Difference between revisions of "Great Indian Peninsula Railway"

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|auxillary forces= [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway Regiment]]
 
|auxillary forces= [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway Regiment]]
 
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[[Image:India-rail-1870.jpg|right|thumb|Map of GIPR in 1870]]
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[[File: Great Indian Peninsula Railway Map 1909 north section.png|thumb|Great Indian Peninsula Railway Map 1909 – north section]]
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[[File: Great Indian Peninsula Railway Map 1909 south section.png|thumb|Great Indian Peninsula Railway Map 1909 – south section]]
 
{{Railwaymap  
 
{{Railwaymap  
 
|railway= the North East Division
 
|railway= the North East Division
 
|link= http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF&msa=0&msid=108089533651928306068.0004776aacede4ad4baa7
 
|link= http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF&msa=0&msid=108089533651928306068.0004776aacede4ad4baa7
 
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Like most of the early railways in India, the '''Great Indian Peninsula Railway''' (GIPR) was a British company, registered in London, privately owned and financed, operating under licence and guarantee from the (British) Board of Control in India and the [[East India Company]] (EIC). The GIPR was India's and Asia's first railway.
 
Like most of the early railways in India, the '''Great Indian Peninsula Railway''' (GIPR) was a British company, registered in London, privately owned and financed, operating under licence and guarantee from the (British) Board of Control in India and the [[East India Company]] (EIC). The GIPR was India's and Asia's first railway.
  
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== History ==
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The principal economic benefit of the GIPR was the opening up of the interior to Port and City of [[Bombay]]. The narrow coastal plain of India's west side is separated from the Deccan plateau by a mountain range, the Western Ghats which rises to 3,900 feet(1200m) and which has always restricted internal communication with the Arabian Sea.
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Formed in 1845, it was not until 1849 (at the urging of the then Governor, Lord Dalhousie) that the EIC sanctioned the GIPR to construct an experimental line, built to the broad gauge of 5' 6", eastward from Bombay. The first sod was turned on 31 October 1850 and the first locomotive was used in construction on 22 December 1851, but the first passenger train in India did not run until 16 April 1853, when a train, with 14 railway carriages and 400 guests, left [[Bombay]] bound for [[Thane]], hauled by three locomotives: ''Sindh, Sultan,'' and ''Sahib''. The 21 mile journey took an hour and fifteen minutes over the first section of the GIPR to be opened.
 
  
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By 1859, GIPR was tasked with "the construction and working of the following lines, all of which terminate at Bombay, - viz. from Bombay, ''via'' Callian, to Jubbulpore, to meet the East Indian Railway Company's line from Allahabad, with branches to Mahim and Nagpore - 870 miles; and from Callian, ''via'' Poonah and Sholapore, to the opposite side of the river Kristna, to meet the line, ''via'' Bellary, from Madras - 366 miles - total, 1,236 miles. Capital 10,000,000''l''l. Rate of Interest Guaranteed - 5 per cent. on 8,000,000''l''. capital, and 4½ per cent. on 333,000''l''. debentures, the balance to be raised upon arrangements to be hereafter made."<ref>"Money Market and City Intelligence", ''The Times'',  Wednesday, 15 June 1859, #23333, 7a.</ref>
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The challenge was to create two lines through the Western Ghats, one to the north-east and one to the south-east, these  were fully open by 1865 in time for cotton from the Deccan to be exported from Bombay to Manchester thus filling the trade gap created by the American Civil War. The lines were exteded to link Bombay to Calcutta and Madras by 1870.  
  
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[[Image:India-rail-1870.jpg|left|thumb|Map of GIPR in 1870]]
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== History ==
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*1845. Registered as a company in 1845, with its head office in London, the Great Indian Peninsula railway initially proposed a length of 1300 miles, to connect Bombay with the interior of the Indian peninsula and to a major port on the east coast. It was meant for the purpose of increasing the export of cotton, silk, opium, sugar and spices <ref name=RegGIPR>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway:_1845_Company_Registration Grace's Guide " GIPR 1945 Company Registration] Retrieved on 3 Jul 2016</ref>.
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+
*1849, at the urging of the Governor, Lord Dalhousie,  the East Indian Company(EIC) sanctioned the construction of a broad gauge([[Rail_gauge#Broad_Gauge|BG]]) railway eastward from [[Bombay]] and the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company was incorporated on August 1, 1849 by an act of the British Parliament. It had a share capital of 50,000 pounds. On August 17, 1849 it entered into a formal contract with the EIC for the construction and operation of an experimental line, 35 miles(56 km) long. The Court of Directors of the EIC appointed [[James John Berkeley]] as Chief Resident Engineer and [[Charles Buchanan Ker]] and [[Robert W Graham]] as his assistants <ref name=GIPR>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway  Grace's Guide "Great Indian Peninsula Railway"] Retrieved on 3 Jul 2016</ref>.
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When, in 1871, the GIPR eventually reached [[Jubbulpore]] and linked to the [[East Indian Railway]] (EIR), it completed Dalhousie’s dream of a Bombay-Calcutta route.
+
*1859, GIPR was tasked with "the construction and working of the following lines, all of which terminate at Bombay, - viz. from Bombay, ''via'' Callian, to Jubbulpore, to meet the East Indian Railway Company's line from Allahabad, with branches to Mahim and Nagpore - 870 miles; and from Callian, ''via'' Poonah and Sholapore, to the opposite side of the river Kristna, to meet the line, ''via'' Bellary, from Madras - 366 miles - total, 1,236 miles. Capital 10,000,000''l''l. Rate of Interest Guaranteed - 5 per cent. on 8,000,000''l''. capital, and 4½ per cent. on 333,000''l''. debentures, the balance to be raised upon arrangements to be hereafter made." <ref>"Money Market and City Intelligence", ''The Times'',  Wednesday, 15 June 1859, #23333, 7a.</ref> <ref> [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228649/8330.pdf  H.M. Government “Statute Law Repeals: Nineteenth Report : Draft Statute Law (Repeals) Bill; April 2012";  pages 128-130 paragraphs 3.57 - 3.64] Retrieved on 3 Jul 2016</ref>.  
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On 30 June 1900, the assets of the GIPR were purchased by the GoI and merged with those of the [[Indian Midland Railway]] into a "new" GIPR, managed by the old company.
 
