 1513-1616''] 1862; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483915?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 3 East Indies, China and Japan 1617-1621''] 1870, [https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.00256 Archive.org version]; [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/msu.31293006483949?urlappend=%3Bseq=5 ''Volume 4 East Indies, China and Japan 1622-1624''] 1878, [https://archive.org/details/calendarofstatep04grea/page/n7/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc06greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 6 East Indies, China and Persia 1625-1629''] 1884; [http://www.archive.org/stream/1964colonialrecordsc08greauoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''Volume 8 East Indies and Persia 1630-1634''] 1892. [v. 1, 5, 7, 9- America and West Indies].
*''A Calendar of the Court Minutes, Etc. of the East India Company'' by Ethel Bruce Sainsbury Archive.org
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm01sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1635-1639''] 1907 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16401643sainuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''1640-1643''] 1909 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm03sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1644-1649''] 1912 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm00sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1650-1654''] 1913 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarofcourtm05sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1655-1659'' ] 1916 [http://www.archive.org/stream/calendarof16601663sainuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''1660-1663''] 1922
*''The Diary of William Hedges, Esq. (afterwards Sir William Hedges), during his Agency in Bengal : as well as on his voyage out and return overland (1681-1697)''. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13203 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13242 Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofwilliamhe783hedg Volume III] Archive.org. Transcribed by R Barlow, with additional material by Colonel Henry Yule. Printed for the Hakluyt Society Volumes 74, 75, 78, 1887-88-89.
*''The early annals of the English in Bengal, being the Bengal public consultations for the first half of the eighteenth century, summarised, extracted, and edited with introductions and illustrative addenda'' by Charles Robert Wilson Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng01wilsuoft#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 1704-1710] 1895, [http://www.archive.org/stream/earlyannalsofeng02wilsuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2 Part 1 1711-1717] 1900
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalitschiefsa00danvrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Bengal; its Chiefs, Agents, and Governors''] by Frederick Charles Danvers 1888 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from unpublished records of government for the years 1748-1767 inclusive relating mainly to the social condition of Bengal, with a map of Calcutta in 1784, Volume I''] by Rev J. Long, member of the Government Record Commission. 1869 Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QXwoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9 Index] Note: Map not included
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA465 "State of the Company’s Service in 1765"-Lord Clive to the Court of Directors] , page 465 from ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India'' Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022975563#page/n3/mode/2up ''Early revenue history of Bengal, and the Fifth Report, 1812''] by Frank David Ascoli 1917 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=XUoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Treaties and grants from the country powers, to the East India company, respecting their presidency of Fort St. George, Fort-William and Bombay from the year 1756 to 1772''] 1774 Google Books
*''An authentic copy of the correspondence in India: Between the Country Powers and the Honourable the East India Company's Servants : Containing Amongst Many Others the Letters of Governor Hastings...&c, Together with the Minutes of the Supreme Council at Calcutta : the Whole Forming a Collection of the Most Interesting India-papers, which Were Laid Before Parliament in the Session of 1786'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=hHAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=rnAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0HAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 3], [http://books.google.com/books?id=9XAIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4], [http://books.google.com/books?id=KXEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 5], [http://books.google.com/books?id=PnEIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 6]

*''A collection of treaties, engagements, and sunnuds, relating to India and neighbouring countries'', compiled by C U Aitchison Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=ujAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Index Volume''] 1866.
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=kDYQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 1 Bengal, Burmah and the Eastern Archipelago''] 1862, [http://books.google.com/books?id=iTcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 2 The N. W. Provinces, Oudh, Nipal, the Punjab and the States on the Punjab Frontier''] 1863
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/acollectiontrea17deptgoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Volume 3 The Peishwa, Nagpore and Bundelcund''] 1863 Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=1jcQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 4 Rajpootana, Central India, and Malwa'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=cTgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 5 Hyderabad, Mysore, Coorg, the Madras Presidency, and Ceylon''] 1864, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HjgQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 6 The States within the Bombay Presidency'']. 1864
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=WTAQAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Volume 7 Sindh, Beloochistan, Persia, and Herat; Turkish Arabia and The Persian Gulf; and The Arabian and African Coasts. With a supplement''] 1865.
:Some later editions are available on the website Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoironaffairso00eastrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''Memoir On The Affairs of the East India Company''] pub J.L.Cox London 1830 - archive.org
*[http://archive.org/stream/reviewofcontestc00dalriala#page/n87/mode/2up ''Review of the contest, concerning four new regiments graciously offered by His Majesty to be sent to India on the late apprehension of war, and then, gratefully accepted, by the Court of directors of the East-India company, who, on the change of circumstances, by the re-establishment of peace, have rescinded their resolution of acceptance it appearing the expence, to the East-India company, would be above £50,000 [<nowiki>per]</nowiki> annum more, than a like number of recruits sent to India in the company's service''] by Alexander Dalrymple 1788 Archive.org
*''Ledger and Sword; or, The Honourable Company of Merchants of England trading to the East Indies (1599-1874)'' by Beckles Willson 1903 [https://archive.org/details/ledgerswordorhon01willuoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/ledgerandswordo01willgoog Volume II] Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiatradein00khanuoft ''The East India Trade in the XVIIth century, in its Political and Economic Aspects''] by Shafaat Ahmad Khan 1923 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275926/page/n1/mode/2up ''The East India House: Its History and Associations''] by William Forster 1924. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
:[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8935/page/n3/mode/2up ''John Company''] by William Foster 1926. Archive.org, mirror from Central Secretariat Library (CSL) [Delhi] Digital Repository.
*''Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635 to 1834'' by Hosea Ballou Morse 1926. Five Volumes. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80805 Vol. I, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.73362 Vol. III, Archive.org], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.533212 Vol. IV, Archive.org], originally from Digital Library of India. All volumes are also available as pdf downloads from GIPE Digital Books-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune. Volumes [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23767 1], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23769 2], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23770 3], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23771 4], [https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/23772 5]. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo.31924052145988?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Volume 5, Supplementary, 1742-74] HathiTrust Digital Library. All volumes are also available online from the The University of British Colombia, including [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373598#p0z-10000r0f: Volume II] and [https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/bcbooks/items/1.0373622#p0z-7r0f: Volume V], but note these may be slow to load, however downloads are available.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.503211 ''Commerce And Conquest: The Story Of The Honourable East India Company''] by Claude Lestook Reid, first published 1947. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/johncompanyatwor0000furb/page/n9 ''John Company at Work: a study of European expansion in India in the late eighteenth century''] by Holden Furber. 1970 reprint of 1948 original edition. Archive.org Lending Library. Includes the English, [[French]], [[Dutch]], and [[Danish]] East India Companies.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57461/page/n5 ''The Rise And Fall Of The East India Company''] by Ramkrishna Mukherjee 1955. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[https://archive.org/details/charlesgrantbrit0000embr/page/n5 ''Charles Grant and British Rule in India''] by Ainslie Thomas Embree 1962. Archive.org Lending Library. Grant (1746-1823) used his influential position as a director of the East India Company to advance the evangelical chaplains and defended the Baptist Missionaries in India.
*[https://archive.org/details/eastindiacompany00gard/mode/2up ''The East India Company : a History''] by Brian Gardner 1990 reprint, first published 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xIRDjWYlaC4C&pg=PA513 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-first of March, 1792, to the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ih8Thtomd74C&pg=PA657 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Twenty-sixth of March, 1794, to the Sixth of January, 1795: With an Appendix''] Google Books
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xqpWo3zcIpYC&pg=PA2651 ''Proceedings Relative to Ships Tendered for the Service of the United East-India Company, from the Second July, 1806, to the Twenty- Seventh September, 1809: With an Appendix''] Google Books

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Research methods]]
[[Category:Government and Administration]]
[[Category:East India Company]]

Tinnevelly

2026-04-18T19:57:27Z

Lee: remove broken link

{{Locations_Infobox
|presidency= [[Madras (Presidency)|Madras]]
|image=
|coordinates= [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=8.73,77.7&spn=0.1,0.1&t=m&q=8.73,77.7 8.73°N, 77.7°E]
|altitude= 47 m (154 ft)
|presentname= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem,_Tamil_Nadu Tirunelveli]
|stateprovince= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu Tamil Nadu]
|country=India
|transport=
}}
{{Places of Interest|title=Tinnevelly|name=Tinnevelly |link=xxxxx}}

'''Tinnevelly''' was the headquarters of [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V23_367.gif Tinnevelly District] during the British period.

== Spelling variants ==
Modern spelling: Tirunelveli<br>
Variants: Tinnevelly/Nellai

== FIBIS resources ==

==Schools and institutions==

== External links ==
*[http://nla.gov.au/nla.map-ra131-s29 1850 Map of Tinnevelly in the Diocese of Madras] ''The Colonial Church Atlas 3rd Edition 1850''. National Library of Australia Digital Collections-Maps [http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn3667356 Catalogue entry]
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?volume=23&objectid=DS405.1.I34_V23_385.gif Tinnevelly Town] Imperial Gazetteer<br>

===Historical books online===
*[http://archive.org/stream/manualoftinnevel00stuarich#page/n3/mode/2up ''A Manual of the Tinnevelly District in the Presidency of Madras''] by Andrew John Stuart 1879 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/apoliticalandge00caldgoog ''A Political and General History of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras from the earliest period to its cession to the Engliah Government in AD 1801''] by Rev R Caldwell 1881
*[https://archive.org/details/GazeetersTinnevellyVol11917 ''Madras District Gazetteers: Tinnevelly Volume I''] by H R Pate ICS 1917 Archive.org

[[Category:Locations]]
[[Category:Cities, towns and villages in Madras Presidency]]

Masonic Lodges

2026-04-18T11:58:07Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:Freemasons Hall Quetta.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Freemasons Hall, Quetta]]
==List of Masonic Lodges in India 1860==

Lodges with the * prefixed have Chapters attached.
[[Image:Freemason.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Freemason Bombay Lodge]]

{| border="1"
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND.

! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING
|-
| 80 || Star in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 94 || Stewards', Freemasons' Hall, Madras. ||
|-
| 126* || Industry & Perseverance,Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 175* || Perfect Unanimity, Madras. ||
|-
| 242 || Rising Sun, Fort Marlborough. ||
|-
| 265 || True Friendship, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 279 || Humility with Fortitude, Fort William, Calcutta. ||
|-
| 282 || Marine, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 284 || Anchor and Hope, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 293 || Neptune, Prince of Wales's Island. ||
|-
| 825* || Rock, Trichinopoly, Madras. ||
|-
| 826* || Social Friendship, Madras. ||
|-
| 840* || Universal Charity, Madras. ||
|-
| 480 || Benevolent, Bombay. ||
|-
| 532 || Hope, Ahmednugger, Bombay. ||
|-
| 646* || Perseverance, Bombay. ||
|-
| 650 || Independence with Philanthropy, Bengal. ||
|-
| 551* || Courage with Humanity, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 596* || Hope, Meerut, Bengal. || 2d Friday.
|-
| 698 || Orion in the West, Bombay Artillery, Bombay. ||
|-
| 609 || True Brothers, Dinapore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 619 || Oriental Star, Cannanore, Malabar. ||
|-
| 622 || Neilghcrry, Ootacamund, Madras. ||
|-
| 628* || St. John's, Secunderabad, Madras. ||
|-
| 634 || Social & Military Virtues.Madras. ||
|-
| 636 || Universal Charity, Madras. ||
|-
| 636 || Honour & Humanity, Madras. ||
|-
| 637 || Military & Social Friendship, Madras. ||
|-
| 638 || Taprobane, Madras. ||
|-
| 689 || Corinthian, Madras. ||
|-
| 641* || Harmony, Cawnpore, Bengal. ||
|-
| 664 || Doric, Kamptee, Madras. ||
|-
| 665 || St. John's, Kandy, Ceylon. ||
|-
| 673* || [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=689&s_id=821 Himalayan Brotherhood,Simla, Bengal.] ||
|-
| 684 || Goodwill, Bellary, Madras. ||
|-
| 685 || Armenia, Madras. ||
|-
| 710 || Bangalore Cantonment, Bangalore, Madras. ||
|-
| 715 || St. John's, Calcutta. || 2d & 4th Fridays.
|-
| 718 || St. Helena, St. Helena. ||
|-
| 784 || St. Andrew's, Kamptee, Madras. ||
|-
| 740 || Kilwinning in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 748* || Zetland in the East, Singapore. || Last Monday.
|-
| 761* || Star of Hope, Agra, Bengal. || First Wednesday.
|-
| 794 || Philanthropy, Maulmain. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 807 || St. George's, Bombay. ||
|-
| 810 || Morning Star, Lucknow, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Weds.
|-
| 828* || Charity, Umballa, Bengal. ||
|-
| 831* || Pilgrims of Light, Mount-road, near Madras. || 4th Saturday.
|-
| 846 || Neptune,Georgetown, Prince of Wales's Island. || 3d Thursday.
|-
| 852* || Kyber, Peshawur, Bengal. ||
|-
| 897 || Star of Burmah, Rangoon, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays.
|-
| 906 || Jullunder, Jullunder, Bengal. || 1st Wednesday.
|-
| 922* || Dalhousie of Mussoorie and Deyrah, Mussoorie, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Tuesdays.
|-
| 925 || Fidelity, Darjeeling, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays.
|-
| 929 || Am kan, Akyab, Bengal. || 3d Monday.
|-
| 972 || Astrea, Thayetmys Pegu, Bengal || 2d Wednesday.
|-
| 978 || Ramsey, Rawul Pinde, Bengal. || 1st Monday.
|-
| 974 || Light of tbe North, Ferozepore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 984 || Trinne Brotherhood, Subathoo, Bengal. || 3d Wednesday.
|-
| 1038 || British, Port Louis, Mauritius. || 1st Wednesday.
|-
| 1042 || Fidelity, Singapore. || Last Monday.
|-
| 1058 || Good Hope,Dacca, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 1059 || Concord, Bombay. || 3d Saturday.
|-
| 1069 || Union, Kurrachee, Bombay. ||
|-
| 1084 || Hope and Perseverance, Lahore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Mondays.
|}

{| border="1"
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF SCOTLAND.

! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING
|-
| 342 || Rising Star, Western India. ||
|-
| 343 || St. Andrew's in the East, Poonah. ||
|-
| 350 || Hope, Kurrachce. ||
|-
| 351 || Perseverance, Bombay. ||
|-
| 871 || St. David's in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || 1st & 3rd Tuesdays.
|-
| 389 || St. Paul's, Mhow, Bengal, India. ||
|}

==FIBIS resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=821&s_id=56 Freemasons] FIBIS database
*[http://gallery.fibis.org/index.php?/tags/147-freemason Masonic Images] FIBIS Gallery
*[[FIBIS Journals]] no 20 contains excellent article ''Freemasonry in India'' by Susan Snell

==Abbreviations==
*PM stands for Past Master (of a lodge).
*PDGSB stands for Past Deputy Grand Sword Bearer (a ceremonial office in Grand Lodge).<ref>Faithfull, Robert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023913/https://mlarchives.rootsweb.com/listindexes/emails?listname=india&thread=785313 Masonic initials] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 December 2012, now archived.</ref>

== External Links ==
*[https://www.ugle.org.uk/freemasons-hall/museum-freemasonry The Library and Museum of Freemasonry (United Grand Lodge of England)].
:[http://www.masonicperiodicals.org Major English Masonic publications online] masonicperiodicals.org
*There is a searchable name database of United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751-1921 on pay website [http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ ancestry.co.uk]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414121632/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index6.html Freemasonry Comes To India], now archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819230907/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index.html The Grand Lodge of AF and AM of India], now archived.
*[https://houghton.hk/masonry/ Freemasonry, mainly in India during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Moira] by Roger Houghton
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150215015515/http://lodge-prudentia.com/masonry_in_india/freemasonry_in_madras Freemasonry in Madras] Lodge Prudentia No. 369 GLI, now archived.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160323135802/http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/prestonian_lectures_volume_3.htm 1979 Prestonian Lecture: 250 Years of Masonry in India] by G.E. Walker. Scroll down to page 82, (total c 300 pages, the numbers are generally at the left hand side of the webpage) phoenixmasonry.org, now an archived webpage.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130725193612/http://khyberlodge.co.uk/about-khyber-mainmenu-26.html Khyber Lodge No.582 EC, Peshawar] Khyberlodge.co.uk, now archived.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306123902/http://masonicmedals.net/articles/the-himalayan-brotherhood-lodge-no-459.html The Himalayan Brotherhood Lodge No. 459] Simla. masonicmedals.net, archived.
*[http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/id37.html Freemasons] including [http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/himalayanbrotherhood Himalayan Brotherhood] from British India Family History (valmayukuk.tripod.com)
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/kipling.html Rudyard Kipling and his masonic career] freemasons-freemasonry.com
*[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/kipling_r/kipling_r.html Rudyard Kipling Freemason] freemasonry.bcy.ca

===Historical books online===
*[http://www.archive.org/details/earlyhistoryoffr00firmuoft ''The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal and the Punjab; with which is incorporated "The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal" by Andrew D'Cruz''] by Walter Kelly Firminger (1906) Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323749#page/n5/mode/2up ''A history of Freemasonry (under the English constitution) on the Coast of Coromandel : together with histories of the old Madras lodges which were founded before the union : together with appendices and a map''] by Rev C H Malden (1895) Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323731#page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Lodge "St. George" of Bombay, No. 549 on the Registry of the United Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of England''] by Bro. Isaac M. Shields 1898 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/GouldRFMilitaryLodges1899/page/n183/mode/2up "India"] Chapter 6, page 165 ''Military Lodges. The Apron and the Sword, or Freemasonry under Arms'' by Robert Freke Gould 1899 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyoffreemas00grib#page/n7/mode/2up ''History of Freemasonry in Hyderabad (Deccan)''] by J. D. B. Gribble 1910 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n1/mode/2up ''"Stewart" Lodge, No. 1960, E.C., holding at Rawal Pindi and Murree, under the district Grand Lodge of the Punjab. Address by the Worshipful Master (Wor. Bro. C.H. Blackburn) on the working of the Lodge for the year 1896''] 1897 Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n13/mode/2up List of members to 31 December 1896]
*[https://archive.org/details/historyoflodgeri00wadirich ''History of Lodge Rising Star of Western India No 342''] by D F Wadia 1912. Archive.org.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Society]]

Masonic Lodges

2026-04-18T11:56:19Z

Lee:

[[Image:Freemasons Hall Quetta.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Freemasons Hall, Quetta]]
==List of Masonic Lodges in India 1860==

Lodges with the * prefixed have Chapters attached.
[[Image:Freemason.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Freemason Bombay Lodge]]

{| border="1"
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND.

! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING
|-
| 80 || Star in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 94 || Stewards', Freemasons' Hall, Madras. ||
|-
| 126* || Industry & Perseverance,Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 175* || Perfect Unanimity, Madras. ||
|-
| 242 || Rising Sun, Fort Marlborough. ||
|-
| 265 || True Friendship, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 279 || Humility with Fortitude, Fort William, Calcutta. ||
|-
| 282 || Marine, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 284 || Anchor and Hope, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 293 || Neptune, Prince of Wales's Island. ||
|-
| 825* || Rock, Trichinopoly, Madras. ||
|-
| 826* || Social Friendship, Madras. ||
|-
| 840* || Universal Charity, Madras. ||
|-
| 480 || Benevolent, Bombay. ||
|-
| 532 || Hope, Ahmednugger, Bombay. ||
|-
| 646* || Perseverance, Bombay. ||
|-
| 650 || Independence with Philanthropy, Bengal. ||
|-
| 551* || Courage with Humanity, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 596* || Hope, Meerut, Bengal. || 2d Friday.
|-
| 698 || Orion in the West, Bombay Artillery, Bombay. ||
|-
| 609 || True Brothers, Dinapore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 619 || Oriental Star, Cannanore, Malabar. ||
|-
| 622 || Neilghcrry, Ootacamund, Madras. ||
|-
| 628* || St. John's, Secunderabad, Madras. ||
|-
| 634 || Social & Military Virtues.Madras. ||
|-
| 636 || Universal Charity, Madras. ||
|-
| 636 || Honour & Humanity, Madras. ||
|-
| 637 || Military & Social Friendship, Madras. ||
|-
| 638 || Taprobane, Madras. ||
|-
| 689 || Corinthian, Madras. ||
|-
| 641* || Harmony, Cawnpore, Bengal. ||
|-
| 664 || Doric, Kamptee, Madras. ||
|-
| 665 || St. John's, Kandy, Ceylon. ||
|-
| 673* || [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=689&s_id=821 Himalayan Brotherhood,Simla, Bengal.] ||
|-
| 684 || Goodwill, Bellary, Madras. ||
|-
| 685 || Armenia, Madras. ||
|-
| 710 || Bangalore Cantonment, Bangalore, Madras. ||
|-
| 715 || St. John's, Calcutta. || 2d & 4th Fridays.
|-
| 718 || St. Helena, St. Helena. ||
|-
| 784 || St. Andrew's, Kamptee, Madras. ||
|-
| 740 || Kilwinning in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 748* || Zetland in the East, Singapore. || Last Monday.
|-
| 761* || Star of Hope, Agra, Bengal. || First Wednesday.
|-
| 794 || Philanthropy, Maulmain. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 807 || St. George's, Bombay. ||
|-
| 810 || Morning Star, Lucknow, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Weds.
|-
| 828* || Charity, Umballa, Bengal. ||
|-
| 831* || Pilgrims of Light, Mount-road, near Madras. || 4th Saturday.
|-
| 846 || Neptune,Georgetown, Prince of Wales's Island. || 3d Thursday.
|-
| 852* || Kyber, Peshawur, Bengal. ||
|-
| 897 || Star of Burmah, Rangoon, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays.
|-
| 906 || Jullunder, Jullunder, Bengal. || 1st Wednesday.
|-
| 922* || Dalhousie of Mussoorie and Deyrah, Mussoorie, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Tuesdays.
|-
| 925 || Fidelity, Darjeeling, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays.
|-
| 929 || Am kan, Akyab, Bengal. || 3d Monday.
|-
| 972 || Astrea, Thayetmys Pegu, Bengal || 2d Wednesday.
|-
| 978 || Ramsey, Rawul Pinde, Bengal. || 1st Monday.
|-
| 974 || Light of tbe North, Ferozepore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 984 || Trinne Brotherhood, Subathoo, Bengal. || 3d Wednesday.
|-
| 1038 || British, Port Louis, Mauritius. || 1st Wednesday.
|-
| 1042 || Fidelity, Singapore. || Last Monday.
|-
| 1058 || Good Hope,Dacca, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 1059 || Concord, Bombay. || 3d Saturday.
|-
| 1069 || Union, Kurrachee, Bombay. ||
|-
| 1084 || Hope and Perseverance, Lahore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Mondays.
|}

{| border="1"
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF SCOTLAND.

! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING
|-
| 342 || Rising Star, Western India. ||
|-
| 343 || St. Andrew's in the East, Poonah. ||
|-
| 350 || Hope, Kurrachce. ||
|-
| 351 || Perseverance, Bombay. ||
|-
| 871 || St. David's in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || 1st & 3rd Tuesdays.
|-
| 389 || St. Paul's, Mhow, Bengal, India. ||
|}

==FIBIS resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=821&s_id=56 Freemasons] FIBIS database
*[http://gallery.fibis.org/index.php?/tags/147-freemason Masonic Images] FIBIS Gallery
*[[FIBIS Journals]] no 20 contains excellent article ''Freemasonry in India'' by Susan Snell

==Abbreviations==
*PM stands for Past Master (of a lodge).
*PDGSB stands for Past Deputy Grand Sword Bearer (a ceremonial office in Grand Lodge).<ref>Faithfull, Robert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023913/https://mlarchives.rootsweb.com/listindexes/emails?listname=india&thread=785313 Masonic initials] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 December 2012, now archived.</ref>

== External Links ==
*[https://www.ugle.org.uk/freemasons-hall/museum-freemasonry The Library and Museum of Freemasonry (United Grand Lodge of England)].
:[http://www.masonicperiodicals.org Major English Masonic publications online] masonicperiodicals.org
*There is a searchable name database of United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751-1921 on pay website [http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ ancestry.co.uk]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414121632/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index6.html Freemasonry Comes To India], now archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819230907/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index.html The Grand Lodge of AF and AM of India], now archived.
*[https://houghton.hk/masonry/ Freemasonry, mainly in India during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Moira] by Roger Houghton
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150215015515/http://lodge-prudentia.com/masonry_in_india/freemasonry_in_madras Freemasonry in Madras] Lodge Prudentia No. 369 GLI, now archived.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160323135802/http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/prestonian_lectures_volume_3.htm 1979 Prestonian Lecture: 250 Years of Masonry in India] by G.E. Walker. Scroll down to page 82, (total c 300 pages, the numbers are generally at the left hand side of the webpage) phoenixmasonry.org, now an archived webpage.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130725193612/http://khyberlodge.co.uk/about-khyber-mainmenu-26.html Khyber Lodge No.582 EC, Peshawar] Khyberlodge.co.uk, now archived.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306123902/http://masonicmedals.net/articles/the-himalayan-brotherhood-lodge-no-459.html The Himalayan Brotherhood Lodge No. 459] Simla. masonicmedals.net, archived.
*[http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/id37.html Freemasons] including [http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/himalayanbrotherhood Himalayan Brotherhood] from British India Family History (valmayukuk.tripod.com)
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/kipling.html Rudyard Kipling and his masonic career] freemasons-freemasonry.com
*[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/kipling_r/kipling_r.html Rudyard Kipling Freemason] freemasonry.bcy.ca
*[http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason] (National Heritage Museum) became a Mason in India in 1907
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/Francken-Manuscript.html A lost copy of the Francken manuscript found in Lahore Pakistan] freemasons-freemasonry.com

===Historical books online===
*[http://www.archive.org/details/earlyhistoryoffr00firmuoft ''The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal and the Punjab; with which is incorporated "The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal" by Andrew D'Cruz''] by Walter Kelly Firminger (1906) Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323749#page/n5/mode/2up ''A history of Freemasonry (under the English constitution) on the Coast of Coromandel : together with histories of the old Madras lodges which were founded before the union : together with appendices and a map''] by Rev C H Malden (1895) Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323731#page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Lodge "St. George" of Bombay, No. 549 on the Registry of the United Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of England''] by Bro. Isaac M. Shields 1898 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/GouldRFMilitaryLodges1899/page/n183/mode/2up "India"] Chapter 6, page 165 ''Military Lodges. The Apron and the Sword, or Freemasonry under Arms'' by Robert Freke Gould 1899 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyoffreemas00grib#page/n7/mode/2up ''History of Freemasonry in Hyderabad (Deccan)''] by J. D. B. Gribble 1910 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n1/mode/2up ''"Stewart" Lodge, No. 1960, E.C., holding at Rawal Pindi and Murree, under the district Grand Lodge of the Punjab. Address by the Worshipful Master (Wor. Bro. C.H. Blackburn) on the working of the Lodge for the year 1896''] 1897 Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n13/mode/2up List of members to 31 December 1896]
*[https://archive.org/details/historyoflodgeri00wadirich ''History of Lodge Rising Star of Western India No 342''] by D F Wadia 1912. Archive.org.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Society]]

Masonic Lodges

2026-04-18T11:54:39Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:Freemasons Hall Quetta.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Freemasons Hall, Quetta]]
==List of Masonic Lodges in India 1860==

Lodges with the * prefixed have Chapters attached.
[[Image:Freemason.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Freemason Bombay Lodge]]

{| border="1"
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND.

! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING
|-
| 80 || Star in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 94 || Stewards', Freemasons' Hall, Madras. ||
|-
| 126* || Industry & Perseverance,Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 175* || Perfect Unanimity, Madras. ||
|-
| 242 || Rising Sun, Fort Marlborough. ||
|-
| 265 || True Friendship, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 279 || Humility with Fortitude, Fort William, Calcutta. ||
|-
| 282 || Marine, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 284 || Anchor and Hope, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 293 || Neptune, Prince of Wales's Island. ||
|-
| 825* || Rock, Trichinopoly, Madras. ||
|-
| 826* || Social Friendship, Madras. ||
|-
| 840* || Universal Charity, Madras. ||
|-
| 480 || Benevolent, Bombay. ||
|-
| 532 || Hope, Ahmednugger, Bombay. ||
|-
| 646* || Perseverance, Bombay. ||
|-
| 650 || Independence with Philanthropy, Bengal. ||
|-
| 551* || Courage with Humanity, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 596* || Hope, Meerut, Bengal. || 2d Friday.
|-
| 698 || Orion in the West, Bombay Artillery, Bombay. ||
|-
| 609 || True Brothers, Dinapore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 619 || Oriental Star, Cannanore, Malabar. ||
|-
| 622 || Neilghcrry, Ootacamund, Madras. ||
|-
| 628* || St. John's, Secunderabad, Madras. ||
|-
| 634 || Social & Military Virtues.Madras. ||
|-
| 636 || Universal Charity, Madras. ||
|-
| 636 || Honour & Humanity, Madras. ||
|-
| 637 || Military & Social Friendship, Madras. ||
|-
| 638 || Taprobane, Madras. ||
|-
| 689 || Corinthian, Madras. ||
|-
| 641* || Harmony, Cawnpore, Bengal. ||
|-
| 664 || Doric, Kamptee, Madras. ||
|-
| 665 || St. John's, Kandy, Ceylon. ||
|-
| 673* || [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=689&s_id=821 Himalayan Brotherhood,Simla, Bengal.] ||
|-
| 684 || Goodwill, Bellary, Madras. ||
|-
| 685 || Armenia, Madras. ||
|-
| 710 || Bangalore Cantonment, Bangalore, Madras. ||
|-
| 715 || St. John's, Calcutta. || 2d & 4th Fridays.
|-
| 718 || St. Helena, St. Helena. ||
|-
| 784 || St. Andrew's, Kamptee, Madras. ||
|-
| 740 || Kilwinning in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 748* || Zetland in the East, Singapore. || Last Monday.
|-
| 761* || Star of Hope, Agra, Bengal. || First Wednesday.
|-
| 794 || Philanthropy, Maulmain. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 807 || St. George's, Bombay. ||
|-
| 810 || Morning Star, Lucknow, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Weds.
|-
| 828* || Charity, Umballa, Bengal. ||
|-
| 831* || Pilgrims of Light, Mount-road, near Madras. || 4th Saturday.
|-
| 846 || Neptune,Georgetown, Prince of Wales's Island. || 3d Thursday.
|-
| 852* || Kyber, Peshawur, Bengal. ||
|-
| 897 || Star of Burmah, Rangoon, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays.
|-
| 906 || Jullunder, Jullunder, Bengal. || 1st Wednesday.
|-
| 922* || Dalhousie of Mussoorie and Deyrah, Mussoorie, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Tuesdays.
|-
| 925 || Fidelity, Darjeeling, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays.
|-
| 929 || Am kan, Akyab, Bengal. || 3d Monday.
|-
| 972 || Astrea, Thayetmys Pegu, Bengal || 2d Wednesday.
|-
| 978 || Ramsey, Rawul Pinde, Bengal. || 1st Monday.
|-
| 974 || Light of tbe North, Ferozepore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 984 || Trinne Brotherhood, Subathoo, Bengal. || 3d Wednesday.
|-
| 1038 || British, Port Louis, Mauritius. || 1st Wednesday.
|-
| 1042 || Fidelity, Singapore. || Last Monday.
|-
| 1058 || Good Hope,Dacca, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 1059 || Concord, Bombay. || 3d Saturday.
|-
| 1069 || Union, Kurrachee, Bombay. ||
|-
| 1084 || Hope and Perseverance, Lahore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Mondays.
|}

{| border="1"
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF SCOTLAND.

! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING
|-
| 342 || Rising Star, Western India. ||
|-
| 343 || St. Andrew's in the East, Poonah. ||
|-
| 350 || Hope, Kurrachce. ||
|-
| 351 || Perseverance, Bombay. ||
|-
| 871 || St. David's in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || 1st & 3rd Tuesdays.
|-
| 389 || St. Paul's, Mhow, Bengal, India. ||
|}

==FIBIS resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=821&s_id=56 Freemasons] FIBIS database
*[http://gallery.fibis.org/index.php?/tags/147-freemason Masonic Images] FIBIS Gallery
*[[FIBIS Journals]] no 20 contains excellent article ''Freemasonry in India'' by Susan Snell

==Abbreviations==
*PM stands for Past Master (of a lodge).
*PDGSB stands for Past Deputy Grand Sword Bearer (a ceremonial office in Grand Lodge).<ref>Faithfull, Robert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023913/https://mlarchives.rootsweb.com/listindexes/emails?listname=india&thread=785313 Masonic initials] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 December 2012, now archived.</ref>

== External Links ==
*[https://www.ugle.org.uk/freemasons-hall/museum-freemasonry The Library and Museum of Freemasonry (United Grand Lodge of England)].
:[http://www.masonicperiodicals.org Major English Masonic publications online] masonicperiodicals.org
*There is a searchable name database of United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751-1921 on pay website [http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ ancestry.co.uk]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414121632/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index6.html Freemasonry Comes To India], now archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819230907/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index.html The Grand Lodge of AF and AM of India], now archived.
*[https://houghton.hk/masonry/ Freemasonry, mainly in India during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Moira] by Roger Houghton
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150215015515/http://lodge-prudentia.com/masonry_in_india/freemasonry_in_madras Freemasonry in Madras] Lodge Prudentia No. 369 GLI, now archived.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160323135802/http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/prestonian_lectures_volume_3.htm 1979 Prestonian Lecture: 250 Years of Masonry in India] by G.E. Walker. Scroll down to page 82, (total c 300 pages, the numbers are generally at the left hand side of the webpage) phoenixmasonry.org, now an archived webpage.
*[http://www.irishmasonichistory.com/260-years-of-irish-freemasonry-in-india-1754-2014-by-v-w-bro-aniruddha-pradhan.html "260 years of Irish Freemasonry in India, 1754-2014"] by V. W. Bro. Aniruddha Pradhan. Paper presented at Mumbai 2014. Pdf download also available. [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishmasonichistory.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F0%2F3%2F8%2F10381775%2F260_years_of_irish_freemasonry_in_india_1754-2014_by_v._w._bro._aniruddha_pradhan_.pdf Another html version]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130725193612/http://khyberlodge.co.uk/about-khyber-mainmenu-26.html Khyber Lodge No.582 EC, Peshawar] Khyberlodge.co.uk, now archived.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306123902/http://masonicmedals.net/articles/the-himalayan-brotherhood-lodge-no-459.html The Himalayan Brotherhood Lodge No. 459] Simla. masonicmedals.net, archived.
*[http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/id37.html Freemasons] including [http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/himalayanbrotherhood Himalayan Brotherhood] from British India Family History (valmayukuk.tripod.com)
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/kipling.html Rudyard Kipling and his masonic career] freemasons-freemasonry.com
*[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/kipling_r/kipling_r.html Rudyard Kipling Freemason] freemasonry.bcy.ca
*[http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason] (National Heritage Museum) became a Mason in India in 1907
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/Francken-Manuscript.html A lost copy of the Francken manuscript found in Lahore Pakistan] freemasons-freemasonry.com

===Historical books online===
*[http://www.archive.org/details/earlyhistoryoffr00firmuoft ''The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal and the Punjab; with which is incorporated "The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal" by Andrew D'Cruz''] by Walter Kelly Firminger (1906) Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323749#page/n5/mode/2up ''A history of Freemasonry (under the English constitution) on the Coast of Coromandel : together with histories of the old Madras lodges which were founded before the union : together with appendices and a map''] by Rev C H Malden (1895) Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323731#page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Lodge "St. George" of Bombay, No. 549 on the Registry of the United Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of England''] by Bro. Isaac M. Shields 1898 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/GouldRFMilitaryLodges1899/page/n183/mode/2up "India"] Chapter 6, page 165 ''Military Lodges. The Apron and the Sword, or Freemasonry under Arms'' by Robert Freke Gould 1899 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyoffreemas00grib#page/n7/mode/2up ''History of Freemasonry in Hyderabad (Deccan)''] by J. D. B. Gribble 1910 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n1/mode/2up ''"Stewart" Lodge, No. 1960, E.C., holding at Rawal Pindi and Murree, under the district Grand Lodge of the Punjab. Address by the Worshipful Master (Wor. Bro. C.H. Blackburn) on the working of the Lodge for the year 1896''] 1897 Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n13/mode/2up List of members to 31 December 1896]
*[https://archive.org/details/historyoflodgeri00wadirich ''History of Lodge Rising Star of Western India No 342''] by D F Wadia 1912. Archive.org.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Society]]

Masonic Lodges

2026-04-18T11:53:46Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:Freemasons Hall Quetta.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Freemasons Hall, Quetta]]
==List of Masonic Lodges in India 1860==

Lodges with the * prefixed have Chapters attached.
[[Image:Freemason.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Freemason Bombay Lodge]]

{| border="1"
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND.

! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING
|-
| 80 || Star in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 94 || Stewards', Freemasons' Hall, Madras. ||
|-
| 126* || Industry & Perseverance,Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 175* || Perfect Unanimity, Madras. ||
|-
| 242 || Rising Sun, Fort Marlborough. ||
|-
| 265 || True Friendship, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 279 || Humility with Fortitude, Fort William, Calcutta. ||
|-
| 282 || Marine, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 284 || Anchor and Hope, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 293 || Neptune, Prince of Wales's Island. ||
|-
| 825* || Rock, Trichinopoly, Madras. ||
|-
| 826* || Social Friendship, Madras. ||
|-
| 840* || Universal Charity, Madras. ||
|-
| 480 || Benevolent, Bombay. ||
|-
| 532 || Hope, Ahmednugger, Bombay. ||
|-
| 646* || Perseverance, Bombay. ||
|-
| 650 || Independence with Philanthropy, Bengal. ||
|-
| 551* || Courage with Humanity, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 596* || Hope, Meerut, Bengal. || 2d Friday.
|-
| 698 || Orion in the West, Bombay Artillery, Bombay. ||
|-
| 609 || True Brothers, Dinapore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 619 || Oriental Star, Cannanore, Malabar. ||
|-
| 622 || Neilghcrry, Ootacamund, Madras. ||
|-
| 628* || St. John's, Secunderabad, Madras. ||
|-
| 634 || Social & Military Virtues.Madras. ||
|-
| 636 || Universal Charity, Madras. ||
|-
| 636 || Honour & Humanity, Madras. ||
|-
| 637 || Military & Social Friendship, Madras. ||
|-
| 638 || Taprobane, Madras. ||
|-
| 689 || Corinthian, Madras. ||
|-
| 641* || Harmony, Cawnpore, Bengal. ||
|-
| 664 || Doric, Kamptee, Madras. ||
|-
| 665 || St. John's, Kandy, Ceylon. ||
|-
| 673* || [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=689&s_id=821 Himalayan Brotherhood,Simla, Bengal.] ||
|-
| 684 || Goodwill, Bellary, Madras. ||
|-
| 685 || Armenia, Madras. ||
|-
| 710 || Bangalore Cantonment, Bangalore, Madras. ||
|-
| 715 || St. John's, Calcutta. || 2d & 4th Fridays.
|-
| 718 || St. Helena, St. Helena. ||
|-
| 784 || St. Andrew's, Kamptee, Madras. ||
|-
| 740 || Kilwinning in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 748* || Zetland in the East, Singapore. || Last Monday.
|-
| 761* || Star of Hope, Agra, Bengal. || First Wednesday.
|-
| 794 || Philanthropy, Maulmain. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 807 || St. George's, Bombay. ||
|-
| 810 || Morning Star, Lucknow, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Weds.
|-
| 828* || Charity, Umballa, Bengal. ||
|-
| 831* || Pilgrims of Light, Mount-road, near Madras. || 4th Saturday.
|-
| 846 || Neptune,Georgetown, Prince of Wales's Island. || 3d Thursday.
|-
| 852* || Kyber, Peshawur, Bengal. ||
|-
| 897 || Star of Burmah, Rangoon, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays.
|-
| 906 || Jullunder, Jullunder, Bengal. || 1st Wednesday.
|-
| 922* || Dalhousie of Mussoorie and Deyrah, Mussoorie, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Tuesdays.
|-
| 925 || Fidelity, Darjeeling, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays.
|-
| 929 || Am kan, Akyab, Bengal. || 3d Monday.
|-
| 972 || Astrea, Thayetmys Pegu, Bengal || 2d Wednesday.
|-
| 978 || Ramsey, Rawul Pinde, Bengal. || 1st Monday.
|-
| 974 || Light of tbe North, Ferozepore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 984 || Trinne Brotherhood, Subathoo, Bengal. || 3d Wednesday.
|-
| 1038 || British, Port Louis, Mauritius. || 1st Wednesday.
|-
| 1042 || Fidelity, Singapore. || Last Monday.
|-
| 1058 || Good Hope,Dacca, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 1059 || Concord, Bombay. || 3d Saturday.
|-
| 1069 || Union, Kurrachee, Bombay. ||
|-
| 1084 || Hope and Perseverance, Lahore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Mondays.
|}

{| border="1"
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF SCOTLAND.

! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING
|-
| 342 || Rising Star, Western India. ||
|-
| 343 || St. Andrew's in the East, Poonah. ||
|-
| 350 || Hope, Kurrachce. ||
|-
| 351 || Perseverance, Bombay. ||
|-
| 871 || St. David's in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || 1st & 3rd Tuesdays.
|-
| 389 || St. Paul's, Mhow, Bengal, India. ||
|}

==FIBIS resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=821&s_id=56 Freemasons] FIBIS database
*[http://gallery.fibis.org/index.php?/tags/147-freemason Masonic Images] FIBIS Gallery
*[[FIBIS Journals]] no 20 contains excellent article ''Freemasonry in India'' by Susan Snell

==Abbreviations==
*PM stands for Past Master (of a lodge).
*PDGSB stands for Past Deputy Grand Sword Bearer (a ceremonial office in Grand Lodge).<ref>Faithfull, Robert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023913/https://mlarchives.rootsweb.com/listindexes/emails?listname=india&thread=785313 Masonic initials] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 December 2012, now archived.</ref>

== External Links ==
*[https://www.ugle.org.uk/freemasons-hall/museum-freemasonry The Library and Museum of Freemasonry (United Grand Lodge of England)].
:[http://www.masonicperiodicals.org Major English Masonic publications online] masonicperiodicals.org
*There is a searchable name database of United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751-1921 on pay website [http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ ancestry.co.uk]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414121632/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index6.html Freemasonry Comes To India], now archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819230907/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index.html The Grand Lodge of AF and AM of India], now archived.
*[https://houghton.hk/masonry/ Freemasonry, mainly in India during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Moira] by Roger Houghton
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150215015515/http://lodge-prudentia.com/masonry_in_india/freemasonry_in_madras Freemasonry in Madras] Lodge Prudentia No. 369 GLI, now archived.
*[http://fsantoke.byethost3.com/dglindia/index.html District Grand Lodge of India under Grand Lodge of Antient, Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland]. Includes Freemasonry in Bombay.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160323135802/http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/prestonian_lectures_volume_3.htm 1979 Prestonian Lecture: 250 Years of Masonry in India] by G.E. Walker. Scroll down to page 82, (total c 300 pages, the numbers are generally at the left hand side of the webpage) phoenixmasonry.org, now an archived webpage.
*[http://www.irishmasonichistory.com/260-years-of-irish-freemasonry-in-india-1754-2014-by-v-w-bro-aniruddha-pradhan.html "260 years of Irish Freemasonry in India, 1754-2014"] by V. W. Bro. Aniruddha Pradhan. Paper presented at Mumbai 2014. Pdf download also available. [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishmasonichistory.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F0%2F3%2F8%2F10381775%2F260_years_of_irish_freemasonry_in_india_1754-2014_by_v._w._bro._aniruddha_pradhan_.pdf Another html version]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130725193612/http://khyberlodge.co.uk/about-khyber-mainmenu-26.html Khyber Lodge No.582 EC, Peshawar] Khyberlodge.co.uk, now archived.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306123902/http://masonicmedals.net/articles/the-himalayan-brotherhood-lodge-no-459.html The Himalayan Brotherhood Lodge No. 459] Simla. masonicmedals.net, archived.
*[http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/id37.html Freemasons] including [http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/himalayanbrotherhood Himalayan Brotherhood] from British India Family History (valmayukuk.tripod.com)
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/kipling.html Rudyard Kipling and his masonic career] freemasons-freemasonry.com
*[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/kipling_r/kipling_r.html Rudyard Kipling Freemason] freemasonry.bcy.ca
*[http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason] (National Heritage Museum) became a Mason in India in 1907
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/Francken-Manuscript.html A lost copy of the Francken manuscript found in Lahore Pakistan] freemasons-freemasonry.com

===Historical books online===
*[http://www.archive.org/details/earlyhistoryoffr00firmuoft ''The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal and the Punjab; with which is incorporated "The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal" by Andrew D'Cruz''] by Walter Kelly Firminger (1906) Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323749#page/n5/mode/2up ''A history of Freemasonry (under the English constitution) on the Coast of Coromandel : together with histories of the old Madras lodges which were founded before the union : together with appendices and a map''] by Rev C H Malden (1895) Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323731#page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Lodge "St. George" of Bombay, No. 549 on the Registry of the United Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of England''] by Bro. Isaac M. Shields 1898 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/GouldRFMilitaryLodges1899/page/n183/mode/2up "India"] Chapter 6, page 165 ''Military Lodges. The Apron and the Sword, or Freemasonry under Arms'' by Robert Freke Gould 1899 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyoffreemas00grib#page/n7/mode/2up ''History of Freemasonry in Hyderabad (Deccan)''] by J. D. B. Gribble 1910 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n1/mode/2up ''"Stewart" Lodge, No. 1960, E.C., holding at Rawal Pindi and Murree, under the district Grand Lodge of the Punjab. Address by the Worshipful Master (Wor. Bro. C.H. Blackburn) on the working of the Lodge for the year 1896''] 1897 Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n13/mode/2up List of members to 31 December 1896]
*[https://archive.org/details/historyoflodgeri00wadirich ''History of Lodge Rising Star of Western India No 342''] by D F Wadia 1912. Archive.org.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Society]]

Masonic Lodges

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Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:Freemasons Hall Quetta.jpg|right|thumb|320px|Freemasons Hall, Quetta]]
==List of Masonic Lodges in India 1860==

Lodges with the * prefixed have Chapters attached.
[[Image:Freemason.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Freemason Bombay Lodge]]

{| border="1"
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF ENGLAND.

! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING
|-
| 80 || Star in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 94 || Stewards', Freemasons' Hall, Madras. ||
|-
| 126* || Industry & Perseverance,Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 175* || Perfect Unanimity, Madras. ||
|-
| 242 || Rising Sun, Fort Marlborough. ||
|-
| 265 || True Friendship, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 279 || Humility with Fortitude, Fort William, Calcutta. ||
|-
| 282 || Marine, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 284 || Anchor and Hope, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 293 || Neptune, Prince of Wales's Island. ||
|-
| 825* || Rock, Trichinopoly, Madras. ||
|-
| 826* || Social Friendship, Madras. ||
|-
| 840* || Universal Charity, Madras. ||
|-
| 480 || Benevolent, Bombay. ||
|-
| 532 || Hope, Ahmednugger, Bombay. ||
|-
| 646* || Perseverance, Bombay. ||
|-
| 650 || Independence with Philanthropy, Bengal. ||
|-
| 551* || Courage with Humanity, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 596* || Hope, Meerut, Bengal. || 2d Friday.
|-
| 698 || Orion in the West, Bombay Artillery, Bombay. ||
|-
| 609 || True Brothers, Dinapore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 619 || Oriental Star, Cannanore, Malabar. ||
|-
| 622 || Neilghcrry, Ootacamund, Madras. ||
|-
| 628* || St. John's, Secunderabad, Madras. ||
|-
| 634 || Social & Military Virtues.Madras. ||
|-
| 636 || Universal Charity, Madras. ||
|-
| 636 || Honour & Humanity, Madras. ||
|-
| 637 || Military & Social Friendship, Madras. ||
|-
| 638 || Taprobane, Madras. ||
|-
| 689 || Corinthian, Madras. ||
|-
| 641* || Harmony, Cawnpore, Bengal. ||
|-
| 664 || Doric, Kamptee, Madras. ||
|-
| 665 || St. John's, Kandy, Ceylon. ||
|-
| 673* || [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=689&s_id=821 Himalayan Brotherhood,Simla, Bengal.] ||
|-
| 684 || Goodwill, Bellary, Madras. ||
|-
| 685 || Armenia, Madras. ||
|-
| 710 || Bangalore Cantonment, Bangalore, Madras. ||
|-
| 715 || St. John's, Calcutta. || 2d & 4th Fridays.
|-
| 718 || St. Helena, St. Helena. ||
|-
| 784 || St. Andrew's, Kamptee, Madras. ||
|-
| 740 || Kilwinning in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. ||
|-
| 748* || Zetland in the East, Singapore. || Last Monday.
|-
| 761* || Star of Hope, Agra, Bengal. || First Wednesday.
|-
| 794 || Philanthropy, Maulmain. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 807 || St. George's, Bombay. ||
|-
| 810 || Morning Star, Lucknow, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Weds.
|-
| 828* || Charity, Umballa, Bengal. ||
|-
| 831* || Pilgrims of Light, Mount-road, near Madras. || 4th Saturday.
|-
| 846 || Neptune,Georgetown, Prince of Wales's Island. || 3d Thursday.
|-
| 852* || Kyber, Peshawur, Bengal. ||
|-
| 897 || Star of Burmah, Rangoon, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays.
|-
| 906 || Jullunder, Jullunder, Bengal. || 1st Wednesday.
|-
| 922* || Dalhousie of Mussoorie and Deyrah, Mussoorie, Bengal. || 2d & 4th Tuesdays.
|-
| 925 || Fidelity, Darjeeling, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Thursdays.
|-
| 929 || Am kan, Akyab, Bengal. || 3d Monday.
|-
| 972 || Astrea, Thayetmys Pegu, Bengal || 2d Wednesday.
|-
| 978 || Ramsey, Rawul Pinde, Bengal. || 1st Monday.
|-
| 974 || Light of tbe North, Ferozepore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 984 || Trinne Brotherhood, Subathoo, Bengal. || 3d Wednesday.
|-
| 1038 || British, Port Louis, Mauritius. || 1st Wednesday.
|-
| 1042 || Fidelity, Singapore. || Last Monday.
|-
| 1058 || Good Hope,Dacca, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Weds.
|-
| 1059 || Concord, Bombay. || 3d Saturday.
|-
| 1069 || Union, Kurrachee, Bombay. ||
|-
| 1084 || Hope and Perseverance, Lahore, Bengal. || 1st & 3d Mondays.
|}

{| border="1"
|+ UNDER GRAND LODGE OF SCOTLAND.

! No !! LODGES LOCATION !! TIME OF MEETING
|-
| 342 || Rising Star, Western India. ||
|-
| 343 || St. Andrew's in the East, Poonah. ||
|-
| 350 || Hope, Kurrachce. ||
|-
| 351 || Perseverance, Bombay. ||
|-
| 871 || St. David's in the East, Calcutta, Bengal. || 1st & 3rd Tuesdays.
|-
| 389 || St. Paul's, Mhow, Bengal, India. ||
|}

==FIBIS resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=821&s_id=56 Freemasons] FIBIS database
*[http://gallery.fibis.org/index.php?/tags/147-freemason Masonic Images] FIBIS Gallery
*[[FIBIS Journals]] no 20 contains excellent article ''Freemasonry in India'' by Susan Snell

==Abbreviations==
*PM stands for Past Master (of a lodge).
*PDGSB stands for Past Deputy Grand Sword Bearer (a ceremonial office in Grand Lodge).<ref>Faithfull, Robert. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210211023913/https://mlarchives.rootsweb.com/listindexes/emails?listname=india&thread=785313 Masonic initials] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 December 2012, now archived.</ref>

== External Links ==
*[https://www.ugle.org.uk/freemasons-hall/museum-freemasonry The Library and Museum of Freemasonry (United Grand Lodge of England)].
:[http://www.masonicperiodicals.org Major English Masonic publications online] masonicperiodicals.org
*There is a searchable name database of United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751-1921 on pay website [http://www.ancestry.co.uk/ ancestry.co.uk]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100414121632/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index6.html Freemasonry Comes To India], now archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080819230907/http://www.masonindia.org:80/index.html The Grand Lodge of AF and AM of India], now archived.
*[https://houghton.hk/masonry/ Freemasonry, mainly in India during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Moira] by Roger Houghton
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150215015515/http://lodge-prudentia.com/masonry_in_india/freemasonry_in_madras Freemasonry in Madras] Lodge Prudentia No. 369 GLI, now archived.
*[http://fsantoke.byethost3.com/dglindia/hist1.htm History of Scottish Freemasonry in India:1838 – 2001] from [http://fsantoke.byethost3.com/dglindia/index.html District Grand Lodge of India under Grand Lodge of Antient, Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland]. Includes Freemasonry in Bombay.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160323135802/http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/prestonian_lectures_volume_3.htm 1979 Prestonian Lecture: 250 Years of Masonry in India] by G.E. Walker. Scroll down to page 82, (total c 300 pages, the numbers are generally at the left hand side of the webpage) phoenixmasonry.org, now an archived webpage.
*[http://www.irishmasonichistory.com/260-years-of-irish-freemasonry-in-india-1754-2014-by-v-w-bro-aniruddha-pradhan.html "260 years of Irish Freemasonry in India, 1754-2014"] by V. W. Bro. Aniruddha Pradhan. Paper presented at Mumbai 2014. Pdf download also available. [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishmasonichistory.com%2Fuploads%2F1%2F0%2F3%2F8%2F10381775%2F260_years_of_irish_freemasonry_in_india_1754-2014_by_v._w._bro._aniruddha_pradhan_.pdf Another html version]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130725193612/http://khyberlodge.co.uk/about-khyber-mainmenu-26.html Khyber Lodge No.582 EC, Peshawar] Khyberlodge.co.uk, now archived.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190306123902/http://masonicmedals.net/articles/the-himalayan-brotherhood-lodge-no-459.html The Himalayan Brotherhood Lodge No. 459] Simla. masonicmedals.net, archived.
*[http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/id37.html Freemasons] including [http://valmayukuk.tripod.com/himalayanbrotherhood Himalayan Brotherhood] from British India Family History (valmayukuk.tripod.com)
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/kipling.html Rudyard Kipling and his masonic career] freemasons-freemasonry.com
*[http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/kipling_r/kipling_r.html Rudyard Kipling Freemason] freemasonry.bcy.ca
*[http://nationalheritagemuseum.typepad.com/library_and_archives/2008/10/amir-habibullah.html Amir Habibullah Khan: Afghan Reformer and Freemason] (National Heritage Museum) became a Mason in India in 1907
*[http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/Francken-Manuscript.html A lost copy of the Francken manuscript found in Lahore Pakistan] freemasons-freemasonry.com

===Historical books online===
*[http://www.archive.org/details/earlyhistoryoffr00firmuoft ''The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal and the Punjab; with which is incorporated "The early history of Freemasonry in Bengal" by Andrew D'Cruz''] by Walter Kelly Firminger (1906) Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323749#page/n5/mode/2up ''A history of Freemasonry (under the English constitution) on the Coast of Coromandel : together with histories of the old Madras lodges which were founded before the union : together with appendices and a map''] by Rev C H Malden (1895) Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323731#page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Lodge "St. George" of Bombay, No. 549 on the Registry of the United Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of England''] by Bro. Isaac M. Shields 1898 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/GouldRFMilitaryLodges1899/page/n183/mode/2up "India"] Chapter 6, page 165 ''Military Lodges. The Apron and the Sword, or Freemasonry under Arms'' by Robert Freke Gould 1899 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyoffreemas00grib#page/n7/mode/2up ''History of Freemasonry in Hyderabad (Deccan)''] by J. D. B. Gribble 1910 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n1/mode/2up ''"Stewart" Lodge, No. 1960, E.C., holding at Rawal Pindi and Murree, under the district Grand Lodge of the Punjab. Address by the Worshipful Master (Wor. Bro. C.H. Blackburn) on the working of the Lodge for the year 1896''] 1897 Archive.org
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030323780#page/n13/mode/2up List of members to 31 December 1896]
*[https://archive.org/details/historyoflodgeri00wadirich ''History of Lodge Rising Star of Western India No 342''] by D F Wadia 1912. Archive.org.

