Difference between revisions of "Opium trade"

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*[[2nd China War]] 1856-60
 
*[[2nd China War]] 1856-60
The Western Powers sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. The British wanted all of China open to merchants, legalization of the opium trade and exemption of import tariffs. The Qing Government refused and relations deteriorated.  The French, Russians and Americans also became involved. In the First Campaign British and French forces captured Canton and took the [[Taku Forts]] outside [[Tientsin|Tianjin]]. There was a temporary end to hostilities with the Treaty of Tianjin (giving extensive rights to the Western Powers) but the Qing Government rejected the treaty and this led to a Second Campaign. In June 1859 Anglo-French forces failed to take the Taku Forts but later captured Tianjin. In September the Chinese were defeated and the Summer Palace in [[Peking]] destroyed. The Convention of Peking ratified the Treaty of Tianjin, the opium trade was legalized, China was opened to western merchants and Britain and France were paid a huge indemnity.
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The Western Powers sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. The British wanted all of China open to merchants, legalization of the opium trade and exemption of import tariffs. The process of [http://www.marvelousessays.com essay writing] will be much easier with MarvelousEssays.Com as there are a lot of highly professional and talented writers who are always eager to help you out with any sort of academic assignments regardless of the complexity levels. I do know what I�m talking about! The Qing Government refused and relations deteriorated.  The French, Russians and Americans also became involved. In the First Campaign British and French forces captured Canton and took the [[Taku Forts]] outside [[Tientsin|Tianjin]]. There was a temporary end to hostilities with the Treaty of Tianjin (giving extensive rights to the Western Powers) but the Qing Government rejected the treaty and this led to a Second Campaign. In June 1859 Anglo-French forces failed to take the Taku Forts but later captured Tianjin. In September the Chinese were defeated and the Summer Palace in [[Peking]] destroyed. The Convention of Peking ratified the Treaty of Tianjin, the opium trade was legalized, China was opened to western merchants and Britain and France were paid a huge indemnity.
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==
*[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0004701u00000000.html  The opium godown or store within its compound at Patna] [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0004702u00000000.html An interior view].  Watercolours from British Library Online Gallery
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*[ The Making of Early Victorian Bombay'' by Amar Farooqui
*[http://www.drugtext.org/Table/The-Opium-Department-Report-India/ Report of the Opium Department India 1881] Drugtext.org
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by S. K. Vardhan Manager, Government Opium and Alkaloids Factory, Ghazipur (U.P.). written in 1956
*[http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/deptserv/rcs/opium/Captions.html Opium: A "morally indefensible trade in a "horrible drug"] Cambridge University Library
 
*[http://www.maritimeheritage.org/news/opium.html The Opium Trade] Maritime Heritage Project
 
*[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2310/stories/20060602000307600.htm “Narcotics and empire”] from Frontline-The Hindu. A review of the book  ''Opium City, The Making of Early Victorian Bombay'' by Amar Farooqui
 
*[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1956-01-01_2_page009.html “The manufacture and sale of opium and opium alkaloids at the Ghazipur factory”] by S. K. Vardhan Manager, Government Opium and Alkaloids Factory, Ghazipur (U.P.). written in 1956
 
