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==Architecture== | ==Architecture== | ||
| − | Colonial Architecture reveals the progressive involvement of the British in India spanning about 400 years. Military engineers provided the first secure compounds for the East India Company’s trading posts in Madras | + | Colonial Indian Architecture reveals the progressive involvement of the British in India spanning about 400 years. Military engineers provided the first secure compounds for the [[East India Company|East India Company’s]] trading posts in [[Madras]], [[Bombay]], and [[Calcutta ]]. As colonial influence spread so did their architecture. |
| + | Early buildings in fortified encampments were simple and functional; decoratively crenellations adorned parapets like battlements. As colonial aspirations changed from purely trading to empire, prominent buildings expressed power. This came not just from the British dominance but from their stylistic choice of Neo-Classicism to represent their cultural authority. Porticos and Doric columns were repeatedly used for 300 years. Palladian refinement reflected social aspirations for the English elite in India. More numerous were the modest cottages and bungalows, for the many of the middle classes, that borrowed stylistically from Bengali ‘bangla’ village huts. Church architecture differed by following the prevailing English trend - from the clean lines of Christopher Wren’s English Renaissance churches to the verticality of Pugin’s Victorian Neo-Gothic piles –they represented pure Christian values in a pagan land. | ||
| − | + | Unlike [[French]] or [[Portuguese]] Colonialists, whose architecture was accustomed to Mediterranean needs, British designs rapidly altered adding arcades and deep verandahs to deal with the needs to shelter from sun and monsoon. Italianate designs often better suited the climatic needs, compared to pattern book English designs. Neo-Gothic variety often the choice of Venetian Gothic for in civic buildings in preference to High Gothic. | |
| − | + | Against the dominant style of the Aesthetic Imperialists (represented by the [[Public Works Department]] who commissioned and regulated colonial architectural design) there were the Native Revivalists. They thought that civic architecture should represent the people, something with a connection to the land and the past, which in later Victorian times was mirrored by William Morris’ Arts and Craft’s view - of returning to an architecture using craftsmanship and traditional methods. | |
| − | + | Bombay was more liberal, so many of the later universities and law courts opted for Indo-Saracenic architecture (a mixture of Hindu, Islamic and Western elements applied to Western buildings). James Fergusson a Morris supporter, argued that copying Indian styles to be a crime, and backed the expressive use of Indian forms in architectural expression. The issue was that it was not a fusion of east and west design. Architects working in the [[Princely States]] managed this. Indigenous methods prevailed in [[Hill station|hill stations]] where informal residential designs used the best of both traditions. . | |
| + | Most of the designers throughout the Raj were [[British Army]] Engineers instructed in military engineering; architectural design was self learnt from practical experience, aided by architectural reference books and copy book designs. By 1870 regional differences were obvious with Bombay Public Works employing professional officers trained in architecture, while Calcutta continued to use amateur military engineers. Later, consultant architects invited from Europe included Lutyens in [[New Delhi]], and Modernist Le Corbusier in post-colonial [[Chandrigarh]] | ||
| − | + | The quality of local craftsmen and raw material made a difference. Bombay’s stone carvers were able to work with better grade stone than others– naturally their work was more detailed. The continued prevalence in other areas of the more simply decorated Neo-classical buildings demanded less intricate carving than was needed for the richly decorated Gothic style. | |
| + | |||