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Society]]

Punjab Frontier Force

2026-04-18T11:48:36Z

Lee: remove broken link

== Military Strength ==
Following the Sikh Wars the British annexed the frontier territory which was to become the [[North West Frontier Province]] in 1901. To maintain the peace of the border a special force was raised which consisted of 5 regiments of cavalry, the Corps of Guides, 5 regiments of infantry, 3 light field batteries, 2 garrison batteries, 2 companies of Sappers and Miners, and the Sind Camel Corps.
== Chronology ==
*'''1846''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_(British_India) Corps of Guides] raised by [[Harry Lumsden|Lt Harry Lumsden]] with one troop of Cavalry and two companies of infantry
*'''1846-7''' The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)#Frontier_Brigade Frontier Brigade] formed by [[Henry Lawrence|Lt Col Henry Lawrence]] with 1st-4th Sikh Infantry Regiments
*'''1849''' [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)#Transfrontier_Brigade The Transfrontier Brigade] formed by [[Henry Lawrence|Lt Col Henry Lawrence]] with five infantry and five cavalry regiments
*'''1851''' amalgamation of the [[Corps of Guides, Punjab Irregular Force|Corps of Guides]], the four regiments of Sikh Local Infantry, the Transfrontier Brigade, and five batteries of artillery to form the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)#Punjab_Irregular_Force Punjab Irregular Force] (Piffers)
*'''1865''' renamed the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)#Punjab_Frontier_Force Punjab Frontier Force]
*'''1903''' the Piffer regiments lost their irregular status, and were thenceforth numbered in sequence with the other regiments of the Indian Army. However they retained their Frontier Force designations.
== Biographies ==
Entries in the Dictionary of Indian Biography 1906<br>
[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/87/mode/1up/search/Coke John Coke (1806-1897)]<br>
[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/246/mode/1up Henry Lawrence (1806-1857)]<br>
[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/254/mode/2up Harry Lumsden (1821-1896)]<br>
== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history)#Punjab_Frontier_Force Punjab Frontier Force] Wikipedia<br>
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_North-West_Frontier_Province#British_era NWF Province] Wikipedia

===Historical books online===
*[https://archive.org/details/punjabfrontierforce1905/page/n11/mode/2up ''A Brief Account of the Punjab Frontier Force: From its Organization in 1849 to its re-distribution on 31st March 1903''] by Rai Sahib Boydo Nath Dey 1905 Archive.org.
*[https://archive.org/details/the-victorians-at-war-1815-1914-an-encyclopedia-of-british-military-history/page/268/mode/1up "Punjab Frontier Force"] page 268 ''The Victorians at War, 1815–1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History'' by Harold E Raugh Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/myserviceinindi00vauggoog#page/n11/mode/1up ''My service in the Indian Army –and after''] by Sir John Luther Vaughan 1904 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/reminiscencesofi00westuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''Reminiscences of an Indian Cavalry Officer''] by Colonel John Sutton Edward Western 1922 Archive.org. Born in India in 1857, he returned after schooling in England in 1876 , the greater part of his service being with the Punjab Frontier Force.

[[Category:Punjab Frontier Force| Punjab Frontier Force]]
[[Category:Regiments]]

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2026-04-16T14:30:18Z

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Category:Recommended reading

2026-04-16T14:23:32Z

Lee:

Material for family historians interested in Europeans and Anglo-Indians in India, Burma and Asian territories up to 1947.

The titles listed in this bibliography range from books to direct research efforts, directories on CD which may show where an ancestor was living in a particular year, out-of-print titles available for reading online, to a wealth of background reading which will aid understanding of an ancestor's life and work in India and South Asia.

===Arrangement of the reading lists===

Items are grouped by broad subject categories shown at the bottom of this page. Each entry has a short annotation. To read titles reviewed in older issues of ''The Journal of the Families in British India Society'' see [http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=FIBIS_Journals FIBIS Journals].

===Obtaining titles from the reading lists===

Many items can be purchased through the [http://www.shop.fibis.org/ The FIBIS Bookshop]. Rare and out-of-print titles may be sought through [http://www.abebooks.com AbeBooks], which provides a meta-search of antiquarian and second-hand bookshops around the world.

Many of the titles may be available at a local public library. If not in stock, the library may offer an inter-library loan service. [http://www.worldcat.org WorldCat] may help in identifying the closest holding library (NB it is not necessary to register to use WorldCat's search facility).

It is possible that various titles may be available in more than one edition or format, and for this reason ISBNs are not listed.

===Contributing to the reading lists===

Reviews of relevant, well-written, authoritative titles are welcomed. Please read [[Guidelines for contributing to the Recommended Reading Lists | the guidelines]] before making a contribution. Reviews should be directed to [mailto:fibis-webmaster@fibis.org FIBIS Research co-ordinator ].

[[Category: Research methods]]

Category:Recommended reading

2026-04-16T14:21:37Z

Lee:

Material for family historians interested in Europeans and Anglo-Indians in India, Burma and Asian territories up to 1947.

The titles listed in this bibliography range from books to direct research efforts, directories on CD which may show where an ancestor was living in a particular year, out-of-print titles available for reading online, to a wealth of background reading which will aid understanding of an ancestor's life and work in India and South Asia.

===Arrangement of the reading lists===

Items are grouped by broad subject categories shown at the bottom of this page. Each entry has a short annotation. To read titles reviewed in older issues of ''The Journal of the Families in British India Society'' see [http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=FIBIS_Journals FIBIS Journals].

===Obtaining titles from the reading lists===

Many items can be purchased through the [http://www.shop.fibis.org/ The FIBIS Bookshop]. Rare and out-of-print titles may be sought through [http://www.abebooks.com AbeBooks], which provides a meta-search of antiquarian and second-hand bookshops around the world.

Many of the titles may be available at a local public library. If not in stock, the library may offer an inter-library loan service. [http://www.worldcat.org WorldCat] may help in identifying the closest holding library (NB it is not necessary to register to use WorldCat's search facility).

It is possible that various titles may be available in more than one edition or format, and for this reason ISBNs are not listed.

===Contributing to the reading lists===

Reviews of relevant, well-written, authoritative titles are welcomed. Please read [[Guidelines for contributing to the Recommended Reading Lists | the guidelines]] before making a contribution. Reviews should be directed to FIBIS Research co-ordinator.

[[Category: Research methods]]

Warren Hastings

2026-04-15T21:21:05Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:Warren Hastings.jpg‎|200px|thumb|right|Warren Hastings]]

'''Warren Hastings''' PC (1732–1818) was the first [[Governor-General]] of India. He joined the East India Company, went to Calcutta in 1750 and rose to be Resident at Murshidabad. After the conquest of Bengal he returned to England but ran up large debts. He returned to India as deputy ruler of Madras. In 1772 he was appointed Governor of Bengal. He made enemies among the East India Company councillors and his reputation in England was damaged. He eventually resigned in 1785 and returned home. Far from receiving the honours he felt he deserved he was impeached for corruption and it was eight years before he was finally acquitted. He eventually became a Privy Councillor.

== External links ==
[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/193/mode/1up Warren Hastings] ''Dictionary of Indian Biography'' (1906)<br />
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Hastings Warren Hastings] Wikipedia<br />

==== Historical books online ====
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/warrenhastings00macagoog#page/n8/mode/2up ''Warren Hastings''] by Macaulay archive.org<br>
*[http://books.google.co.uk/ebooks/reader?id=2-0yAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&pg=GBS.PA3 ''Article of Charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors''] by Edmund Burke 1786 Google Books<br>
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5tY9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 ''The Answer to the Articles''] by Warren Hastings 1788 Google Books<br>
*[https://archive.org/details/warrenhastings00lyaluoft/page/n9 ''Warren Hastings''] by Sir Alfred Lyall 1889 Archive.org. A book in the series ''English Men of Action''.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100753 ''The Administration Of Warren Hastings 1772- 1785''] by G W Forrest 1892 Archive.org
:''Selections From The State Papers Of The Governors General Of India'' edited by G W Forrest. [https://archive.org/details/selectionsfromst01forr/page/n9 ''Volume I Warren Hastings''], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.102298 ''Volume II Warren Hastings''] 1910 Archive.org.
*[https://archive.org/details/lettersofwarrenh00hastrich/page/n7 ''The Letters of Warren Hastings to his Wife''] Introduced and annotated by Sydney C Grier 1905 Archive.org.
*[https://archive.org/details/warrenhastingsph0000weit/page/n5 ''Warren Hastings and Philip Francis''] by Sophia Weitzman 1929. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/warrenhastingsma0000davi/page/n9 ''Warren Hastings, Maker of British India''] by A Mervyn Davies 1935. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/warrenhastingsbr00moon/page/n7 ''Warren Hastings and British India''] by Penderel Moon 1949. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/warrenhastings0000turn/page/n5 ''Warren Hastings''] by Patrick Turnbull 1975. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/warrenhastingski0000edwa/page/n7 ''Warren Hastings : King of the Nabobs''] by Michael Edwardes 1976. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.

[[Category:Governors-General of India|Hastings]]
[[Category:People|Hastings, Warren]]

Temperance organisations

2026-04-12T19:38:55Z

Lee:

Temperance organisations active in India include the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), the Army Temperance Association India (ATAI), the Royal Army Temperance Association: India/Home (RATA) and the Indian Army Temperance Association<ref name=DAH>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529090354/http://www.stewartbooks.com:80/Temperance_Medal.htm ''A Guide to Military Temperance Medals''] by David A. Harris. 2nd Edition (with additional information) 2006. Note, now an archived website. Published by Stewart Publishing and Printing, Ontario, Canada. The author died in 2016.</ref>
==Journal articles==
"A Treatise on the Temperance Movement in H. M. Forces" by W. P. Dawson published by the Orders and Medals Research Society (OMRS) in 1967, [Journal, Volume 6, Part 1, Supplement] including both Army and Naval varieties. Also the subsequent three page article "Some Additions to the Temperance Supplement" of 1968 in which he added to, and corrected, some of his information.<ref name=DAH/> Most likely available at the British Library, see [[The Orders and Medals Research Society]].
==External links==
===Medals===
*[https://www.aberdeenmedals.com/shop.php?code=22383-C Silver medal of the Army Temperance Association, India] The medal is in the shape of a Maltese Cross, with an elephant in the centre. It was awarded for accomplishing 8 years temperance . aberdeenmedals.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160330210147/http://www.fusiliermuseumlondon.org/uncategorized/504/ Falling off the wagon] The Temperance movement and medals. fusiliermuseumlondon.org, an archived page.

===Other===
*[https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/temperance-medals Watch and Be Sober’: The Story of Army Temperance]UK National Army Museum
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Order_of_Good_Templars International Order of Good Templars] ( IOGT) (Wikipedia) originated as one of a number of fraternal organizations for temperance or total abstinence founded in the 19th century and with a structure modeled on Freemasonry, using similar ritual and regalia.
*Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.”
**[https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/catholic-total-abstinence-league-of-the-cross/ Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross] alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org
**[http://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/files/2010/08/000012.jpg Image of the title page] of ''Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” Manual of Temperance'' by Father James Doogan O.S. F.C. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. 1896. Image from a University of Notre Dame [https://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/student-projects/summer-projects/temperance/ webpage]
**Scroll to pages 24-25 in the following link for a photograph of "Soldiers of 1st Connaught Rangers, who were members of the League of the Cross, at their Station in Daghshai, India 1908. Founded in 1873, the League was a Catholic organisation whose members took oaths of total abstinence." [https://issuu.com/obrienpress/docs/coward_if_i_return "Introduction": ''A Coward if I Return, A Hero if I Fall - Irishmen in World War I'' ] by Neil Richardson 2020. issuu.com
*Article "The Cautionary Tale of Pte Patrick O’Hare", of the 1st Leinsters. Details the temperance tract published 1897 regarding the murders in 1894 at Ahmedabad committed while under the influence of alcohol, and subsequent execution of Private O Hara. pages 4-6 [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925223846/http://www.oldsite.leinster-regiment-association.org.uk/download/journal/LeinsterJournalDec09.pdf ''The 40/10 The Journal of the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) Regimental Association'' December 2009], archived.

===Historical books online===
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wjk9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA84 "Military Temperance Societies" [in Bengal<nowiki>]</nowiki>] page 84, "Asiatic Intelligence", ''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register''. Volume 27 September-December 1838 Google Books
*[https://archive.org/details/ritualofindepend00inteiala ''Ritual of the Independent Order of Good Templars for Subordinate Lodges under the jurisdiction of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of North America''] 1864 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/goodtemplars00turn ''The Good Templars: A History of the Rise and Progress of the Independent Order of Good Templars''] Jubilee Volume 1851-1901. Archive.org
**[https://archive.org/stream/goodtemplars00turn#page/153/mode/1up The situation in India in 1901] page 153. The members were mainly military.
*[https://archive.org/details/indiantemplarhan00inte ''Indian Templar Handbook''] Compiled by the Literature Committee of the International Order of Good Templars, Grand Lodge of India. Published 1907. Includes Chapter III "Good Templary in India", page 41 Archive.org. Membership included both military personnel and others.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Society]] [[Category:British Army]]

Temperance organisations

2026-04-12T19:38:24Z

Lee: remove broken link

Temperance organisations active in India include the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), the Army Temperance Association India (ATAI), the Royal Army Temperance Association: India/Home (RATA) and the Indian Army Temperance Association<ref name=DAH>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529090354/http://www.stewartbooks.com:80/Temperance_Medal.htm ''A Guide to Military Temperance Medals''] by David A. Harris. 2nd Edition (with additional information) 2006. Note, now an archived website. Published by Stewart Publishing and Printing, Ontario, Canada. The author died in 2016.</ref>
==Journal articles==
"A Treatise on the Temperance Movement in H. M. Forces" by W. P. Dawson published by the Orders and Medals Research Society (OMRS) in 1967, [Journal, Volume 6, Part 1, Supplement] including both Army and Naval varieties. Also the subsequent three page article "Some Additions to the Temperance Supplement" of 1968 in which he added to, and corrected, some of his information.<ref name=DAH/> Most likely available at the British Library, see [[The Orders and Medals Research Society]].
==External links==
===Medals===
*[https://www.aberdeenmedals.com/shop.php?code=22383-C Silver medal of the Army Temperance Association, India] The medal is in the shape of a Maltese Cross, with an elephant in the centre. It was awarded for accomplishing 8 years temperance . aberdeenmedals.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160330210147/http://www.fusiliermuseumlondon.org/uncategorized/504/ Falling off the wagon] The Temperance movement and medals. fusiliermuseumlondon.org, an archived page.

===Other===
"[https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/temperance-medals Watch and Be Sober’: The Story of Army Temperance]UK National Army Museum
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Order_of_Good_Templars International Order of Good Templars] ( IOGT) (Wikipedia) originated as one of a number of fraternal organizations for temperance or total abstinence founded in the 19th century and with a structure modeled on Freemasonry, using similar ritual and regalia.
*Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.”
**[https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/catholic-total-abstinence-league-of-the-cross/ Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross] alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org
**[http://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/files/2010/08/000012.jpg Image of the title page] of ''Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” Manual of Temperance'' by Father James Doogan O.S. F.C. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. 1896. Image from a University of Notre Dame [https://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/student-projects/summer-projects/temperance/ webpage]
**Scroll to pages 24-25 in the following link for a photograph of "Soldiers of 1st Connaught Rangers, who were members of the League of the Cross, at their Station in Daghshai, India 1908. Founded in 1873, the League was a Catholic organisation whose members took oaths of total abstinence." [https://issuu.com/obrienpress/docs/coward_if_i_return "Introduction": ''A Coward if I Return, A Hero if I Fall - Irishmen in World War I'' ] by Neil Richardson 2020. issuu.com
*Article "The Cautionary Tale of Pte Patrick O’Hare", of the 1st Leinsters. Details the temperance tract published 1897 regarding the murders in 1894 at Ahmedabad committed while under the influence of alcohol, and subsequent execution of Private O Hara. pages 4-6 [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925223846/http://www.oldsite.leinster-regiment-association.org.uk/download/journal/LeinsterJournalDec09.pdf ''The 40/10 The Journal of the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) Regimental Association'' December 2009], archived.

===Historical books online===
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wjk9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA84 "Military Temperance Societies" [in Bengal<nowiki>]</nowiki>] page 84, "Asiatic Intelligence", ''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register''. Volume 27 September-December 1838 Google Books
*[https://archive.org/details/ritualofindepend00inteiala ''Ritual of the Independent Order of Good Templars for Subordinate Lodges under the jurisdiction of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of North America''] 1864 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/goodtemplars00turn ''The Good Templars: A History of the Rise and Progress of the Independent Order of Good Templars''] Jubilee Volume 1851-1901. Archive.org
**[https://archive.org/stream/goodtemplars00turn#page/153/mode/1up The situation in India in 1901] page 153. The members were mainly military.
*[https://archive.org/details/indiantemplarhan00inte ''Indian Templar Handbook''] Compiled by the Literature Committee of the International Order of Good Templars, Grand Lodge of India. Published 1907. Includes Chapter III "Good Templary in India", page 41 Archive.org. Membership included both military personnel and others.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Society]] [[Category:British Army]]

Temperance organisations

2026-04-12T19:34:22Z

Lee: remove broken link

Temperance organisations active in India include the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), the Army Temperance Association India (ATAI), the Royal Army Temperance Association: India/Home (RATA) and the Indian Army Temperance Association<ref name=DAH>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529090354/http://www.stewartbooks.com:80/Temperance_Medal.htm ''A Guide to Military Temperance Medals''] by David A. Harris. 2nd Edition (with additional information) 2006. Note, now an archived website. Published by Stewart Publishing and Printing, Ontario, Canada. The author died in 2016.</ref>
==Journal articles==
"A Treatise on the Temperance Movement in H. M. Forces" by W. P. Dawson published by the Orders and Medals Research Society (OMRS) in 1967, [Journal, Volume 6, Part 1, Supplement] including both Army and Naval varieties. Also the subsequent three page article "Some Additions to the Temperance Supplement" of 1968 in which he added to, and corrected, some of his information.<ref name=DAH/> Most likely available at the British Library, see [[The Orders and Medals Research Society]].
==External links==
===Medals===
*[https://www.aberdeenmedals.com/shop.php?code=22383-C Silver medal of the Army Temperance Association, India] The medal is in the shape of a Maltese Cross, with an elephant in the centre. It was awarded for accomplishing 8 years temperance . aberdeenmedals.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160330210147/http://www.fusiliermuseumlondon.org/uncategorized/504/ Falling off the wagon] The Temperance movement and medals. fusiliermuseumlondon.org, an archived page.