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On 1 July 1925, the GoI took over direct control of the GIPR and transferred the [[Allahabad]] to [[Jubbulpore]] branch of the [[East Indian Railway|EIR]] to the GIPR.  
 
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In 1951, the GIPR combined with the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]], the [[Dholpur State Railway]] and the [[Scindia State Railway]] to become [[Central Railway]], a zone of [[Indian Railways]].
 
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The principal economic benefit of the GIPR was the opening up of the interior to external trade. The two lines up the Western Ghats were fully open by 1865 in time for cotton from the Deccan to be exported from Bombay to Manchester thus filling the trade gap created by the American Civil War.
 
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==Construction==
 
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===The Western Ghats===
 
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The narrow coastal plain of India's west side is separated from the Deccan plateau by a mountain range which rises 1200m (3,900 ft) and which has always restricted internal communication with the Arabian Sea.
 
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====Bhore Ghat Incline - between Kalyan and Poona====
 
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The GIPR south-eastern route towards Madras.
 
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Incline length: 15 miles, tunnels: 26 (totalling 2.25 miles in length),and 8 viaducts of masonry construction.
 
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[[Civil Engineers]] included:
 
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Consulting Engineer England: '''Robert Stephenson''' (until his death 1859)
 
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*GIPR Chief Engineer 1849 - 1862: '''James James Berkley''' (surveyor and route designer).
 
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*GIPR 2nd Engineer 1850 -          CB Kerr
 
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*GIPR 3rd Engineer 1850            Robert W Graham  (his assistant Robert Maitland Brereton)
 
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Consultant engineer 1847 - 1867: '''Arthur Anderson West''' (surveyor of the Bhore Gate Incline).
 
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<ref>[http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/imotp.1913.17526 OBITUARY. ARTHUR ANDERSON WEST, 1827-1913], ''ICE Virtual Library'' . Retrieved on 28 July 2014.</ref>
 
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GIPR Engineers: Messrs Adamson and Clowser, replaced by Messrs West and Tate in November 1859.
 
  
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'''Construction Contractors'''
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'''Bombay - [[Callian]]''' - 33.5 miles(54km)
 +
*1850-51, the first sod was turned on 31 October 1850 and the first locomotive was used in construction on 22 December 1851
 +
*1853 April 16. A train, with 14 railway carriages and 400 guests, left [[Bombay]] bound for [[Thane]], hauled by three locomotives: ''Sindh, Sultan,'' and ''Sahib''. The 21 mile(34km) journey took an hour and fifteen minutes, it was the first section of the GIPR to be opened and the first railway for passenger service in India.
 +
*1853-54, the continuation of the line from [[Thane]] to [[Callian]] (later named [[Kalyan]]) was the first contact awarded to [[Messrs. Wythes and Jackson, Construction Contractors|Messrs. Wythes and Jackson]] <ref name=GGW&J>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Wythes_and_Jackson Grace's Guide "Wythes and Jackson"]; Retrieved 6 Jul 2016</ref>. This section of the line involved a railway bridge over the Thane creek and the two-line [[Tannah Viaduct]] over the estuary and two tunnels. This viaduct  was the first substantial railway bridge to be constructed in India and connected Bombay Island to the mainland and opened and on 1 May 1854.
  
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The contract was awarded (autumn 1855) to '''William Frederick Faviell''' and work begun at Bhore Ghat on 24 January 1856. In  March 1859, Faviell gave up his contract; for a short time, two GIPR engineers, '''Swainson Adamson''' and '''George Louis Clowser''', carried on the work.
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'''North-East Line''' - [[Bombay]] via [[Callian]] and [[Thal Ghat Railway Construction|Thal Ghat]] to [[Jubbulpore]] - 615 miles(990km)
  
