Difference between revisions of "Tibet Expedition"

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{{War|name=Tibet Expedition |dates=Dec 1903 – Sept 1904 |image= |location=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet Tibet] |combatant1=British Field Force |combatant2= Tibetan Armed Forces|result=[http://tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties10.html Anglo-Tibetan Agreement of 1904] |medal=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Medal Tibet Medal]| category=[[:Category:Tibet Expedition|Tibet Expedition]] |link1= }}
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{{War|name=Tibet Expedition |dates=Dec 1903 – Sept 1904 |image=Tibet-flag-free.jpg |location=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet Tibet] |combatant1=British Field Force |combatant2= Tibetan Armed Forces|result=[http://tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties10.html Anglo-Tibetan Agreement of 1904] |medal=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Medal Tibet Medal]| category=[[:Category:Tibet Expedition|Tibet Expedition]] |link1= }}
 
{{Battlemap|war=Tibet Expedition 1903-04|link=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000478a21a9b85b1eee21&ll=28.468691,89.868164&spn=3.515063,5.020752&t=p&z=8 }}
 
{{Battlemap|war=Tibet Expedition 1903-04|link=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000478a21a9b85b1eee21&ll=28.468691,89.868164&spn=3.515063,5.020752&t=p&z=8 }}
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The '''Expedition to Tibet''' in 1903-04, also known as the '''Anglo-Tibet War'''.
  
 
== Summary ==
 
== Summary ==
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'''The expedition to [[Tibet]] in 1903-04, also known as the Anglo-Tibet War'''. At the beginning of the 20th century Britain and Russia were competing for influence in Central Asia. To counter the perceived threat, the British sent an expedition under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband Francis Younghusband] to negotiate with the Tibetans. The first excursion to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamber_Jong Thamba Jong] was rebuffed and a field force was dispatched through the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelep_La Jelep Pass]. The Tibetans were defeated at two major battles and the expedition reached Lhasa in August 1904. The Dalai Lama had fled but Younghusband forced a one-sided treaty on the regent which gave Britain trading rights in Tibet. This was later repudiated by the Tibetans.
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At the beginning of the 20th century Britain and Russia were competing for influence in Central Asia. To counter the perceived threat, the British sent an expedition under [[Francis Younghusband]] to negotiate with the Tibetans. The first excursion with Claude White, the Political Officer for Sikkim, to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamber_Jong Khamba Jong] was rebuffed and a field force was dispatched through the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelep_La Jelep Pass]. The Tibetans were defeated at two major battles and the expedition reached Lhasa in August 1904. The Dalai Lama had fled but Younghusband forced a one-sided treaty on the regent which gave Britain trading rights in Tibet. This was later repudiated by the Tibetans.
 +
 
 +
== Field Forces ==
 +
'''First Excursion'''<br>
 +
''British Commissioner to Tibet: [[Francis Younghusband|Major Francis Younghusband]]''<br>
 +
''Political Officer for Sikkim: [[Photographer#Books|J Claude White]]''
 +
*200 [[32nd Punjab Pioneers|32nd Pioneers]]
 +
*300 followers<br>
 +
'''Tibet Mission'''<br>
 +
''British Commissioner to Tibet:  [[Francis Younghusband|Major Francis Younghusband]]''<br>
 +
''Escort Commander: [http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101034705/ Brig-Gen James Macdonald CB]''
 +
*Six Coys [[44th Gurkha Rifles|8th Gurkhas]] ''Lt-Col Kerr''
 +
*Eight Coys [[23rd Punjab Pioneers|23rd Pioneers]] ''Lt-Col Hogge''
 +
*Half Coy 2nd Sappers ''Maj Haycock''
 +
*Maxim gun detachment of [[9th Regiment of Foot|Norfolk Regiment]] ''Lt Hadow''
 +
*Two 7-pounder guns of 8th Gurkhas ''Capt Leeke''
 +
*Two 10 pounder guns of No 7 Mountain Battery Royal Garrison Artillery ''Maj Fuller''
 +
*Field Hospital
 +
*Engineer Field Park
 +
*Ammunition Column
 +
*Telegraph, postal and survey detachments<br>
 +
'''Later Reinforcements'''<br>
 +
*One Wing  [[7th Regiment of Foot|Royal Fusiliers]] ''Col Cooper DSO''
 +
*[[40th Regiment of Punjab Infantry|40th Pathans]] ''Lt-Col Campbell DSO''
 +
*[[7th Regiment of Punjab Infantry|19th Punjabis]] ''Maj Herbert''
 +
*Three Coys Mounted Infantry ''Capts Otterley & Peterson, Maj Rowlandson''
 +
*Maxim gun detachment of [[83rd Regiment of Foot|Royal Irish Rifles]] ''Lt Bowen Colthurst''
 +
*Two 7-pounder RML guns of No 30 Mountain Battery ''Lt Marindin''
 +
*Two 10-pounder RML guns of No 27 Mountain Battery ''Lt Field''
 +
'''Followers'''
 +
*10,000 transport drivers
 +
*8,000 supply and transport coolies
 +
*10,500 mules and ponies
 +
*400 donkeys
 +
*9,225 bullocks and yaks
 +
 