===Other===
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Order_of_Good_Templars International Order of Good Templars] ( IOGT) (Wikipedia) originated as one of a number of fraternal organizations for temperance or total abstinence founded in the 19th century and with a structure modeled on Freemasonry, using similar ritual and regalia.
*Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.”
**[https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/catholic-total-abstinence-league-of-the-cross/ Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross] alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org
**[http://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/files/2010/08/000012.jpg Image of the title page] of ''Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” Manual of Temperance'' by Father James Doogan O.S. F.C. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. 1896. Image from a University of Notre Dame [https://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/student-projects/summer-projects/temperance/ webpage]
**Scroll to pages 24-25 in the following link for a photograph of "Soldiers of 1st Connaught Rangers, who were members of the League of the Cross, at their Station in Daghshai, India 1908. Founded in 1873, the League was a Catholic organisation whose members took oaths of total abstinence." [https://issuu.com/obrienpress/docs/coward_if_i_return "Introduction": ''A Coward if I Return, A Hero if I Fall - Irishmen in World War I'' ] by Neil Richardson 2020. issuu.com
*Article "The Cautionary Tale of Pte Patrick O’Hare", of the 1st Leinsters. Details the temperance tract published 1897 regarding the murders in 1894 at Ahmedabad committed while under the influence of alcohol, and subsequent execution of Private O Hara. pages 4-6 [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925223846/http://www.oldsite.leinster-regiment-association.org.uk/download/journal/LeinsterJournalDec09.pdf ''The 40/10 The Journal of the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) Regimental Association'' December 2009], archived.

===Historical books online===
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wjk9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA84 "Military Temperance Societies" [in Bengal<nowiki>]</nowiki>] page 84, "Asiatic Intelligence", ''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register''. Volume 27 September-December 1838 Google Books
*[https://archive.org/details/ritualofindepend00inteiala ''Ritual of the Independent Order of Good Templars for Subordinate Lodges under the jurisdiction of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of North America''] 1864 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/goodtemplars00turn ''The Good Templars: A History of the Rise and Progress of the Independent Order of Good Templars''] Jubilee Volume 1851-1901. Archive.org
**[https://archive.org/stream/goodtemplars00turn#page/153/mode/1up The situation in India in 1901] page 153. The members were mainly military.
*[https://archive.org/details/indiantemplarhan00inte ''Indian Templar Handbook''] Compiled by the Literature Committee of the International Order of Good Templars, Grand Lodge of India. Published 1907. Includes Chapter III "Good Templary in India", page 41 Archive.org. Membership included both military personnel and others.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Society]] [[Category:British Army]]

Temperance organisations

2026-04-12T19:32:45Z

Lee: remove broken link

Temperance organisations active in India include the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), the Army Temperance Association India (ATAI), the Royal Army Temperance Association: India/Home (RATA) and the Indian Army Temperance Association<ref name=DAH>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529090354/http://www.stewartbooks.com:80/Temperance_Medal.htm ''A Guide to Military Temperance Medals''] by David A. Harris. 2nd Edition (with additional information) 2006. Note, now an archived website. Published by Stewart Publishing and Printing, Ontario, Canada. The author died in 2016.</ref>
==Journal articles==
"A Treatise on the Temperance Movement in H. M. Forces" by W. P. Dawson published by the Orders and Medals Research Society (OMRS) in 1967, [Journal, Volume 6, Part 1, Supplement] including both Army and Naval varieties. Also the subsequent three page article "Some Additions to the Temperance Supplement" of 1968 in which he added to, and corrected, some of his information.<ref name=DAH/> Most likely available at the British Library, see [[The Orders and Medals Research Society]].
==External links==
===Medals===
*[https://www.aberdeenmedals.com/shop.php?code=22383-C Silver medal of the Army Temperance Association, India] The medal is in the shape of a Maltese Cross, with an elephant in the centre. It was awarded for accomplishing 8 years temperance . aberdeenmedals.com
*Three photographs from [http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal.html Soldiers of the Queen: By the Level and the Square] British Soldiers in Fraternal Regalia
**[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal-UnidentifiedPrivateArmyTemperanceAssociation.html Photograph of a Private wearing Temperance medals] by L.C. Mullick – Photographer Quetta c 1902. The medals link him with both the Army Temperance Association and the Soldier's Total Abstinence Association.
**[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal-PrivateCheshireRegimentInternationalOrderOfGoodTemplars.html Private of the 1st Battalion, The Cheshire Regiment a member of the International Order of Good Templars India c 1897]
**[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal-PrivateKingsLiverpoolRegimentIOGT.html A Private of the King's (Liverpool) Regiment, a member of the International Order of Good Templars] Ramji & Co. – Photographer Dalhousie, Punjab, India c 1905
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160330210147/http://www.fusiliermuseumlondon.org/uncategorized/504/ Falling off the wagon] The Temperance movement and medals. fusiliermuseumlondon.org, an archived page.

===Other===
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Order_of_Good_Templars International Order of Good Templars] ( IOGT) (Wikipedia) originated as one of a number of fraternal organizations for temperance or total abstinence founded in the 19th century and with a structure modeled on Freemasonry, using similar ritual and regalia.
*Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.”
**[https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/catholic-total-abstinence-league-of-the-cross/ Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross] alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org
**[http://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/files/2010/08/000012.jpg Image of the title page] of ''Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” Manual of Temperance'' by Father James Doogan O.S. F.C. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. 1896. Image from a University of Notre Dame [https://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/student-projects/summer-projects/temperance/ webpage]
**Scroll to pages 24-25 in the following link for a photograph of "Soldiers of 1st Connaught Rangers, who were members of the League of the Cross, at their Station in Daghshai, India 1908. Founded in 1873, the League was a Catholic organisation whose members took oaths of total abstinence." [https://issuu.com/obrienpress/docs/coward_if_i_return "Introduction": ''A Coward if I Return, A Hero if I Fall - Irishmen in World War I'' ] by Neil Richardson 2020. issuu.com
*Article "The Cautionary Tale of Pte Patrick O’Hare", of the 1st Leinsters. Details the temperance tract published 1897 regarding the murders in 1894 at Ahmedabad committed while under the influence of alcohol, and subsequent execution of Private O Hara. pages 4-6 [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925223846/http://www.oldsite.leinster-regiment-association.org.uk/download/journal/LeinsterJournalDec09.pdf ''The 40/10 The Journal of the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) Regimental Association'' December 2009], archived.

===Historical books online===
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wjk9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA84 "Military Temperance Societies" [in Bengal<nowiki>]</nowiki>] page 84, "Asiatic Intelligence", ''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register''. Volume 27 September-December 1838 Google Books
*[https://archive.org/details/ritualofindepend00inteiala ''Ritual of the Independent Order of Good Templars for Subordinate Lodges under the jurisdiction of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of North America''] 1864 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/goodtemplars00turn ''The Good Templars: A History of the Rise and Progress of the Independent Order of Good Templars''] Jubilee Volume 1851-1901. Archive.org
**[https://archive.org/stream/goodtemplars00turn#page/153/mode/1up The situation in India in 1901] page 153. The members were mainly military.
*[https://archive.org/details/indiantemplarhan00inte ''Indian Templar Handbook''] Compiled by the Literature Committee of the International Order of Good Templars, Grand Lodge of India. Published 1907. Includes Chapter III "Good Templary in India", page 41 Archive.org. Membership included both military personnel and others.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Society]] [[Category:British Army]]

Temperance organisations

2026-04-12T19:31:08Z

Lee:

Temperance organisations active in India include the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), the Army Temperance Association India (ATAI), the Royal Army Temperance Association: India/Home (RATA) and the Indian Army Temperance Association<ref name=DAH>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180529090354/http://www.stewartbooks.com:80/Temperance_Medal.htm ''A Guide to Military Temperance Medals''] by David A. Harris. 2nd Edition (with additional information) 2006. Note, now an archived website. Published by Stewart Publishing and Printing, Ontario, Canada. The author died in 2016.</ref>
==Journal articles==
"A Treatise on the Temperance Movement in H. M. Forces" by W. P. Dawson published by the Orders and Medals Research Society (OMRS) in 1967, [Journal, Volume 6, Part 1, Supplement] including both Army and Naval varieties. Also the subsequent three page article "Some Additions to the Temperance Supplement" of 1968 in which he added to, and corrected, some of his information.<ref name=DAH/> Most likely available at the British Library, see [[The Orders and Medals Research Society]].
==External links==
===Medals===
*[https://www.aberdeenmedals.com/shop.php?code=22383-C Silver medal of the Army Temperance Association, India] The medal is in the shape of a Maltese Cross, with an elephant in the centre. It was awarded for accomplishing 8 years temperance . aberdeenmedals.com
*[http://www.prafulthakkar.in/my-hobbies/indian-numismatic/indian-numismatics/numismatic-exhibits/indian-temperance-medals.html Numismatic Exhibits: Indian Temperance Medals] prafulthakkar.in.
:Previous website, archived, with different format, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210128065704/http://indiannumismatics.com/products.php?id=76 British India Historic Medals: Army Temperance Medals] from Praful Thakkar’s Indian Numismatics. Images can be enlarged.
*Three photographs from [http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal.html Soldiers of the Queen: By the Level and the Square] British Soldiers in Fraternal Regalia
**[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal-UnidentifiedPrivateArmyTemperanceAssociation.html Photograph of a Private wearing Temperance medals] by L.C. Mullick – Photographer Quetta c 1902. The medals link him with both the Army Temperance Association and the Soldier's Total Abstinence Association.
**[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal-PrivateCheshireRegimentInternationalOrderOfGoodTemplars.html Private of the 1st Battalion, The Cheshire Regiment a member of the International Order of Good Templars India c 1897]
**[http://www.soldiersofthequeen.com/Fraternal-PrivateKingsLiverpoolRegimentIOGT.html A Private of the King's (Liverpool) Regiment, a member of the International Order of Good Templars] Ramji & Co. – Photographer Dalhousie, Punjab, India c 1905
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160330210147/http://www.fusiliermuseumlondon.org/uncategorized/504/ Falling off the wagon] The Temperance movement and medals. fusiliermuseumlondon.org, an archived page.

===Other===
*The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Order_of_Good_Templars International Order of Good Templars] ( IOGT) (Wikipedia) originated as one of a number of fraternal organizations for temperance or total abstinence founded in the 19th century and with a structure modeled on Freemasonry, using similar ritual and regalia.
*Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.”
**[https://www.alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org/catholic-total-abstinence-league-of-the-cross/ Catholic Total Abstinence League of the Cross] alcoholproblemsandsolutions.org
**[http://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/files/2010/08/000012.jpg Image of the title page] of ''Roman Catholic Temperance Society. “The League of the Cross.” Manual of Temperance'' by Father James Doogan O.S. F.C. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. 1896. Image from a University of Notre Dame [https://sites.nd.edu/irishstories/student-projects/summer-projects/temperance/ webpage]
**Scroll to pages 24-25 in the following link for a photograph of "Soldiers of 1st Connaught Rangers, who were members of the League of the Cross, at their Station in Daghshai, India 1908. Founded in 1873, the League was a Catholic organisation whose members took oaths of total abstinence." [https://issuu.com/obrienpress/docs/coward_if_i_return "Introduction": ''A Coward if I Return, A Hero if I Fall - Irishmen in World War I'' ] by Neil Richardson 2020. issuu.com
*Article "The Cautionary Tale of Pte Patrick O’Hare", of the 1st Leinsters. Details the temperance tract published 1897 regarding the murders in 1894 at Ahmedabad committed while under the influence of alcohol, and subsequent execution of Private O Hara. pages 4-6 [https://web.archive.org/web/20150925223846/http://www.oldsite.leinster-regiment-association.org.uk/download/journal/LeinsterJournalDec09.pdf ''The 40/10 The Journal of the Prince of Wales’s Leinster Regiment (Royal Canadians) Regimental Association'' December 2009], archived.

===Historical books online===
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wjk9AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA84 "Military Temperance Societies" [in Bengal<nowiki>]</nowiki>] page 84, "Asiatic Intelligence", ''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register''. Volume 27 September-December 1838 Google Books
*[https://archive.org/details/ritualofindepend00inteiala ''Ritual of the Independent Order of Good Templars for Subordinate Lodges under the jurisdiction of the Right Worthy Grand Lodge of North America''] 1864 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/goodtemplars00turn ''The Good Templars: A History of the Rise and Progress of the Independent Order of Good Templars''] Jubilee Volume 1851-1901. Archive.org
**[https://archive.org/stream/goodtemplars00turn#page/153/mode/1up The situation in India in 1901] page 153. The members were mainly military.
*[https://archive.org/details/indiantemplarhan00inte ''Indian Templar Handbook''] Compiled by the Literature Committee of the International Order of Good Templars, Grand Lodge of India. Published 1907. Includes Chapter III "Good Templary in India", page 41 Archive.org. Membership included both military personnel and others.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Society]] [[Category:British Army]]

9th (The Queen's Royal) Lancers

2026-04-12T12:02:56Z

Lee:

Also known as the '''Delhi Spearmen'''.

== Chronology ==
*'''1715''' raised by Major-General Owen Wynne as the 9th Dragoons or "Wynne's Dragoons"
*'''1783''' became the 9th Light Dragoons
*'''1816''' became the 9th Lancers
*'''1830''' became the '''9th (Queen's Royal) Lancers'''
*'''1921''' became the 9th Queen's Royal Lancers
*'''1953''' merged with [[12th Light Dragoons|12th Royal Lancers]] and became 9th/12th Royal Lancers (Prince of Wales's)

== Service in British India ==
*'''1841''' India
*'''1843''' [[:Category:Gwalior Campaign 1843|Gwalior Campaign]]
*'''1845''' [[1st Sikh War]]
*'''1848''' [[2nd Sikh War]]
*'''1857''' [[Indian Mutiny]]
*'''1875''' India
*'''1878''' [[2nd Afghan War]]
*'''1881''' [[Umballa]]
*'''1898''' [[Punjab]]
*'''1902''' [[Rawalpindi]]

==FIBIS resources==
*"Boy Soldier to Lancer: John Arnfield in the Anglo -Sikh Wars" by Ainslie Sharpe ''FIBIS Journal Number 26 Autumn 2011'', pages 31-40 For details of how to access this article, see [[FIBIS Journals]]
:John Arnfield transferred from the [[16th Lancers]] 1 April 1846 when that regiment returned to England. He fought with the 9th Lancers in the [[2nd Sikh War]]. He was discharged at his own request 11 February 1853. He had served in India since joining as a Boy in 1833 and had fought in both the [[1st Sikh War]] and the [[2nd Sikh War]]. He died in Calcutta in 1856, age 35, ‘out of employment’

==Histories and Accounts==
*''The Life of a Lancer in the Wars of the Punjab, or, Seven Years in India, 1843-50'', by James Gilling, first published 1855, and available at the [[National Army Museum]]. Republished in 2014<ref>[https://www.helion.co.uk/military-history-books/the-life-of-a-lancer-in-the-wars-of-the-punjab-seven-years-in-india-1843-50.php ''The Life Of A Lancer In The Wars Of The Punjaub, Or, Seven Years In India, 1843-50''] Helion</ref>, but catalogued with the spelling ''Punjaub''. Gilling was a private soldier and a description of the book says "It is the only published memoir written from the ranks of a lancer regiment at this period".

== External links ==
===Historical books online===
*''Historical record of the Ninth, or the Queen’s Royal Regiment of Light Dragoons; Lancers: containing an account of the formation of the regiment in 1715, and of its subsequent services to 1841'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=zp_yUexesdsC Google Books] 1841
*[https://archive.org/details/journalofcavalry00humb ''Journal of a Cavalry Officer: including the memorable Sikh Campaign of 1845-46''] by William Wellington Waterloo Humbley, Captain 9th Queen’s Royal Lancers 1854 Archive.org. Includes some maps.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/withhm9thlancers00ansorich#page/n7/mode/2up ''With H.M. 9th Lancers during the Indian Mutiny. The letters of Brevet-major O.H.S.G. Anson''] 1896 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/cavalryexperien00ouvrgoog ''Cavalry Experiences and Leaves from My Journal''] by Colonel H A Ouvry 1892 Archive.org. The author arrived in India in late 1846 to join the [[3rd Light Dragoons]], where he took part in the [[2nd Sikh War]] and remained with the regiment until they returned to England. C 1854, he could not afford to remain in England and exchanged into the 9th Lancers, arriving back at Umballa in 1855 (page 99) and took part in the [[Indian Mutiny]], [https://archive.org/stream/cavalryexperien00ouvrgoog#page/n157/mode/2up page 127] He returned to England in 1859. His wife's account follows.
:[https://archive.org/details/aladysdiarybefo00ouvrgoog ''A Lady's Diary Before and During the Indian Mutiny''] by M H Ouvry 1892 Archive.org. The author 's husband wrote the book above.
*[http://www.9th12thlancersmuseum.org/archive/journals/regimental-histories/regimental-histories-1715-1936-sheppard/38976 ''The Ninth Queen's Royal Lancers 1715-1936''] by Major E W Sheppard 1939 is available to read online on the website of the 9th/12th Royal Lancers Museum. There is also a history from 1936. Some of the pages were slow to display, or did not display in a reasonable time.

===Other===
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20071016052244/www.regiments.org/regiments/uk/cav/D09L.htm 9th Queen's Royal Lancers] including [http://web.archive.org/web/20071110142629/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-cav/d09.htm deployments] www.regiments.org, an archived site.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Lancers 9th Lancers] Wikipedia
*[http://www.armynavyairforce.co.uk/9th_queens_royal_lancers.htm 9th Lancers] armynavyairforce.co.uk
*[https://derbymuseums.org/collection/the-soldiers-story/ The Soldier’s Story at Derby Museums] tells the stories of soldiers from three regiments; the 9th/12th Royal Lancers, the Sherwood Foresters (now part of the Mercian Regiment) and the Derbyshire Yeomanry.
**[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/onlinelists/GB1609%20912L.pdf Catalogue of regimental records] for the 9th and [[12th (Prince of Wales's Royal) Lancers|12th]] Lancers available at the Derby Museum and Art Gallery
*[http://www.9th12thlancersmuseum.org 9th/12th Royal Lancers Museum] Contains a search facility for those who served in the 19th and 20th centuries and online regimental histories
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100929105539/http://www.britishmedals.us/resources/regts/british/9thlancers.html The Ninth (Queen’s Own Royal) Lancers Service In India During The XIX Century] The Asplin Military History Resources, now archived.
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20100927193510/http://www.britishmedals.us/files/9lpunjab.htm Punjab Medal Roll - 9th Lancers]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20100926111345/http://www.britishmedals.us/files/mutiny9l.htm Indian Mutiny Roll for the 9th Lancers]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20190125221242/http://www.britishmedals.us/files/9lafghan.htm 9th Lancers Afghanistan Medal Roll]
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20090227012149/http://www.britishmedals.us/kevin/other/exeter.html Exeter Memorial - 9th Lancers] Erected 1860 "By The Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers And Privates of the 9th Queens Royal Lancers Who Served With The Regiment In India In Memory Of Their Comrades Who Fell There In The Service Of Their Country"
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20200712013943/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:bjCeYG4Bx6sJ:www.britishmedals.us/kevin/profiles/morgan.html "James Morgan – 9th Lancers – 1878 to 1887"] He arrived in Bombay January 1879, took part in the [[2nd Afghan War]], and remained in India until the regiment was returned to England at the end of 1885. He was discharged in 1887 with medical problems due to long service in India. Archived from a Google cache of a page.