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The GIPR construction contract was relet in November 1859 to Solomon Tredwell who died within fifteen days of landing in India. His wife, Alice Tredwell, assumed the contract and appointed Messrs Adamson and Clowser to manage the contract for her in her absence, as Mrs Tredwell returned to England. This arrangement was to last seven years.  
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The GIPR Chief Engineer [[James John Berkeley]]'s proposal was to form a grand trunk communication by the north-eastern mainline between [[Bombay]] and [[Calcutta]],
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*1857-61, [[Callian]] (later named [[Kalyan]]) to [[Kasara]] section constructed, a further  42 miles(68 km)<ref>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway Graces Guide "Great Indian Peninsula Railway - 1865"]; Retrieved 3 Jul 2016</ref>  rising to an altitude of 948 feet(289m) above sea level at [[Kasara]] at the approach to the [[Thal Ghat Railway Construction|Thal Ghat]]. Opened in 1861.
 +
*1857 Aug, [[Messrs. Wythes and Jackson, Construction Contractors|Messrs. Wythes and Jackson]] were awarded the contract for the '''[[Thal Ghat Railway Construction]]'''
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*1857-65. The [[Thal Ghat Railway Construction|Thal Ghat Railway]] was a major project to take the GIPR mainline across the Western Ghats towards [[Jubbulpore]]. The [[Kasara]] to [[Igatpuri]] section was 9.5 miles(15km) and within that distance the line had to rise to 1,918 feet(585m). The construction required 13 tunnels, 6 viaducts, including the [[Ehagaon Viaduct]]; cuttings; embankments; 15 bridges and culverts and the Reversing Station <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=a5MEAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=bombay+mechanics&hl=en&ei=8FUcTMGmHqC0nAeWxImdDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false  Google Books  "Paper on the (GIPR) Thul Ghaut Railway" incline  delivered to the Bombay Mechancs Institution in December 1860 by the GIPR Chief Engineer [[James John Berkeley]], page 20.] Retrieved on 2 Jul 2016</ref>.
 +
*c.1859-65, [[Messrs. Wythes and Jackson, Construction Contractors|Messrs. Wythes and Jackson]] were awarded a further contact to construct a further section of the GIPR north-eastern line from [[Igatpuri]] at the end of the Thal Ghat, this was opened in stages reaching [[Chalisgaon]] in 1861, [[Jalgaon]] in 1863 and [[Bhusawal]] in 1865, a total of 191.24 miles(307km)<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n73/mode/2up " Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government  Printing,  Calcutta;  pages 64-68, pdf pages 73-77]; Retrieved 6 Jun 2016</ref>.
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*1861-65, [[Igatpuri]]-[[Jalgaon]]-[[Bhusawal]] progressivly opened.
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*1863-67, GIPR [[Nagpur]] Branch from [[Bhusawal]] was built by [[Messrs. Lee, Watson and Ayton, Construction Contractors]]. 
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*1865, with completion of [[Thal Ghat Railway Construction|Thal Ghat]] the mainline from Bombay reached [[Khandwar]].
 +
*1868 July, [[Robert Maitland Brereton]], GIPR Chief Engineer was given responsibility for completing the connection between [[Bhusawal]] and [[Jubbulpore]] which he completed many months ahead of schedule  <ref name>[http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/8th-day/the-opening-of-the-mumbai-to-kolkata-railway/141013.html#SL3vjC1hEy3Vmu3P.99 The Statesman, New Delhi "The opening of the Mumbai to Kolkata railway by Michael Sandford, May 9 2016]; Retrieved  3 Jul 2016</ref>.
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*1870 March 8. The [[Alfred Viaduct]] was inaugurated and named after the Duke of Edinburgh (Alfred Ernest Albert) who was visiting India and travelled by East Indian Railway from Calcutta. The Viceroy and the Governor of Bombay, Sir Fitzgerald Seymour had come from Bombay. With the opening of the GIPR North-Eastern Line the connection at [[Jubbulpore]] to the [[East Indian Railway]] (EIR)  completed Dalhousie’s dream of a Bombay-Calcutta route.
  
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“These gentlemen (Adamson and Clowser) carried on the work with the greatest zeal and ability.” Labour management could limit construction progress, but “by their good and liberal management (Adamson and Clowser) collected and kept on the work a force of 25,000 men during two seasons, and in 1861 of more than 42,000 men.”<ref>Campbell, Sir James MacNabb and Enthoven, Reginald Edward. [http://www.archive.org/stream/gazetteerbombay05enthgoog#page/n343/mode/2up ''Thana District Gazetteer''], 'page 329. Retrieved on 28 July 2014.</ref>
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'''South-East Line''' - [[Callian]] via [[Bhore Ghat Railway Construction|Bhor Ghat]] and [[Poona]] to meet the [[Madras Railway]] - 409 miles(658km)
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*1856 May, the line was extended to  the villages of [[Palasdhari]](Padusdhurree) and to [[Khopoli]](Campoolie) <ref name=wiki> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway#Bombay_to_Tannah Wikipedia “Great Indian Peninsula Railway”]; Retrieved  25 June 2016</ref> at the approach to the [[Bhore Ghat Railway Construction|Bhor Ghat]]. The 
 +
*1856-63. The '''[[Bhore Ghat Railway Construction]]''' was a major engineering challenge to take the GIPR mainline across the Western Ghats towards Madras. The construction with GIPR Chief Engineer [[James John Berkeley]] in charge involved an incline length of 15 miles(24km), 26 tunnels (totalling 2.25 miles(3.6km) in length), and 8 viaducts of masonry construction.
 +
*1858, the line from [[Khandala]] to  [[Poona]] section was opened to traffic  <ref name=wiki/> , this section included the [[Dapoorie Viaduct]]
 +
*1858-63, during this period, the 21 km gap to [[Khandala]] was covered by palanquin, pony or cart through the village of Campoolie <ref name=wiki/>. 
 +
*1863, [[Bhore Ghat Railway Construction|Bhor Ghat]] completed the mainline was through to [[Poona]](now called Pune) and [[Sholapore]](Solapur).
 +
*1870, the [[Kistna Viaduct, Raichur(GIPR)|Kisna Viaduct]] was opened and [[Raichur]] was reached in May 1871  <ref name=Admin>[https://archive.org/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/n73/mode/2up " Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government  Printing,  Calcutta;  pages 64-68, pdf pages 73-77]; Retrieved 23 Jul 2016</ref> where it joined the [[Madras Railway]] to link to [[Madras]] <ref name=GIPR/>.
  
