North West Frontier Campaigns: Difference between revisions

From FIBIwiki
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Maureene (talk | contribs)
No edit summary
Maureene (talk | contribs)
Line 53: Line 53:
*[http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~poyntz/India/images/AfghanFrontier.JPG 1893 North West Frontier Map] Rootsweb<br>
*[http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~poyntz/India/images/AfghanFrontier.JPG 1893 North West Frontier Map] Rootsweb<br>
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1909/fullscreen.html?object=39 1909 NWF Map] Digital South Asia Maps<br>
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1909/fullscreen.html?object=39 1909 NWF Map] Digital South Asia Maps<br>
*[http://isp.ans.com.au/~rampais/genelogy/ggphotos/military/map.htm Map of the NWF-area around Bannu] probably c 1937-1940 from [http://isp.ans.com.au/~rampais/genelogy/ggphotos/index.htm Gordon Gibbon’s photographs] on Bob Holland’s Rampais website.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120628174332/http://isp.ans.com.au/~rampais/genelogy/ggphotos/military/map.htm Map of the NWF-area around Bannu] probably c 1937-1940 from [http://isp.ans.com.au/~rampais/genelogy/ggphotos/index.htm Gordon Gibbon’s photographs] on Bob Holland’s Rampais website.
*British Raj [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA-BRITISH-RAJ/2010-02/1266047892  post] dated 12 February 2010 about 1930s maps of the North West Frontier region, recommending those in the ''Official History 1920-35'' and ''1936-37'', refer [[North West Frontier Campaigns# British Library holdings|above]]
*British Raj [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA-BRITISH-RAJ/2010-02/1266047892  post] dated 12 February 2010 about 1930s maps of the North West Frontier region, recommending those in the ''Official History 1920-35'' and ''1936-37'', refer [[North West Frontier Campaigns# British Library holdings|above]]
*[http://michaelelambert.com/main/pdf/Michael_E_Lambert_Afghanistan_&_North_West_Frontier.pdf Afghanistan & North West Frontier] by Michael E. Lambert. The presentation is in three parts: "The History" relates Britain’s involvement in the North West Frontier, (page 6 of the pdf) "The Medals" discusses the Afghanistan Medal, the Kabul to Kandahar Star, and the India General Service Medal through its multiple issues.(page 38 of the pdf), "The Album" presents early twentieth century photographs of soldiers and soldiering (page 56 of the pdf)
*[http://michaelelambert.com/main/pdf/Michael_E_Lambert_Afghanistan_&_North_West_Frontier.pdf Afghanistan & North West Frontier] by Michael E. Lambert. The presentation is in three parts: "The History" relates Britain’s involvement in the North West Frontier, (page 6 of the pdf) "The Medals" discusses the Afghanistan Medal, the Kabul to Kandahar Star, and the India General Service Medal through its multiple issues.(page 38 of the pdf), "The Album" presents early twentieth century photographs of soldiers and soldiering (page 56 of the pdf)
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20120507203812/http://www.khyber.org/pashtohistory/storyofthepakhtoons.shtml Story of the Pakhtoons [Pathans<nowiki>]</nowiki>] by M. Ilyas Khan. Khyber.org<br>
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20120507203812/http://www.khyber.org/pashtohistory/storyofthepakhtoons.shtml Story of the Pakhtoons [Pathans<nowiki>]</nowiki>] by M. Ilyas Khan. Khyber.org<br>
*''British Governance of the North-West Frontier (1919 to 1947): A Blueprint for Contemporary Afghanistan?''  by Andrew M. Roe, Maj, British Army. Master’s Thesis Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2005 [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8pN3JWr8izAJ:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA437314+british+army+letter+india+1919s&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgdB1wUvqI8ikHiOuoAKYjsCAteXvKXKhGSeZbSJxBgqSi7A5noCmlSDkobeTbofU0WHCxFpXIlHlK4EmWJEJtzTKkWOpfYqZWRQp-zvOZzZ-hyxliXBVcv2-R5v4W1erBSldqF&sig=AHIEtbSe3kVPF7VsEbjaJcf8Hcrt_V7N6A html version] [http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA437314  pdf]