==References==
<references/>

{{#widget:Google PlusOne
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[[Category:British Army Cavalry Regiments|9th Lancers]]

Journalist

2026-04-12T11:59:42Z

Lee: remove broken link

and '''Publisher'''

There are some letters and manuscripts regarding some journalists in the Private Papers held at the [[British Library]]. References might also be found in Political and Secret Department Records and Public and Judicial Department Records as well as many other sources useful for researching non-official inhabitants such as Thackers Directories, East India Registers and [[Bonds, Covenants, Indentures and Obligations, etc.|bonds]].

==FIBIS resources==
*"From Soldier to Newspaperman: The Varied Experiences of Joachim Hayward Stocqueler in Bombay and Calcutta from 1819 to 1843" by Audrey T Carpenter ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 3-15.
*"The Life of George Parbury, associate of Allen, Thacker and Spink" by Dr John Carpenter ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 3-17.
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].

==External links ==
*[http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lang-john-3985 Lang, John (1816–1864)] by John Earnshaw. Australian Dictionary of Biography. An Australian, Lang came to India in 1842, where he initially practiced as a barrister at the Calcutta Bar, until he founded the ''Mofussilite'', c 1846, which became one of the most important newspapers in India. He died in Mussoorie in 1864.
:[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PqYPVP2CjuoEoxmnHonWkN/The-story-of-John-Lang.html "The story of John Lang"] by Venkat Ananth, November 18 2014. livemint.com. John Lang was considered among the earliest champions of a free press in India.
:See Historical books online, below for a series of sketches by Lang of British social life in India.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151004181205/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120721/jsp/opinion/story_15751500.jsp "End of a Chapter  - The last British journalist to make India his home"] by Sunanda K. Datta-Ray July 21 , 2012 ''The Telegraph, Calcutta'', now an archived webpage. Obituary of Philip Crosland 1918- 2012

===Historical books online===
*''Tropical Sketches; Or, Reminiscences of an Indian Journalist'' by William Knighton 1855. [https://archive.org/details/tropicalsketche00kniggoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/tropicalsketche01kniggoog Volume II] Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/wanderingsinind01langgoog ''Wanderings in India: and other sketches of life in Hindostan''] by John Lang 1859 Archive.org. Missing the one image. [http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_00000003515A British Library Digital Collection]. The one image is rotatable. Most of the chapters first appeared in Charles Dickens’s magazine, ''Household Words''. For information about the author, see External links above.
*[https://archive.org/details/yesterdaytodayin00blan ''Yesterday and To-day in India''] by Sydney Laman Blanchard 1867 Archive.org. He was in India c 1854-1864. He was initially editor of the ''Bengal Hurkaru''. [http://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=32 Sidney Laman Blanchard (1825–1883)] victorianresearch.org
*"The History of Journalism in India" by S C Sanial ''The Calcutta Review'' Volume 124 1907, July and October: [https://archive.org/stream/calcuttareviewv06unkngoog#page/n372/mode/2up I–Bengal] pages 350-393 and [https://archive.org/stream/calcuttareviewv06unkngoog#page/n590/mode/2up I-Bengal–II] pages 500-562. Archive.org.
:Bengal III Volume 125, January 1908: Does not appear to be available online.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94742/page/n45 I Bengal IV] page 195, Vol 125 April 1908
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20892/page/n39 I Bengal V] page 351, Vol 127 July 1908
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20892/page/n177 I Bengal VI] page 485, Vol 127 October 1908
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49060/page/n53 II Bombay I] page 429, Vol 129 Oct 1909
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20894/page/n87 VIII Bombay II] page 80, Vol 130 January 1910.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20894/page/n275 IX Bombay III] page 264, Volume 130 April 1910.
:Part X, Vol.131, July 1910.<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=SgnWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA354 Page 354] ''‪South Asian History, 1750-1950: A Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations and Newspapers''‬ by Margaret H. Case‪ Google Books. Also available Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library, see above.</ref> Does not appear to be available online
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49061/page/n9 XI I- "Manuscript Newspapers"] page 1 Vol 132 January 1911.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49061/page/n155 XII "Vernacular Press of Bengal"] page 141, Vol 132 April 1911
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276743/page/n261 India in 1907] page 226 ''More Changes More Chances'' by Henry W. Nevinson 1925 Archive.org. He was sent to India by the ''Manchester Guardian'' to report on the "unrest" movement, following which he wrote [https://archive.org/details/thenewspiritinin00neviiala/page/xii ''The New Spirit in India''] by Henry W. Nevinson 1908 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/journalisminindi035524mbp#page/n5/mode/2up ''Journalism In India''] by Pat Lovett 1929 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/stream/angloindianstudi00mitriala#page/160/mode/2up ''The Indian Press''] from Anglo Indian Studies by S M Mitra 1913 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/indianliteraryye1918alla ''The Indian Literary Year-book and Author's Who is Who for 1918''], with Appendices relating to relevant legislation. Published by Mitra. Archive.org
*[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15957898# ""The Englishman." Centenary Number"]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' Monday 15 Aug 1921 Page 7. ''Trove'' nla.gov.au. ''The Englishman'' was a Calcutta newspaper established 1821 as ''John Bull''.
*Indian chapters commencing with [https://archive.org/details/wayoftransgresso00fars/page/546 “Flight to India”] [in 1930] page 547''The Way of a Transgressor'' by Negley Farson 1936 Archive.org Lending Library. The India chapters continue to page 591. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76543/page/n3 2nd file], with differing page numbers. Archive.org. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negley_Farson Negley Farson] Wikipedia. The author was then an American foreign correspondent, one of the most renowned of his day.
*[https://archive.org/details/monsoonmorning0000step/page/n5 ''Monsoon Morning''] by Ian Stephens 1966. A picture of India in 1942-44 by the editor of ''The Statesman'', mainly depicting events seen from Calcutta. Archive.org Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/printingincalcut0000shaw/page/n5 ''Printing in Calcutta to 1800 : a description and checklist of printing in late 18th-century Calcutta''] by Graham Shaw 1981. Archive.org Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/historyofindianj00nata/page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Indian Journalism: Part II of the Report of the Press Commission''] by J Natarajan. 2017 reprint, first published 1955. A Government of India publication. Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/southasianhistor0000case/page/n5/mode/2up ''South Asian History, 1750-1950; a Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations, and Newspapers''] by Margaret H Case 1968. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
====Fiction====
*''The Chronicles of Budgepore; or, Sketches of Life in Upper India'' by Iltudus Prichard catalogued 1870. [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88564/page/n5/mode/2up Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88526/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II] Archive.org, mirror from Granth Sanjeevani Asiatic Society of Mumbai. During the latter period of his time in India, Prichard edited the ''Delhi Gazette'' and served as a barrister.
: Prichard also wrote ''How to Manage It: a Novel'' 1864, concerning the [[Indian Mutiny#Fiction|Indian Mutiny]], in addition to non fiction books.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Occupations]]

Journalist

2026-04-12T11:56:09Z

Lee:

and '''Publisher'''

There are some letters and manuscripts regarding some journalists in the Private Papers held at the [[British Library]]. References might also be found in Political and Secret Department Records and Public and Judicial Department Records as well as many other sources useful for researching non-official inhabitants such as Thackers Directories, East India Registers and [[Bonds, Covenants, Indentures and Obligations, etc.|bonds]].

==FIBIS resources==
*"From Soldier to Newspaperman: The Varied Experiences of Joachim Hayward Stocqueler in Bombay and Calcutta from 1819 to 1843" by Audrey T Carpenter ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 3-15.
*"The Life of George Parbury, associate of Allen, Thacker and Spink" by Dr John Carpenter ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 3-17.
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].

==External links ==
*[http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lang-john-3985 Lang, John (1816–1864)] by John Earnshaw. Australian Dictionary of Biography. An Australian, Lang came to India in 1842, where he initially practiced as a barrister at the Calcutta Bar, until he founded the ''Mofussilite'', c 1846, which became one of the most important newspapers in India. He died in Mussoorie in 1864.
:[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PqYPVP2CjuoEoxmnHonWkN/The-story-of-John-Lang.html "The story of John Lang"] by Venkat Ananth, November 18 2014. livemint.com. John Lang was considered among the earliest champions of a free press in India.
:See Historical books online, below for a series of sketches by Lang of British social life in India.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151004181205/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120721/jsp/opinion/story_15751500.jsp "End of a Chapter  - The last British journalist to make India his home"] by Sunanda K. Datta-Ray July 21 , 2012 ''The Telegraph, Calcutta'', now an archived webpage. Obituary of Philip Crosland 1918- 2012

===Historical books online===
*''Tropical Sketches; Or, Reminiscences of an Indian Journalist'' by William Knighton 1855. [https://archive.org/details/tropicalsketche00kniggoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/tropicalsketche01kniggoog Volume II] Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/wanderingsinind01langgoog ''Wanderings in India: and other sketches of life in Hindostan''] by John Lang 1859 Archive.org. Missing the one image. [http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_00000003515A British Library Digital Collection]. The one image is rotatable. Most of the chapters first appeared in Charles Dickens’s magazine, ''Household Words''. For information about the author, see External links above.
*[https://archive.org/details/yesterdaytodayin00blan ''Yesterday and To-day in India''] by Sydney Laman Blanchard 1867 Archive.org. He was in India c 1854-1864. He was initially editor of the ''Bengal Hurkaru''. [http://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=32 Sidney Laman Blanchard (1825–1883)] victorianresearch.org
*"The History of Journalism in India" by S C Sanial ''The Calcutta Review'' Volume 124 1907, July and October: [https://archive.org/stream/calcuttareviewv06unkngoog#page/n372/mode/2up I–Bengal] pages 350-393 and [https://archive.org/stream/calcuttareviewv06unkngoog#page/n590/mode/2up I-Bengal–II] pages 500-562. Archive.org.
:Bengal III Volume 125, January 1908: Does not appear to be available online.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94742/page/n45 I Bengal IV] page 195, Vol 125 April 1908
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20892/page/n39 I Bengal V] page 351, Vol 127 July 1908
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20892/page/n177 I Bengal VI] page 485, Vol 127 October 1908
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49060/page/n53 II Bombay I] page 429, Vol 129 Oct 1909
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20894/page/n87 VIII Bombay II] page 80, Vol 130 January 1910.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20894/page/n275 IX Bombay III] page 264, Volume 130 April 1910.
:Part X, Vol.131, July 1910.<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=SgnWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA354 Page 354] ''‪South Asian History, 1750-1950: A Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations and Newspapers''‬ by Margaret H. Case‪ Google Books. Also available Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library, see above.</ref> Does not appear to be available online
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49061/page/n9 XI I- "Manuscript Newspapers"] page 1 Vol 132 January 1911.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49061/page/n155 XII "Vernacular Press of Bengal"] page 141, Vol 132 April 1911
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276743/page/n261 India in 1907] page 226 ''More Changes More Chances'' by Henry W. Nevinson 1925 Archive.org. He was sent to India by the ''Manchester Guardian'' to report on the "unrest" movement, following which he wrote [https://archive.org/details/thenewspiritinin00neviiala/page/xii ''The New Spirit in India''] by Henry W. Nevinson 1908 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/journalisminindi035524mbp#page/n5/mode/2up ''Journalism In India''] by Pat Lovett 1929 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/stream/angloindianstudi00mitriala#page/160/mode/2up ''The Indian Press''] from Anglo Indian Studies by S M Mitra 1913 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/indianliteraryye1918alla ''The Indian Literary Year-book and Author's Who is Who for 1918''], with Appendices relating to relevant legislation. Published by Mitra. Archive.org
*[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15957898# ""The Englishman." Centenary Number"]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' Monday 15 Aug 1921 Page 7. ''Trove'' nla.gov.au. ''The Englishman'' was a Calcutta newspaper established 1821 as ''John Bull''.
*Indian chapters commencing with [https://archive.org/details/wayoftransgresso00fars/page/546 “Flight to India”] [in 1930] page 547''The Way of a Transgressor'' by Negley Farson 1936 Archive.org Lending Library. The India chapters continue to page 591. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76543/page/n3 2nd file], with differing page numbers. Archive.org. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negley_Farson Negley Farson] Wikipedia. The author was then an American foreign correspondent, one of the most renowned of his day.
*[https://archive.org/details/monsoonmorning0000step/page/n5 ''Monsoon Morning''] by Ian Stephens 1966. A picture of India in 1942-44 by the editor of ''The Statesman'', mainly depicting events seen from Calcutta. Archive.org Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/printingincalcut0000shaw/page/n5 ''Printing in Calcutta to 1800 : a description and checklist of printing in late 18th-century Calcutta''] by Graham Shaw 1981. Archive.org Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/negotiatingindia0000unse/page/n5 ''Negotiating India in the nineteenth-century media''] edited by David Finkelstein and Douglas M Peers 2000. Archive.org Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/historyofindianj00nata/page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Indian Journalism: Part II of the Report of the Press Commission''] by J Natarajan. 2017 reprint, first published 1955. A Government of India publication. Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/southasianhistor0000case/page/n5/mode/2up ''South Asian History, 1750-1950; a Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations, and Newspapers''] by Margaret H Case 1968. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
====Fiction====
*''The Chronicles of Budgepore; or, Sketches of Life in Upper India'' by Iltudus Prichard catalogued 1870. [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88564/page/n5/mode/2up Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88526/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II] Archive.org, mirror from Granth Sanjeevani Asiatic Society of Mumbai. During the latter period of his time in India, Prichard edited the ''Delhi Gazette'' and served as a barrister.
: Prichard also wrote ''How to Manage It: a Novel'' 1864, concerning the [[Indian Mutiny#Fiction|Indian Mutiny]], in addition to non fiction books.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Occupations]]

Journalist

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Lee:

and '''Publisher'''

There are some letters and manuscripts regarding some journalists in the Private Papers held at the [[British Library]]. References might also be found in Political and Secret Department Records and Public and Judicial Department Records as well as many other sources useful for researching non-official inhabitants such as Thackers Directories, East India Registers and [[Bonds, Covenants, Indentures and Obligations, etc.|bonds]].

==FIBIS resources==
*"From Soldier to Newspaperman: The Varied Experiences of Joachim Hayward Stocqueler in Bombay and Calcutta from 1819 to 1843" by Audrey T Carpenter ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 33 (Spring 2015) pages 3-15.
*"The Life of George Parbury, associate of Allen, Thacker and Spink" by Dr John Carpenter ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 34 (Autumn 2015) pages 3-17.
:For details of how to access these articles, see [[FIBIS Journals]].

==External links ==
*[http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lang-john-3985 Lang, John (1816–1864)] by John Earnshaw. Australian Dictionary of Biography. An Australian, Lang came to India in 1842, where he initially practiced as a barrister at the Calcutta Bar, until he founded the ''Mofussilite'', c 1846, which became one of the most important newspapers in India. He died in Mussoorie in 1864.
:[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/PqYPVP2CjuoEoxmnHonWkN/The-story-of-John-Lang.html "The story of John Lang"] by Venkat Ananth, November 18 2014. livemint.com. John Lang was considered among the earliest champions of a free press in India.
:See Historical books online, below for a series of sketches by Lang of British social life in India.
*[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/11/stories/2003061100150300.htm Memories of The Madras Mail], established 1868. Also includes details of earlier publications. 11 June 2003 ''The Hindu''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151004181205/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120721/jsp/opinion/story_15751500.jsp "End of a Chapter  - The last British journalist to make India his home"] by Sunanda K. Datta-Ray July 21 , 2012 ''The Telegraph, Calcutta'', now an archived webpage. Obituary of Philip Crosland 1918- 2012

===Historical books online===
*''Tropical Sketches; Or, Reminiscences of an Indian Journalist'' by William Knighton 1855. [https://archive.org/details/tropicalsketche00kniggoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/tropicalsketche01kniggoog Volume II] Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/wanderingsinind01langgoog ''Wanderings in India: and other sketches of life in Hindostan''] by John Lang 1859 Archive.org. Missing the one image. [http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_00000003515A British Library Digital Collection]. The one image is rotatable. Most of the chapters first appeared in Charles Dickens’s magazine, ''Household Words''. For information about the author, see External links above.
*[https://archive.org/details/yesterdaytodayin00blan ''Yesterday and To-day in India''] by Sydney Laman Blanchard 1867 Archive.org. He was in India c 1854-1864. He was initially editor of the ''Bengal Hurkaru''. [http://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=32 Sidney Laman Blanchard (1825–1883)] victorianresearch.org
*"The History of Journalism in India" by S C Sanial ''The Calcutta Review'' Volume 124 1907, July and October: [https://archive.org/stream/calcuttareviewv06unkngoog#page/n372/mode/2up I–Bengal] pages 350-393 and [https://archive.org/stream/calcuttareviewv06unkngoog#page/n590/mode/2up I-Bengal–II] pages 500-562. Archive.org.
:Bengal III Volume 125, January 1908: Does not appear to be available online.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94742/page/n45 I Bengal IV] page 195, Vol 125 April 1908
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20892/page/n39 I Bengal V] page 351, Vol 127 July 1908
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20892/page/n177 I Bengal VI] page 485, Vol 127 October 1908
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49060/page/n53 II Bombay I] page 429, Vol 129 Oct 1909
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20894/page/n87 VIII Bombay II] page 80, Vol 130 January 1910.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.20894/page/n275 IX Bombay III] page 264, Volume 130 April 1910.
:Part X, Vol.131, July 1910.<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=SgnWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA354 Page 354] ''‪South Asian History, 1750-1950: A Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations and Newspapers''‬ by Margaret H. Case‪ Google Books. Also available Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library, see above.</ref> Does not appear to be available online
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49061/page/n9 XI I- "Manuscript Newspapers"] page 1 Vol 132 January 1911.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49061/page/n155 XII "Vernacular Press of Bengal"] page 141, Vol 132 April 1911
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.276743/page/n261 India in 1907] page 226 ''More Changes More Chances'' by Henry W. Nevinson 1925 Archive.org. He was sent to India by the ''Manchester Guardian'' to report on the "unrest" movement, following which he wrote [https://archive.org/details/thenewspiritinin00neviiala/page/xii ''The New Spirit in India''] by Henry W. Nevinson 1908 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/journalisminindi035524mbp#page/n5/mode/2up ''Journalism In India''] by Pat Lovett 1929 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/stream/angloindianstudi00mitriala#page/160/mode/2up ''The Indian Press''] from Anglo Indian Studies by S M Mitra 1913 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/indianliteraryye1918alla ''The Indian Literary Year-book and Author's Who is Who for 1918''], with Appendices relating to relevant legislation. Published by Mitra. Archive.org
*[https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15957898# ""The Englishman." Centenary Number"]. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' Monday 15 Aug 1921 Page 7. ''Trove'' nla.gov.au. ''The Englishman'' was a Calcutta newspaper established 1821 as ''John Bull''.
*Indian chapters commencing with [https://archive.org/details/wayoftransgresso00fars/page/546 “Flight to India”] [in 1930] page 547''The Way of a Transgressor'' by Negley Farson 1936 Archive.org Lending Library. The India chapters continue to page 591. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.76543/page/n3 2nd file], with differing page numbers. Archive.org. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negley_Farson Negley Farson] Wikipedia. The author was then an American foreign correspondent, one of the most renowned of his day.
*[https://archive.org/details/monsoonmorning0000step/page/n5 ''Monsoon Morning''] by Ian Stephens 1966. A picture of India in 1942-44 by the editor of ''The Statesman'', mainly depicting events seen from Calcutta. Archive.org Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/printingincalcut0000shaw/page/n5 ''Printing in Calcutta to 1800 : a description and checklist of printing in late 18th-century Calcutta''] by Graham Shaw 1981. Archive.org Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/negotiatingindia0000unse/page/n5 ''Negotiating India in the nineteenth-century media''] edited by David Finkelstein and Douglas M Peers 2000. Archive.org Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/historyofindianj00nata/page/n3/mode/2up ''History of Indian Journalism: Part II of the Report of the Press Commission''] by J Natarajan. 2017 reprint, first published 1955. A Government of India publication. Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/southasianhistor0000case/page/n5/mode/2up ''South Asian History, 1750-1950; a Guide to Periodicals, Dissertations, and Newspapers''] by Margaret H Case 1968. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
====Fiction====
*''The Chronicles of Budgepore; or, Sketches of Life in Upper India'' by Iltudus Prichard catalogued 1870. [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88564/page/n5/mode/2up Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.88526/page/n1/mode/2up Vol II] Archive.org, mirror from Granth Sanjeevani Asiatic Society of Mumbai. During the latter period of his time in India, Prichard edited the ''Delhi Gazette'' and served as a barrister.
: Prichard also wrote ''How to Manage It: a Novel'' 1864, concerning the [[Indian Mutiny#Fiction|Indian Mutiny]], in addition to non fiction books.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Occupations]]

Bihar Light Horse

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Lee: remove broken link

[[Image:bihar1.png|thumb|Badge of The Bihar Light Horse]]
[[Image:Behar_Light_Horse.jpg|thumb|250px|The Bihar Light Horse in camp c.1908]]

Alternative spelling '''Behar Light Horse'''

Formed on 8th December 1862 as the [[Bihar Mounted Rifles]]. It became the Bihar Light Horse on 29th February 1884.