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====Thul Ghat incline - between Kalyan and Nasik====
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'''Progress from 1870'''
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*With the completion of the GIPR mainlines the three Presidency Capitals of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta were linked. The length of the route opened was then 1483 miles/2388 km <ref name=GIPR/>.
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The GIPR north-eastern route towards the Gangetic plain.
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*1900 June 30, the assets of the GIPR were purchased by the GoI and merged with those of the [[Indian Midland Railway]] into a "new" GIPR, managed by the old company.
 +
*The GIPR continued to expand its network with the addition of 'Branch Lines', 'Absorbsion' of certain railways and 'Working Agreements' on other railways ''(see lists that follow)''.
 +
*1918 Administration Report on Indian Railways gives the GIPR broad gauge([[Rail_gauge#Broad_Gauge|BG]]) line length as 2668 miles(4293km); and including 2ft 6in/762mm narrow gauge([[Rail_gauge#Narrow_Gauge|NG]]) lines, a total of 3441 miles(5331km) <ref name=Admin/>.
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*1925 Jan 1, the GoI took over direct control of the GIPR and transferred the [[Allahabad]] to [[Jubbulpore]] branch of the [[East Indian Railway|EIR]] to the GIPR.
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*1951. The GIPR combined with the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]], the [[Dholpur State Railway]] and the [[Scindia State Railway]] to become [[Central Railway]], a zone of [[Indian Railways]].
  
 
===Stations===
 
===Stations===
 
[[Image:Victoria Terminus. G I P Ry, Bombay.JPG‎|right|thumb|320px|''Victoria Terminus, G I P Ry, Bombay'']]
 
[[Image:Victoria Terminus. G I P Ry, Bombay.JPG‎|right|thumb|320px|''Victoria Terminus, G I P Ry, Bombay'']]
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Bombay's Victoria Terminus was both the principal station and GIPR's HQ; designed by [[architect]] Frederick William Stevens, it opened on Queen Victoria's 1887 Golden Jubilee.
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Bombay's [[Bombay Victoria Terminus Construction Railway|Victoria Terminus]] was both the principal station and GIPR's HQ; designed by [[architect]] Frederick William Stevens. [[Bombay Victoria Terminus Construction Railway|Victoria Terminus Construction]] commenced in 1878, it opened on Queen Victoria's 1887 Golden Jubilee and completed in 1888.
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The GIPR had a collection of sidings spurring off to the docks in the east Bombay. There were numerous spurs to:
 
The GIPR had a collection of sidings spurring off to the docks in the east Bombay. There were numerous spurs to:
 
*Victoria Dock 1891
 
*Victoria Dock 1891
Line 156: Line 154:
 
*Clerk Basin
 
*Clerk Basin
  
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== Records ==
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==GIPR Branch Lines and extensions - chronological order==
 +
This information from the  “Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"<ref name=Admin/>
 +
*Khopoli Branch, SE line; [[Palasdhari]](Padusdhurree)  to  [[Khopoli]](Campoolie) 1856: 7.24 miles. This section became a branch line on the opening of the [[Bhore Ghat Railway Construction|Bhor Ghat]] in 1863.
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*Nagpur Branch, NE line; Bhusaval to Baderna  1863-65, to Nagpur 1867: 243.25 miles
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*Khamgaon Branch, NE line; Jalamb to Khamgaon  1870: 7.97 miles
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*Amraoti Branch, NE line;  Baderna to Amraoti 1871: 5.49 miles
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*Mohpani Branch, NE line; Gadarvada to Mohpani  1872; extended to Goitoria 1896 and to new coal-fields 1900: 13.68 miles
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*Manmad Branch, SE line; Dhond to Manmad: 145.44 miles
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*Jalagon-Alalner Branch, NE line; Jalagon to Alalner 1900: 34.26 miles
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*Chalisgaon-Dhulia Branch, NE line; Chalisgaon to Dhulia 1900: 34.95miles
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*Bombay Harbour Branch, NE line;  1910: 6.19 miles
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*Itsari-Nagpur Branch, NE line;  Itsari to Parasia;  1913-15: 134.42 miles; finally extended to Nagpur 1923-24 as part of [[Bhopal-Itsari Railway]]
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*Mahim Chord, NE line; Ravali to Mahim, 1914
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==Railways absorbed into GIPR==
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*[[Agra-Delhi Chord Railway]], opened 1904. Constructed to provide extra capacity between Agra and Delhi; worked by GIPR
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*[[Allahabad-Jubbulpore line]], opened 1867. Built by [[East Indian Railway]](EIR); transferred to GIPR, 1925
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*[[Amraoti State Railway]], opened 1871.  Branch railway to Baderna on GIPR. Worked by GIPR and finally taken over.
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*[[Bina-Goona-Baran Railway]], opened 1895. Owned by State of Gwalior and Udaipur Durbar; worked by [[Indian Midland Railway]](IMR); amalgamated into GIPR , 1900
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*[[Dhond-Manmad State Railway]]; opened 1878. A 'chord' line connecting the GIPR  south-eastern main line to [[Madras]] with the GIPR north-eastern main line to [[Allahabad]], passed to GIPR 1880.
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*[[Indian Midland Railway]](IMR). State agency formed 1882 to work several branch lines centred on Jhansi, amalgamated into GIPR, 1900
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**[[Agra-Gwalior Railway]], opened 1881; Indian State line, owned by Gwallior Durbar, known as [[Scindia State Railway]], working taken over by IMR 1885; then in 1900 becoming part of GIPR 'Midland Section Mainline'.
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**[[Cawnpore-Kalpi-Jhansi Railway]], opened  1886. Line completed 1888 by IMR.
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**[[Bhopal State Railway]], opened 1884.  Indian State line, initially worked by IMR as Bhopal-Itarsi (Indian State Section).
 +
**[[Bhopal-Itarsi Railway]], opened 1882. State(British) Section; worked by IMR, 1885.
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**[[Bhopal-Ujjain Railway]], opened c.1895. Indian State line worked by IMR.
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**[[Bina-Katni Railway]], opened 1889. Part of IMR.
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**[[Dhond-Manmad State Railway]], opened 1878. A 'chord' line connecting GIPR main lines; constructed by [[Government of India |GoI]] and handed to GIPR, 1880.
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**[[Jhansi-Bina Bhopal Railway]], opened 1889. Part of IMR.
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** [[Jhansi-Gwallior and Katni Railway]], opened 1889. Part of IMR.
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**[[Jhansi-Konch-Kalpi Railway]], opened 1886. Part of IMR.
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**[[Jhansi-Manikpore State Railway]], opened 1889. Part of IMR.
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**[[Kunch- Madhggarh Railway]]. Project in 1906 by IMR/GIPR as extension to [[Ait-Kunch Branch Railway]]
  
