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*Samuel Browne was listed as a Principal Surgeon in Madras 1688-1697 when he was discharged. Samuel Brown died 21 December 1698 at Madras, according to this [http://www.archive.org/stream/fortstgeorgemad02penngoog#page/n254/mode/1up cemetery record].  After his death the following articles were published in the ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' (London):
*Samuel Browne was listed as a Principal Surgeon in Madras 1688-1697 when he was discharged. Samuel Brown died 21 December 1698 at Madras, according to this [http://www.archive.org/stream/fortstgeorgemad02penngoog#page/n254/mode/1up cemetery record].  After his death the following articles were published in the ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' (London):
:*[http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/579.full.pdf+html "An Account of part of a Collection of Curious Plants and Drugs"] gathered by Mr Samuel Brown , a Physician at Fort St George in the East Indies  There is a subsequent title  "Mr.Sam Brown  His First Book Of East India Plants"  ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 579-594 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/699.full.pdf+html  "Second Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 699-721 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/843.full.pdf+html  'Third Book']  page 859 (page 18 of the pdf) describes some animals sent by Mr Edward Bulkley, Surgeon from Fort St George Phil. ''Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 843-862 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/927.full.pdf+html "Fourth Book"]  ''Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 843-862 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/1007.full.pdf+html "Fifth Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 1007-1029  [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/23/277-288/1055.full.pdf+html "Sixth Book"]  ''Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288'' 1055-1068 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/23/277-288/1251.full.pdf+html "Seventh Book"]  ''Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288'' 1251-1566  [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/23/277-288/1450.full.pdf+html "Eighth Book"]  ''Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288'' 1450-1460. However, there is no mention of Mr Sam.Brown for the final volume.
:*[http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/579.full.pdf+html "An Account of part of a Collection of Curious Plants and Drugs"] gathered by Mr Samuel Brown , a Physician at Fort St George in the East Indies  There is a subsequent title  "Mr.Sam Brown  His First Book Of East India Plants"  ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 579-594 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/699.full.pdf+html  "Second Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 699-721 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/843.full.pdf+html  'Third Book']  page 859 (page 18 of the pdf) describes some animals sent by Mr Edward Bulkley, Surgeon from Fort St George Phil. ''Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 843-862 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/927.full.pdf+html "Fourth Book"]  ''Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 843-862 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/1007.full.pdf+html "Fifth Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 1007-1029  [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/23/277-288/1055.full.pdf+html "Sixth Book"]  ''Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288'' 1055-1068 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/23/277-288/1251.full.pdf+html "Seventh Book"]  ''Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288'' 1251-1566  [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/23/277-288/1450.full.pdf+html "Eighth Book"]  ''Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288'' 1450-1460. However, there is no mention of Mr Sam.Brown for the final volume.
*Dr Edward Bulkley was a Principal Surgeon 1692-1709 when he transferred to the Civil Service as Member of Council. He resigned in 1713 and died August 1714 at Madras according to this [http://www.archive.org/stream/fortstgeorgemad02penngoog#page/n257/mode/1up cemetery record]. He is mentioned in the "Third Book of Samuel Brown" (see above) and also on this [http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=422 page] from the Linnean Society of London website, collecting plants in Bengal and Burma 1702-8, (where the spelling Bulkeley is used). He is probably the Mr Buckly, Chief Surgeon at Fort St George who sent a collection of Chinese medical instruments to the Royal Society, mentioned in this [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/20/236-247/390.full.pdf+html article] ''Phil. Trans. 1 January 1698 vol. 20 no. 236-247'' 390-392.  
:“When Mr. Wheeler, Member of Council, Sea Customer and Chief Justice of Choultry in Chennai, died on August 28, 1693, Dr. Samuel Browne, accepted in writing that due to his fateful mistake, pearl was powdered in a stone mortar wherein arsenic had been beaten before and the mixture was given to Mr. Wheeler as physic who showed the symptom of poison before death. Dr. Samuel Browne and his servant were committed to custody. Dr. Edward Bulkley, the surgeon of the hospital was asked to conduct an autopsy on the body of Mr. Wheeler opined that the suddenness of his death, and the severe symptoms he had laboured under before he died, were greater arguments of poison received, than anything he could trace out by dissection. Dr. Samuel Browne was tried and acquitted by the Grand Jury when the Bill of Ignoramus was brought in. There was dissatisfaction at this result and many thought that a case of criminal negligence had been made out.” From [http://www.maduraimedicos1973.netfirms.com/dr_mathiharan/state_control_of_medical_malprac.htm "State Control of Medical Malpractice"] by Dr. K. Mathiharan  (Published in ''Law & Medicine, (An Annual Publication of the Institute of Law and Ethics in Medicine, National Law School of India University, Bangalore) Volume 4, 1998'' at 88-92)
*Dr Edward Bulkley was a Principal Surgeon 1692-1709 when he transferred to the Civil Service as Member of Council. He resigned in 1713 and died August 1714 at Madras according to this [http://www.archive.org/stream/fortstgeorgemad02penngoog#page/n257/mode/1up cemetery record]. He is mentioned in the "Third Book of Samuel Brown" (see above) and also on this [http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=422 page] from the Linnean Society of London website, collecting plants in Bengal and Burma 1702-8, (where the spelling Bulkeley is used). He is probably the Mr Buckly, Chief Surgeon at Fort St George who sent a collection of Chinese medical instruments to the Royal Society, mentioned in this [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/20/236-247/390.full.pdf+html article] ''Phil. Trans. 1 January 1698 vol. 20 no. 236-247'' 390-392. The autopsy mentioned above is the first recorded medico-legal autopsy performed in India.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gerard_Koenig  Johann Gerhard Koenig] 1728-1785  Wikipedia He worked as a surgeon at the Danish colony at [[Tranquebar]] from 1768, as naturalist to the Nawab of Arcot from 1774 and as naturalist with the East India Company at Madras from 1778, according to this [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1251641  link] about [[Tranquebar]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gerard_Koenig  Johann Gerhard Koenig] 1728-1785  Wikipedia He worked as a surgeon at the Danish colony at [[Tranquebar]] from 1768, as naturalist to the Nawab of Arcot from 1774 and as naturalist with the East India Company at Madras from 1778, according to this [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1251641  link] about [[Tranquebar]]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Russell_(herpetologist) Patrick Russell]  1726-1805. Wikipedia  He came to India in 1781 and  in 1785 was appointed as the East India  Company's 'Botanist and Naturalist'  at  Madras . Russell's viper the  venomous snake, whose  toxicity is second only to the cobra, is named after him. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=h6xSzhlmNdoC&pg=PA331    Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860] by Richard H Grove page 331, including the footnote gives more details including that he was initially an assistant surgeon. [http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/23/stories/2006012300070500.htm “The first snakeman of India”] The Hindu  [http://www.cmj.slma.lk/cmj4602/39.htm “Russell of Russell's viper fame”] by R L Jayakody  ''The Ceylon Medical Journal Volume 46, No 2, 2001 June''
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Russell_(herpetologist) Patrick Russell]  1726-1805. Wikipedia  He came to India in 1781 and  in 1785 was appointed as the East India  Company's 'Botanist and Naturalist'  at  Madras . Russell's viper the  venomous snake, whose  toxicity is second only to the cobra, is named after him. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=h6xSzhlmNdoC&pg=PA331    Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860] by Richard H Grove page 331, including the footnote gives more details including that he was initially an assistant surgeon. [http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/23/stories/2006012300070500.htm “The first snakeman of India”] The Hindu  [http://www.cmj.slma.lk/cmj4602/39.htm “Russell of Russell's viper fame”] by R L Jayakody  ''The Ceylon Medical Journal Volume 46, No 2, 2001 June''

