Difference between revisions of "Maritime Service"

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==FIBIS Resources==
 
==FIBIS Resources==
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[http://shop.fibis.org/?wpsc-product=bkf-0003-an-introduction-to-british-ships-in-indian-waters-their-owners-crew-passengers ''FIBIS Research Guide No. 2 An Introduction to British Ships in Indian Waters : Their Owners, Crew and Passengers''] by Richard Morgan with a Foreword by Lawrie Butler, 68 pages, published 2012, with Bibliography and Index
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[https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-research-guides/bkf-0003-an-introduction-to-british-ships-in-indian-waters-their-owners-crew-passengers/ ''FIBIS Research Guide No. 2 An Introduction to British Ships in Indian Waters : Their Owners, Crew and Passengers''] by Richard Morgan with a Foreword by Lawrie Butler, 68 pages, published 2012, with Bibliography and Index
 
*Part I – the East India Company’s Maritime Service
 
*Part I – the East India Company’s Maritime Service
 
*Part II – Country Ships
 
*Part II – Country Ships
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*Appendix 1: Summary of information on Free Mariners and Passengers in Directories
 
*Appendix 1: Summary of information on Free Mariners and Passengers in Directories
 
*Appendix 2: The Indian Marine Service in the IOR L/F/10 and other Series.
 
*Appendix 2: The Indian Marine Service in the IOR L/F/10 and other Series.
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Available from the [http://shop.fibis.org/?wpsc-product=bkf-0003-an-introduction-to-british-ships-in-indian-waters-their-owners-crew-passengers FIBIS Shop]
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Available from the [https://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-research-guides/bkf-0003-an-introduction-to-british-ships-in-indian-waters-their-owners-crew-passengers/ FIBIS Shop]
  
 
For updates to the first edition, see [[British Ships in Indian Waters]].
 
For updates to the first edition, see [[British Ships in Indian Waters]].
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*[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/maritimeservice/maritime.html The British Library IOR Maritime Service page].  
 
*[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/maritimeservice/maritime.html The British Library IOR Maritime Service page].  
 
** Read about [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/937f93cc-ccf5-4c31-951c-af92be35ea66 Ships' Journals '''IOR/L/MAR/A-B''']  1605-1856.  The various ships are listed alphabetically, following the order in ''Catalogue of East India Company Ships' Journals and Logs 1600-1834'' by Anthony J.Farrington (London, 1999).<br>[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/937f93cc-ccf5-4c31-951c-af92be35ea66 Browse the ships’ names] (Discovery catalogue).  Alternatively, use the ship's name in [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=IAMS_VU2 The British Library’s "Search our Catalogue Archives and Manuscripts"].
 
** Read about [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/937f93cc-ccf5-4c31-951c-af92be35ea66 Ships' Journals '''IOR/L/MAR/A-B''']  1605-1856.  The various ships are listed alphabetically, following the order in ''Catalogue of East India Company Ships' Journals and Logs 1600-1834'' by Anthony J.Farrington (London, 1999).<br>[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/937f93cc-ccf5-4c31-951c-af92be35ea66 Browse the ships’ names] (Discovery catalogue).  Alternatively, use the ship's name in [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=IAMS_VU2 The British Library’s "Search our Catalogue Archives and Manuscripts"].
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**A description of  [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/41314113-2463-4b40-90d4-d99316d3f475  Marine Miscellaneous Records '''IOR/L/MAR/C'''] 1600-1879.(Discovery) "The collection is in process of re-arrangement and listing in separate series L/MAR/1-9 according to type and provenance". Included in these records are "personnel records of the Company's maritime service (at all levels of employment, but including particularly the appointment and services of commanders and mates of East Indiamen), the Bombay Marine, the Indian Navy, and the Bengal Pilot Service" but no further details are given.
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:: Also see [[Ships' Journals]].
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:*A description of  [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/41314113-2463-4b40-90d4-d99316d3f475  Marine Miscellaneous Records '''IOR/L/MAR/C'''] 1600-1879.(Discovery) "The collection is in process of re-arrangement and listing in separate series L/MAR/1-9 according to type and provenance". Included in these records are "personnel records of the Company's maritime service (at all levels of employment, but including particularly the appointment and services of commanders and mates of East Indiamen), the Bombay Marine, the Indian Navy, and the Bengal Pilot Service" but no further details are given.
  
 
===British Library records on findmypast===
 
===British Library records on findmypast===
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===British Library records on FamilySearch (LDS) microfilms===
 
===British Library records on FamilySearch (LDS) microfilms===
 
For microfilms available in the LDS (Mormon) library catalogue, see  '''[[IOR Marine records on LDS films]]'''  or search the [https://familysearch.org/catalog/search FamilySearch Library Catalogue] using keywords India Office Marine Department. ([[FamilySearch Centres#Ordering microfilms|Ordering microfilms]])
 
For microfilms available in the LDS (Mormon) library catalogue, see  '''[[IOR Marine records on LDS films]]'''  or search the [https://familysearch.org/catalog/search FamilySearch Library Catalogue] using keywords India Office Marine Department. ([[FamilySearch Centres#Ordering microfilms|Ordering microfilms]])
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:'''Note''': Microfilm ordering services has ceased  however selected microfilms have been digitised and  are currently available for viewing on a FamilySearch computer at a FamilySearch Centre.  Locate these records through the FamilySearch catalogue. It is expected that in time all microfilms will be similarly available in this format.
  
 
==Books==
 
==Books==
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==Malim Sahib's Hindustani==
 
==Malim Sahib's Hindustani==
 
A Malim Sahib was a ship’s officer. There was a specialised nautical,  bazaar baht or bat, vocabulary spoken by Indian crews.
 
A Malim Sahib was a ship’s officer. There was a specialised nautical,  bazaar baht or bat, vocabulary spoken by Indian crews.
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A dictionary was published in 1920, ''The Malim Sahib's Hindustani'' <ref>''The Malim Sahib's Hindustani: for use both ashore and afloat in connection with Lascars and all other low-caste natives of India who speak the bazaar "bat”'' by C T Willson, Bombay Pilot Service. “For ship's officers who wish to acquire a working knowledge of low Hindustani spoken by native crews, coolies, servants and longstoreman generally. All nautical terms and words in common use both ashore and afloat are included"</ref>, which became a required text book for all Cadets, Officers, Radio Officers and Engineers, on joining the British India Steam Navigation Company.<ref>Feltham, John. [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/2002-10/1035457929 Sea Cunny]  ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 24 October 2002. Retrieved 4 December 2015</ref>  The language was a mixture of  
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A dictionary was published in 1920, ''The Malim Sahib's Hindustani'' <ref>Woods, Chris.
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[https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india-british-raj.rootsweb.com/thread/2726072/  American English & Malim Sahib's Hindustani] ''Rootsweb India-British-Raj Mailing List'' 11 September 2008. Retrieved 27 October  2018. ''The Malim Sahib's Hindustani: for use both ashore and afloat in connection with Lascars and all other low-caste natives of India who speak the bazaar "bat”'' by C T Willson, Bombay Pilot Service. “For ship's officers who wish to acquire a working knowledge of low Hindustani spoken by native crews, coolies, servants and longstoreman generally. All nautical terms and words in common use both ashore and afloat are included."</ref>, which became a required text book for all Cadets, Officers, Radio Officers and Engineers, on joining the British India Steam Navigation Company.<ref>Feltham, John. [https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/9900501/ Sea Cunny]  ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 24 October 2002. Retrieved 25 October 2018.</ref>  The language was a mixture of  
 
Hindustani-Gujarati-Marathi-Konkani (Ratnagiri), a little Urdu..... a pot pourri of words, but  simple and effective.<ref name= Malim>"The Maalim Saabs Hindustani" [http://trsearecalls.blogspot.com/2013/11/the-maalim-saabs-hindustani-part-1.html Part 1], [http://trsearecalls.blogspot.com/2013/11/the-malim-sahibs-hindustani-part-2.html Part 2] Mariner’s Nostalgia website. Mandatory for British Officers  on B I Ships.</ref> The vocabulary was considered  similar to a  dialect,  in  that a European who had learnt this vocabulary was  said to speak Malim Sahib's (Sahibs) Hindustani.  
 