| + | The rise of the Indian Middle Classes with their patronage of the Arts and Architecture encouraged the marriage of indigenous and European designs. Their architectural commissions represented their affluence, civic pride, and Indian heritage. In contrast, English industrial progress evidenced with widespread use of imported corrugated iron (from the 1840's) offered construction simplification, but tended to dumb down architectural advances. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Frequently colonial buildings were criticized about not responding to local conditions, or not being built using traditional, and proven local methods. The "London look" was achieved by stucco render over brick, and sadly many Raj buildings are falling into disrepair as the stucco peels away. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Arguably, Engineers on colonial service adversely influenced the training of Indian technicians, and this continued when Indian Universities, captivated with Modernism, offered Architecture in the run up to Independence. Several generations of Indians had not studied India’s rich architectural history. But the JJ School of Art [[Bombay]] accepted this and looked forward, visioning the more inclusive use of concrete, a new material that would house India’s masses. But again the stucco surfaces of early Modernist buildings is failing away from disrepair, just it is on the earlier Neo-Classical buildings . | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Bombay: birthplace of modern Indian Architecture=== | ||
| + | *1865 Bombay Builder magazine first published | ||
| + | |||
| + | JJ School of Art, [[Bombay]]: courses | ||
| + | |||
| + | *1896 2 yr draughtsman’s course | ||
| + | *1908 4 yr architectural course | ||
| + | *1917 Indian Institute of Architects | ||
| + | *1922 5 yr architectural course | ||
| + | *1925 Bombay Architectural Association – with affiliation to the RIBA | ||
| + | *1930 RIBA exams held in Bombay | ||
| + | *1937 Ideal Home Exhibition introduces Modernism to India, and the more popular and the less restrained alternative - Art Deco. | ||
==People== | ==People== | ||
*[http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/henry-irwin.htm Henry Irwin Architect in India 1841–1922] by Chris Higman | *[http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/henry-irwin.htm Henry Irwin Architect in India 1841–1922] by Chris Higman | ||
| − | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens Edwin Lutyens 1869-1944] Wikipedia | + | *[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens Edwin Lutyens 1869-1944] Wikipedia - British Architect notable for the planning of New Delhi |
| + | **[http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/21/how-two-friends-built-a-city-and-fell-out How Two Friends Built a City and Fell Out] by Margherita Stancati November 21, 2011, blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime. Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker were commissioned to build New Delhi. | ||
| + | **[http://www.heathershimmin.com/viceroy-house-new-delhi The story behind Lutyens' sketch of Viceroy House] heathershimmin.com | ||
| + | |||
==Other external links== | ==Other external links== | ||
| − | *[http://www. | + | |
| − | *[ | + | === Historical books online === |
| + | |||
| + | *[http://www.archive.org/stream/indiaindianengin00medlrich#page/76/mode/2up ''India and Indian engineering''] Three lectures delivered at the Royal engineer institute, Chatham, in July, 1872. JG Megley lecture. Considers building comfort design issues, giving examples of comfortable bungalows, and stuffy churches - where services were held outside under the early morning shadow of the church. | ||
| + | *[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianarchitectu00haveuoft#page/n443/mode/2up ''Indian Architecture''] by EV Havel, a good description of the [[Public Works Department]] and a readable critique of Colonial Architecture in late Victorian times – asking it this the right approach? | ||
| + | *[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofmoderns04ferguoft#page/470/mode/2up ''History of Modern Architecture''] by James Fergusson mentioned above. | ||
| + | *''History of Indian and Eastern Architecture'' by James Fergusson Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/historyindianan00tadggoog 1891 edition]. 1899 editions: [https://archive.org/details/historyindianan01ferggoog Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/historyindianan02ferggoog Volume II]. 1910 editions: [https://archive.org/details/historyofindiane01ferguoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/historyofindiane02ferguoft Volume II] | ||
| + | *[http://books.google.com/books?id=SJ4EAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''The Bombay Builder: an illustrated journal of engineering architecture, science & art Volume 1''] 1865 Google Books | ||
| + | *''Jeypore Portfolio of Architectural Details parts VII and VIII: VII, String and Band Patterns; VIII, Wall and Surface Decorations'' by Samuel Swinton Jacob, 1894. [https://katalogbeta.slub-dresden.de/id/0015244231/#detail Catalogue details]. [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/150701/1/0/ Digital file] digital.slub-dresden.de. Left hand side of webpage, under Inhaltsverzeichnis, then click on title, shows links to both parts. Thumbnails at foot of webpage show illustrations. Downloads available. Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB) Dresden | ||