*''British Governance of the North-West Frontier (1919 to 1947): A Blueprint for Contemporary Afghanistan?''  by Andrew M. Roe, Maj, British Army. Master’s Thesis Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 2005 [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8pN3JWr8izAJ:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA437314+british+army+letter+india+1919s&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgdB1wUvqI8ikHiOuoAKYjsCAteXvKXKhGSeZbSJxBgqSi7A5noCmlSDkobeTbofU0WHCxFpXIlHlK4EmWJEJtzTKkWOpfYqZWRQp-zvOZzZ-hyxliXBVcv2-R5v4W1erBSldqF&sig=AHIEtbSe3kVPF7VsEbjaJcf8Hcrt_V7N6A html version] [http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA437314  pdf]
*Six blogs by Thomas E. Ricks [http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/09/the_british_experience_in_waziristan_tons_of_lessons_to_be_learned The British experience in Waziristan, 9 March 2010], [http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/10/lessons_from_waziristan_ii_the_central_role_of_the_political_agent 10 March 2010], [http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/11/waziristan_iii_insights_into_the_nature_of_the_formidable_pashtun_foe 11 March 2010], [http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/12/waziristan_iv_trying_to_imagine_an_american_version_of_the_frontier_scouts 12 March 2010], [http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/15/waziristan_v_it_can_even_tell_us_a_bit_about_our_current_coin_debate 15 March 2010], [http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/16/waziristan_vi_and_last_roe_s_lessons 16 March 2010] from foreignpolicy.com, with comments on the book ''Waging War in Waziristan: The British Struggle in the Land of Bin Laden, 1849-1947'', by Andrew M. Roe, a British infantry officer, published 2010. This book may be purchased through Amazon.co.uk from the [http://astore.amazon.co.uk/faminbriindso-21/detail/0700616993 FIBIS Shop].
*Six blogs by Thomas E. Ricks [http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/09/the_british_experience_in_waziristan_tons_of_lessons_to_be_learned The British experience in Waziristan, 9 March 2010], [http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/10/lessons_from_waziristan_ii_the_central_role_of_the_political_agent 10 March 2010], [http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/11/waziristan_iii_insights_into_the_nature_of_the_formidable_pashtun_foe 11 March 2010], [http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/12/waziristan_iv_trying_to_imagine_an_american_version_of_the_frontier_scouts 12 March 2010], [http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/15/waziristan_v_it_can_even_tell_us_a_bit_about_our_current_coin_debate 15 March 2010], [http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/16/waziristan_vi_and_last_roe_s_lessons 16 March 2010] (archive.org links [https://web.archive.org/web/20130407032550/http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/09/the_british_experience_in_waziristan_tons_of_lessons_to_be_learned  1], [https://web.archive.org/web/20131122055228/http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/10/lessons_from_waziristan_ii_the_central_role_of_the_political_agent  2], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100313020821/http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/11/waziristan_iii_insights_into_the_nature_of_the_formidable_pashtun_foe  3], [https://web.archive.org/web/20131122055626/http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/12/waziristan_iv_trying_to_imagine_an_american_version_of_the_frontier_scouts  4], [https://web.archive.org/web/20131122055931/http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/15/waziristan_v_it_can_even_tell_us_a_bit_about_our_current_coin_debate  5], [https://web.archive.org/web/20100322205301/http://ricks.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/03/16/waziristan_vi_and_last_roe_s_lessons    6]) from foreignpolicy.com, with comments on the book ''Waging War in Waziristan: The British Struggle in the Land of Bin Laden, 1849-1947'', by Andrew M. Roe, a British infantry officer, published 2010. This book may be purchased through Amazon.co.uk from the [http://astore.amazon.co.uk/faminbriindso-21/detail/0700616993 FIBIS Shop].