Hindustani-Gujarati-Marathi-Konkani (Ratnagiri), a little Urdu..... a pot pourri of words, but  simple and effective.<ref name= Malim>"The Maalim Saabs Hindustani" [http://trsearecalls.blogspot.com/2013/11/the-maalim-saabs-hindustani-part-1.html Part 1], [http://trsearecalls.blogspot.com/2013/11/the-malim-sahibs-hindustani-part-2.html Part 2] Mariner’s Nostalgia website. Mandatory for British Officers  on B I Ships.</ref> The vocabulary was considered  similar to a  dialect,  in  that a European who had learnt this vocabulary was  said to speak Malim Sahib's (Sahibs) Hindustani.  
  
 
The officers' titles were: Captain - Captain sahib; C/O - Burra malim sahib;
 
The officers' titles were: Captain - Captain sahib; C/O - Burra malim sahib;
 
2/O - Majla Malim sahib; 3/O - Sajla Malim sahib; 4/O - or other Junior - Chota malim sahib.<ref name=Malim/>
 
2/O - Majla Malim sahib; 3/O - Sajla Malim sahib; 4/O - or other Junior - Chota malim sahib.<ref name=Malim/>
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Refer below for references to earlier use and publications.
  
 
== External links ==
 
== External links ==
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*National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.
 
*National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.
 
**[http://www.nmm.ac.uk/researchers/library/research-guides/ National Maritime Museum Research Guides]
 
**[http://www.nmm.ac.uk/researchers/library/research-guides/ National Maritime Museum Research Guides]
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**[http://blogs.rmg.co.uk/memorials/ Maritime Memorials] in respect of ships’ crews’ deaths. Search  for entries for India,  Burma, Burmah and Myanmar, Ceylon  and Sri Lanka, and other countries such as China, Singapore etc. (Entries for Karachi were classified as India).<ref> Some entries are listed in the India List post [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/india/2014-01/1388885968 Maritime cemetery entries from  National Maritime Museum website]. The correct [http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/content/by/year ''Notes and Queries''] reference for the Karachi burials mentioned is either Vol 170/171 1936 or Vol 176 1939.</ref>, or search by name.  An associated National Maritime Museum website.
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**[http://blogs.rmg.co.uk/memorials/ Maritime Memorials] in respect of ships’ crews’ deaths. Search  for entries for India,  Burma, Burmah and Myanmar, Ceylon  and Sri Lanka, and other countries such as China, Singapore etc. (Entries for Karachi were classified as India)<ref> Some entries are listed in [https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/312109/ Maritime cemetery entries from  National Maritime Museum website] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 5 January 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2018. The correct [http://nq.oxfordjournals.org/content/by/year ''Notes and Queries''] reference for the Karachi burials mentioned is either Vol 170/171 1936 or Vol 176 1939.</ref>, or search by name.  An associated National Maritime Museum website.
 
**[http://1915crewlists.rmg.co.uk Crew Lists of the British Merchant Navy-1915] National Maritime Museum.  The crews originated from all over the world and on some vessels the British nationals were in a minority
 
**[http://1915crewlists.rmg.co.uk Crew Lists of the British Merchant Navy-1915] National Maritime Museum.  The crews originated from all over the world and on some vessels the British nationals were in a minority
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*See  the Fibiwiki page [[Ireland]] for Irish Crew Lists 1863-1921.  Crews could originate from all over the world.  
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*[http://www.crewlist.org.uk/#top  CLIP - the Crew List Index Project].  A not-for-profit volunteer project, with  databases of British seafarers and ships records, set up to assist research into the records of British merchant seafarers of the late 19th and early 20th century.
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*See  the Fibiwiki page [[Ireland]] for Irish Crew Lists 1863-1921.  Crews could originate from all over the world.
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*See the Fibiwiki page  [[Hong Kong]] for the  free Searchable database for  Hong Kong Cemetery which indicates there were sailors buried there. 
 
*[http://www.barnettmaritime.co.uk/index.htm British Maritime History - Realistic genealogical guides to surviving records and more], Len Barnett’s site, has sections on:
 
*[http://www.barnettmaritime.co.uk/index.htm British Maritime History - Realistic genealogical guides to surviving records and more], Len Barnett’s site, has sections on:
 
:*[http://www.barnettmaritime.co.uk/mainheic.htm EIC]- A realistic guide to what is available to those looking into the careers of seagoing servants (1600-1834)
 
:*[http://www.barnettmaritime.co.uk/mainheic.htm EIC]- A realistic guide to what is available to those looking into the careers of seagoing servants (1600-1834)
 
:*[http://www.barnettmaritime.co.uk/mainbombay.htm Bombay Marine]
 
:*[http://www.barnettmaritime.co.uk/mainbombay.htm Bombay Marine]
 
:*[http://www.barnettmaritime.co.uk/mainbengal.htm Bengal Marine]
 
:*[http://www.barnettmaritime.co.uk/mainbengal.htm Bengal Marine]
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*[http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EastIndiaResearch.html East India Company Mariners] including information on the Society of East India Commanders and a list of Commanders from 1828 from [http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/index-2.html Mariners - Researching the mariners and ships of the merchant marine and the world's navies]. This website also contains the [http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/MarinersList.html Mariners Mailing List], [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/search Search the Mariners Mailing List Archives]; [http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/IBON-INDEX.html Index of Ships' Official Numbers below 99,999], [http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/ON1.htm  Official Numbers: Ships over 300 g.t. built 1876 – 1949]
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*[http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EastIndiaResearch.html East India Company Mariners] including information on the Society of East India Commanders and a list of Commanders from 1828 from [http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/index-2.html Mariners - Researching the mariners and ships of the merchant marine and the world's navies]. This website also contains the [http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/IBON-INDEX.html Index of Ships' Official Numbers below 99,999], [http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/ON1.htm  Official Numbers: Ships over 300 g.t. built 1876 – 1949]
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*[https://mailinglists.rootsweb.com/listindexes/details?list_name=mariners Rootsweb Mariners List]. [https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/mariners.rootsweb.com/ Archives for Rootsweb Mariners List]
 
*[http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EICintro.htm Merchant Vessels in the Service of the East India Company, 1601-1832] on the Mariners website.  Lists ship details.
 