| + | : The various parts of ''Jeypore Portfolio'': I. Copings and plinths.--II. Pillars--Caps and bases.--III. Carved doors.--IV. Brackets.--V. Arches.--VI. Balustrades.--VII. String and band patterns.--VIII. Wall and surface decorations.--IX. Dados: with a note on the process of fresco paintings in Jeypore.--X. Parapets.--XI. Chatris and domed roofs.--XII. Jharokas or balcony windows. | ||
| + | :*[https://disegnarecon.unibo.it/article/viewFile/2079/1466 "Samuel Swinton Jacob and the Jeypore Portfolio: issues in Architectural Recording"] by Vanicka Arora. Disegnarecon dicembre 2010. disegnarecon.unibo.it | ||
| + | *''India. Photographs and Drawings Of Historical Buildings :100 Plates; From the Collection in the late Office of Curator of Ancient Monuments in India''. London, 1896. [https://katalogbeta.slub-dresden.de/id/0015229001/#detail Catalogue details] [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/178347/1/ Digital file] digital.slub-dresden.de. With thumbnails, so illustrations are easily found. Download available. Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB) Dresden | ||
| + | |||
| + | *[https://archive.org/details/CInCsResidencesIndia ''Reminiscences of the Residencies of the Commanders-In-Chief in India in Simla, Old and New Delhi''] by Field- Marshal Sir W R Birdwood 1930 Archive.org | ||
| + | *[https://archive.org/details/NewDelhiByRobertByron "New Delhi"] by Robert Byron. ''The Architectural Review'' January 1931. Archive.org | ||
| + | *[https://archive.org/details/OLDBungalowsInBangaloreJanetPott ''Old Bungalows in Bangalore, South India''] by Janet Pott 1977 Archive.org | ||
| + | *[https://archive.org/details/MonkeyTops ''Monkey Tops: Old Buildings in Bangalore Cantonment''] by Elizabeth Staley 1981 Archive.org | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Others === | ||
| + | *[http://www.boloji.com/architecture/index.htm Indian Architecture] This is an excellent Indian site for a more detailed over view , it includes sections on Colonial Indian Architecture. | ||
*[http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/architecture.html Victorian and Edwardian Architecture in British India] from The Victorian Web | *[http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/architecture.html Victorian and Edwardian Architecture in British India] from The Victorian Web | ||
*[http://www.skyscrapercity.com/forumdisplay.php?f=541 Heritage Buildings & Monuments] Photographs from Skyscrapercity.com | *[http://www.skyscrapercity.com/forumdisplay.php?f=541 Heritage Buildings & Monuments] Photographs from Skyscrapercity.com | ||
| + | *[http://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/495 ''Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries''] by Wayne Thomas Mullen. Sydney University Digital Theses 26-Mar-2006. A thesis which is “structured around the analysis of a model that describes the Cantonment, the Civil Lines, the Sadr Bazar and part of the Native City of the Western Indian settlement of Poona in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.” Contains sections on architecture | ||
| + | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060913012017/http://www.tcaup.umich.edu/workfolio/glover.pdf "“A Feeling of Absence from Old England:” the Colonial Bungalow"] by William J Glover ''Home Cultures Volume 1 Issue 1'' pages 61-82 2004(?), now archived. | ||
| + | *[http://archiseek.com/tag/india/ India] Buildings tagged India. archiseek.com. Details of a limited number of buildings in India | ||
| + | *[http://www.southasiandecorativeartsandcrafts.co.uk South Asian Decorative Arts & Crafts Collection] located in Norfolk, England. Includes an emphasis on architectural items. The website contains pages titled Architecture, located under India, Pakistan and Burma | ||
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| + | {{#widget:Google PlusOne | ||
| + | |size=small | ||
| + | |count=true | ||
| + | }} | ||
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[[Category: Occupations]] | [[Category: Occupations]] | ||
Latest revision as of 03:04, 18 April 2018
Contents
Architecture
Colonial Indian Architecture reveals the progressive involvement of the British in India spanning about 400 years. Military engineers provided the first secure compounds for the East India Company’s trading posts in Madras, Bombay, and Calcutta . As colonial influence spread so did their architecture.