Revision as of 10:25, 2 February 2010

A doctor may also be known as a Surgeon or (prior to 1873) an Assistant Surgeon. The term Medical Officer is also used.

This article contains many links to historical online books.

Records

British Library

The British Library information page 'Indian Medical Service' lists records available in the BL. A pdf document by the Wellcome Library lists records in the British Library relating to medicine and health, including manuscripts.

Lists of medical officers

Two particularly useful books, listing service histories etc, are:

Other lists:

Historical background

Working conditions and duties

Appointment

For appointment procedures, refer to the Individuals section below and George Aldred.

Non-medical duties

Some surgeons were engaged in work which today would be regarded as scientific or senior administrative roles. Most of the botanists in the earlier years were surgeons, refer Individuals below. WCB Eatwell MD was ‘First Asst. and Opium Examiner. Board of Customs, Salt and Opium’. He was the author of “Report no.1: On the Poppy Cultivation, and the Benares Opium Agency” from Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal (1851) Google Books.

Individuals

Bengal

  • Gabriel Broughton was, perhaps, the most influential doctor in the history of British India. In the year 1636 the daughter of Mughal Emperor, Shah Jehan, was badly burnt following the upset of an oil lamp. The Emperor sent for the English ship's surgeon, Gabriel Broughton, who was able to assist her. In a later incident he treated another lady of the Emperor's harem. In reward for his services he asked that the East India Company be given a charter to trade in Bengal.
  • William Hamilton (Wikipedia), a surgeon, died 1717. In gratitude for the success of the medical treatment given to him by Hamilton, the Mughal Emperor, Furrukhsiyar, made generous gifts to the English surgeon. He also allowed the East India Company to purchase about 30 villages which enabled fortification of their position around Calcutta and greatly strengthened their trading presence in Bengal. Hamilton's profession, therefore, played a significant role in establishing the early influence of the East India Company.
  • William Griffith (Wikipedia), also a notable botanist.