*[http://www.mariners-l.co.uk/EICintro.htm Merchant Vessels in the Service of the East India Company, 1601-1832] on the Mariners website.  Lists ship details.
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*Maritime Resources 'Articles of Agreement' by Chris Wood dated 30 August 2013<ref>India-British-Raj List post [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA-BRITISH-RAJ/2013-08/1377845411 Maritime Resources 'Articles of Agreement'] by Chris Wood dated 30 August 2013</ref>
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*Maritime Resources 'Articles of Agreement' by Chris Woods dated 30 August 2013<ref>India-British-Raj List post [https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india-british-raj.rootsweb.com/thread/609592/ Maritime Resources 'Articles of Agreement'] by Chris Woods dated 30 August 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</ref>
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*[http://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2017/06/the-loss-of-the-east-indiaman-ganges.html The loss of the East Indiaman ‘Ganges’ [in 1807<nowiki>]</nowiki>]  15 June 2017. British Library untold lives blog.
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*[https://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2018/11/journey-to-india-of-randolph-marriott-east-india-company-servant.html "Journey to India of Randolph Marriott, East India Company Servant"] 8 November 2018.  British Library Untold lives blog. He had been appointed  a [[Writer|writer]] in Bengal,  and  left England 22 January 1753 on the ship Portfield, arriving on 25 July 1753.
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*[http://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2017/06/the-loss-of-the-east-indiaman-ganges.html "The loss of the East Indiaman ‘Ganges’" [in 1807<nowiki>]</nowiki>]  15 June 2017. British Library untold lives blog.
 
*[http://www.simonkidner.co.uk/sesostris/sesostris.html A Journal of a voyage to the Cape of Good Hope and Bombay in the Ship Sesostris by James Smith, 1829-1831]
 
*[http://www.simonkidner.co.uk/sesostris/sesostris.html A Journal of a voyage to the Cape of Good Hope and Bombay in the Ship Sesostris by James Smith, 1829-1831]
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*[http://quivis.co.uk/dum/index.html Arthur David Linklater, Master Mariner] - Duncan Linklater's excellent site contains information on shipping and navigation in the early twentieth century, including details of Linklater's employment by the British India Steam Navigation Company, the Royal Naval Reserve and the Calcutta Port Commission. It is located in the section of the [http://quivis.co.uk/ Quivis] site called Dum. With scans and transcripts of original documents and many pages containing facts useful to those with an ancestor in sailing and shipping, exploring the site is recommended (note also the [http://quivis.co.uk/dum/biog-contents.html biographical section contents page]).
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*[https://www.quivis.uk/dum/index_dum.html Captain Arthur David Linklater] Master Mariner (known as Dum) - Duncan Linklater's excellent site contains information on shipping and navigation in the early twentieth century, including details of Linklater's employment by the British India Steam Navigation Company, the Royal Naval Reserve and the Calcutta Port Commission. It is located in a section of the [http://quivis.uk/ Quivis] site.   With scans and transcripts of original documents and many pages containing facts useful to those with an ancestor in sailing and shipping, exploring the site is recommended (note also the [https://www.quivis.uk/dum/biog/biog-contents.html biographical section contents page]).
 +
:Also includes [https://www.quivis.uk/dum/dana/index_dana.html Dictionary of Sea Terms 1841/51] Adapted from ''The Seaman's Friend...'' by R. H. Dana 1st ed. 1841, 6th edition 1851.
 
*[http://sayeedsjournal.wordpress.com/chapter-24-working-along-mighty-rivers-of-the-east/  Chapter 24: "Working Along Mighty Rivers of the East"] from his autobiography ''Lest I Forget'' by Khwaja Sayeed Shahabuddin (born 1923).  Mentions the "India General Navigation  Company Limited (an English company) and River Steamers Navigation Company  Limited (a Scottish company).  Originally competitors, they later merged to become known as the Joint Steamer Companies and together played a vital role  in the development of inland water transport in Bengal and Assam.”  The author joined I.G.N. Company,  the British Inland Water Transport Company, in 1947. [http://sayeedsjournal.wordpress.com/chapter-26-working-with-the-joint-steamer-companies/ Chapter 26: "Working with the Joint Steamer Companies"]
 
*[http://sayeedsjournal.wordpress.com/chapter-24-working-along-mighty-rivers-of-the-east/  Chapter 24: "Working Along Mighty Rivers of the East"] from his autobiography ''Lest I Forget'' by Khwaja Sayeed Shahabuddin (born 1923).  Mentions the "India General Navigation  Company Limited (an English company) and River Steamers Navigation Company  Limited (a Scottish company).  Originally competitors, they later merged to become known as the Joint Steamer Companies and together played a vital role  in the development of inland water transport in Bengal and Assam.”  The author joined I.G.N. Company,  the British Inland Water Transport Company, in 1947. [http://sayeedsjournal.wordpress.com/chapter-26-working-with-the-joint-steamer-companies/ Chapter 26: "Working with the Joint Steamer Companies"]
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*[http://www.bandcstaffregister.com The British and Commonwealth Register] The Companies, the Ships & The People. The category "Group Register" lists the companies covered.
 
*[http://www.biship.com/history.htm  A Short History of British India Steam Navigation 1856-1956] from B I Ship. Contains details of  the establishment of The Calcutta & Burmah Steam Navigation Co Ltd  which became the British India Steam Navigation Co.  
 
*[http://www.biship.com/history.htm  A Short History of British India Steam Navigation 1856-1956] from B I Ship. Contains details of  the establishment of The Calcutta & Burmah Steam Navigation Co Ltd  which became the British India Steam Navigation Co.  
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:[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/bisn.html British India Steam Navigation Company] from the Ships’ List
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:[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/bisn.html British India Steam Navigation Company] from the Ships’ List.
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:A History of the British India Steam Navigation Company Limited [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rakaia.co.uk%2Fdownloads%2Fbritish-india-history.pdf html version], [http://www.rakaia.co.uk/downloads/british-india-history.pdf  pdf] rakaia.co.uk. Includes a list of ships, with details.
+
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20150927172650/http://www.rakaia.co.uk/downloads/british-india-history.pdf A History of the British India Steam Navigation Company Limited], rakaia.co.uk, now archived. Includes a list of ships, with details.
 
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20110706043823/http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/CHOTASAHIB.html ‘Chota Sahib’] by Captain John de Barr. The Coast Men of British India’s fleet. In BI the Coast referred to the Coast of India. merchantnavyofficers.com, now archived.
 
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20110706043823/http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/CHOTASAHIB.html ‘Chota Sahib’] by Captain John de Barr. The Coast Men of British India’s fleet. In BI the Coast referred to the Coast of India. merchantnavyofficers.com, now archived.
 
*[http://www.poheritage.com P&O Heritage] includes History of Shipping Companies such British India Steam Navigation Company (‘History’ tab); Research Guides and Ship Images and Fact Sheets ( ‘Archive’ tab)
 
*[http://www.poheritage.com P&O Heritage] includes History of Shipping Companies such British India Steam Navigation Company (‘History’ tab); Research Guides and Ship Images and Fact Sheets ( ‘Archive’ tab)
 
*[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/asiatic.htm Asiatic Steam Navigation Company] from the Ships’ List.
 
*[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/asiatic.htm Asiatic Steam Navigation Company] from the Ships’ List.
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*The occupation of Master Attendant, equivalent to Harbour Master.<ref>India List [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/2010-07/1279878133 thread]</ref> Initially it appears these men were part of EIC Marine, and later the [[Indian Navy|Royal Indian Marine]]
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*The occupation of Master Attendant, equivalent to Harbour Master.<ref>Wilde, Liz. [https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/1661820/ Master Attendant] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 23 July 2010 and Wilde, Liz. [https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/1661752/ Master Attendant] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 25 July 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2018. </ref> Initially it appears these men were part of EIC Marine, and later the [[Indian Navy|Royal Indian Marine]]
 
*[http://www.mmd.gov.in/history.html History of Development of Maritime Regulations/Acts and Changing body of Controlling Authorities] Mercantile Marine Department, Mumbai
 
*[http://www.mmd.gov.in/history.html History of Development of Maritime Regulations/Acts and Changing body of Controlling Authorities] Mercantile Marine Department, Mumbai
 
*[http://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/troopships.html "Troopships and Trooping"] Transcript of an article from ''Shipping Wonders of the World'', part 39, published 3 November 1936.  Includes  troopships to India.
 