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The following are held in the [[India Office Records]] at the [[British Library]].
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==Lines worked by GIPR at some time - alphabetical order==
 +
*[[Ait-Kunch Branch Railway]], opened 189?. Indian State line initially worked by [[Indian Midland Railway]](IMR); then worked by GIPR
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*[[Ambaji-Taranga Light Railway]], opened 1919-20.  Unassisted Company formed 1917; apparantly worked by GIPR
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*[[Baran-Kotah Railway]], opened 1908.  Worked by GIPR , 1909
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*[[Cawnpore-Banda Railway]], opened 1913-14. Worked by GIPR , 1914
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*[[Central Provinces Railway Co Ltd]](CPR). A British owned company, formed 1910, operating a group of NG lines; all worked by GIPR ; under [[Government of India |GoI]] management, 1925
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**[[Darwha-Pusad Railway]], opened 1931. Part of CPR
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**[[Dhond-Baramati Railway]], opened 1914-15. Part of CPR
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**[[Ellichpur-Murtazapur-Yeotmal Railway]], opened first section opened as Yavatmal Murtijapur Railway 1903, extended to Ellichpur 1913 . Known informally as [[Shakuntala Railway]]. Part of CPR 
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**[[Pachora-Jamner Light Railway]], opened 1919. Part of CPR
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**[[Pulgaon-Arvi Railway]], opened 1917-18. Part of CPR
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*[[Gwalior Light Railway]], opened 1899. Owned by State of Gwalior; worked by GIPR; renamed [[Scindia State Railway]] 1944
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**[[Ujjain-Agar Branch Railway]], opened 1932. Part of [[Gwalior Light Railway]]
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*[[Khamagaon-Jalna Railway]]. The date of opening of the railway is not known; the railway was under consideration in 1906.
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*[[Khamgaon Branch Railway]]. Short branchline of 12km between Jalamb and Khamgaon; worked by GIPR. The date of opening of the railway is not known.
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*[[Salsette Trombay Railway]], opened 1928. Operated by GIPR, closed 1934
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**[[Kurla-Trombay Railway]], opened 1928. Part of [[Salsette Trombay Railway]]; worked by GIPR
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*[[Nizam's Railway]], opened 1874. Worked by GIPR until 1878; then by [[Government of India |GoI]]; became [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]], 1886
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*[[Pench Valley Coalfield Railway]], opened 1913. Private Branch Line to [[Itarsi-Nagpur Railway]]; worked by GIPR
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*[[Wardha Valley Railway]], opened 1874. Worked by GIPR, also called Wardha Coal Railway
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*[[Wardha-Warora Railway]], opened. Opened in 1877, managed by GIPR by 1905
  
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*'''L/AG/46/12/86''' : GIPR Lists of appointments (officers 1849-1885; workmen 1852-1880)
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==Records==
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*'''L/AG/46/12/88''' : GIPR Contracts of employment (officers 1886-1925; workmen 1881-1925)
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An on-line search of the [[India Office Records]] (IOR) records relating to this railway
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*'''Z/L/AG/46'''  :  Index to UK Appointments to Indian Railways (1849-1925)
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<ref>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=IAMS_VU2 British Library “British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue” - Search]; Retrieved 22 Jan 2016</ref> gives 136  references.  The most important being:-
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*'''Mss Eur D1184/14''' :  Letters to Arthur A West from G L Clowser Nov 1860-Nov 1861  British Library, Asia, Pacific and Africa Collections
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*'''L /AG/46/12 '''  “Records of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company; 1845-1926”
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*'''L/AG/46/12A '''  “Records of the Great Indian Peninsula Extension Railway Company; 1863-1869”
  
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==Personnel==
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'''IOR Records'''
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The following [[India Office Records]] (IOR) are relevant :-
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*'''L/AG/46/12/86''' : GIPR Lists of appointments (officers 1849-1885; workmen 1852-1880)
 +
*'''L/AG/46/12/88''' : GIPR Contracts of employment (officers 1886-1925; workmen 1881-1925)
 +
*'''Z/L/AG/46'''  : Index to UK Appointments to  Indian Railways (1849-1925)
 +
*'''Mss Eur D1184/14''' :  Letters to Arthur A West from G L Clowser Nov 1860-Nov
  
−
==Notes==
+
'''FIBIS Resources'''
−
<references />
+
*[http://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1068&s_id=323  List of Indian Railways UK Contracted Staff taken from IOR Series L/AG/46/12]. FIBIS database
  
 +
'''[[Great Indian Peninsula Railway Personnel]]''' gives details of GIPR staff from several other sources:-
 +
*Grace's Guide<ref>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Main_Page  “Grace’s Guide”];  Retrieved  3 Jul 2016</ref>
 +
*Wikipedia and many other sources.
  
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== External Links ==
+
== External links ==
 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway Great Indian Peninsula Railway] Wikipedia
 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway Great Indian Peninsula Railway] Wikipedia
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*[http://www.allen-family-tree.co.uk/solomon-tredwell.html Solomon and Alice Tredwell, contractors for Bhore Ghat] ''Instone Family Tree''.
 