 +
== Chronology ==
 +
'''First Excursion'''
 +
{|
 +
|-
 +
|  19 June 1903
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|  Mission left [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling Darjeeling]
 +
|-
 +
|  21 June
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|  Reached [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangtok Gangtok]
 +
|-
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|  26 June
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|  Arrived at Tangu
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|-
 +
|  4 July
 +
|  Claude White (Sikkim Political Officer) left Tangu
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|-
 +
|  5 July
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|  Mr White reached Diagong
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|-
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|  7 July
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|  Mr White reached [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamber_Jong Khamba Dzong]
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|-
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|  18 July
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|  Younghusband reached Khamba Dzong
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|-
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|  11 October
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|  Younghusband left Khamba Dzong for Simla
 +
|}
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'''Mission to Lhasa'''
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{|
 +
|-
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|  5 December 1903
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|  Mission left [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling Darjeeling]
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|-
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|  12 December
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|  Crossed the border at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelep_La Jelep Jelep La] 4267m
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|-
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|  14 December
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|  Arrived at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yadong_County Yadong]
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|-
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| 20 December
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|  Reached [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagri Pagri]
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|-
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|  7 January 1904
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|  Crossed the Tang La 4,521 m
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|-
 +
|  8 January
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|  Made camp at Tuna
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|-
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|  31 March
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|  [[Battle of Guru|Battle at Guru]]
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|-
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|  9 April
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|  [[Action at Tsamdang Gorge]]
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|-
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|  11 April 
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|  Reached Gyantse
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|-
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|  5 May
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|  Tibetan attack at Gyantse
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|-
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|  7 May
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|  [[Battle of Karo La]]
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|-
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|  26 May
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|  [[Battle of Palla]]
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|-
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|  6 June
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|  [[Action at Kangma]]
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|-
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|  6 July
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|  [[Battle of Gyantse Dzong|Gyantse Dzong]] stormed
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|-
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|  14 July
 +
|  Mission left Gyantse for Lhasa
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|-
 +
|  19 July
 +
|  Reached Nagartse
 +
|-
 +
| 24 July
 +
|  Crossed the Kampa La 4,794 m
 +
|-
 +
|  31 July
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|  Crossed the Bramaputra at Chaksam Ferry
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|-
 +
|  4 August
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| Reached Lhasa
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|}
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==External links==
 
==External links==
 +
 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet British Expedition to Tibet] Wikipedia
 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet British Expedition to Tibet] Wikipedia
 
*[http://tibettalk.wordpress.com/2008/12/18/the-younghusband-expedition/ The Younghusband Expedition] tibettalk.wordpress.com
 
*[http://tibettalk.wordpress.com/2008/12/18/the-younghusband-expedition/ The Younghusband Expedition] tibettalk.wordpress.com
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*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P7pdbiFCW80C&pg=PP1&dq=India+and+Tibet+Younghusband&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false India & Tibet by Francis Younghusband] Google Books
 