*[http://www.shippingwondersoftheworld.com/troopships.html "Troopships and Trooping"] Transcript of an article from ''Shipping Wonders of the World'', part 39, published 3 November 1936.  Includes  troopships to India.
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:The [[Trooping season|trooping season]] between India and the United Kingdom lasted for about seven months each year. The gap, April-October/November in India was the same each year – to avoid the worst of the heat in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.  
 
:The [[Trooping season|trooping season]] between India and the United Kingdom lasted for about seven months each year. The gap, April-October/November in India was the same each year – to avoid the worst of the heat in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.  
 
*[https://www.mun.ca/mha/mlc/seafarers/lascars/index.php Lascars] Maritime History Archive.
 
*[https://www.mun.ca/mha/mlc/seafarers/lascars/index.php Lascars] Maritime History Archive.
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*[http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=6004  "A Laskari Lexicon – 1"] May 17, 2013; [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=6010 "A Laskari Lexicon – 2"] May 21, 2013 amitavghosh.com.
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*"Of Fanás and Forecastles: The Indian Ocean and Some Lost Languages of the Age of Sail" A series pf eleven articles December 10-31, 2012    [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=5171 Pt.1], [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=5184 Pt.2], [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=5197 Pt.3], [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=5210 Pt.4], [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=5219  Pt.5], [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=5234 Pt.6],[http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=5248 Pt.7], [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=5257 Pt.8], [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=5260 Pt. 9], [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=5263  Pt.10], [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=5267 Pt.11] amitavghosh.com.
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*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1403825 ''The Oriental Compass, Volumes 1 and 2''] by Lawrence B. Bangerter c 2007?. Transcriptions. “Lists name of vessel, place of embarkation, place of debarkation, date and Family History Library passenger list film number”. Shipping is India-USA and China-USA. Volume 2 is mostly China-USA. FamilySearch website. You need to be registered and sign in first, see [[Family Search]].
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====Maps====
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*[https://maps.nls.uk/world/rec/5842  1923 Map: The World - Sailing Ship Routes] Great Britain. Hydrographic Office.  London : HMSO, 1923. maps.nls.uk
 
====Historical books online====
 
====Historical books online====
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*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=lZheAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 ''A Register of Ships, Employed in the Service of the Hon. the United East India Company, from the Union of the Two Companies, in 1707, to the Year 1760: Specifying the Number of Voyages, Tonnage, Commanders, and Stations. To which is Added, from the Latter Period to the Present Time, the Managing Owners, Principal Officers, Surgeons, and Pursers; with the Dates of Their Sailing and Arrival: Also, an Appendix, Containing Many Particulars, Interesting to Those Concerned in the East India Commerce''] Printed for Charles Hardy London 1800. Google Books. Also available on Ancestry (pay website) in the database  "UK, Registers of Employees of the East India Company and the India Office, 1746-1939".
 +
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=aaoBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage ''A Register of Ships, Employed in the Service of the Honorable the United East India Company 1760-1810''] by Charles Hardy and Horatio Charles Hardy 1811 Google Books. Also available on Ancestry.
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=y0gSAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 "Return to an order of the Honourable House of Commons, dated 26 June 1833 for: Lists of all pensions granted by the Company to Commanders, Officers, Seamen, Widows and Orphans, of the East India Company’s Commercial Marine Service. since the year 1793 to the present time; specifying the grounds upon which such pension was granted, the amount of each, and the source whence the pensions are derived"]. ''House of Commons Accounts and Papers: Session 29 January-29 August  1833 Volume XXVI'' Google Books
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=y0gSAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 "Return to an order of the Honourable House of Commons, dated 26 June 1833 for: Lists of all pensions granted by the Company to Commanders, Officers, Seamen, Widows and Orphans, of the East India Company’s Commercial Marine Service. since the year 1793 to the present time; specifying the grounds upon which such pension was granted, the amount of each, and the source whence the pensions are derived"]. ''House of Commons Accounts and Papers: Session 29 January-29 August  1833 Volume XXVI'' Google Books
 +
*[http://reader.library.cornell.edu/docviewer/digital?id=sea:175#page/8/mode/2up  ''A voyage to and from the island of Borneo, in the East Indies : with a description of the said island … Also a description of the islands of Canary, Cape Verd, Java, Madura; of the streights of Bally, the Cape of Good Hope, the Hottentots, the island of St. Helena, Ascension etc''] by Captain  Daniel Beeckman 1718. The first chapter states he was  in the service of the East India Company. He sailed from England  October 1713. South East Asia Visions Cornell University Library. Note, may be very slow to open.
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=1vwHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Journal or Narrative of the Boscawen's Voyage to Bombay 1749, by a young gentleman''] Google Books  
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=1vwHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Journal or Narrative of the Boscawen's Voyage to Bombay 1749, by a young gentleman''] Google Books  
 +
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=c3oBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA235  ''A Journal of the Proceedings of the Doddington East-Indiaman, till she was unfortunately wrecked on the East Coast of Africa''] [in 1755]. page 235 ''A journal from Calcutta in Bengal, by sea, to Busserah'' by  Bartholomew Plaisted 1758 Google Books. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.24163 Archive.org version] includes a [https://archive.org/stream/in.gov.ignca.24163/24163#page/n247/mode/1up Map]. [http://name.umdl.umich.edu/004798747.0001.000  Transcribed edition umdl.umich.edu]
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*[https://archive.org/details/b28763920 ''The India officer's and trader's pocket-guide. In purchasing the drugs and spices of Asia and the East-Indies: With practical directions for the choice of diamonds, and an accurate account of the Chinese touch-needles [by W. Lewis<nowiki>]</nowiki> ... To which are prefixed, a complete account of the officers privilege ... and the duties of, and drawbacks on, East India goods'']. Compiled from Authority by H D S. 2nd edition 1789 Archive.org. Includes information relating to Ships' crews, East India [Company] Service.
 
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=mPURAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11 ‪''Journal of a Voyage Performed in the Lion Extra Indiaman, from Madras to Columbo and Da Lagoa Bay ... in the Year 1798'']‬ by William White, Captain, [[73rd Regiment of Foot|73rd Highland Regiment of Foot]]. 1800 Google Books
 
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=mPURAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11 ‪''Journal of a Voyage Performed in the Lion Extra Indiaman, from Madras to Columbo and Da Lagoa Bay ... in the Year 1798'']‬ by William White, Captain, [[73rd Regiment of Foot|73rd Highland Regiment of Foot]]. 1800 Google Books
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*[http://books.google.com/books?id=aaoBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=collett+bombay&as_brr=1 ''A Register of Ships, Employed in the Service of the Honorable the United East India Company 1760-1810''] by Charles Hardy and Horatio Charles Hardy 1811 Google Books
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*[https://archive.org/stream/mastermarinerbei00eastiala  ''A Master Mariner. Being the Life and Adventures of Captain Robert William Eastwick''] edited by Herbert Compton. 1891 Archive.org.  Captain Eastwick was born 1772. He arrived in Bombay in June 1792 and shortly afterwards joined a ship engaged  in the 'country trade', and later owned his own ships. He last sailed c 1825 and wrote his autobiography c 1836.
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*[https://archive.org/stream/mastermarinerbei00eastiala  ''A Master Mariner. Being the Life and Adventures of Captain Robert William Eastwick''] edited by Herbert Compton. 1891 Archive.org. Final pages 331-351 appear to be missing to read online but are available in the [https://archive.org/stream/mastermarinerbei00eastiala/mastermarinerbei00eastiala_djvu.txt text (and perhaps other)  versions]. Captain Eastwick was born 1772. He arrived in Bombay in June 1792 and shortly afterwards joined a ship engaged  in the 'country trade', and later owned his own ships. He last sailed c 1825 and wrote his autobiography c 1836.
 