*'''Uniform''' - Khaki
*'''Facings''' - White
*'''Badge''' - Wild boar
*'''Motto''' "Necaspera terrent."

In 1888 "Captain Francis Carandini, who is in the 8th King’s Royal Irish Hussars has been appointed adjutant of the Behar Light Horse with the rank of major. The appointment is one much sought after, the Behar Light Horse being composed of gentlemen planters all splendidly mounted. The salary attached to the position is 820 rupees a month." <ref> Ashburton Guardian 25 April 1888, page 2 from [http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=AG18880425.2.7&e=-------10--1----0-all Papers Past], National Library of New Zealand </ref>
==Regimental history==
*''History of the Behar Light Horse'' by W N R Kemp 1948. See Historical books online, below.
==Articles==
*"Bihar Light Horse (the oldest volunteer cavalry regiment in India)" by H B Ellis. ''The Cavalry Journal'', Volume 18, 1928, published in London. [http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/library/browse/issue.xhtml?recordId=1094760&recordType=Journal Index of titles in this issue].
== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_Light_Horse Bihar Light Horse] Wikipedia
*[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/graphic1880.jpg Drawing of:"Volunteering in India--the Bahar Mounted Rifles of Bengal," from ''The Graphic'', May 8, 1880] from [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/troops.html this page] of Prof Fran Pritchett’s Indian Routes website

===Historical books online===
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/culturemanufactu00reidrich#page/152/mode/2up “The Behar Light Horse”], from ''The culture and manufacture of indigo; with a description of a planter's life and resources'' by Walter Maclagan Reid 1887 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024077806#page/n331/mode/2up “The Soubah Behar Mounted Rifles. An Epitomised History of the B.L.H.”] from ''History of Behar indigo factories ; Reminiscences of Behar ; Tirhoot and its inhabitants of the past ; History of Behar Light Horse Volunteers'' by Minden Wilson 1908 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/soneporereminisc00abborich#page/294/mode/2up ''Sonepore reminiscences. Years 1840-96''], page 295 by Harry E Abbott 1896. Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.238395 ''History of the Behar Light Horse''] by W N R Kemp 1948. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Auxiliary Regiments]]

Tea Plantation

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Lee: remove

[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]'''
*[[Travancore]]
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]
*[[Kangra]] Valley
*[[Darjeeling]]
*[[Terai]]
*the [[Dooars]]
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)

==Fibis Resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.
==Fibis Lecture recordings==
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.
==Fibis Fact File==
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]

== Records==
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]

*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses”

An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.

Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].

Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas

==Cemeteries==
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.

:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books].
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service

==Volunteer Regiments==
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]]
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].

==Related articles==
*[[Tea]]
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.

==Historical books==
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678

==Historical books online==
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.

*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books

*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow.
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books

==Recommended Reading==

''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]].

==External links==
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man].
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]

Tea Plantation

2026-04-11T19:46:43Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]'''
*[[Travancore]]
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]
*[[Kangra]] Valley
*[[Darjeeling]]
*[[Terai]]
*the [[Dooars]]
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)

==Fibis Resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.
==Fibis Lecture recordings==
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.
==Fibis Fact File==
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]

== Records==
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]

*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses”

An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.

Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].

Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas

==Cemeteries==
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.

:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books].
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service

==Volunteer Regiments==
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]]
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].

==Related articles==
*[[Tea]]
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.

==Historical books==
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678

==Historical books online==
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.

*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books

*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow.
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books

==Recommended Reading==

''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]].

==External links==
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man].
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]

Tea Plantation

2026-04-11T19:45:09Z

Lee:

[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]'''
*[[Travancore]]
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]
*[[Kangra]] Valley
*[[Darjeeling]]
*[[Terai]]
*the [[Dooars]]
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)

==Fibis Resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.
==Fibis Lecture recordings==
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.
==Fibis Fact File==
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]

== Records==
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]

*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses”

An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.

Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].

Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas

==Cemeteries==
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.

:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books].
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service

==Volunteer Regiments==
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]]
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].

==Related articles==
*[[Tea]]
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.

==Historical books==
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678

==Historical books online==
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.

*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books

*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow.
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books

==Recommended Reading==

''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]].

==External links==
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man].
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]

Tea Plantation

2026-04-11T19:43:37Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]'''
*[[Travancore]]
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]
*[[Kangra]] Valley
*[[Darjeeling]]
*[[Terai]]
*the [[Dooars]]
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)

==Fibis Resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.
==Fibis Lecture recordings==
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.
==Fibis Fact File==
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]

== Records==
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]

*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses”

An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.

Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].

Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas

==Cemeteries==
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.

:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books].
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service

==Volunteer Regiments==
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]]
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].

==Related articles==
*[[Tea]]
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.

==Historical books==
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678

==Historical books online==
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.

*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books

*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow.
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books

==Recommended Reading==

''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]].

==External links==
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man].
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]

Tea Plantation

2026-04-11T19:42:22Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]'''
*[[Travancore]]
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]
*[[Kangra]] Valley
*[[Darjeeling]]
*[[Terai]]
*the [[Dooars]]
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)

==Fibis Resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.
==Fibis Lecture recordings==
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.
==Fibis Fact File==
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]

== Records==
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]

*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses”

An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.

Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].

Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas

==Cemeteries==
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.

:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books].
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service

==Volunteer Regiments==
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]]
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].

==Related articles==
*[[Tea]]
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.

==Historical books==
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678

==Historical books online==
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.

*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books

*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow.
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books

==Recommended Reading==

''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]].

==External links==
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man].
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.
*[http://www.assamco.com/heritage.html Assam Company Ltd] Background to the Assam Tea Company and its [http://www.assamco.com/teaplantation.html Tea Plantations]
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com
[https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]

Tea Plantation

2026-04-11T19:41:23Z

Lee: remove broken link

[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]'''
*[[Travancore]]
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]
*[[Kangra]] Valley
*[[Darjeeling]]
*[[Terai]]
*the [[Dooars]]
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)

==Fibis Resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.
==Fibis Lecture recordings==
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.
==Fibis Fact File==
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]

== Records==
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]

*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses”

An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.

Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].

Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas

==Cemeteries==
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.

:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books].
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service

==Volunteer Regiments==
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]]
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].

==Related articles==
*[[Tea]]
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.

==Historical books==
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678

==Historical books online==
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.

*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books

*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow.
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books

==Recommended Reading==

''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]].

==External links==
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man].
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.
*[http://www.assamco.com/heritage.html Assam Company Ltd] Background to the Assam Tea Company and its [http://www.assamco.com/teaplantation.html Tea Plantations]
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com
*[http://www.upasi.org/ UPASI (The United Planters' Association of Southern India)] is an apex body of planters of tea, coffee, rubber, pepper and cardamom in the Southern States of India viz. Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in existence since 1893, located at [[Coonoor]], Nilgiris. Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]

Tea Plantation

2026-04-11T19:40:22Z

Lee:

[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]'''
*[[Travancore]]
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]
*[[Kangra]] Valley
*[[Darjeeling]]
*[[Terai]]
*the [[Dooars]]
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)

==Fibis Resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.
==Fibis Lecture recordings==
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.
==Fibis Fact File==
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]

== Records==
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]

*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses”

An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.

Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].

Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas

==Cemeteries==
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.

:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books].
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service

==Volunteer Regiments==
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]]
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].

==Related articles==
*[[Tea]]
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.

==Historical books==
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678

==Historical books online==
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.

*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books

*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow.
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books

==Recommended Reading==

''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]].

==External links==
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man].
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.
*[http://www.assamco.com/heritage.html Assam Company Ltd] Background to the Assam Tea Company and its [http://www.assamco.com/teaplantation.html Tea Plantations]
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com
*[http://www.upasi.org/ UPASI (The United Planters' Association of Southern India)] is an apex body of planters of tea, coffee, rubber, pepper and cardamom in the Southern States of India viz. Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in existence since 1893, located at [[Coonoor]], Nilgiris. Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.
*[http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2021%20No%205/otherstories.html#story4 When planters turned to their ''Directory of South India''] by K.V.S. Krishna ''Madras Musings'' Vol. XXI No. 5, June 16-30, 2011
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]

Tea Plantation

2026-04-11T19:39:35Z

Lee:

[[Tea]] was originally a [[China|Chinese]] export first traded by the [[East India Company]] in 1685 from [[Canton]] (up river from [[Macao]]) and the trade was in 1750 a more valuable revenue stream than all of India. The trade was lost in 1833, and a year later native tea plants were found growing in Assam. Interest was reignited, the first export of tea from India was 12 tea chests in 1838. The Assam Tea Company took over the East India Company's tea plantations in 1839. By 1860, a million pounds (weight) of tea was being grown in:
[[Image:Plucking tea.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Plucking tea]]
*[[Assam]]. See also page '''[[Assam Tea Industry]]'''
*[[Travancore]]
*[[Nilgiri Hills]]
*[[Kangra]] Valley
*[[Darjeeling]]
*[[Terai]]
*the [[Dooars]]
*[[Chittagong]] (now Bangladesh)

==Fibis Resources==
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=628&s_id=806 Tea Planters Cachar 1865-1875] on the FIBIS database, over 200 names listed.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 9, "Jokai Tea Estates" by Dick Barton. Includes a useful reading list.
* ''[[FIBIS Journal]]'' Number 24, "Life with Tea in India: The Diaries of Samuel Cleland Davidson" by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Category:Tea_images Tea Images] Images relating to tea planters and tea production comprising some of the original material mentioned below - examples of which are on this page.
==Fibis Lecture recordings==
Fibis lecture recordings are available to Fibis members only when logged in to the website. They can be found in the Members Area - under the heading Open Lectures
*"Life with Tea and India: Diaries of Family Life in the Cachar Area" Talk by Wendy Pratt and Peter Bleakley (2011). Members can also access the accompanying visual presentation which displays impressive original material including photographs and equipment designs.
*"Thomas Meekin's Tea Times" A story of Life on the Plantation" Talk by Andrew McMeekin 2017.
==Fibis Fact File==
Fact File no 8 - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]

== Records==
[[Image:Packing and weighing tea.jpg|left|thumb|250px| Packing and weighing tea]]

*From the end of the 19th century special sections covering '''tea plantations''' appear in ''Thacker's Indian Directories''. [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0003-indian-directories-by-richard-morgan/ ''FIBIS Fact File No 3 - Indian Directories by Richard Morgan''] states "The tea section lists within each area the names of the firms, their “tea gardens” (areas under cultivation), the trade mark or logo of the company as it was stamped on their tea chests , the postal address, acreage, proprietors, general managers and assistants, Indian agents and addresses, and London Agents and addresses”

An example is given of how a genealogical history can be obtained by using the annual directories in this context.

Some ''Thackers'' are available online, refer [[Directories online# Thacker's Indian Directory| Directories online-Thacker's Indian Directory]].

Details of the location of other ''Thackers'' are given in [http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html "Thackers - and other - Directories"] by Ian Poyntz. homepages.rootsweb.com
*[http://www.gla.ac.uk/services/archives/collections/scottishbusinessarchive/jamesfinlayco/ Guide to James Finlay & Co Managers and Assistants Letterbooks] University of Glasgow. .Finlay Muir & Co as the company became known began to diversify into tea estate management around 1882 and by 1901 was managing extensive tea estates in India and Sri Lanka. These letterbooks contain a wealth of information about the men recruited in Britain to manage the Finlay tea estate business overseas

==Cemeteries==
*[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA (British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia)]] cemetery publications is
:''Bangladesh: Tombs in Tea'' by John Radford and Susan Farrington, 2001, 96pp.

:Covers tea areas in the valleys of Luskerpore, Balisera, Manu/Doloi, Lungla and Juri; also the oldest cemetery in Sylhet town. 45 illustrations, maps and plans.
:See [http://indian-cemeteries.org/bacsa/html/bacsa_books.html BACSA Books].
:[[British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia|BACSA]] have put the indexes to these cemetery books online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service

==Volunteer Regiments==
Volunteer Regiments involving tea planters include
*[[Northern Bengal Mounted Rifles]] with headquarters at [[Darjeeling]]
*[[Assam Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at [[Dibrugarh]]
*[[Surma Valley Light Horse]] with headquarters at Silchar
*[[Punjab Light Horse]] had a detachment at [[Palampur]] in the Kangra Valley in 1898. It is not known whether this detachment continued past 1905, when many planters left the area following the [[1905 Kangra earthquake]].

==Related articles==
*[[Tea]]
*[[Schools#D|Schools-Dr Graham's Homes]], Kalimpong, founded for the children of tea workers.

==Historical books==
*The [[British Library]] has the following books in its catalogue:
**''Taylor’s Maps of the following Tea Districts, Darjeeling, Terai, Jalpaiguri and Dooars, Darrang, Golaghat, Jorhat, Nowgong, Sibsagar, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh, Cachar, Sylhet, with complete Index to all Tea Gardens,'' published 1910. Consists of 11 Plates/Maps. UIN: BLL01004862801
*:[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/maps/asia/4862801u1u1910.html Map of Darjeeling & Terai; Plate 1 of this series of maps] British Library Online Gallery (click to enlarge)
**''Tales and Songs from an Assam Tea Garden'' by Maurice P. Hanley (Calcutta 1928) UIN: BLL0100158619
**''The Trials of a Planter'' by Oscar Lindgren (Kalimpong 1933) UIN: BLL01002174145
**''Assam Planter: Tea Planting and Hunting in the Assam Jungle'' by A. R. Ramsden. (London 1945) UIN: BLL01009605678

==Historical books online==
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=NIcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Report No 23 : Report upon the present condition and future of tea cultivation in the north-west provinces and in the Punjab''] from ''Selections from the records of the Government of India (Home Department)'' 1857 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=sJwIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Selections from the Public Correspondence of the Punjab Government Volume IV No 2: I Correspondence regarding Tea Plantations in the Punjab Provinces''] 1859 Google Books

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=hYWiQWMf_7kC&pg=PA292 "Industrial Resources of British India"] in ''The Quarterly Review'' contains a section on tea, Google Books, 1863
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=py8TAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 ''East India (Products) Part I Reports on the Tea and Tobacco Industries in India'']. Part of a larger publication [UK Parliamentary Papers] ''Accounts and Papers East India. Continued Session 5 March-7 August 1874 Volume XLVIII'' Google Books.
*[https://archive.org/details/teaplantinginout00mcgorich/page/n7 ''Tea planting in the outer Himalayah''] by A T McGowan Assist. Surgn. [[52nd Regiment of Foot|52nd Lt. Infty]]. 1860 Archive.org. The author was based at the Fort of [[Kangra]].

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldtimesinassam00kinngoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Old times in Assam''] by T Kinney 1896 Archive.org A tea planter’s life in the early 1860’s. Reprints from columns in the ''Englishman'' and ''Indian Planters’ Gazette''.

*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IuloAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''The Neilgherry Tea Planter''] by James McPherson 1870 Google Books

*''The Experiences of a Planter in the Jungles of Mysore'' by Robert H Elliot 1871. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ONAMoXQpsVwC&pg=PR3 Volume I] Google Books, [https://archive.org/details/experiencesapla00elligoog/page/n8 Vol. I Archive.org] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume II] HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951p01118998b?urlappend=%3Bseq=316 Health management of plantation coolies] page 290, Vol. II. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gRs7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 Vol. II Google Books]. Includes Coffee, Chinchona, Cardamon, Tea, Cotton, Silk, Sandal-Wood, Rhea-Grass.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023234515#page/n7/mode/2up ''A tea planter's life in Assam''] by George M Barker 1884. Archive.org. With seventy five illustrations by the author.