  
 
*[http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?txtkeys1=Great+Indian+Peninsula+Railway GIPR picture gallery] ''Science & Society Picture Library''.
 
*[http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?txtkeys1=Great+Indian+Peninsula+Railway GIPR picture gallery] ''Science & Society Picture Library''.
Line 182: Line 241:
 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus  Victoria Terminus, (GIPR HQ & station <nowiki>[</nowiki>Bombay<nowiki>]</nowiki>)]  Wikipedia (now known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus)
 
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminus  Victoria Terminus, (GIPR HQ & station <nowiki>[</nowiki>Bombay<nowiki>]</nowiki>)]  Wikipedia (now known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus)
 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131120075151/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vim0PsB8bW75gL0GQFEkaK/Mumbai-Multiplex--The-line-starts-here.html  "Mumbai Multiplex : The line starts here"] by  Supriya Nair 4 January  2013. livemint.com "The ‘heritage wing’ of Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus is a railway enthusiast’s dream"
 
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131120075151/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/vim0PsB8bW75gL0GQFEkaK/Mumbai-Multiplex--The-line-starts-here.html  "Mumbai Multiplex : The line starts here"] by  Supriya Nair 4 January  2013. livemint.com "The ‘heritage wing’ of Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus is a railway enthusiast’s dream"
 +
*[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/mumbai-over-100-documents-of-great-indian-peninsula-railway-to-be-digitised-2907994/ "Mumbai: Over 100 documents of Great Indian Peninsula Railway to be digitized"] by Neha Kulkarni, July 12, 2016 ''The Indian Express''.
 +
==Historical photographs online==
 +
*[https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PH-Y-03022-S/1 Hawkes collection of Indian Railway Photographs (Y3022S)] Royal Commonwealth Society Library/ University of Cambridge Digital Library. The description states "An album containing albumen prints of various sizes by R. Phillips of Darjeeling, Samuel Bourne and others. The name of F.A. Hawkes, who was an engineer...  appears frequently in it".
 +
:Once inside the digital file, click on Contents for image titles. includes photographs whose titles include  GIPR 1868-1869.
 +
===Historical books online===
 +
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=MnAgAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR3  ''The Cotton and Commerce of India: considered in relation to the interests of Great Britain; with remarks on Railway Communication in the Bombay Presidency‬''] by John Chapman, founder and late manager of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company 1851 Google Books. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=MnAgAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR19 Contents-Railway Chapters] page xix.
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=a5MEAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=bombay+mechanics&hl=en&ei=8FUcTMGmHqC0nAeWxImdDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false  Paper on the (GIPR) Thul Ghaut Railway incline] by James John Berkley: GIPR Chief Engineer, Bombay, 1860.
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=a5MEAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=bombay+mechanics&hl=en&ei=8FUcTMGmHqC0nAeWxImdDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false  Paper on the (GIPR) Thul Ghaut Railway incline] by James John Berkley: GIPR Chief Engineer, Bombay, 1860.
 
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/reminiscencesofo00brer#page/8/mode/2up ''Reminicences of an old English Civil Engineer 1858 -1908''] by Robert Maitland Brereton 1908 Archive.org. Includes [http://archive.org/stream/reminiscencesofo00brer#page/48/mode/2up  Appendix: India] page 49.  Brereton's account of working on the GIPR 1857-1870. He became Chief Engineer.
 
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/reminiscencesofo00brer#page/8/mode/2up ''Reminicences of an old English Civil Engineer 1858 -1908''] by Robert Maitland Brereton 1908 Archive.org. Includes [http://archive.org/stream/reminiscencesofo00brer#page/48/mode/2up  Appendix: India] page 49.  Brereton's account of working on the GIPR 1857-1870. He became Chief Engineer.
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}}
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 +
== References ==
 +
<references />
  
 
[[Category:Railways]]
 
[[Category:Railways]]
 
[[Category:Guaranteed Railways]]
 
[[Category:Guaranteed Railways]]
 
[[Category:State Railways]]
 
[[Category:State Railways]]

Revision as of 14:15, 10 March 2018

Great Indian Peninsula Railway
GIPR Bombay-Poona Mail.jpg
The Bombay-Poona Mail in full flight about 1910
Line of route
Bombay to Raichur (SE Division}
Bombay to Jubbulpore (NE Division))
Bhusawal to Delhi
Bhusawal to Nagpur
Gauge / mileage
Broad gauge 1562 miles (1905)
Timeline
1845 Company formed
1853 First section of line open to traffic
1871 Through trains to Calcutta via Jubbulpore
Dhond-Manmad State Railway absorbed
1900 Line acquired by State
Key locations
Presidency Bombay
Stations Kalyan, Poona, Hotgi, Wadi, Ahmadnagar, Akola, Chanda, Khandwa, Itarsi, Narsinghpur
System agency
Worked by Great Indian Peninsula Railway
How to interpret this infobox
Great Indian Peninsula Railway
Great Indian Peninsula Railway.jpg
Great Indian Peninsula Railway device
System timeline
1900 Company re-formed to work State line
1925 Government takes over working of system
Constituent companies / lines
Great Indian Peninsula Railway
Agra-Delhi Chord Railway
Bhopal-Itarsi Railway
Bhopal-Ujjain Railway
Bina-Goona-Baran Railway
Gwalior Light Railway
1900 Indian Midland Railway
Key locations
Headquarters Bombay
Workshops Parel
Major Stations Agra, Ahmadnagar, Akola, Amraoti, Banda, Bhopal, Bhusawal, Cawnpore, Chanda, Delhi, Dholpur, Gwalior, Hotgi, Itarsi, Jhansi, Jubbulpore, Khandwa, Muttra, Nagpur, Narsinghpue, Poona, Raichur, Saugor, Wadi
Successor system / organisation
1951 Central Railway (IR zone)
System mileage
Broad gauge 2988 miles (1905)
3363 miles (1943)
2' 0" NG 183 miles (1905)
202 miles (1943)
Associated auxiliary force
Great Indian Peninsula Railway Regiment
How to interpret this infobox
Map of GIPR in 1870
Great Indian Peninsula Railway Map 1909 – north section
Great Indian Peninsula Railway Map 1909 – south section
Railwaymappic.jpg See our interactive map of
the North East Division
locations and routes on Google Maps