 
**[https://archive.org/stream/mastermarinerbei00eastiala#page/40/mode/2up HEIC  practices c 1791],  page 41
 
**[https://archive.org/stream/mastermarinerbei00eastiala#page/40/mode/2up HEIC  practices c 1791],  page 41
 
**[https://archive.org/stream/mastermarinerbei00eastiala#page/58/mode/2up "Chapter II"], page 59  The author joined in 1792 the Honorable East India Company, and shortly after "the country service in a merchant ship".  
 
**[https://archive.org/stream/mastermarinerbei00eastiala#page/58/mode/2up "Chapter II"], page 59  The author joined in 1792 the Honorable East India Company, and shortly after "the country service in a merchant ship".  
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*[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_0000000530C4#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=10&z=-145.2574%2C0%2C3266.5147%2C2385''Narrative of a Late Steam Voyage from England to India via the Mediteranean. (Part II. Account of a Late Palankeen Trip from Bombay to Mhow and Lahore)''] by Captain T Seymour Burt 1840. British Library Digital Collection. The voyage took place from October 1837. via Suez.
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*[https://archive.org/details/voyagetoindiacon00walliala/page/n5 ''A voyage to India : containing reflections on a voyage to Madras and Bengal, in 1821, in the ship Lonach : instructions for the preservation of health in Indian climates and hints to surgeons and owners of private trading-ships''] by James Wallach, Surgeon of the Lonach. 1824 Archive.org.
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*[https://archive.org/stream/navalmiscellany01laug#page/332/mode/2up "Extracts from the Journals of Thomas Addison of the East India Company’s Service 1801-1829"] page 333 ''The Naval Miscellany, Volume I''. Publications of the Navy Records Society, Volume XX 1902 Archive.org.
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*[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_0000000530C4#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=10&z=-145.2574%2C0%2C3266.5147%2C2385 ''Narrative of a Late Steam Voyage from England to India via the Mediteranean. (Part II. Account of a Late Palankeen Trip from Bombay to Mhow and Lahore)''] by Captain T Seymour Burt 1840. British Library Digital Collection. The voyage took place from October 1837, via Suez. The author changed ships a number of times.
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*''The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle. A Journal of Papers on Subjects Connected with Maritime Affairs''. Google Books. Some editions have  Contents pages at the front of the book, and some have an Index at the back. There may be other digital editions available if the text is unclear. Contain articles relevant to India, and the seas around India.
 +
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=0hUAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 Vol.1 1832], [https://books.google.com.do/books?id=Go0EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Vol.2  1833], [https://books.google.com.ec/books?id=roQEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 Vol.3 1834], [https://books.google.com.do/books?id=6oIEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP15 Vol.4 1835], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=7E9WAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 Vol.5 1836], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=skhWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7 Vol.6 1837], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=QAV1riauZOQC&pg=PR3 Vol.7 1838], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=D0lWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol.8 1839], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=MklWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 Vol.9 1840]
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:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PfcVYAWofJEC&pg=PR3 Vol.10 1841], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IxdAjfTE7poC&pg=PR3 Vol.11 1842], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=BRhUXMleMAkC&pg=PR3 Vol.12 1843], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=rUpWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol.14 1845], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=jQMAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 Vol.16 1847], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=VpfQzoDv6qUC&pg=PR3 Vol.17 1848], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=NGrHVJTyFiwC&pg=PR3 Vol.18 1849], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=F-RFhRgQxKoC&pg=PR3 Vol.19 1850]
 +
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=LUtWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol.20 1851], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=3EJlnLP60jEC&pg=PP7 Vol.21 1852], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=mEtWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol.22 1853], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=vUtWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol.23 1854], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UtWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol.24 1855], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=C0xWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol.25 1856], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=96GsMrOpcUsC&pg=PR3 Vol.26 1857], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=AE1WAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol.27 1858], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=NIRXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol.28 1859], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=SkACKmucKekC&pg=PR3 Vol.29 1860]
 +
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Gkduqq-TqL0C&pg=PR3 Vol.30 1861], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=GKL_RDmKn2wC&pg=PR3 Vol.31 1862], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=iIZXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol.32 1863], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=DB3hnG1_4X0C&pg=PR3 Vol.33 1864], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=7IZXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol.34 1865], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=E4dXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol.35 1866], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=2QgAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP7 Vol.36 1867], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=1E1WAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 Vol.37 1868], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=7o4EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP11 Vol.38 1869], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JIYEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP11 Vol.39 1870]
 +
:[https://books.google.mu/books?id=1E5WAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 Vol.40 1871], [https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=mBUAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 Vol.41 1872], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=34YEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR6 Vol.42 1873], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Er5fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 Vol.43 1874], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=CxUAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP7 Vol.44 1875], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=KmhoAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 Vol.45 1876], [https://archive.org/details/nauticalmagazin01unkngoog  Vol.50 1881] Archive.org
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:[https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008608517 HathiTrust Digital Library editions], including  editions only accessible in some regions such as North America.
 
*''Volume I, Part II The Bengal and Agra Annual Guide and Gazetteer for 1842'' Google Books
 
*''Volume I, Part II The Bengal and Agra Annual Guide and Gazetteer for 1842'' Google Books
 
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LNEQCLbWoP4C&pg=RA1-PA21 "Vessels attached to the Bengal Presidency"],  page 21. Includes Steam Vessels, and  Iron Steam Vessels appropriated to Inland Navigation, the latter consisting of  Steamers, Accomodation Boats and Cargo Boats.
 
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LNEQCLbWoP4C&pg=RA1-PA21 "Vessels attached to the Bengal Presidency"],  page 21. Includes Steam Vessels, and  Iron Steam Vessels appropriated to Inland Navigation, the latter consisting of  Steamers, Accomodation Boats and Cargo Boats.
 
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LNEQCLbWoP4C&pg=RA1-PA26 "Inland Steam Traveller’s Guide"] page 26  
 
**[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LNEQCLbWoP4C&pg=RA1-PA26 "Inland Steam Traveller’s Guide"] page 26  
 
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Bgk8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA381  "On the Advantages of Extending Inland Steam Navigation in India"]  page 381 ''The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal 1843''. Mentions  steam boats "belonging to the Bengal Government"
 
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Bgk8AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA381  "On the Advantages of Extending Inland Steam Navigation in India"]  page 381 ''The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal 1843''. Mentions  steam boats "belonging to the Bengal Government"
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*''The India Directory: or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the Interjacent Ports of Africa and South America'' by  James Horsburgh Sixth Edition 1852 Google Books [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=gCk6YV5AslIC&pg=PP7 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=faCjf8FPR14C&pg=PR3 Volume 2]
 
 
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=_StDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA390 "Appendix in respect of War Steamers, also called Sea Steamers,  belonging to the Presidency of Bengal, for a ten year period from 1841"] page 390  ''First Report from the Select Committee on Indian Territories'' May 1853 Google Books. Same [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9280m73p?urlappend=%3Bseq=400 page 390, Hathi Trust] where the pages may be rotated.  
 