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023610128#page/n3/mode/2up ''The tea industry in India : a review of finance and labour, and a guide for capitalists and assistants''] by Samuel Baildon 1882 Archive.org

*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023998168#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Tea planter's vade mecum : a volume of important articles, correspondence, and information of permanent interest and value regarding tea etc''] by the Editor of the ''Indian Tea Gazette'' 1885 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003634620 ''Notes on Tea in Darjeeling''] by A Planter. 1888 Archive.org.
*[http://archive.org/stream/wynaadandplanti00fordgoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''The Wynaad and the Planting Industry of Southern India''] by Francis Ford 1895 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/teaproducingcomp00gowwrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Tea producing companies of India and Ceylon, showing the history and results of those capitalised in sterling''] by Gow, Wilson & Stanton, Tea and Tea Share Brokers 1897 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/memoriesofanafri005386mbp/page/n5 ''Memories of an African Hunter with a Chapter on Eastern India''] by Denis D Lyell 1923 Archive.org. Missing pages 8-9, 12-13. [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b33687?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library version] all pages. Lyell went to a tea garden in 1894, and worked in various locations until c 1899.
*[https://archive.org/details/wideworldmag1910-v25/page/77/mode/2up "The Tea-Planter and the Tigress"] by A W Strachan page 78 ''The Wide World Magazine. Volume 25 1910 May-October'' Archive.org
*''The Planters' Chronicle''. Published at Madras by the United Planters' Association of Southern India. Initially a monthly, in early 1910 it became a weekly, and remained so until 1930, with a bimonthly journal during World War II. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Planters+Chronicle%22%29&sort=date ''Planters Chronicle''] Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. A broken range of editions from 1906-1915.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22United+Planters%22++%22Southern+India%22%29&sort=date ''Proceedings Of The United Planters Association Of Southern India''], or similar titles. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from 1910 to 1929.
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Tea+And+Coffee+Trade+Journal%29&sort=date '' The Tea And Coffee Trade Journal''] published in New York. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India. Broken range of editions from Vol.33, 1917 to Vol.39, 1920.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianteaitscul00baldgoog#page/n7/mode/2up ''Indian Tea, its Culture & Manufacture''] by Claud Bald 1907. Archive.org (One of the books on the reading list in the FIBIS Article mentioned above).
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924013772441#page/n1/mode/2up ''The early history of the tea industry in north-east India''] by Harold Hart Mann 1918 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bengalassambehar00playuoft#page/424/mode/2up ''Bengal and Assam, Behar and Orissa : their history, people, commerce and industrial resources''] by Somerset Playne , J W Bond 1917 at Archive.org lists four tea companies
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3375 ''Assam Shikari. A tea planter's story of hunting and high adventure in the jungles of North East India''] by Frank Nicholls 1970. Archive.org, mirror from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Nicholls (born 1889) went to India 1911 as an assistant manager to a tea estate in Assam. He retired 1952, and remained in Assam until 1963.
*''Forgotten Frontier'' by Geoffrey Tyson, published 1945. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.528129 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India. The book is about the escape of refugees from Burma in 1942 and the help provided by the tea planters of Assam in assisting the refugees from North Burma into India.
*Text from ''Navvies To The Fourteenth Army'' by AH Pilcher c 1947 is available as pdf downloads from the Koi Hai website, located under [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=508961 Memories, the Henderson Family] Scroll down to the item dated October 12, 2009. [https://archive.org/details/0-title-navvies/0TitleNavvies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Does not contain the illustrations and maps from the original publication. The author was Col: A H Pilcher who at the outbreak of the second world war commanded the [[Assam Valley Light Horse]]. In March 1942 he was put in charge of raising a labour force from the Tea Plantations to build the Manipur/Burma Road to evacuate the 14th Army and also the many civilians who were fleeing Burma. Eventually he raised and commanded a labour force of 82000 <ref> Scroll down to comments section [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/40/a2776340.shtml Jungle Work: A Civil Engineer in Burma] BBC ww2peopleswar</ref> This book (55 pages) was published in Calcutta for Private Circulation and was illustrated with black and white plates and line drawing maps. <ref> marelibri.com, page no longer accessible</ref> The [[British Library]] has a catalogue reference Mss Eur F174/1316, but this is possibly a manuscript, not the printed book. The book is available at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) Library, University of London.
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-the-children-of-kanchenjunga-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''The Children of Kanchenjunga''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''The Children of Kanchenjunga. On the lives of a tea-planter and his family in the Darjeeling Hills'', Published London 1955.
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1955-himalayan-tea-garden-by-fletcher-s-pdf/ ''Himalayan Tea Garden''] by David Wilson Fletcher. Link to a pdf download PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Full title: ''Himalayan Tea Garden: A Young Family's Adventures on a Tea Plantation Near Darjeeling''. Published New York, 1955. [https://archive.org/details/himalayanteagard00flet/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library edition], catalogued 1956. Catalogue details state "Originally published in London in 1955 under title: ''The children of Kanchenjunga''". Elsewhere, the author was stated to be a Gurkha officer who ran a tea plantation in Darjeeling in 1953.
*[https://archive.org/details/EconomicPlantsOfTheNilgiris ''Horticultural and economic plants of the Nilgiris''] edited by S Krishnamurthi 1953 Includes Tea, coffee chinchona etc Archive.org
*''Planting Directory Of Southern India 1956''. Published by the United Planters Association Of Southern India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.40905 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/other-publications/the-pioneers-1825-1900-the-early-british-tea-and-coffee-planters-and-their-way/quick-view/index.php ''The Pioneers 1825 - 1900 : The Early British Tea and Coffee Planters and Their Way of Life''] by John Weatherstone. 1986. historyofceylontea.com.
*''Shot down! : when his bomber explodes over Nazi-occupied France, only John survives-- and finds a new life'' by John M Curnow 2006 contains some chapters on Tea planting from 1946 from [https://archive.org/details/shotdownwhenhisb0000curn/page/176/mode/2up page 176] Archive.org Books to Borrow.
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n5 ''Pflanzerleben in Indien kulturgeschichtliche bilder aus Assám''] by Oscar Flex 1873 Archive.org. German language. [http://www.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de/index.php/artikel/1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Extract from the book] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. German language. ([https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xjG0AAAAIAAJ/page/n71 page 63]), [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reiseliteratur-weltweit.de%2Findex.php%2Fartikel%2F1367-fi-1864-flex-teeplantage Google Translate English version of the extract] reiseliteratur-weltweit.de. Article with details of the book [https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/north-east/an-european-s-account-of-assam/cid/443929 "An European's account of Assam"] by Arup Kumar Dutta 5.03.12 ''The Telegraph (India)''.
*Fiction. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Nn2d2T4s4fgC ''The Dead Man's Gift: a tea-planter's romance''] by Herbert Compton (London) 1891. Google Books

==Recommended Reading==

''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]].

==External links==
*[http://www.koi-hai.com/ Koi-Hai] a site for those who lived and worked in North East India, particularly in the Tea industry. Includes articles, list of relevant books, photos, some grave inscriptions, tourism information
**Includes a [http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=521666 link] to a Directory (34 pages pdf which may be downloaded) published by the India Tea Association Calcutta 1930, consisting of a ''Complete Index to Tea Gardens in India'' (28 pages) and maps of the North Eastern tea areas: Sibsagar (computer page 30); [[Cachar]] p 31; [[Dibrugarh]] (p 32) Lakimpur (p 33) and Sylhet (p 34). [https://archive.org/details/index-tea-gardens/mode/1up?view=theater Archive.org mirror version].
*Very interesting and detailed [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/archive/audio/collection/a-s-robertson/ interviews] of many aspects of the life and work of a tea planter. Travancore State, Calcutta, Darjeeling, N.W.F.P. Recorded by A.S. Robertson and his son, A.F. Robertson (1976 and 1979) from [[University of Cambridge - Centre of South Asian Studies]]. Listen to the interviews, or read the transcripts.
*[http://shangrilajournals.com/shangrilajournals.com/Assam%20-%20Where.html Assam Where?] Growing up in the tea growing district of Cachar during the late 1940s and the 1950s from Shangrilajournals.com. (There are links at the bottom of the page)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308172112/http://www.koi-hai.com/Default.aspx?id=490750#halcyondays Halycon <nowiki>[</nowiki>sic<nowiki>]</nowiki> days: a memoir of tea estate life] by Duncan Allan (archived))
*"Cultivating an Industry: A Survey of the lives of British Tea Planters in Assam 1860-1936"] by A.H. Spielman 13 May 2009 [http://minds.wisconsin.edu/bitstream/handle/1793/35484/Spielman.doc?sequence=1 Word download], which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. minds.wisconsin.edu
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/gh/s-z.htm Business records relating to tea companies] in the Guildhall Library, London. It seems likely these companies are ones registered in the U.K.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140626013415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/415097/it039s-time-tea.html "It's time for tea"] by Anurag & Priya Ganapathy. Supplement, ''Deccan Sunday Herald'' (possibly Sunday 22 June 2014), now an archived webpage. An overview.
*[https://specialcollections-blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=14604 Early tea cultivation in India and Sri Lanka] Cambridge University Library’s Special Collections. Includes images.
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip
*[https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/the-elephant-man The Elephant Man] 8 Nov 2010 (cam.ac.uk) is about the rescue of refugees fleeing Burma in 1942 by Gyles Mackrell, an Assam tea planter. He mounted an operation to save refugees who were trapped by flooded rivers at the border with India using the only means available to get them across - elephants. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-11652782 BBC article] 1 November 2010 includes YouTube film clip from the Centre of South Asian Studies, Cambridge. More about Gyles Mackrell’s story in this [http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review link] theguardian.com ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131114023120/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/07/flight-by-elephant-andrew-martin-review archive.org] link). [https://www.dnw.co.uk/auction-archive/past-catalogues/lot.php?auction_id=188&lot_uid=194151 Medals issued to Gyles Mackrell] dnw.co.uk. Longer [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XLMj-zG2Vmc YouTube video: The Elephant Man].
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/581001.html "Retreat from Burma 1942: The Struggles through the Northern Passes"] by Harry Fecitt “Harry’s Sideshows” kaiserscross.com. The involvement of the tea planters.
*[http://www.assamco.com/heritage.html Assam Company Ltd] Background to the Assam Tea Company and its [http://www.assamco.com/teaplantation.html Tea Plantations]
*[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/heritage/back-then-at-the-burra-bungalows-of-tea-estates/cid/1680275 "Back then, at the burra bungalows of tea estates"] by Moumita Chaudhuri 30 Dec. 2018 ''The Telegraph'' India.
*[http://www.pinterest.com/teabuddy/tea-garden-bungalows-of-colonial-india/ Photographs: Tea garden bungalows of colonial India] pinterest.com
*[http://www.upasi.org/ UPASI (The United Planters' Association of Southern India)] is an apex body of planters of tea, coffee, rubber, pepper and cardamom in the Southern States of India viz. Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in existence since 1893, located at [[Coonoor]], Nilgiris. Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127092701/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/a-tea-industry-anniversary/article4544060.ece A tea industry anniversary] by S. Muthiah, Madras Miscellany March 24, 2013 ''The Hindu''. The first tea auction at Coonoor was in 1863.
*[http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2021%20No%205/otherstories.html#story4 When planters turned to their ''Directory of South India''] by K.V.S. Krishna ''Madras Musings'' Vol. XXI No. 5, June 16-30, 2011
*Article [https://web.archive.org/web/20121025064420/http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2011/oct/28/kerala-homestays-rubber-plantations-kochi "Rubber soul"] by Lesley Gillilan 28 October 2011 ''The Guardian'' mentions the rubber plantations in the foothills of the Western Ghats. (archive.org link)
*The Path to the Hills: History of the Plantations on Western Ghats. Tea Coffee and Rubber. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:mb4CNqQRCP4J:www.stayhomz.com/history.pdf+The+Path+to+the+Hills:+History+of+the+Plantations+on+Western+Ghats&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShykzcs746xK8gx-9gUcVbCosd1GdhTgwYbrr_CGGnE4tiwU-uikALEM1MjCswgoLKzwEuu8fPO2SNlc78HhwGl1ztKcywrYnYGabdQ4n-nA7CEabA8KFh9JANlJrqtkbh2lpnH&sig=AHIEtbRc0xnPWfot6-Vp8dd6x-QJ1jHf6A html version], [http://www.stayhomz.com/history.pdf original pdf] www.stayhomz.com
*[http://www.poabsestates.com/plantations/travancore/travancore-planting-history/ Planting History [Central Travancore<nowiki>]</nowiki>] poabsestates.com
*[http://www.historyofceylontea.com History of Ceylon Tea]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]

Tea

2026-04-11T19:37:40Z

Lee:

[[Image:Tea leaves seeds and buds.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Tea leaves seeds and buds]]

==Early History concerning the East India Company’s trade in Tea (c1660-c1830)==

'''Tea''' drinking became very fashionable in Britain in the 17th century – an occupation which was possibly precipitated by the marriage between Charles II and Catherine de Braganza in 1662 as this habit was popular in Europe at the time. Moreover, Charles II had spent much time in Holland and it was the [[Dutch]] who were early importers of tea from Asia to Europe.

Tea was indeed a sought after luxury and, in fact, a large chest of tea formed part of the dowry that accompanied Catherine. Also forming part of this dowry was the gift of [[Bombay]], which allowed the [[East India Company]] to assume a strong foothold in India. This enabled the Company to trade with [[China]] and obtain a direct supply of tea.

The tea industry in Britain flourished and subsidiary industries arose as the most beautiful teapots and tea services were evidenced in fashionable circles. This popularity in tea drinking was especially encouraged by the British government as it was realised that lucrative profit could be made from the levying of import taxes on the tea obtained by the East India Company.

===Tea Act 1773===

Until 1773 the tea was sold exclusively in London to the various merchants and retailers but as the East India Company began to face financial difficulties, a Tea Act was passed whereby it was agreed the Company could distribute the tea directly to other British Colonies - particularly those in North America. This enabled tea to be offered abroad at a competitive price as the usual import tax did not apply, and the cost was lower even than of smuggled tea (which often came from Holland). However, the ensuing East India Company’s monopoly of the tea trade was not popular – and some part of this was because the cost was seen to be controlled by the British Government. This unpopularity is evidenced in the events of the Boston Tea Party in 1773, when the contents of tea chests held on East India company ships were seized and emptied overboard. (This was, in fact, one of the incidents which signalled the beginning of the American War of Independence).

===Opium Trade===

China remained the supplier of tea to Britain , via the East India Company, from around 1700 to 1830. However, the demand for goods from Canton exceeded the supply and this was causing a trade deficit. It was important that the Company could entice China to accept more from them. From about 1780 onwards the inducement came in the form of opium. This [[Opium trade]] quickly escalated but the effect of the drug began to cause problems in China and eventually gave rise to the [[Opium Wars]] as the Chinese Government fought to rid their country of addiction.

===Cultivation of Tea Grown in India===

Fortunately, by this time Britain had realised the potential of growing tea in India itself and the first [[Tea Plantation]] was cultivated in [[Assam]] in the early 1830s. At first the tea plants were imported from China to be grown in Indian soil but soon local plants were substituted. The industry thrived and soon spread to other parts of India.

=== Transportation===

Tea was originally brought to Britain in huge sailing vessels known as “Tea clippers”. The last known example of one of these ships is the [http://www.cuttysark.org.uk/ “Cutty Sark”] which remains a popular tourist attraction in Greenwich (UK) to this day.

== Related articles ==
*[[Tea Plantation]]
*[[Opium trade]]

==Recommended Reading==

''FIBIS Fact File no 8'' - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]

''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]].

==External Links==

*[http://www.bostonteapartyship.com/history.asp Boston Tea Party] Website of Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum.
*[http://www.tocklai.net/about-tra/history/#top Tea Research Association] A short history of organised reasearch into tea growing in India, including the Tocklai Research Station

[[Category:Government and Administration]]
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]

Tea

2026-04-11T19:36:28Z

Lee:

[[Image:Tea leaves seeds and buds.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Tea leaves seeds and buds]]

==Early History concerning the East India Company’s trade in Tea (c1660-c1830)==

'''Tea''' drinking became very fashionable in Britain in the 17th century – an occupation which was possibly precipitated by the marriage between Charles II and Catherine de Braganza in 1662 as this habit was popular in Europe at the time. Moreover, Charles II had spent much time in Holland and it was the [[Dutch]] who were early importers of tea from Asia to Europe.

Tea was indeed a sought after luxury and, in fact, a large chest of tea formed part of the dowry that accompanied Catherine. Also forming part of this dowry was the gift of [[Bombay]], which allowed the [[East India Company]] to assume a strong foothold in India. This enabled the Company to trade with [[China]] and obtain a direct supply of tea.

The tea industry in Britain flourished and subsidiary industries arose as the most beautiful teapots and tea services were evidenced in fashionable circles. This popularity in tea drinking was especially encouraged by the British government as it was realised that lucrative profit could be made from the levying of import taxes on the tea obtained by the East India Company.

===Tea Act 1773===

Until 1773 the tea was sold exclusively in London to the various merchants and retailers but as the East India Company began to face financial difficulties, a Tea Act was passed whereby it was agreed the Company could distribute the tea directly to other British Colonies - particularly those in North America. This enabled tea to be offered abroad at a competitive price as the usual import tax did not apply, and the cost was lower even than of smuggled tea (which often came from Holland). However, the ensuing East India Company’s monopoly of the tea trade was not popular – and some part of this was because the cost was seen to be controlled by the British Government. This unpopularity is evidenced in the events of the Boston Tea Party in 1773, when the contents of tea chests held on East India company ships were seized and emptied overboard. (This was, in fact, one of the incidents which signalled the beginning of the American War of Independence).

===Opium Trade===

China remained the supplier of tea to Britain , via the East India Company, from around 1700 to 1830. However, the demand for goods from Canton exceeded the supply and this was causing a trade deficit. It was important that the Company could entice China to accept more from them. From about 1780 onwards the inducement came in the form of opium. This [[Opium trade]] quickly escalated but the effect of the drug began to cause problems in China and eventually gave rise to the [[Opium Wars]] as the Chinese Government fought to rid their country of addiction.

===Cultivation of Tea Grown in India===

Fortunately, by this time Britain had realised the potential of growing tea in India itself and the first [[Tea Plantation]] was cultivated in [[Assam]] in the early 1830s. At first the tea plants were imported from China to be grown in Indian soil but soon local plants were substituted. The industry thrived and soon spread to other parts of India.

=== Transportation===

Tea was originally brought to Britain in huge sailing vessels known as “Tea clippers”. The last known example of one of these ships is the [http://www.cuttysark.org.uk/ “Cutty Sark”] which remains a popular tourist attraction in Greenwich (UK) to this day.

== Related articles ==
*[[Tea Plantation]]
*[[Opium trade]]

==Recommended Reading==

''FIBIS Fact File no 8'' - Indian Crops Tea by Richard Morgan available to buy from FIBIS shop
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-tea/ Paper Copy]
*[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/indian-crops-i-pdf/ PDF version]

''A Brief History of Tea'' by Roy Moxham (2009). For Review see [[Other occupations reading list]].

==External Links==

*[http://www.2basnob.com/tea-history-timeline.html The History of Tea ] 2B A Snob website
*[http://www.bostonteapartyship.com/history.asp Boston Tea Party] Website of Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum.
*[http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81070 The Story of India Tea] 1917 British Pathe film clip
*[http://www.tocklai.net/about-tra/history/#top Tea Research Association] A short history of organised reasearch into tea growing in India, including the Tocklai Research Station

[[Category:Government and Administration]]
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]