Railways: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 11:44, 8 November 2024

The railways in India were subject to constant changes of ownership, amalgamations and adjustments over the years. The categorisation below is intended to be comprehensive but not exhaustive.

For details of individual railways, tramways, railway constructions known to have operated in British India - click Railways index, 1845-1947

For information on notable railway people who made significant contributions in the development of the Railways in British India - click Railway People

British India

The early railway companies were UK companies operating in India. Later the British Government of India (GOI) owned the majority and either managed them directly or leased them back to private management. From circa 1925 the GOI began to call in the leases, operating the services directly. By 1945, most railways were both owned and managed by the GOI.

Guaranteed Railways included those railway companies, formed by 1859, to which the East India Company, later the GOI, guaranteed a fixed return on capital.

Private Railways (those built without a guarantee) were few in number - only two were formed in the period 1850-1866 and both these were re-constituted by 1870.

State Railways were those either built and run directly by the GOI, or those where the GOI exercised its right to assume ownership (which it did gradually with all the original guaranteed railways from 1879 until 1907), or those whose promoters chose to surrender the workings to the GOI (and, in the case of the guaranteed companies, received their capital back). From 1907, the word State was usually dropped from the name of railways in GOI ownership.

Assisted Railways were those whose construction was assisted by the GOI, either by guaranteed return or subsidy or in some other material way.

Indian States Railways were those built or promoted, often on similar terms to those above, by the various Princely States.

Foreign Railways. Three small railways were built to serve foreign enclaves. These were managed by British companies but ownership of the lines could never vest in the GOI.

For a full list of railways known to have operated in British India, follow the link below.

Railways index, 1845-1947

Independence

In 1947, the year of Independence, there were 42 operational railway systems in what had been British India but the most immediate practical consideration of partition was the division of several systems to form what then became Indian Railways and Pakistan Railways; later still, the latter was to suffer further upheaval on the formation of Bangladesh Railway.

Records and employment

It is important to bear in mind that railway staff records created in India before 1947 remain in India, as do the records of railways built, owned or operated by the Indian Princely States. The records that survive today in the collections held at the British Library (and elsewhere) do so because they were originally created in the UK.

Europeans employed on State Railways were usually on the strength of the Public Works Department See L/F/10 Records of Service 1702-1928

Railway occupations

Collections of railway records are generally by railway company so it is a good idea to know which railway company an ancestor worked for. In addition, very few collections of railway records are indexed so it is also a good idea to know the trade or employment followed on the railway as occupations were often grouped together when published in staff lists and registers. Even in Thacker's, this will be found to be the case in the individual railway company entries. More information about railway occupations can be found in Fibiwiki article railway worker.

Anglo-Indians

Anglo-Indians became closely identified with the running of the railways. By 1905, forming less than ½% of India's total population, they provided 2% of railway employees. Eventually more than 50% of all Anglo-Indian families came to be supported by railway employment either directly or as a dependant of a railway employee.

FIBIS resources

An Index and Description of Employment Contracts issued to experienced UK Railwaymen who were selected to work for various Indian RailwaysFibis database
"The Indian Railways and a Dynasty of Pearces" by Michael Feilden Pearce, FIBIS Journal Number 25 (Spring 2011) pages 13-21. "Part 2. The Viceregal Carriages" FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012), pages 30-36

Available to FIBIS members only

Recorded FIBIS Lectures available to members in FIBIS Social Network
- The Railways of India by Hugh Wilding. 2009 (Presentation notes included)
- Difficult Engineering and Determined Engineers' by Ian Kerr 2014. This describes the context and construction of the Bhor Ghat Railway incline, Western India c.1856 - c.1863.
- The Railways of Burma – Their Development and their Personnel” by Dr. Mike Charney 2015

External Links

The Imperial Gazetteer of India : New edition . . . in Council Vol 1, 1909 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-1931).
"About Indian Railways " indianrailways.gov.in
The Indian Railways Fan Club Train spotters site about Indian Railways.
- "Anglo-Indians' Contributions to Indian Railways" by V Anand, GM Southern Railway, 2003
- Indian/South-Asian Industrial Locos: Military Trains by Simon Darvill
PakistanRail Train spotters site about Pakistan Railways.
"Modern transport in India" Mike's Railway History.
FIBIS List of Railway videos on YouTube
""Fire-Carriages" of the Raj: The Indian Railway and its Rapid Development in British India" by Amit K. Sharma 2010 Essays In History. Annual Journal of the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia, archived.
Imperial Indian Mail [and other trains] trains-worldexpresses.com
"Railway Travel in the Raj" by Kenneth Hugh Staynor. indiaofthepast.org. The author travelled by trains in India from the 1930s to 1951.