Early buildings in fortified encampments were simple and functional; decoratively crenellations adorned parapets like battlements. As colonial aspirations changed from purely trading to empire, prominent buildings expressed power. This came not just from the British dominance but from their stylistic choice of Neo-Classicism to represent their cultural authority. Porticos and Doric columns were repeatedly used for 300 years. Palladian refinement reflected social aspirations for the English elite in India. More numerous were the modest cottages and bungalows, for the many of the middle classes, that borrowed stylistically from Bengali ‘bangla’ village huts. Church architecture differed by following the prevailing English trend - from the clean lines of Christopher Wren’s English Renaissance churches to the verticality of Pugin’s Victorian Neo-Gothic piles –they represented pure Christian values in a pagan land.
Unlike French or Portuguese Colonialists, whose architecture was accustomed to Mediterranean needs, British designs rapidly altered adding arcades and deep verandahs to deal with the needs to shelter from sun and monsoon. Italianate designs often better suited the climatic needs, compared to pattern book English designs. Neo-Gothic variety often the choice of Venetian Gothic for in civic buildings in preference to High Gothic.
Against the dominant style of the Aesthetic Imperialists (represented by the Public Works Department who commissioned and regulated colonial architectural design) there were the Native Revivalists. They thought that civic architecture should represent the people, something with a connection to the land and the past, which in later Victorian times was mirrored by William Morris’ Arts and Craft’s view - of returning to an architecture using craftsmanship and traditional methods. Bombay was more liberal, so many of the later universities and law courts opted for Indo-Saracenic architecture (a mixture of Hindu, Islamic and Western elements applied to Western buildings). James Fergusson a Morris supporter, argued that copying Indian styles to be a crime, and backed the expressive use of Indian forms in architectural expression. The issue was that it was not a fusion of east and west design. Architects working in the Princely States managed this. Indigenous methods prevailed in hill stations where informal residential designs used the best of both traditions. .
Most of the designers throughout the Raj were British Army Engineers instructed in military engineering; architectural design was self learnt from practical experience, aided by architectural reference books and copy book designs. By 1870 regional differences were obvious with Bombay Public Works employing professional officers trained in architecture, while Calcutta continued to use amateur military engineers. Later, consultant architects invited from Europe included Lutyens in New Delhi, and Modernist Le Corbusier in post-colonial Chandrigarh
The quality of local craftsmen and raw material made a difference. Bombay’s stone carvers were able to work with better grade stone than others– naturally their work was more detailed. The continued prevalence in other areas of the more simply decorated Neo-classical buildings demanded less intricate carving than was needed for the richly decorated Gothic style.
The rise of the Indian Middle Classes with their patronage of the Arts and Architecture encouraged the marriage of indigenous and European designs. Their architectural commissions represented their affluence, civic pride, and Indian heritage. In contrast, English industrial progress evidenced with widespread use of imported corrugated iron (from the 1840's) offered construction simplification, but tended to dumb down architectural advances.
Frequently colonial buildings were criticized about not responding to local conditions, or not being built using traditional, and proven local methods. The "London look" was achieved by stucco render over brick, and sadly many Raj buildings are falling into disrepair as the stucco peels away.
Arguably, Engineers on colonial service adversely influenced the training of Indian technicians, and this continued when Indian Universities, captivated with Modernism, offered Architecture in the run up to Independence. Several generations of Indians had not studied India’s rich architectural history. But the JJ School of Art Bombay accepted this and looked forward, visioning the more inclusive use of concrete, a new material that would house India’s masses. But again the stucco surfaces of early Modernist buildings is failing away from disrepair, just it is on the earlier Neo-Classical buildings .
Bombay: birthplace of modern Indian Architecture
- 1865 Bombay Builder magazine first published
JJ School of Art, Bombay: courses
- 1896 2 yr draughtsman’s course
- 1908 4 yr architectural course
- 1917 Indian Institute of Architects
- 1922 5 yr architectural course
- 1925 Bombay Architectural Association – with affiliation to the RIBA
- 1930 RIBA exams held in Bombay
- 1937 Ideal Home Exhibition introduces Modernism to India, and the more popular and the less restrained alternative - Art Deco.