 
===Historical books online===
 
===Historical books online===
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZNT3ohiMQaMC&printsec=frontcover ''The opium trade: including a sketch of its history, extent, effects, etc., as carried on in India and China''] by Nathan Allen M.D. 2nd Edition 1853 (first published 1850)
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by Nathan Allen M.D. 2nd Edition 1853 (first published 1850)
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=fiYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 “Report no.1: On the Poppy Cultivation, and the Benares Opium Agency”] by  WCB Eatwell MD ‘First Asst. and Opium Examiner. Board of Customs, Salt and Opium’  from ''Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal'' (1851) Google Books
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by  WCB Eatwell MD ‘First Asst. and Opium Examiner. Board of Customs, Salt and Opium’  from ''Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal'' (1851) Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=fbZGAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 ''The rise and progress of British opium smuggling: the illegality of the East India Company's monopoly of the drug, and its injurious effects upon India, China, and the commerce of Great Britain. Five letters addressed to the Earl of Shaftesbury''] by Major-General R Alexander, Madras Army 3rd edition revised and enlarged 1856 Google Books
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by Major-General R Alexander, Madras Army 3rd edition revised and enlarged 1856 Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/britishopiumpol01turngoog#page/n3/mode/2up ''British opium policy and its results to India and China''] by F. S. Turner 1876 Archive.org
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by F. S. Turner 1876 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/opiumquestionrev00moul#page/n3/mode/2up ''The opium question: a review of the opium policy of Great Britain, and its results to India and China''] by the Rev. Arthur E. Moule 1877 Archive.org
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by the Rev. Arthur E. Moule 1877 Archive.org
 
*[http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/k/kipling/rudyard/opium/complete.html ''In an Opium Factory''] by Rudyard Kipling 1888 (eBooks, University of Adelaide).  [http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_opium1.htm In an Opium Factory] from the Kipling Society with comments on the text.
 
*[http://ebooks.adelaide.edu.au/k/kipling/rudyard/opium/complete.html ''In an Opium Factory''] by Rudyard Kipling 1888 (eBooks, University of Adelaide).  [http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_opium1.htm In an Opium Factory] from the Kipling Society with comments on the text.
*''First report of the Royal Commission on Opium with Minutes of evidence and appendices'' Archive.org [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023451234#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 Evidence taken in London September 1893] 1894. Evidence taken in India:[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053849#page/n5/mode/2up  Volume 2, in 1893]. [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053856#page/n5/mode/2up  Volume 3, in  January 1894], [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053864#page/n5/mode/2up  Volume 4, 29 January-22 Feb 1894], [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053872#page/n5/mode/2up  Volume 5 Appendices] 1894
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*''First report of the Royal Commission on Opium with Minutes of evidence and appendices'' Archive.org 1894. Evidence taken in India:.,, 1894
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053872#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 6 Final Report] 1895.  
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  1895.  
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023283280#page/n9/mode/2up The report of the Royal Commission on Opium compared with the evidence from China that was submitted to the Commission : an examination and an appeal] by Arnold Foster 1899 Archive.org
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  by Arnold Foster 1899 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/truthaboutindian00grearich#page/n1/mode/2up ''The truth about Indian opium''] by G. Graham Dixon. Printed for and issued by the Industries and Overseas Department, India Office 1922 Archive.org
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by G. Graham Dixon. Printed for and issued by the Industries and Overseas Department, India Office 1922 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023283546#page/n7/mode/2up ''Drug smuggling and taking in India and Burma''] by  Roy K Anderson 1922 Archive.org
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by  Roy K Anderson 1922 Archive.org
  
 
== Recommended Reading ==
 
== Recommended Reading ==
 
''Foreign mud: being and account of the opium imbroglio at Canton in the 1830s & the Anglo-Chinese War that followed''‎ by Maurice Collis 1946 reprinted by Kessinger Publishing Co 2004 ISBN 1417976004 and ISBN 978-1417976003
 
''Foreign mud: being and account of the opium imbroglio at Canton in the 1830s & the Anglo-Chinese War that followed''‎ by Maurice Collis 1946 reprinted by Kessinger Publishing Co 2004 ISBN 1417976004 and ISBN 978-1417976003
[http://books.google.com/books?id=DK78eANlr-AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=foreign+mud&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Limited Preview] Google Books. The full book is available to read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website.
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Google Books. The full book is available to read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website.
  
 
[[Category:Occupations]]
 
[[Category:Occupations]]
 
[[Category:China]]
 
[[Category:China]]
 
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]
 
[[Category:Commerce and trade]]

Revision as of 09:23, 27 December 2011

A lucrative opium trade existed between China and Britain in the 19th century. British sales of opium in large amounts began in 1781 and between 1821 and 1837 sales increased fivefold. Two 'Opium Wars' punctuated the period, their outcomes redefining the trade.

