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[[Image:Mule Corps.jpg‎|right|thumb|150px|''page from 1905 Indian Army List showing entries for Mule corps'']]
[[Image:Mule Corps.jpg‎|right|thumb|150px|''page from 1905 Indian Army List showing entries for Mule corps'']]
Details of where the individual sections of the Mule Corps were based each year are included in the annual Indian Army Lists under the section entitled "Supply and Transport Corps". (An example page from 1905 is shown).
Details of where the individual sections of the Mule Corps were based each year are included in the annual Indian Army Lists under the section entitled "Supply and Transport Corps". (An example page from 1905 is shown).
==Gallipoli, First Word War==
At [[Gallipoli]] during the [[First World War]] there were Four Mule Cart Corps, each comprising  650 men and 1086 mules.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140221014448/http://www.hcindia-au.org/pdf/The%20Indian%20Army%20at%20Gallipoli%201915.pdf "The Indian Army at Gallipoli 1915"] condensed from a paper presented by Sqn Ldr Rana TS Chhina (Retd) at a conference organised by the Australian War Memorial in August 2010. Website of the High Commission of India in Australia, now an archived page.</ref>


==Mule Corps in Macedonia, First World War==  
==Mule Corps in Macedonia, First World War==  
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*[http://www.hmvf.co.uk/pdf/BRITISHARMYANIMALS.PDF British Army Transport Animals] Excellent article by Clive Elliott containing lots of background information about the roles played by army mules with accompanying photos and diagrams.
*[http://www.hmvf.co.uk/pdf/BRITISHARMYANIMALS.PDF British Army Transport Animals] Excellent article by Clive Elliott containing lots of background information about the roles played by army mules with accompanying photos and diagrams.
*[http://www.limbergunners.ca/html/body_history_of_the_screw_gun.html  The History Of The Screw Gun] By Colonel J.R.M. Hubel, CD AdeC BA M Ed limbergunners.ca. Includes a section on mules (scroll down)
*[http://www.limbergunners.ca/html/body_history_of_the_screw_gun.html  The History Of The Screw Gun] By Colonel J.R.M. Hubel, CD AdeC BA M Ed limbergunners.ca. Includes a section on mules (scroll down)
*At [[Gallipoli]] during the [[First World War]] there were Four Mule Cart Corps, each comprising  650 men and 1086 mules.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140221014448/http://www.hcindia-au.org/pdf/The%20Indian%20Army%20at%20Gallipoli%201915.pdf "The Indian Army at Gallipoli 1915"] condensed from a paper presented by Sqn Ldr Rana TS Chhina (Retd) at a conference organised by the Australian War Memorial in August 2010. Website of the High Commission of India in Australia, now an archived page.</ref>
*[http://www.kingscollections.org/_assets/archiosgallery/57/2344.jpg Photograph of Indian troops [7 Indian Mounted <nowiki>[Mountain?]</nowiki> Artillery Bde with mules, waiting to embark transport ship at Alexandria, Egypt. No 2278. 1916] from a [http://www.kingscollections.org/servingsoldier/collection/the-dardanelles-expedition#Gallery  collection of official photographs of the Dardanelles Expedition, 1915-1916.] The Serving Soldier King’s College London
*[http://www.kingscollections.org/_assets/archiosgallery/57/2344.jpg Photograph of Indian troops [7 Indian Mounted <nowiki>[Mountain?]</nowiki> Artillery Bde with mules, waiting to embark transport ship at Alexandria, Egypt. No 2278. 1916] from a [http://www.kingscollections.org/servingsoldier/collection/the-dardanelles-expedition#Gallery  collection of official photographs of the Dardanelles Expedition, 1915-1916.] The Serving Soldier King’s College London
*[http://www.mapinpub.in/book_images/Sample%20pages%20from%20Indian%20Troops%20in%20Europe.pdf Photograph: Mule carts at Bombay docks, WW1] Scroll down to the image. mapinpub.in
*[http://www.mapinpub.in/book_images/Sample%20pages%20from%20Indian%20Troops%20in%20Europe.pdf Photograph: Mule carts at Bombay docks, WW1] Scroll down to the image. mapinpub.in
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/534401.html "Macedonia 1916-1918: Indian Military Transport Units in Macedonia"] by Harry Fecitt, ''Harry’s Sideshows'' kaiserscross.com. Mule Corps in Salonika.
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/534401.html "Macedonia 1916-1918: Indian Military Transport Units in Macedonia"] by Harry Fecitt, ''Harry’s Sideshows'' kaiserscross.com. Mule Corps in Salonika.
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/search?query=pack%20mule%20Troitsa&items_per_page=20 Photographs: Pack mules showing various loads 3. 7 inch mountain howitzer] British Army,  Sadleir-Jackson Brigade, Troitsa, (near Archangel, Russia)1919 iwm.org.uk
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/search?query=Pack%20mule%20MOD Photographs: Pack mule models]  iwm.org.uk. Click to enlarge, and  for some of the models you will see there are additional views of the same model.
*[http://www.newrider.com/Library/How_it_Was/mules.html    About Mules c 1937] Extracts from the ''Manual of Horsemastership, Equitation, and Animal Transport'' 1937 - Published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office: London.
*[http://www.newrider.com/Library/How_it_Was/mules.html    About Mules c 1937] Extracts from the ''Manual of Horsemastership, Equitation, and Animal Transport'' 1937 - Published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office: London.
*[http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/richardtrooping.html British India Steam Navigation Company Ltd.  Trooping with Richard Douglas Crow] includes a short account of transporting a Mule Corps from Bombay to Marseilles in WW2
*[http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/richardtrooping.html British India Steam Navigation Company Ltd.  Trooping with Richard Douglas Crow] includes a short account of transporting a Mule Corps from Bombay to Marseilles in WW2
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*Video: [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060030433 Evacuation of "special force" mules and men by waterborne craft made especially for the occasion] Burma WW2 contains some images of mules. Imperial War Museums
*Video: [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060030433 Evacuation of "special force" mules and men by waterborne craft made especially for the occasion] Burma WW2 contains some images of mules. Imperial War Museums