 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband Francis Younghusband] Wikipedia
 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband Francis Younghusband] Wikipedia
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*[http://intotibet1903-04.blogspot.com/2008/12/2nd-rajput-mess-alipore-calcutta.html  Field Force To Lhasa 1903-04]. 50 Letters from Captain Cecil Mainprise. intotibet1903-04.blogspot.com. ([http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ZofGb9W5CzYJ:intotibet1903-04.blogspot.com/2008/12/2nd-rajput-mess-alipore-calcutta.html+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au Cached] URL)
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*[http://www.tracesofevil.com/2004/12/gyantse-1904-british-liberation-of.html  Scenes from the film Gyantse 1904: The British Liberation of Tibet]
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*[http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/430387/Images-of-Empire-amazing-pictures-show-the-entry-of-British-forces-into-Tibet-in-1904 Images of Empire - amazing pictures show the entry of British forces into Tibet in 1904]  September 18, 2013 www.express.co.uk
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==== Historical books on-line ====
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*[http://books.google.com/books?id=y39xtFqUn5sC&pg=PA364#v=onepage&q=&f=false List of Officers on the Lhasa Mission] Google Books
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=y39xtFqUn5sC&pg=PA364#v=onepage&q=&f=false List of Officers on the Lhasa Mission] Google Books
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*[http://intotibet1903-04.blogspot.com/2008/12/2nd-rajput-mess-alipore-calcutta.html 50 Letters from Capt Mainprise] blogspot.com
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*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1beWTgMf4VUC&pg=PA506&lpg=PR506&dq=Chumbi&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=Chumbi&f=false Chronology of the Expedition] Google Books
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*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1beWTgMf4VUC&pg=PR18&dq=Battle+of+Gyantse&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=Battle%20of%20Gyantse&f=false Chronology of the Expedition] Google Books
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* [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023235108 ''India and Tibet. A History of the Relations which have Subsisted between the Two Countries from the Time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a Particular Account of the Mission to Lhasa of 1904''] by Sir Francis Younghusband KCIE. Published by John Murray 1910. Archive.org. Another copy of this title is at [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P7pdbiFCW80C&pg=PP1&dq=India+and+Tibet+Younghusband&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''India & Tibet'' by Francis Younghusband] Google Books (Limited View)
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*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023224490 ''With Mounted Infantry In Tibet''] by Brevet Major W J Ottley, 34th Sikh Pioneers 1906 Archive.org.
 +
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/IndianMountainArtillery/mountainartillery#page/n129/mode/2up  "Tibet"], page 115, ''The History of the Indian Mountain Artillery'' by Brigadier-General C A L Graham 1957 Archive.org. This book is also available to read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India|Digital Library of India]] website, where the print quality is better.
 +
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024155206 ''Sikhim And Bhutan, Twenty-one Years On The North-east Frontier 1887-1908''] by [[Photographer#Books|J Claude White]]. Archive.org 1909 edition.
 +
*''Lhasa: An Account of the Country and People of Central Tibet and of the Progress of the Mission sent there by the English Government in the year 1903-04'' by Perceval Landon 1905 Archive.org [http://www.archive.org/stream/lhasaaccountofco01land#page/n9/mode/2up  Volume 1], [http://www.archive.org/stream/lhasaaccountofco02land#page/n9/mode/2up Volume 2]
 +
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/unitedservicema00pollgoog#page/n713/mode/1up "Across the North East Frontier"] by Colonel HC Wylly , page 642 ''The United Service Magazine Volume 29 New Series April 1904 to September 1904'' Archive.org
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*[http://www.kingscollections.org/servingsoldier/index.php?id=390 "Reminiscences of Tibet"]. Online report by Frederick Campbell who accompanied the Younghusband Expedition to Lhasa, Tibet, 1904. King’s College London Collections:The Serving Soldier
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/greatplateaubein00rawl#page/n207/mode/2up "The Gartok Expedition 1904-1905"], page 159 ''The Great Plateau being an account of exploration in Central Tibet, 1903, and of the Gartok expedition, 1904-1905''] by Captain C. G. Rawling 1905 Archive.org The terms of the Treaty provided that a trade mart be opened at Gartok and the expedition took place to survey the area and select a suitable location.
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[[Category:Minor Campaigns|Tibet Expedition]]
 
[[Category:Minor Campaigns|Tibet Expedition]]
 
[[Category:Tibet Expedition| Tibet Expedition]]
 