History

The East India Company held the monopoly of the opium trade in Bengal and supplied large quantities of the drug to China. One of the main commodities that Britain had wanted from China was tea as this had become a fashionable drink in Europe and although there was some tea grown in India, tea planting was not yet on a large scale. As demand for tea increased, the East India Company realised that a good revenue could be obtained if it was able to entice China to supply directly to them . The inducement was to be the Indian grown opium.

It was not until the 1820s that the potential of an Indian tea trade was considered and, therefore, continuing trade with China, which operated via Canton, was important to the EIC. When the Chinese government became worried about the effects of opium addiction and took steps to prevent the importation of opium, the EIC agreed not to carry the drugs on their ships but, in reality deals were done with the owners of Country Ships who continued to smuggle the drug into China on their vessels. As the country ships were under licence to the East India Company this meant the company still had control of the sale of opium. This practice continued until 1833 when the trading monopoly of the East India company was abolished - but by then the first Tea Plantation in Assam had been established.

Opium Wars

Opium addiction in China had become such a problem that to prevent imports the Qing Dynasty closed the waterway up to Canton and seized over 1 million kilograms of opium, requiring merchants to enter into a bond not to deal in the drug. The Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China tried to negotiate with the Chinese but was continually rebuffed. Naval confrontations took place and Britain sent an expeditionary force from Singapore, capturing Canton and Shanghai. The war ended in August 1842 with the Treaty of Nanking which opened five treaty ports to trade, ceded Hong Kong and granted an indemnity to Britain.

The Western Powers sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. The British wanted all of China open to merchants, legalization of the opium trade and exemption of import tariffs. The process of essay writing will be much easier with MarvelousEssays.Com as there are a lot of highly professional and talented writers who are always eager to help you out with any sort of academic assignments regardless of the complexity levels. I do know what I�m talking about! The Qing Government refused and relations deteriorated. The French, Russians and Americans also became involved. In the First Campaign British and French forces captured Canton and took the Taku Forts outside Tianjin. There was a temporary end to hostilities with the Treaty of Tianjin (giving extensive rights to the Western Powers) but the Qing Government rejected the treaty and this led to a Second Campaign. In June 1859 Anglo-French forces failed to take the Taku Forts but later captured Tianjin. In September the Chinese were defeated and the Summer Palace in Peking destroyed. The Convention of Peking ratified the Treaty of Tianjin, the opium trade was legalized, China was opened to western merchants and Britain and France were paid a huge indemnity.

External links

  • [ The Making of Early Victorian Bombay by Amar Farooqui
by S. K. Vardhan Manager, Government Opium and Alkaloids Factory, Ghazipur (U.P.). written in 1956

Historical books online

by Nathan Allen M.D. 2nd Edition 1853 (first published 1850)
by  WCB Eatwell MD ‘First Asst. and Opium Examiner. Board of Customs, Salt and Opium’  from Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal (1851) Google Books
by Major-General R Alexander, Madras Army 3rd edition revised and enlarged 1856 Google Books
by F. S. Turner 1876 Archive.org
by the Rev. Arthur E. Moule 1877 Archive.org
  • In an Opium Factory by Rudyard Kipling 1888 (eBooks, University of Adelaide). In an Opium Factory from the Kipling Society with comments on the text.
  • First report of the Royal Commission on Opium with Minutes of evidence and appendices Archive.org 1894. Evidence taken in India:.,, 1894
1895. 
by Arnold Foster 1899 Archive.org
by G. Graham Dixon. Printed for and issued by the Industries and Overseas Department, India Office 1922 Archive.org
by  Roy K Anderson 1922 Archive.org

Recommended Reading

Foreign mud: being and account of the opium imbroglio at Canton in the 1830s & the Anglo-Chinese War that followed‎ by Maurice Collis 1946 reprinted by Kessinger Publishing Co 2004 ISBN 1417976004 and ISBN 978-1417976003

Google Books. The full book is available to read online on the  Digital Library of India website.