Historical photographs online

Photographs classified Railways India University of Minnesota Libraries, Ames Library of South Asia.

Historical books online

Railways in India, by an engineer 1847 Google Books
Indian railways and their probable results by Sir William Patrick Andrew 1848 Google Books
Investment in Empire; British railway and steam shipping enterprise in India, 1825-1849 by Daniel Thorner 1950. Archive.org Lending Library.
Madras: Report of the Railway Department 1853 Google Books
Colonization, defence, and railways in our Indian empire by Hyde Clarke 1857 Google Books
Discussion of the Question of Railways or Waterways for India 1860 Google Books
Juland Danvers, Report to the Secretary of State for India in Council on Railways in India, compilation of three reports, viz to end of 1859; at June 1877; and for 1877-1878 [each report is separately numbered]. Online at Google Books.
Report to the Secretary of State for India in Council on Railways in India for the year 1878-79 by Juland Danvers 1879 Archive.org
Law of Indian Railways and Common Carriers by Walter Gordon Macpherson 1880 Archive.org
Indian Railways by Sir William P.Andrew, C.I.E. 1884 4th Edition Archive.org
Administration Report On The Railways In India. pub. 1898, Part. 2 (1899-1900) pub.1900, pub. 1901,1901, pub. 1902, pub. 1906, pub. 1907. Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India.

Also see the Fibiwiki page Annual Administration Reports for Railways for additional years.

"India, Egypt and the Colonies" Bradshaw's Railway Manual, Shareholder's Guide, and Official Directory 1905 Archive.org
Summary Of The Administration Of The Earl Of Minto Viceroy And Governor Of India In The Railway Department Nov 1905- July 1910 1910 Archive.org version.
Indian Railways: Their Historical, Financial and Administrative Aspects by Chandrika Prasada Tiwari 1921 Archive.org
Indian Railways Rates and Regulation by N.B. Mehta 1927 Archive.org
Government of India Railway Department (Railway Board): History of Indian Railways Constructed and in Progress. Corrected up to 31 March 1937 1938 Archive.org

Railway Department History of Indian Railways 1951. Archive.org version, mirror from Digital Library of India. Title as catalogued, appears to be a similar report to that immediately above. Poor quality digital file.

Universal Directory of Railway Officials and Year Book 1939-1940 has a section on India, commencing digital page 67, including names of the senior officials of the various railways. Archive.org version.
Railways in Modern India by Ian Kerr 1957. Archive.org version, mirror from Digital Library of India.
A History of Indian Railways by G.S. Khosla 1988. Archive.org. Published by Ministry of Railways (Railway Board), Government of India.

Maps

Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol 26 Atlas 1909

References

↑ A review by Robyn Andrews The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies Volume 11, Number 1, 2011.

[1] A review by Robyn Andrews The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies Volume 11, Number 1, 2011.