*''The British colonial experience in Waziristan and its applicability to current operations''  by Matthew W. Williams 2005. School of Advanced Military Studies U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas  [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:kvEFCRp6hm0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA436296+The+British+colonial+experience+in+Waziristan+and+its+applicability+to+current+operations+by+Matthew+W.+Williams&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj7xIso1hBBP91P91tq1b1Tvu_fOABXU3tFZVniMro8OHFgqaXDUKLWdlBfQ_EaTuDloxy7cS8vVBwh7PccPZXLr6r6kSHg22c3-q5AE_ACC8B_IQa9S77Q8Mfc56BckiRbTSuU&sig=AHIEtbQHRqilBVBbiUlKy8nRpsb5swQvBw html version],  [http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA436296 pdf]
*''The British colonial experience in Waziristan and its applicability to current operations''  by Matthew W. Williams 2005. School of Advanced Military Studies U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas  [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:kvEFCRp6hm0J:www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD%3DADA436296+The+British+colonial+experience+in+Waziristan+and+its+applicability+to+current+operations+by+Matthew+W.+Williams&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESj7xIso1hBBP91P91tq1b1Tvu_fOABXU3tFZVniMro8OHFgqaXDUKLWdlBfQ_EaTuDloxy7cS8vVBwh7PccPZXLr6r6kSHg22c3-q5AE_ACC8B_IQa9S77Q8Mfc56BckiRbTSuU&sig=AHIEtbQHRqilBVBbiUlKy8nRpsb5swQvBw html version],  [http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA436296 pdf]
*''An Ever Present Danger: A Concise History of British Military Operations on the North-West Frontier, 1849-1947'' by  Matt M. Matthews Occasional Paper 33  June 2010,  Combat Studies Institute Press, US Army Combined Arms Center Fort Leavenworth, Kansas [http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/matthews_33.pdf pdf], [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:k-dEkF7uPToJ:www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/matthews_33.pdf+Zakka+Khel+and+Mohmand+Expeditions&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgKswqu7MCLMPYXpnS0Z_F85D2LKqnKJ3dAESlW-WODMqj1HJh95IYthbE7nvcF1N4rhUD1jr2IOsNz_CBAP93nDvQLgEFVsk4WvUsJSC9Y9ZKd7KF8jvtAlwAzZq1LScYabfDA&sig=AHIEtbTcjZki-OEnBSumZA8AlfDCJR_mLg html version]
*''An Ever Present Danger: A Concise History of British Military Operations on the North-West Frontier, 1849-1947'' by  Matt M. Matthews Occasional Paper 33  June 2010,  Combat Studies Institute Press, US Army Combined Arms Center Fort Leavenworth, Kansas [http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/matthews_33.pdf pdf], [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:k-dEkF7uPToJ:www.cgsc.edu/carl/download/csipubs/matthews_33.pdf+Zakka+Khel+and+Mohmand+Expeditions&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgKswqu7MCLMPYXpnS0Z_F85D2LKqnKJ3dAESlW-WODMqj1HJh95IYthbE7nvcF1N4rhUD1jr2IOsNz_CBAP93nDvQLgEFVsk4WvUsJSC9Y9ZKd7KF8jvtAlwAzZq1LScYabfDA&sig=AHIEtbTcjZki-OEnBSumZA8AlfDCJR_mLg html version]
*[http://www.asc-centralasia.edu.pk/Issue_62/01-Military_Operations_in_Waziristan.html 'Military Operations in Waziristan: From a Historical Perspective (1849-1947)"] by Col. (Retd.) Muhammad Yahya Effendi Issue 62, [2008?]  ''Central Asia''  Research Journal of the Area Study Center, Univeristy of Peshawar, Pakistan (A biannual publication)
*[http://www.asc-centralasia.edu.pk/Issue_62/01-Military_Operations_in_Waziristan.html 'Military Operations in Waziristan: From a Historical Perspective (1849-1947)"] by Col. (Retd.) Muhammad Yahya Effendi Issue 62, [2008?]  ''Central Asia''  Research Journal of the Area Study Center, Univeristy of Peshawar, Pakistan (A biannual publication)
*[http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/jan/british-factor.htm ''The British Factor and Asia in the Twentieth Century''. Chapter V: "British India’s North West Tribal Territories"] by Maj (Retd) Raja Muhammad Sarwar Dhuddy. ''The Defence Journal January 2001'' (Karachi, Pakistan)  