==Historical books online==
===Historical books online===
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/unitedservicema01pollgoog#page/n431/mode/1up "Mule Transport in Persia"] by C E Biddulph page 407 ''The United Service Magazine Volume 8 New Series October 1893 to April 1894'' Archive.org.  Mules were purchased in Persia by the Indian Transport Department.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/unitedservicema01pollgoog#page/n431/mode/1up "Mule Transport in Persia"] by C E Biddulph page 407 ''The United Service Magazine Volume 8 New Series October 1893 to April 1894'' Archive.org.  Mules were purchased in Persia by the Indian Transport Department.
*[https://archive.org/stream/animalmanagement00grea#page/270/mode/2up ''Chapter X: The Mule''] page  270 ''Animal Management 1908''. Prepared in the Veterinary Department for General Staff, War Office. HMSO. Reprinted 1914 Archive.org.  
*[https://archive.org/stream/animalmanagement00grea#page/270/mode/2up ''Chapter X: The Mule''] page  270 ''Animal Management 1908''. Prepared in the Veterinary Department for General Staff, War Office. HMSO. Reprinted 1914 Archive.org.  
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*[https://archive.org/stream/onroadtokutsoldi00blacrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''On the road to Kut: a soldier's story of the Mesopotamian campaign'']  with 56 illustrations and a map. 1917 Archive.org. The author appears to be an officer from India in a Mule Corps.
*[https://archive.org/stream/onroadtokutsoldi00blacrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''On the road to Kut: a soldier's story of the Mesopotamian campaign'']  with 56 illustrations and a map. 1917 Archive.org. The author appears to be an officer from India in a Mule Corps.
*[https://archive.org/stream/horsewarillustra00galt#page/42/mode/2up  "Chapter V. The Gallant Mule"]  page 43 ''The Horse and the War'' by Captain Sydney Galtrey, Remount Department. Illustrated with drawings by Captain Lionel Edwards 1918 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/stream/horsewarillustra00galt#page/42/mode/2up  "Chapter V. The Gallant Mule"]  page 43 ''The Horse and the War'' by Captain Sydney Galtrey, Remount Department. Illustrated with drawings by Captain Lionel Edwards 1918 Archive.org
 