People
- Henry Irwin Architect in India 1841–1922 by Chris Higman
- Edwin Lutyens 1869-1944 Wikipedia - British Architect notable for the planning of New Delhi
- How Two Friends Built a City and Fell Out by Margherita Stancati November 21, 2011, blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime. Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker were commissioned to build New Delhi.
- The story behind Lutyens' sketch of Viceroy House heathershimmin.com
Other external links
Historical books online
- India and Indian engineering Three lectures delivered at the Royal engineer institute, Chatham, in July, 1872. JG Megley lecture. Considers building comfort design issues, giving examples of comfortable bungalows, and stuffy churches - where services were held outside under the early morning shadow of the church.
- Indian Architecture by EV Havel, a good description of the Public Works Department and a readable critique of Colonial Architecture in late Victorian times – asking it this the right approach?
- History of Modern Architecture by James Fergusson mentioned above.
- History of Indian and Eastern Architecture by James Fergusson Archive.org 1891 edition. 1899 editions: Volume I, Volume II. 1910 editions: Volume I, Volume II
- The Bombay Builder: an illustrated journal of engineering architecture, science & art Volume 1 1865 Google Books
- Jeypore Portfolio of Architectural Details parts VII and VIII: VII, String and Band Patterns; VIII, Wall and Surface Decorations by Samuel Swinton Jacob, 1894. Catalogue details. Digital file digital.slub-dresden.de. Left hand side of webpage, under Inhaltsverzeichnis, then click on title, shows links to both parts. Thumbnails at foot of webpage show illustrations. Downloads available. Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB) Dresden
- The various parts of Jeypore Portfolio: I. Copings and plinths.--II. Pillars--Caps and bases.--III. Carved doors.--IV. Brackets.--V. Arches.--VI. Balustrades.--VII. String and band patterns.--VIII. Wall and surface decorations.--IX. Dados: with a note on the process of fresco paintings in Jeypore.--X. Parapets.--XI. Chatris and domed roofs.--XII. Jharokas or balcony windows.
- "Samuel Swinton Jacob and the Jeypore Portfolio: issues in Architectural Recording" by Vanicka Arora. Disegnarecon dicembre 2010. disegnarecon.unibo.it
- India. Photographs and Drawings Of Historical Buildings :100 Plates; From the Collection in the late Office of Curator of Ancient Monuments in India. London, 1896. Catalogue details Digital file digital.slub-dresden.de. With thumbnails, so illustrations are easily found. Download available. Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB) Dresden
- Reminiscences of the Residencies of the Commanders-In-Chief in India in Simla, Old and New Delhi by Field- Marshal Sir W R Birdwood 1930 Archive.org
- "New Delhi" by Robert Byron. The Architectural Review January 1931. Archive.org
- Old Bungalows in Bangalore, South India by Janet Pott 1977 Archive.org
- Monkey Tops: Old Buildings in Bangalore Cantonment by Elizabeth Staley 1981 Archive.org
Others
- Indian Architecture This is an excellent Indian site for a more detailed over view , it includes sections on Colonial Indian Architecture.
- Victorian and Edwardian Architecture in British India from The Victorian Web
- Heritage Buildings & Monuments Photographs from Skyscrapercity.com
- Deccan Queen: A Spatial Analysis of Poona in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries by Wayne Thomas Mullen. Sydney University Digital Theses 26-Mar-2006. A thesis which is “structured around the analysis of a model that describes the Cantonment, the Civil Lines, the Sadr Bazar and part of the Native City of the Western Indian settlement of Poona in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.” Contains sections on architecture
- "“A Feeling of Absence from Old England:” the Colonial Bungalow" by William J Glover Home Cultures Volume 1 Issue 1 pages 61-82 2004(?), now archived.
- India Buildings tagged India. archiseek.com. Details of a limited number of buildings in India
- South Asian Decorative Arts & Crafts Collection located in Norfolk, England. Includes an emphasis on architectural items. The website contains pages titled Architecture, located under India, Pakistan and Burma