*[http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/jan/british-factor.htm ''The British Factor and Asia in the Twentieth Century''. Chapter V: "British India’s North West Tribal Territories"] by Maj (Retd) Raja Muhammad Sarwar Dhuddy. ''The Defence Journal January 2001'' (Karachi, Pakistan)  
*[http://defenceoftherealm.blogspot.com/2009/10/air-power.html The limits of power] by 'Richard' 20 October 2009.  Surveys the policies to subdue the warring tribes on the North West Frontier. Defenceofthe realm.blogspot.com<br>
*[http://defenceoftherealm.blogspot.com/2009/10/air-power.html The limits of power] by 'Richard' 20 October 2009.  Surveys the policies to subdue the warring tribes on the North West Frontier. Defenceofthe realm.blogspot.com. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130602075644/http://defenceoftherealm.blogspot.com/2009/10/air-power.html archive.org] link)<br>
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/northwest-frontier-expeditions-intro.htm Northwest Frontier Expeditions - 1849-1902] Globalsecurity.org<br>
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/northwest-frontier-expeditions-intro.htm Northwest Frontier Expeditions - 1849-1902] Globalsecurity.org ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090724131131/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/northwest-frontier-expeditions-intro.htm archive.org] link)<br>
*[http://www.victorianmilitarysociety.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36:why-was-the-north-west-frontier-of-india-the-scene-of-so-much-conflict-in-the-period-1849-1901&catid=10:articles&Itemid=9 "Why was the North-West frontier of India the scene of so much conflict in the period 1849-1901?"] by R.A. Johnson  from ''Soldiers of the Queen issue 97'',  Victorian Military Society<br>
*[http://www.victorianmilitarysociety.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36:why-was-the-north-west-frontier-of-india-the-scene-of-so-much-conflict-in-the-period-1849-1901&catid=10:articles&Itemid=9 "Why was the North-West frontier of India the scene of so much conflict in the period 1849-1901?"] by R.A. Johnson  from ''Soldiers of the Queen issue 97'',  Victorian Military Society ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131122051541/http://www.victorianmilitarysociety.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36:why-was-the-north-west-frontier-of-india-the-scene-of-so-much-conflict-in-the-period-1849-1901&catid=10:articles&Itemid=9  archive.org] link)
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/pathan-revolt-1897.htm Pathan Revolt – 1897] Globalsecurity.org<br>
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/pathan-revolt-1897.htm Pathan Revolt – 1897] Globalsecurity.org<br>
*"The 1897 Revolt and Tirah Valley Operations from the Pashtun Perspective" by Robert A Johnson November 2009 Tribal Analysis Center [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:eTsYkNo6Zm0J:www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/PDF-TAC/The%25201897%2520Revolt%2520and%2520Tirah%2520Valley%2520Operations.pdf+Pathan+Revolt+1897&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh0X6yVOz6rEmI_wNzPJVJFqfFnINRkkH5l729HRDFWyIYOJvHVMaAFu06YmE2KEiGVQlt2c3Y2orIj7a20PEM3ih9HzDkY5Z3zT0zyXOhwXM77ILz7wJfxTfzOP-zDYRjye-oj&sig=AHIEtbQvzeiS7U1vsdwKrOo9gRhjIKnVgw html version] [http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/PDF-TAC/The%201897%20Revolt%20and%20Tirah%20Valley%20Operations.pdf Original pdf]<br>
*"The 1897 Revolt and Tirah Valley Operations from the Pashtun Perspective" by Robert A Johnson November 2009 Tribal Analysis Center [http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:eTsYkNo6Zm0J:www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/PDF-TAC/The%25201897%2520Revolt%2520and%2520Tirah%2520Valley%2520Operations.pdf+Pathan+Revolt+1897&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh0X6yVOz6rEmI_wNzPJVJFqfFnINRkkH5l729HRDFWyIYOJvHVMaAFu06YmE2KEiGVQlt2c3Y2orIj7a20PEM3ih9HzDkY5Z3zT0zyXOhwXM77ILz7wJfxTfzOP-zDYRjye-oj&sig=AHIEtbQvzeiS7U1vsdwKrOo9gRhjIKnVgw html version] [http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/PDF-TAC/The%201897%20Revolt%20and%20Tirah%20Valley%20Operations.pdf Original pdf]<br>