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=_StDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA390 "Appendix in respect of War Steamers, also called Sea Steamers,  belonging to the Presidency of Bengal, for a ten year period from 1841"] page 390  ''First Report from the Select Committee on Indian Territories'' May 1853 Google Books. Same [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9280m73p?urlappend=%3Bseq=400 page 390, Hathi Trust] where the pages may be rotated.  
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=CIUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3 ''The Golden Dagon, or, Up and Down the Irrawaddi: being Passages of Adventure in the Burman Empire''] by John Williamson Palmer 1856 Google Books. The author was an American doctor, appointed, in Hong Kong, surgeon on the EIC war steamer Phlegethon ('''Bengal Marine''') which took part in the [[2nd Burma War]], 1852-1853
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=CIUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3 ''The Golden Dagon, or, Up and Down the Irrawaddi: being Passages of Adventure in the Burman Empire''] by John Williamson Palmer 1856 Google Books. The author was an American doctor, appointed, in Hong Kong, surgeon on the EIC war steamer Phlegethon ('''Bengal Marine''') which took part in the [[2nd Burma War]], 1852-1853
Line 131: Line 161:
 
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10973/22217''Commerce by river in the Punjab (1861-62 to 1871-72) or a Survey of the Marine Department of the Government of the Punjab''] by Faqir Chand Arrora 1930. GIPE Pune
 
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10973/22217''Commerce by river in the Punjab (1861-62 to 1871-72) or a Survey of the Marine Department of the Government of the Punjab''] by Faqir Chand Arrora 1930. GIPE Pune
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=lnMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP3  ''On the preservation of the health of seamen, especially of those frequenting Calcutta and the other Indian ports''] by Norman Chevers MD, Surgeon, Bengal Army 1864 Google Books
 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=lnMIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP3  ''On the preservation of the health of seamen, especially of those frequenting Calcutta and the other Indian ports''] by Norman Chevers MD, Surgeon, Bengal Army 1864 Google Books
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*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JG0DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Practical sailing directions and coasting guide from the Sand Heads to Rangoon, Maulmain, Akyab, and vice versa. To which is added, Directions for the entire Bay of Bengal and Straits of Malacca''] by N Heckford Sixth Edition, Enlarged and Improved 1871 Google Books
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*[https://archive.org/details/goodolddaysofshi0000coat/page/n7 '' The Good Old Days of Shipping''] by W H Coates Lieut. R N R 1900 Archive.org
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*[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000034530 ''A Handbook of Directions to the Ports in the Presidency of Madras and Ceylon''] by T. E. Marshall, First Assistant Master Attendant, Madras.  1874. British Library Digital Collection.
+
:[https://archive.org/details/oldcountrytradeo00coatrich ''The Old 'Country Trade' of the East Indies''] by William Herbert Coates, Comm. R N R (retired) 1911 Archive.org
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:[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000035E32 ''A Handbook to the Ports on the Coast of India between Calcutta and Bombay, including the Island of Ceylon''] by Herbert Samuel Brown, Lieutenant, R.N.R., Port and Customs Officer, Mangalore. 1897. British Library Digital Collection.
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*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924020891416/page/n5 ''The Clipper Ship Era; an epitome of famous American and British clipper ships, their owners, builders, commanders, and crews, 1843-1869''] by Arthur Hamilton Clark 1911 Archive.org. Important for the China trade.
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*[https://archive.org/details/oldcountrytradeo00coatrich ''The Old 'Country Trade' of the East Indies''] by William Herbert Coates, Comm. R N R (retired) 1911 Archive.org
 
 
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldeastindiamen00chatiala#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Old East Indiamen''] by E. Keble Chatterton, 1914 Archive.org
 
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/oldeastindiamen00chatiala#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Old East Indiamen''] by E. Keble Chatterton, 1914 Archive.org
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*[http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/499255  ''East Indiamen: The East India Company’s Maritime Service''] by Sir Evan Cotton. Edited by Sir C. G. H. Fawcett.  1949. Pdf download, Digital Library of India.
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*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.499255  ''East Indiamen: The East India Company’s Maritime Service''] by Sir Evan Cotton. Edited by Sir C. G. H. Fawcett.  1949. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
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*[http://archive.org/stream/merchantadventu00hookgoog#page/n8/mode/2up  ''Merchant Adventurers, 1914-1918''] by F. A. Hook 1920 Archive.org. A "compilation of the war records of the P. and O., British India and associated lines."  Unfortunately the file is lacking the illustrations which should be in the book.  [http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100000058408.0x000002  British Library digital file], with illustrations.  A different digital file: [http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/523452 Pdf download], Digital Library of India.
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*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283924/page/n1 ''Trade In The Eastern Seas 1793-1813''] by C. Northcote Parkinson 1937 Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
 +
*[http://archive.org/stream/merchantadventu00hookgoog#page/n8/mode/2up  ''Merchant Adventurers, 1914-1918''] by F. A. Hook 1920 Archive.org. A "compilation of the war records of the P. and O., British India and associated lines."  Note the file is lacking the illustrations which should be in the book.  [http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100000058408.0x000002  British Library digital file], with illustrations.   
 
*[https://archive.org/details/blackwallfrigates00lubb  ''The Blackwall Frigates'']  by Basil Lubbock 1922 Archive.org. The Blackwall frigates formed a link betrween the  the East Indiaman of the Honourable East India  Company and the P&O and Orient liners  
 
*[https://archive.org/details/blackwallfrigates00lubb  ''The Blackwall Frigates'']  by Basil Lubbock 1922 Archive.org. The Blackwall frigates formed a link betrween the  the East Indiaman of the Honourable East India  Company and the P&O and Orient liners  
 
*[https://archive.org/stream/reminiscencesofb00downiala#page/100/mode/2up ''Reminiscences of a Blackwall  Midshipman''] by W I Downie  1912 Archive.org.  Page 100 commences a section on India and Indian waters. The author was born c 1848 , so was probably writing of the 1860s
 
*[https://archive.org/stream/reminiscencesofb00downiala#page/100/mode/2up ''Reminiscences of a Blackwall  Midshipman''] by W I Downie  1912 Archive.org.  Page 100 commences a section on India and Indian waters. The author was born c 1848 , so was probably writing of the 1860s
 
*[https://archive.org/stream/inlandnavigation032298mbp#page/n37/mode/2up Chapter III: "History and Reasons for Decline of Gangetic Navigation"] page 27 ''Inland Navigation On The Gangetic Rivers'' by J Johnston, ICS 1947 Archive.org
 