Like most of the early railways in India, the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR) was a British company, registered in London, privately owned and financed, operating under licence and guarantee from the (British) Board of Control in India and the East India Company (EIC). The GIPR was India's and Asia's first railway.

The principal economic benefit of the GIPR was the opening up of the interior to Port and City of Bombay. The narrow coastal plain of India's west side is separated from the Deccan plateau by a mountain range, the Western Ghats which rises to 3,900 feet(1200m) and which has always restricted internal communication with the Arabian Sea.

The challenge was to create two lines through the Western Ghats, one to the north-east and one to the south-east, these were fully open by 1865 in time for cotton from the Deccan to be exported from Bombay to Manchester thus filling the trade gap created by the American Civil War. The lines were exteded to link Bombay to Calcutta and Madras by 1870.

History

  • 1845. Registered as a company in 1845, with its head office in London, the Great Indian Peninsula railway initially proposed a length of 1300 miles, to connect Bombay with the interior of the Indian peninsula and to a major port on the east coast. It was meant for the purpose of increasing the export of cotton, silk, opium, sugar and spices [1].
  • 1849, at the urging of the Governor, Lord Dalhousie, the East Indian Company(EIC) sanctioned the construction of a broad gauge(BG) railway eastward from Bombay and the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company was incorporated on August 1, 1849 by an act of the British Parliament. It had a share capital of 50,000 pounds. On August 17, 1849 it entered into a formal contract with the EIC for the construction and operation of an experimental line, 35 miles(56 km) long. The Court of Directors of the EIC appointed James John Berkeley as Chief Resident Engineer and Charles Buchanan Ker and Robert W Graham as his assistants [2].
  • 1859, GIPR was tasked with "the construction and working of the following lines, all of which terminate at Bombay, - viz. from Bombay, via Callian, to Jubbulpore, to meet the East Indian Railway Company's line from Allahabad, with branches to Mahim and Nagpore - 870 miles; and from Callian, via Poonah and Sholapore, to the opposite side of the river Kristna, to meet the line, via Bellary, from Madras - 366 miles - total, 1,236 miles. Capital 10,000,000ll. Rate of Interest Guaranteed - 5 per cent. on 8,000,000l. capital, and 4½ per cent. on 333,000l. debentures, the balance to be raised upon arrangements to be hereafter made." [3] [4].

Bombay - Callian - 33.5 miles(54km)

  • 1850-51, the first sod was turned on 31 October 1850 and the first locomotive was used in construction on 22 December 1851
  • 1853 April 16. A train, with 14 railway carriages and 400 guests, left Bombay bound for Thane, hauled by three locomotives: Sindh, Sultan, and Sahib. The 21 mile(34km) journey took an hour and fifteen minutes, it was the first section of the GIPR to be opened and the first railway for passenger service in India.
  • 1853-54, the continuation of the line from Thane to Callian (later named Kalyan) was the first contact awarded to Messrs. Wythes and Jackson [5]. This section of the line involved a railway bridge over the Thane creek and the two-line Tannah Viaduct over the estuary and two tunnels. This viaduct was the first substantial railway bridge to be constructed in India and connected Bombay Island to the mainland and opened and on 1 May 1854.

North-East Line - Bombay via Callian and Thal Ghat to Jubbulpore - 615 miles(990km)

The GIPR Chief Engineer James John Berkeley's proposal was to form a grand trunk communication by the north-eastern mainline between Bombay and Calcutta,

South-East Line - Callian via Bhor Ghat and Poona to meet the Madras Railway - 409 miles(658km)

  • 1856 May, the line was extended to the villages of Palasdhari(Padusdhurree) and to Khopoli(Campoolie) [10] at the approach to the Bhor Ghat. The
  • 1856-63. The Bhore Ghat Railway Construction was a major engineering challenge to take the GIPR mainline across the Western Ghats towards Madras. The construction with GIPR Chief Engineer James John Berkeley in charge involved an incline length of 15 miles(24km), 26 tunnels (totalling 2.25 miles(3.6km) in length), and 8 viaducts of masonry construction.
  • 1858, the line from Khandala to Poona section was opened to traffic [10] , this section included the Dapoorie Viaduct
  • 1858-63, during this period, the 21 km gap to Khandala was covered by palanquin, pony or cart through the village of Campoolie [10].
  • 1863, Bhor Ghat completed the mainline was through to Poona(now called Pune) and Sholapore(Solapur).
  • 1870, the Kisna Viaduct was opened and Raichur was reached in May 1871 [11] where it joined the Madras Railway to link to Madras [2].