Revision as of 06:37, 22 November 2013

North West Frontier Campaigns
1849-1947
Chronological list of Wars and Campaigns
[[Image:|250px| ]]
Location:
Combatants:
East India Company and British Army North West Frontier tribes
Result: Suppression of border incursions
Medals:
India General Service medal 1854
India Medal 1895-1902
Links:
Category: Category:North West Frontier Campaigns


Summary

From 1849 when the East India Company annexed the Punjab it became necessary to prevent incursion by the frontier Pakhtun tribes. Successive punitive expeditions subdued particular areas until further outrages occurred. Control of the region depended to a large extent on the Punjab Frontier Force recruited from local tribesmen commanded by British officers.

North West Frontier Expeditions

For a list of campaigns in order see

Medals

British Library holdings

The following books are available at the British Library. Books available online, refer below, are not listed.

  • Operations against the Orakzai tribe on the Miranzai frontier under the command of Brigadier-General Sir W.S.A. Lockhart, K.C.B., C.S.I., in 1891 compiled from official sources (under the orders of the Quarter-Master General in India) by A.H. Mason. 1891
  • Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Volume 2. North-West Frontier Tribes between the Kabul and Gumal Rivers by Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1908
  • Official History of operations on the N.-W. Frontier of India, 1920-35 by General Staff Army Headquarters, India 1945. Available through Amazon.co.uk from the FIBIS Shop
  • Official History of operations on the N.W. Frontier of India, 1936-37 by General Staff Army Headquarters, India 1943. Available through Amazon.co.uk from the FIBIS Shop

India Office Records

India Office Records include

Imperial War Museums holdings

The Imperial War Museums are a source of information about operations in Waziristan. Search the catalogue.

Catalogue entry for the publication Bibliography of sources in the Departments of Documents, Photographs, Printed Books and Sound Records at the Imperial War Museum on military operations in Waziristan on the North West Frontier of India 1917-1937, published c 1979.

Also see

Individual accounts

  • Francis Stockdale was deployed to Waziristan in 1919. He was a temporary R. E. officer and served late 1919 to Dec 1921[1] His book Walk Warily in Waziristan is the subject of the article Why Britons walked warily in Waziristan by Alastair Lawson 21 April 2008 news.bbc.co.uk with photographs. (archive.org link). Available at the British Library
  • John Morris served as an officer in the Indian Army with the 3rd Queen Alexandra’s Own Gurkha Rifles from 1918 until 1934 in Palestine, Afghanistan (the Third Afghan War in 1919), Waziristan and the North West Frontier of India.[2] His autobiography Hired to Kill, Some Chapters of Autobiography was published in 1960. (London, Rupert Hart-Davis ). "Chapter Fifteen, in which he describes how he and his company were ambushed by Mahsud tribesmen on the frontier is a little masterpiece".[3] Available at the British Library
  • Obituary: John Prendergast 1910-2008 The Telegraph 03 March 2008. (archive.org link) He was awarded the Military Cross when serving with the Tochi Scouts (North Waziristan Transborder Armed Police) in May 1937. He was later awarded a DSO for the Burma Campaign. His books include an autobiography Prender’s Progress: a soldier in India, 1931-47, available at the British Library
  • John Archibald Hislop was an officer in the Indian Army, 2nd Battalion 9th Jat Regiment from 1933 . He had a series of postings primarily in the North West Frontier area. Subsequently he was GS02 Waziristan District until c August 1943. His autobiography A Soldier’s Story-From the Khyber Pass to the Jungles of Burma: The Memoir of a British Officer in the Indian Army 1933-1947 was published in 2010. "Readers will learn much interesting detail about operations in Waziristan and Baluchistan before the outbreak of war, tactics needed for protection on long marches - an officer in charge of a flanking picquet might find himself moving over thirty miles per day over mountainous ground for several consecutive days, and all the problems of food supply and water"[4] Available at the British Library
  • John Masters (Wikipedia) was an officer in the Indian Army from 1934, with the 2nd Battalion 4th Gurkha Rifles from 1935. His autobiography Bugles and a Tiger; a Volume of Autobiography was published in 1956 and has since been republished under slightly different titles as Bugles and a Tiger, Bugles and a Tiger : a Personal Adventure and Bugles and a Tiger: My Life in the Gurkhas . It covers the Waziristan Campaign 1936-39. Passages about the often vicious conflict are quoted in this link[5] This book is available at the British Library. It is also available to read online, refer below
  • Graham F Reed was a junior officer in the Royal Signals Corps in his early twenties, who was a Signals Officer with a Mountain Gun Regiment based at Razmak in Waziristan in 1945-47. His book is Walks in Waziristan, with an extract In action from Walks in Waziristan (archive.org link) The first two chapters are available from Preview Google Books

External Links

Historical books online

Recommended Reading

Campaigns on the North-West Frontier by Capt H.L.Nevill DSO 1916
Reprinted by The Naval & Military Press Ltd 2005
ISBN 1-845741-87-0
Imperial Frontier: Tribe & State in Waziristan by Dr Hugh Beattie
Routledge 2001
ISBN 0700713093 and ISBN 978-0700713097

References

  1. Great War Forum
  2. John Morris at Keio University 1938-1942 by William Snell, page 2 of the pdf
  3. "Times and Lives" by Stephen Spender in Encounter, January 1961, page 71 .unz.org
  4. Newhaven Publishing Dr Anthony Clayton Review for the Sandhurst Foundation
  5. With ‘roses in their long hair…’ by Gaw June 8, 2011 thedabbler.co.uk (Cached URL)