[1]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[image:India railways1909a.jpg|thumb|250px|''General map of railways in India as of 1909'']]
 '''The railways in India were subject to constant changes of ownership, amalgamations and adjustments over the years. The categorisation below is intended to be comprehensive but not exhaustive.'''
+*For details of individual railways, tramways, railway constructions known to have operated in British India - click '''[[:Category:Railways|Railways index, 1845-1947]]'''
+*For information on notable railway people who made significant contributions in the development of the Railways in British India - click '''[[:Category:Railway_People|Railway People]]'''
 == British India ==
@@ Line 6: / Line 11: @@
 The early railway companies were UK companies operating in India. Later the British Government of India (GOI) owned the majority and either managed them directly or leased them back to private management. From circa 1925 the GOI began to call in the leases, operating the services directly. By 1945, most railways were both owned and managed by the GOI.
-*[[:Category:Guaranteed Railways|Guaranteed Railways]] included those railway companies, formed by 1859, to which the East India Company, later the GOI, guaranteed a fixed return on capital.
+*[[Guaranteed Railways]] included those railway companies, formed by 1859, to which the East India Company, later the GOI, guaranteed a fixed return on capital.
 *[[:Category:Private Railways|Private Railways]] (those built without a guarantee) were few in number - only two were formed in the period 1850-1866 and both these were re-constituted by 1870.
-*[[:Category:State Railways|State Railways]] were those either built and run directly by the GOI, or those where the GOI exercised its right to assume ownership (which it did gradually with all the original guaranteed railways from 1879 until 1907), or those whose promoters chose to surrender the workings to the GOI (and, in the cse of the guaranteed companies, received their capital back). From 1907, the word ''State'' was usually dropped from the name of railways in GOI ownership.
+*[[:Category:State Railways|State Railways]] were those either built and run directly by the GOI, or those where the GOI exercised its right to assume ownership (which it did gradually with all the original guaranteed railways from 1879 until 1907), or those whose promoters chose to surrender the workings to the GOI (and, in the case of the guaranteed companies, received their capital back). From 1907, the word ''State'' was usually dropped from the name of railways in GOI ownership.
 *[[:Category:Assisted Railways|Assisted Railways]] were those whose construction was assisted by the GOI, either by guaranteed return or subsidy or in some other material way.
@@ Line 17: / Line 22: @@
 *[[:Category:Foreign Railways|Foreign Railways]]. Three small railways were built to serve foreign enclaves. These were managed by British companies but ownership of the lines could never vest in the GOI.
 For a full list of railways known to have operated in British India, follow the link below.
 *[[:Category:Railways|Railways index, 1845-1947]]
 == Independence ==
 In 1947, the year of Independence, there were 42 operational railway systems in what had been British India but the most immediate practical consideration of partition was the division of several systems to form what then became [[Indian Railways]] and [[Pakistan Railways]]; later still, the latter was to suffer further upheaval on the formation of [[Bangladesh Railway]].
 == Records and employment ==
 It is important to bear in mind that railway staff records created in India before 1947 remain in India, as do the records of railways built, owned or operated by the Indian Princely States. The records that survive today in the collections held at the British Library (and elsewhere) do so because they were originally created in the UK.
-For information about the records of railway staff held at the British Library, follow this [http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/railwayemployment/railway.html link].
+Europeans employed on State Railways were usually on the strength of the '''[[Public Works Department]]'''
+See '''[[L/F/10 Records of Service 1702-1928]]'''
 ==== Railway occupations ====
+Collections of railway records are generally by railway company so it is a good idea to know which railway company an ancestor worked for. In addition, very few collections of railway records are indexed so it is also a good idea to know the trade or employment followed on the railway as occupations were often grouped together when published in staff lists and registers. Even in [[Directories reading list|Thacker's]], this will be found to be the case in the individual railway company entries. More information about railway occupations can be found in Fibiwiki article  [[railway worker]].
-Collections of railway records are generally by railway company so it is a good idea to know which railway company an ancestor worked for. In addition, very few collections of railway records are indexed so it is also a good idea to know the trade or employment followed on the railway as occupations were often grouped together when published in staff lists and registers. Even in [[Directories reading list|Thacker's]], this will be found to be the case in the individual railway company entries. More information about railway occupations can be found [[railway worker|here]].
 ==== Anglo-Indians ====
+[[Anglo Indian|Anglo-Indians]] became closely identified with the running of the railways. By 1905, forming less than ½% of India's total population, they provided 2% of railway employees. Eventually more than 50% of all Anglo-Indian families came to be supported by railway employment either directly or as a dependant of a railway employee.