Progress from 1870

  • With the completion of the GIPR mainlines the three Presidency Capitals of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta were linked. The length of the route opened was then 1483 miles/2388 km [2].
  • 1900 June 30, the assets of the GIPR were purchased by the GoI and merged with those of the Indian Midland Railway into a "new" GIPR, managed by the old company.
  • The GIPR continued to expand its network with the addition of 'Branch Lines', 'Absorbsion' of certain railways and 'Working Agreements' on other railways (see lists that follow).
  • 1918 Administration Report on Indian Railways gives the GIPR broad gauge(BG) line length as 2668 miles(4293km); and including 2ft 6in/762mm narrow gauge(NG) lines, a total of 3441 miles(5331km) [11].
  • 1925 Jan 1, the GoI took over direct control of the GIPR and transferred the Allahabad to Jubbulpore branch of the EIR to the GIPR.
  • 1951. The GIPR combined with the Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway, the Dholpur State Railway and the Scindia State Railway to become Central Railway, a zone of Indian Railways.

Stations

Victoria Terminus, G I P Ry, Bombay

Bombay's Victoria Terminus was both the principal station and GIPR's HQ; designed by architect Frederick William Stevens. Victoria Terminus Construction commenced in 1878, it opened on Queen Victoria's 1887 Golden Jubilee and completed in 1888.

The GIPR had a collection of sidings spurring off to the docks in the east Bombay. There were numerous spurs to:

  • Victoria Dock 1891
  • Princes Dock 1888
  • Carnac Basin
  • Malet Basin
  • Frere Basin
  • Clerk Basin

GIPR Branch Lines and extensions - chronological order

This information from the “Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"[11]

  • Khopoli Branch, SE line; Palasdhari(Padusdhurree) to Khopoli(Campoolie) 1856: 7.24 miles. This section became a branch line on the opening of the Bhor Ghat in 1863.
  • Nagpur Branch, NE line; Bhusaval to Baderna 1863-65, to Nagpur 1867: 243.25 miles
  • Khamgaon Branch, NE line; Jalamb to Khamgaon 1870: 7.97 miles
  • Amraoti Branch, NE line; Baderna to Amraoti 1871: 5.49 miles
  • Mohpani Branch, NE line; Gadarvada to Mohpani 1872; extended to Goitoria 1896 and to new coal-fields 1900: 13.68 miles
  • Manmad Branch, SE line; Dhond to Manmad: 145.44 miles
  • Jalagon-Alalner Branch, NE line; Jalagon to Alalner 1900: 34.26 miles
  • Chalisgaon-Dhulia Branch, NE line; Chalisgaon to Dhulia 1900: 34.95miles
  • Bombay Harbour Branch, NE line; 1910: 6.19 miles
  • Itsari-Nagpur Branch, NE line; Itsari to Parasia; 1913-15: 134.42 miles; finally extended to Nagpur 1923-24 as part of Bhopal-Itsari Railway
  • Mahim Chord, NE line; Ravali to Mahim, 1914

Railways absorbed into GIPR

Lines worked by GIPR at some time - alphabetical order

Records

An on-line search of the India Office Records (IOR) records relating to this railway [12] gives 136 references. The most important being:-

  • L /AG/46/12 “Records of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company; 1845-1926”
  • L/AG/46/12A “Records of the Great Indian Peninsula Extension Railway Company; 1863-1869”

Personnel

IOR Records The following India Office Records (IOR) are relevant :-

  • L/AG/46/12/86 : GIPR Lists of appointments (officers 1849-1885; workmen 1852-1880)
  • L/AG/46/12/88 : GIPR Contracts of employment (officers 1886-1925; workmen 1881-1925)
  • Z/L/AG/46 : Index to UK Appointments to Indian Railways (1849-1925)
  • Mss Eur D1184/14 : Letters to Arthur A West from G L Clowser Nov 1860-Nov

FIBIS Resources

Great Indian Peninsula Railway Personnel gives details of GIPR staff from several other sources:-

  • Grace's Guide[13]
  • Wikipedia and many other sources.

External links

Historical photographs online

  • Hawkes collection of Indian Railway Photographs (Y3022S) Royal Commonwealth Society Library/ University of Cambridge Digital Library. The description states "An album containing albumen prints of various sizes by R. Phillips of Darjeeling, Samuel Bourne and others. The name of F.A. Hawkes, who was an engineer... appears frequently in it".
Once inside the digital file, click on Contents for image titles. includes photographs whose titles include GIPR 1868-1869.

Historical books online


References

  1. ↑ Grace's Guide " GIPR 1945 Company Registration Retrieved on 3 Jul 2016
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Grace's Guide "Great Indian Peninsula Railway" Retrieved on 3 Jul 2016
  3. ↑ "Money Market and City Intelligence", The Times, Wednesday, 15 June 1859, #23333, 7a.
  4. ↑ H.M. Government “Statute Law Repeals: Nineteenth Report : Draft Statute Law (Repeals) Bill; April 2012"; pages 128-130 paragraphs 3.57 - 3.64 Retrieved on 3 Jul 2016
  5. ↑ Grace's Guide "Wythes and Jackson"; Retrieved 6 Jul 2016
  6. ↑ Graces Guide "Great Indian Peninsula Railway - 1865"; Retrieved 3 Jul 2016
  7. ↑ Google Books "Paper on the (GIPR) Thul Ghaut Railway" incline delivered to the Bombay Mechancs Institution in December 1860 by the GIPR Chief Engineer James John Berkeley, page 20. Retrieved on 2 Jul 2016
  8. ↑ " Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta; pages 64-68, pdf pages 73-77; Retrieved 6 Jun 2016
  9. ↑ The Statesman, New Delhi "The opening of the Mumbai to Kolkata railway by Michael Sandford, May 9 2016; Retrieved 3 Jul 2016
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Wikipedia “Great Indian Peninsula Railway”; Retrieved 25 June 2016
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 " Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta; pages 64-68, pdf pages 73-77; Retrieved 23 Jul 2016
  12. ↑ British Library “British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue” - Search; Retrieved 22 Jan 2016
  13. ↑ “Grace’s Guide”; Retrieved 3 Jul 2016
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