[[Category:Tibet Expedition| Tibet Expedition]]
 
[[Category:Campaigns with FIBIS Battle Maps|Tibet Expedition]]
 
[[Category:Campaigns with FIBIS Battle Maps|Tibet Expedition]]

Revision as of 04:50, 18 October 2015

Tibet Expedition
Dec 1903 – Sept 1904
Chronological list of Wars and Campaigns
Tibet-flag-free.jpg
Location: Tibet
Combatants:
British Field Force Tibetan Armed Forces
Result: Anglo-Tibetan Agreement of 1904
Medals: Tibet Medal
Links:
Category: Tibet Expedition
Battlemappic.gif See our interactive map of
Tibet Expedition 1903-04
locations and routes on Google Maps

The Expedition to Tibet in 1903-04, also known as the Anglo-Tibet War.

Summary

At the beginning of the 20th century Britain and Russia were competing for influence in Central Asia. To counter the perceived threat, the British sent an expedition under Francis Younghusband to negotiate with the Tibetans. The first excursion with Claude White, the Political Officer for Sikkim, to Khamba Jong was rebuffed and a field force was dispatched through the Jelep Pass. The Tibetans were defeated at two major battles and the expedition reached Lhasa in August 1904. The Dalai Lama had fled but Younghusband forced a one-sided treaty on the regent which gave Britain trading rights in Tibet. This was later repudiated by the Tibetans.

Field Forces

First Excursion
British Commissioner to Tibet: Major Francis Younghusband
Political Officer for Sikkim: J Claude White

Tibet Mission
British Commissioner to Tibet: Major Francis Younghusband
Escort Commander: Brig-Gen James Macdonald CB

  • Six Coys 8th Gurkhas Lt-Col Kerr
  • Eight Coys 23rd Pioneers Lt-Col Hogge
  • Half Coy 2nd Sappers Maj Haycock
  • Maxim gun detachment of Norfolk Regiment Lt Hadow
  • Two 7-pounder guns of 8th Gurkhas Capt Leeke
  • Two 10 pounder guns of No 7 Mountain Battery Royal Garrison Artillery Maj Fuller
  • Field Hospital
  • Engineer Field Park
  • Ammunition Column
  • Telegraph, postal and survey detachments

Later Reinforcements

  • One Wing Royal Fusiliers Col Cooper DSO
  • 40th Pathans Lt-Col Campbell DSO
  • 19th Punjabis Maj Herbert
  • Three Coys Mounted Infantry Capts Otterley & Peterson, Maj Rowlandson
  • Maxim gun detachment of Royal Irish Rifles Lt Bowen Colthurst
  • Two 7-pounder RML guns of No 30 Mountain Battery Lt Marindin
  • Two 10-pounder RML guns of No 27 Mountain Battery Lt Field

Followers

  • 10,000 transport drivers
  • 8,000 supply and transport coolies
  • 10,500 mules and ponies
  • 400 donkeys
  • 9,225 bullocks and yaks

Chronology

First Excursion

19 June 1903 Mission left Darjeeling
21 June Reached Gangtok
26 June Arrived at Tangu
4 July Claude White (Sikkim Political Officer) left Tangu
5 July Mr White reached Diagong
7 July Mr White reached Khamba Dzong
18 July Younghusband reached Khamba Dzong
11 October Younghusband left Khamba Dzong for Simla

Mission to Lhasa

5 December 1903 Mission left Darjeeling
12 December Crossed the border at Jelep Jelep La 4267m
14 December Arrived at Yadong
20 December Reached Pagri
7 January 1904 Crossed the Tang La 4,521 m
8 January Made camp at Tuna
31 March Battle at Guru
9 April Action at Tsamdang Gorge
11 April Reached Gyantse
5 May Tibetan attack at Gyantse
7 May Battle of Karo La
26 May Battle of Palla
6 June Action at Kangma
6 July Gyantse Dzong stormed
14 July Mission left Gyantse for Lhasa
19 July Reached Nagartse
24 July Crossed the Kampa La 4,794 m
31 July Crossed the Bramaputra at Chaksam Ferry
4 August Reached Lhasa


External links

Historical books on-line


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