*[http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/MAIN:SLV_VOYAGER210104  ''Handbook of the q.f, 3.7-inch mountain howitzer, mark I, 1921''] State Library of Victoria,. The handbook contains text relating to the loading of mules, but not the illustrative plates which were issued separately.  (The digital file may be slow to  download)
 
 
 


[[Category:Indian Army]]
[[Category:Indian Army]]

Revision as of 13:17, 20 February 2016

Mules formed part of the supply and transport section of armies and were particularly popular with expeditionary forces which had to travel over rougher terrain. A mule driver is called a muleteer.

Punjab Mountain Battery showing swivel gun barrel on mule

Mule Corps of the Indian Army

Prior to 1884 no permanent transport department was established in the Indian Army and animals, carts and drivers were hired locally when required. Between 1884 and 1887 a separate transport corps existed. This became known as the Commissariat Transport Department and was under the control of the Military Department.

However by 1905 a further reorganisation had witnessed the emergence of a regular corps and cadres of mules, camels and cart transport. "This now consists of 21 mule corps, 9 silladar camel cadres and 2 pony cart train cadres. A mule corps is commanded by a British officer and is divided into two subdivisions, each in charge of a warrant officer. Those for cavalry brigades are divided into six draught and four pack troops , each under a daffadar and have a total strength of 552 all ranks, with 936 mules. Those for use wih other arms are divided into nine pack troops, each under a daffadar, and have a total strength of 388 of all ranks with 840 mules. Cadres of mule corps are commanded by a British Officer and maintain practically the full number of supervising and artificer establishments. They have, however, a much smaller number of mules." [1]

Fibiwiki article on Mountain Guns describes the artillery that could be carried by mules

The mule corps played an integral part in the various theatres of war during the First World War such as France, Gallipoli, Egypt and Basra.

Records

page from 1905 Indian Army List showing entries for Mule corps

Details of where the individual sections of the Mule Corps were based each year are included in the annual Indian Army Lists under the section entitled "Supply and Transport Corps". (An example page from 1905 is shown).

Gallipoli, First Word War

At Gallipoli during the First World War there were Four Mule Cart Corps, each comprising 650 men and 1086 mules.[2]

Mule Corps in Macedonia, First World War

Mule Corps from the Indian Army served in Macedonia during the First World War, see External links.

There was also a British Army regiment called the Macedonian Mule Corps established in the summer of 1916 by the British Salonica Army and the Cyprus colonial government, (also known as the Cypriot Mule Corps). These men served mostly in Salonica during the war and in Istanbul after the armistice. [3] A regimental history, The Macedonian Mule Corps 1916-1919 : some records, compiled by Major J.P.B. Condon (1979, Nicosia) is available at The National Archives Library.

External links

Historical books online

  • "Mule Transport in Persia" by C E Biddulph page 407 The United Service Magazine Volume 8 New Series October 1893 to April 1894 Archive.org. Mules were purchased in Persia by the Indian Transport Department.
  • Chapter X: The Mule page 270 Animal Management 1908. Prepared in the Veterinary Department for General Staff, War Office. HMSO. Reprinted 1914 Archive.org.
Animal Management (1933). HMSO. Pdf download, Digital Library of India. Probably also contains a chapter about Mules.

References

  1. Imperial Gazetteer of India Volume 3
  2. "The Indian Army at Gallipoli 1915" condensed from a paper presented by Sqn Ldr Rana TS Chhina (Retd) at a conference organised by the Australian War Memorial in August 2010. Website of the High Commission of India in Australia, now an archived page.
  3. Abstract only of "Recruitment and Volunteerism for the Cypriot Mule Corps, 1916-1919. Pushed or Pulled?" by Andrekos Varnava, Itinerario / Volume 38 / Issue 03 / December 2014, pp 79-101