Madras

Botanists and Naturalists

  • Samuel Browne was listed as a Principal Surgeon in Madras 1688-1697 when he was discharged. Samuel Brown died 21 December 1698 at Madras, according to this cemetery record. After his death the following articles were published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (London):
  • "An Account of part of a Collection of Curious Plants and Drugs" gathered by Mr Samuel Brown , a Physician at Fort St George in the East Indies There is a subsequent title "Mr.Sam Brown His First Book Of East India Plants" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276 579-594 "Second Book" Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276 699-721 'Third Book' page 859 (page 18 of the pdf) describes some animals sent by Mr Edward Bulkley, Surgeon from Fort St George Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276 843-862 "Fourth Book" Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276 843-862 "Fifth Book" Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276 1007-1029 "Sixth Book" Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288 1055-1068 "Seventh Book" Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288 1251-1566 "Eighth Book" Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288 1450-1460. However, there is no mention of Mr Sam.Brown for the final volume.
“When Mr. Wheeler, Member of Council, Sea Customer and Chief Justice of Choultry in Chennai, died on August 28, 1693, Dr. Samuel Browne, accepted in writing that due to his fateful mistake, pearl was powdered in a stone mortar wherein arsenic had been beaten before and the mixture was given to Mr. Wheeler as physic who showed the symptom of poison before death. Dr. Samuel Browne and his servant were committed to custody. Dr. Edward Bulkley, the surgeon of the hospital was asked to conduct an autopsy on the body of Mr. Wheeler opined that the suddenness of his death, and the severe symptoms he had laboured under before he died, were greater arguments of poison received, than anything he could trace out by dissection. Dr. Samuel Browne was tried and acquitted by the Grand Jury when the Bill of Ignoramus was brought in. There was dissatisfaction at this result and many thought that a case of criminal negligence had been made out.” From "State Control of Medical Malpractice" by Dr. K. Mathiharan (Published in Law & Medicine, (An Annual Publication of the Institute of Law and Ethics in Medicine, National Law School of India University, Bangalore) Volume 4, 1998 at 88-92)
  • Dr Edward Bulkley was a Principal Surgeon 1692-1709 when he transferred to the Civil Service as Member of Council. He resigned in 1713 and died August 1714 at Madras according to this cemetery record. He is mentioned in the "Third Book of Samuel Brown" (see above) and also on this page from the Linnean Society of London website, collecting plants in Bengal and Burma 1702-8, (where the spelling Bulkeley is used). He is probably the Mr Buckly, Chief Surgeon at Fort St George who sent a collection of Chinese medical instruments to the Royal Society, mentioned in this article Phil. Trans. 1 January 1698 vol. 20 no. 236-247 390-392. The autopsy mentioned above is the first recorded medico-legal autopsy performed in India.
  • Johann Gerhard Koenig 1728-1785 Wikipedia He worked as a surgeon at the Danish colony at Tranquebar from 1768, as naturalist to the Nawab of Arcot from 1774 and as naturalist with the East India Company at Madras from 1778, according to this link about Tranquebar
  • Patrick Russell 1726-1805. Wikipedia He came to India in 1781 and in 1785 was appointed as the East India Company's 'Botanist and Naturalist' at Madras . Russell's viper the venomous snake, whose toxicity is second only to the cobra, is named after him. Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860 by Richard H Grove page 331, including the footnote gives more details including that he was initially an assistant surgeon. “The first snakeman of India” The Hindu “Russell of Russell's viper fame” by R L Jayakody The Ceylon Medical Journal Volume 46, No 2, 2001 June
  • Francis Day(Wikipedia) is detailed in this pdf, having joined the Madras Medical Service in 1852. He wrote a 1863 book on Cochin, The land of the Permauls, or, Cochin, its past and its present. He became the most important writer on Indian fish, with his first book on the subject being Fishes of Malabar (archive.org) in 1865.

Other

  • Diseases of India by Sir James Annesley, 3rd edition. Google books. Commences with details of his career as a Military Surgeon in the Madras Presidency from 1800 until he retired in 1838, after five years on the Medical Board.
  • George Edward Aldred was appointed an Assistant Surgeon in the Madras Medical Service on the 20th of April 1847. This page from Asplin Military History shows the appointment procedures. He was court martialled for unbecoming conduct in July 1848 and dismissed, as this item from Allen’s Indian Mail 1848 shows, but subsequently reinstated.

Bombay

  • Andrew Jukes from Encyclopedia Iranica. Enter Jukes in the search box. Appointed Assistant Surgeon 1798.
  • Narrative of the Campaign of the Indus in Sind and Kaubool in 1838-9 by Richard Hartley Kennedy M.D. Chief of the Medical Staff of the Bombay Division of the Army of the Indus. 1840 Volume 1 Volume 2
  • Obituary of R Markham Carter 1875-1961 from the British Medical Journal. A large part of his career was in Bombay. He was renowned for the stand he took in respect of the appalling conditions suffered by casualties at Basra in Mesopotamia during the First World War.

Royal Army Medical Corps (British Army)

Other