-[[Anglo Indian|Anglo-Indians]] became closely identified with the running of the railways. By 1905, forming less than ½% of India's total population, they provided 2% of railway employees. Eventually more than 50% of all Anglo-Indian families came to be supported by railway emplyoment either directly or as a dependant of a railway employee.
+==FIBIS resources==
+*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_classes&source_class=323 An Index and Description of Employment Contracts issued to experienced UK Railwaymen who were selected to work for various Indian Railways]Fibis database
+*"The Indian Railways and a Dynasty of Pearces" by Michael Feilden Pearce, [[FIBIS Journals|''FIBIS Journal]] Number 25 (Spring 2011)'' pages 13-21. "Part 2. The Viceregal Carriages" ''FIBIS Journal Number 27 (Spring 2012)'', pages 30-36
+=== Available to FIBIS members only===
+*Recorded FIBIS Lectures available to  members in FIBIS Social Network
+** The Railways of India by Hugh Wilding. 2009 (Presentation notes included)
+**Difficult Engineering and Determined Engineers' by Ian Kerr 2014. This  describes the context and construction of the Bhor Ghat Railway incline, Western India c.1856 - c.1863.
+**The Railways of Burma – Their Development and their Personnel” by Dr. Mike Charney 2015
 == Recommended Reading ==
+*Hugh Wilding, ''Research sources for Indian Railways, 1845-1947'', FIBIS Fact File No 4 (London: FIBIS, 2009). ISBN 978-0-9547-116-5-8. This title can be ordered directly from the [https://www.fibis.org/store/ FIBIS Shop]
-*Hugh Wilding, ''Research sources for Indian Railways, 1845-1947'', FIBIS Fact File No 4 (London: FIBIS, 2009). ISBN 978-0-9547-116-5-8. [This title can be ordered directly from the [http://shop.fibis.org/amazon.htm FIBIS Online Shop].]
 *Hyde Clarke, [http://books.google.com/books?id=PGcBAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=simla&as_brr=1&output=html ''Colonization, Defence, and Railways in our Indian Empire''] (London: John Weale, 1857).
@@ Line 52: / Line 59: @@
 *J N Westwood, ''Railways of India'' (Newton Abbot: David & Charles Ltd, 1974) [out of print; a general history of the railways of India from pre 1840 to the 1970s].
 *Ian J Kerr, ''Building the Railways of the Raj 1850-1900'' (Delhi; Oxford: OUP, 1995) [out of print; a detailed, academic examination with full bibliography].
 *Ian J Kerr, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1F9QtYSSa0gC&printsec=frontcover ''Engines of Change : the Railroads that made India''] (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 2007) [links to a Google Books preview limited to the first 35 pages].
-*Laura Bear, ''Lines of the Nation'' (New York: Columbia, 2007) [essential but uncomfortable reading for Anglo-Indians with railway roots].
+*Laura Bear, ''Lines of the Nation'' (New York: Columbia, 2007) [essential but uncomfortable reading for Anglo-Indians with railway roots]. [https://international-journal-of-anglo-indian-studies.org/index.php/IJAIS/article/view/47 A review] by Robyn Andrews<ref>
+[https://international-journal-of-anglo-indian-studies.org/index.php/IJAIS/article/view/47 A review] by Robyn Andrews ''The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies'' Volume 11, Number 1, 2011.</ref>
 == External Links ==
 *[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ ''The Imperial Gazetteer of India : New edition . . . in Council''] Vol 1, 1909 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908-1931).
+*[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 "About Indian Railways "] indianrailways.gov.in
-*Indian Railways, [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/financecode/ADMIN_FINANCE/AdminFinanceCh1.htm "Evolution of Indian Railways - Historical Background"] ''Indian Railway Administration and Finance''.
 *[http://www.irfca.org/index.html ''The Indian Railways Fan Club''] Train spotters site about Indian Railways.
+**[https://www.irfca.org/articles/anglo-indian.html "Anglo-Indians' Contributions to Indian Railways"] by V Anand, GM Southern Railway, 2003
+**[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204155938/http://www.irfca.org/docs/locolists/industrial/display.php?file=Military.txt&title=Military%20Trains  Indian/South-Asian Industrial Locos: Military Trains]  by  Simon Darvill
 *[http://pakistanrail.com/ ''PakistanRail''] Train spotters site about Pakistan Railways.
 *[http://mikes.railhistory.railfan.net/r144.html "Modern transport in India"] ''Mike's Railway History''.
+*[http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLC8754A97881FF003 FIBIS List of Railway videos on YouTube]
-*Juland Danvers, [http://books.google.com/books?id=tp4IAAAAQAAJ ''Report to the Secretary of State for India in Council on Railways in India''], compilation of three reports, viz to end of 1859; at June 1877; and for 1877-1878 [each report is separately numbered]. Online at Google Books.
+*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170629085919/http://www.essaysinhistory.com/articles/2011/5 ""Fire-Carriages" of the Raj: The Indian Railway and its Rapid Development in British India"]  by Amit K. Sharma  2010  ''Essays In History.  Annual Journal of the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia'', archived.
+*[http://www.trains-worldexpresses.com/400/410.htm Imperial  Indian  Mail <nowiki>[</nowiki>and other trains<nowiki>]</nowiki>]  trains-worldexpresses.com
-*[http://www.railwaysofraj.blogspot.com Railways of the Raj]  A lively site featuring tidbits from railway life in British India.
+*[http://www.indiaofthepast.org/ken-staynor/life-back-then/railway-travel-raj "Railway Travel in the Raj"] by Kenneth Hugh Staynor. indiaofthepast.org. The author travelled by trains in India from the 1930s to 1951.
+====Historical photographs online====
-== Historical books online==