*[https://archive.org/stream/inlandnavigation032298mbp#page/n37/mode/2up Chapter III: "History and Reasons for Decline of Gangetic Navigation"] page 27 ''Inland Navigation On The Gangetic Rivers'' by J Johnston, ICS 1947 Archive.org
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*''The China Sea Directory''  by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, London.
+
*[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.4870  ''The Bombay Dockyard and the Wadia Master Builders''] by Ruttonjee Ardeshir Wadia 1955 Archive.org
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**''The China Sea Directory Volume I. Containing directions for the approaches to the China Sea and to Singapore, by the straits of Sunda, Banka, Gaspar, Carimata, Rhio, Varella, Durian, and Singapore'' by J. W. Reed , R N  and J. W. King, R N. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=nP4GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 1867] Google Books. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924071164960 3rd edition 1886] Archive.org.
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*[https://archive.org/details/lauterbachofchin00lowe ''Lauterbach of the China Sea : the Escapes and Adventures of a Seagoing Falstaff''] by Lowell Thomas, 1930 Archive.org. [https://translate.google.com.au/translate?sl=de&tl=en&js=y&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&u=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJulius_Lauterbach&edit-text=&act=url Julius Lauterbach] Wikipedia Google Translate English] [1877-1937],  [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Lauterbach  Original German version]. From c 1900 to the start of WW1, Lauterbach sailed the China Sea, becoming Captain, with the initial chapters covering this period.
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**[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000034776 ''The China Sea Directory Volume II. Containing directions for the navigation of the China Sea, between Singapore and Hong Kong''] by J. W. Reed , R N  and J. W. King, R N.  1868. British Library Digital Collection.  
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*[https://archive.org/details/oldmerchantmarin00pain ''The Old Merchant Marine: A Chronicle of American Ships and Sailors''] by Ralph D Paine 1920 Archive.org. Contains some references to India.
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**''China Sea Directory Volume III. The Coasts of China from Hong Kong to the Korea etc''  Edited by Captain  Charles J Bulloch, RN. [https://archive.org/details/chinaseadirecto00offigoog 1874] Archive.org. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924071164986 2nd edition 1884] Archive.org
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*[https://archive.org/details/indianshippinghi00mookrich ''Indian Shipping: A History of the Sea-Borne Trade and Maritime Activities of the Indians from the Earliest Times''] by Radhakumud Mookerji 1912 Archive.org
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**''China Sea Directory Volume IV.  Japan Islands etc'' by F W Jarrad, R N.[https://archive.org/details/chinaseadirecto00deptgoog 1873] Archive.org. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924071164994  2nd edition 1884] Archive.org
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*[https://archive.org/details/valiantvoyagings0000saun/page/n9 ''Valiant voyaging : a short history of the British India Steam Navigation Company in the Second World War, 1939-1945''] by  Hilary St. George Saunders 1948. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. Includes a Roll of Honour of Officers and Men who lost their lives at sea due to enemy action.
−
*[https://archive.org/details/directoryfornavi00find  ''A directory for the navigation of the Indian Archipelago, China, and Japan, from the straits of Malacca and Sunda, and the passages east of Java. To Canton, Shanghai, the Yellow Sea, and Japan, with descriptions of the winds, monsoons, and currents, and general instructions for the various channels, harbours, etc''] by Alexander George Findlay 2nd edition 1878 Archive.org.
+
*[https://archive.org/details/investmentinempi0000thor/page/n5 ''Investment in Empire; British railway and steam shipping enterprise in India, 1825-1849''] by Daniel Thorner 1950. Archive.org Lending Library.
 +
*''Mercantile Navy List'' . See [[Royal Navy#Mercantile (Merchant) Navy List|Royal Navy - Mercantile (Merchant) Navy List]]
 +
*Directories etc
 +
**[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WpteAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 ''Sailing Directions for the Oriental Or East-India Pilot''] 1778 Google Books
 +
**[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=65heAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 ''A New Nautical Directory for the East-India and China Navigation'']  7th edition 1804 Google Books
 +
**''The India Directory: or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the Interjacent Ports of Africa and South America'' by  James Horsburgh Sixth Edition 1852 Google Books [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=gCk6YV5AslIC&pg=PP7 Volume 1], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=faCjf8FPR14C&pg=PR3 Volume 2]
 +
**[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4YheAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3 ‪ ''Navigation of the Indian Ocean, China and Australian Seas: With an Account of the Winds, Weather, and Currents Found Therein Throughout the Year : According to the Most Approved Authorities, Including Extensive Extracts from the Nautical Magazine''‬] by A B Becher, Captain R N, of the Hydrographis Office, Admiralty. 3rd edition 1864 Google Books
 +
**[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=JG0DAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Practical sailing directions and coasting guide from the Sand Heads to Rangoon, Maulmain, Akyab, and vice versa. To which is added, Directions for the entire Bay of Bengal and Straits of Malacca''] by N Heckford Sixth Edition, Enlarged and Improved 1871 Google Books
 +
**[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000034530 ''A Handbook of Directions to the Ports in the Presidency of Madras and Ceylon''] by T. E. Marshall, First Assistant Master Attendant, Madras.  1874. British Library Digital Collection.
 +
**[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000035E32 ''A Handbook to the Ports on the Coast of India between Calcutta and Bombay, including the Island of Ceylon''] by Herbert Samuel Brown, Lieutenant, R.N.R., Port and Customs Officer, Mangalore. 1897. British Library Digital Collection.
 +
**''The China Sea Directory''  by the Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, London.
 +
***''The China Sea Directory Volume I. Containing directions for the approaches to the China Sea and to Singapore, by the straits of Sunda, Banka, Gaspar, Carimata, Rhio, Varella, Durian, and Singapore'' by J. W. Reed , R N  and J. W. King, R N. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=nP4GAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 1867] Google Books. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924071164960 3rd edition 1886] Archive.org.
 +
**:[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000008934  ''The China Sea Directory Volume I Supplement ... Directions for Malacca Strait'']. Compiled by Staff Commander John Cumins Richards Hydrographic Office, Admiralty 1876.  British Library Digital Collection.
 +
***[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_000000034776 ''The China Sea Directory Volume II. Containing directions for the navigation of the China Sea, between Singapore and Hong Kong''] by J. W. Reed , R N  and J. W. King, R N.  1868. British Library Digital Collection.  
 +
***''China Sea Directory Volume III. The Coasts of China from Hong Kong to the Korea etc''  Edited by Captain  Charles J Bulloch, RN. [https://archive.org/details/chinaseadirecto00offigoog 1874] Archive.org. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924071164986 2nd edition 1884] Archive.org
 +
***''China Sea Directory Volume IV.  Japan Islands etc'' by F W Jarrad, R N.[https://archive.org/details/chinaseadirecto00deptgoog 1873] Archive.org. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924071164994  2nd edition 1884] Archive.org
 +
**[https://archive.org/details/directoryfornavi00find  ''A Directory for the Navigation of the Indian Archipelago, China, and Japan, from the straits of Malacca and Sunda, and the passages east of Java. To Canton, Shanghai, the Yellow Sea, and Japan, with descriptions of the winds, monsoons, and currents, and general instructions for the various channels, harbours, etc''] by Alexander George Findlay 2nd edition 1878 Archive.org.
 +
**[http://myrepositori.pnm.gov.my/xmlui/handle/1/684 ''Malacca Strait Pilot : comprising strait and its northern approaches, Singapore Strait, and the West Coast of Sumatra''] 1946 Pdf download, Repositori Digital,  National Library of Malaysia.
 +
*Seamen's Manuals,  Seamanship, Signals etc
 +
**[https://archive.org/details/signalsinstructi00greauoft ''Signals and instructions, 1776-1794 with Addenda to Volume  XXIX''] edited by Julian S Corbett. Publications of the Navy Records Society, Volume XXXV, 1908. Archive.org
 +
**[https://archive.org/details/seamansmanualcon00danarich ''The Seaman's Manual : containing a treatise on practical seamanship, a dictionary of sea terms, customs and usages of the merchant service, laws relating to the practical duties of master and mariners''] by R H Dana 1841 Archive.org
 +
**[https://archive.org/details/AlphabeticalCodeOfSignals ''Alphabetical code of signals for the use of Government pilot, surveying, light, buoy and other vessels, telegraph stations, etc''] by C W Warden 2nd edition 1868. Printed at Calcutta. Archive.org
 +
**''A Manual of Elementary Seamanship'' by Commander D Wilson-Baker RNR [https://archive.org/details/manualofelementa00bark 1896 edition], [https://archive.org/details/amanualelementa00wilsgoog  5th edition revised, 1910]. Archive.org
 +
**[https://archive.org/details/reedsseamanshipc00reed ''Reed's Seamanship. Compiled for candidates preparing to pass the Marine Board examinations for certificates of competency as mates and masters. With ... diagrams''] Revised and enlarged by C M Swainston 22nd edition 1918. Published  Sunderland [North-East England]. Archive.org.
 +
**[https://archive.org/details/standardseamansh00ries ''Standard Seamanship for the Merchant Service''] by Felix Riesenberg 1922, published in New York. Archive.org. With  illustrations. For ease of reading the text online, select the one page option. Digitised microfilm.
 +
**[https://issuu.com/anmmuseum/docs/flags_national_and_mercantile_for_t  ''Flags National and Mercantile…and House Flags and Funnels''] compiled by James Griffin 2nd edition, greatly enlarged 1891. issuu.com, from the collection of the Australian National Maritime Museum. For a different book reader (same digital file), [http://anmm.smedia.com.au/ Vaughan Evans Digital Library] Australian National Maritime Museum and  select Books. [https://archive.org/details/flagsnationalan00grifgoog  1883 Archive.org version], [https://archive.org/details/flagsnationalan01grifgoog/page/n6  1891 Archive.org version] but many flags are not in colour.
 +
**[http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/cns/id/19694  ''1919. Signal Letters of British Ships (formerly the British Code List)  for the use of ships at sea, and for signal stations''] Prepared by Charles H Jones, Registrar General of Shipping and Seamen. Published for the Committee of Lloyd’s. Memorial University of Newfoundland  Digital Archives Initiative (DAI).  Direct link for [http://collections.mun.ca/PDFs/cns/Signal_Letters.pdf pdf download].  [http://collections.mun.ca/cdm/ref/collection/cns/id/19586 Page xx] is titled "Ships belonging to the War Department..."
 +
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=_qRWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 ''An English and Hindostanee Naval Dictionary of technical terms and sea phrases ...''] by the late Captain Thomas Roebuck, 4th Edition, revised and corrected by William Carmichael Smyth 1848 Google Books.  Previously  published in 1841 as part of another book [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=m4peAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA125 "English and Hindostanee Naval Dictionary of Technical Terms, and Sea Phrases"], page 125 ''The Hindoostanee Interpreter: Containing the Rudiments of Grammar; an Extensive Vocabularly; and a Useful Collection of Dialogues. To which is Added a Naval Dictionary of Technical Terms, and Sea Phrases'' by William Carmichael-Smyth 1841 Google Books
 +
:[https://archive.org/details/anenglishandhin00roebgoog ''A Laskari dictionary, or, Anglo-Indian vocabulary of nautical terms and phrases in English and Hindustani, chiefly in the corrupt jargon in use among the Laskars or Indian sailors'']  A re-edited and revised  edition by George Small, Missionary of the previous works by Roebuck and Smyth. 1882 Archive.org
 +
*[https://archive.org/details/nauticaltermsphr00unit/page/n5 ''Nautical terms & phrases : speak the language of the sea''] [USA] Marine Corps publication 1938 Archive.org
 +
*[https://issuu.com/anmmuseum/docs/handbook_of_information_for_the_col  ''Handbook of information for the Colonies and India''] issued by the British India and Queensland Agency Co Ltd , Brisbane 1899-1900. Includes information about the British India Steam Navigation Company, Ld from page 118, digital pages 170-171, including routes and fares. issuu.com, from the collection of the Australian National Maritime Museum. For a different book reader (same digital file), [http://anmm.smedia.com.au/ Vaughan Evans Digital Library] Australian National Maritime Museum and  select Books.
  