+*[http://umedia.lib.umn.edu/dasearch/Railroads--India?mode=basic Photographs classified Railways India] University of Minnesota Libraries, Ames Library of South Asia.
+==== Historical books online====
 *[http://books.google.com/books?id=StwDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Railways in India, by an engineer''] 1847 Google Books
+*[http://books.google.com/books?id=rWrXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Indian railways and their probable results''] by Sir William Patrick Andrew 1848 Google Books
+*[https://archive.org/details/investmentinempi0000thor/page/n5 ''Investment in Empire; British railway and steam shipping enterprise in India, 1825-1849''] by Daniel Thorner 1950. Archive.org Lending Library.
+*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LNApAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Madras: Report of the Railway Department 1853''] Google Books
 *[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZD8KAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Colonization, defence, and railways in our Indian empire''] by Hyde Clarke 1857 Google Books
 *[http://books.google.com/books?id=7sJzPtyIsmEC&printsec=frontcover ''Discussion of the Question of Railways or Waterways for India''] 1860 Google Books
+*Juland Danvers, [http://books.google.com/books?id=tp4IAAAAQAAJ ''Report to the Secretary of State for India in Council on Railways in India''], compilation of three reports, viz to end of 1859; at June 1877; and for 1877-1878 [each report is separately numbered]. Online at Google Books.
 *[http://www.archive.org/stream/reportonindianr00boargoog#page/n8/mode/1up ''Report to the Secretary of State for India in Council on Railways in India for the year 1878-79''] by Juland Danvers 1879 Archive.org
 *[http://www.archive.org/stream/lawindianrailwa00macpgoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''Law of Indian Railways and Common Carriers''] by Walter Gordon Macpherson 1880 Archive.org
 *[http://www.archive.org/details/IndianRailways ''Indian Railways''] by Sir William P.Andrew, C.I.E. 1884 4th Edition Archive.org
+*''Administration Report On The Railways In India''. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36207 pub. 1898],    [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.515323 Part. 2 (1899-1900) pub.1900], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36147 pub. 1901],[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.95265 1901, pub. 1902],   [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57423 pub. 1906], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94040 pub. 1907].   Archive.org, mirrors from Digital Library of India.
+:Also see the Fibiwiki page [[Annual Administration Reports for Railways]] for additional years.
+*[http://www.archive.org/stream/bradshawsrailwa00unkngoog#page/n411/mode/2up "India, Egypt and the Colonies"] ''Bradshaw's Railway Manual, Shareholder's Guide, and Official Directory 1905''  Archive.org
+* ''Summary Of The Administration Of The Earl Of Minto Viceroy And Governor Of India In The Railway Department Nov 1905- July 1910'' 1910  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207818 Archive.org version].
+*[https://archive.org/details/IndianRailways_201308 '' Indian Railways: Their Historical, Financial and Administrative Aspects''] by Chandrika Prasada Tiwari 1921 Archive.org
 *[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianrailwaysra033015mbp#page/n5/mode/2up ''Indian Railways Rates and Regulation''] by N.B. Mehta 1927 Archive.org
+*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36650/page/n1/mode/2up ''Government of India Railway Department (Railway Board): History of Indian Railways Constructed and in Progress. Corrected up to 31 March 1937''] 1938 Archive.org
+:''Railway Department History of Indian Railways'' 1951.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57645 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India. Title as catalogued, appears to be a similar report to that immediately above. Poor quality digital file.
+*''Universal Directory of Railway Officials and Year Book 1939-1940'' has a section on India, commencing digital page 67, including names of the senior officials of the various railways. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.225200 Archive.org version].
+* ''Railways in Modern India'' by  Ian  Kerr  1957.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136294 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
+*[https://archive.org/details/historyofindianr00gskh/page/n5/mode/2up ''A History of Indian Railways''] by G.S. Khosla 1988. Archive.org. Published by Ministry of Railways (Railway Board), Government of India.
+==== Maps====
+Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol 26 Atlas 1909
+*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1909/pager.html?object=29 Railways Sectional Map 1 (Northwest)]
+*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1909/fullscreen.html?object=30 Railways Sectional Map 2 (Northeast)]
+*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1909/fullscreen.html?object=31 Railways Sectional Map 3 (South)]
+==References==
+<references />
 [[Category:Railways| ]]

Railways: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 11:44, 8 November 2024

Contents

British India

Independence

Records and employment

Railway occupations

Anglo-Indians

FIBIS resources

Available to FIBIS members only

Recommended Reading

External Links

Historical photographs online

Historical books online

Maps

References

Navigation menu

Railways: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 11:44, 8 November 2024

British India

Independence

Records and employment

Railway occupations

Anglo-Indians

FIBIS resources

Available to FIBIS members only

Recommended Reading

External Links

Historical photographs online

Historical books online

Maps

References

Navigation menu

Search