 
== References ==
 
== References ==

Revision as of 06:49, 7 February 2020

The East India Company Maritime Services could be divided into three main categories:

  • EIC Mercantile Marine. The Mercantile Marine was the principal merchant shipping service supporting the company's trade with India and the Far East. It was in operation from 1600 to 1834.
  • Bombay Marine. The Bombay Marine was the fighting navy of the EIC. In the later nineteenth century and twentieth century it was renamed several times, ultimately becoming the Royal Indian Navy in 1935.
  • Bengal Marine. The best known part was the Bengal Pilot Service which was responsible for guiding shipping along the Hooghly River between Calcutta and the Bay of Bengal. The river could only be navigated by day on account of the many dangerous banks and shoals.[1] Bengal Marine also included War Steamers, also called Sea Steamers, which were ships fitted with guns, and river boats which were used to transport troops and other passengers, and cargo. In (at least) the 1840s-1850s the river boats were part of Inland Steam, or the Inland Steam Service and were described as Iron Steam Vessels appropriated to Inland Navigation, consisting of Steamers, Accomodation Boats and Cargo Boats. It seems likely that once private riverboat companies were established they took over the services of Inland Steam.

In 1877 the Bombay Marine and the Bengal Marine were combined to form HM Indian Marine, which became the Royal Indian Marine in 1892 and the Royal Indian Navy in 1935.

Old postcard showing shipping on the River Hooghly, Calcutta

FIBIS Resources

FIBIS Research Guide No. 2 An Introduction to British Ships in Indian Waters : Their Owners, Crew and Passengers by Richard Morgan with a Foreword by Lawrie Butler, 68 pages, published 2012, with Bibliography and Index

  • Part I – the East India Company’s Maritime Service
  • Part II – Country Ships
  • Part III – A note on Interlopers
  • Part IV – The Marine Service
  • Part V – Independently owned commercial (steam) Ships
  • Appendix 1: Summary of information on Free Mariners and Passengers in Directories
  • Appendix 2: The Indian Marine Service in the IOR L/F/10 and other Series.

Available from the FIBIS Shop

For updates to the first edition, see British Ships in Indian Waters.

"HEIC Maritime Holdings at the National Maritime Museum", an article by Geraldine Charles, can be found in the FIBIS Journal.

  • "Part 1" FIBIS Journal Number 4 (Autumn 2000)
  • "Part 2" FIBIS Journal Number 6 (Autumn 2001)

"Gahan, Eaton & Co" by Nigel Penny FIBIS Journal Number 21 (Spring 2009) pages 11-19. A family history of sea Captains, Master Attendants and Merchants.

"Wrecked or Captured, the East India Company Ships that Failed to Arrive", a fascinating talk given by Andrea Cordani, writer and researcher on East India Company Ships, at FIBIS's Spring lecture meeting in May 2009, is available on FIBIS youtube channel. The presentation that accompanied this talk and a book list for further reading can be found in the FIBIS Social Network

An edited edition of this talk is available in FIBIS Journal, No 22 (Autumn 2009), page 15. This edition also contains an article "The Loss of an East Indiaman in 1807 : account by Samuel Rolleston" on page 23. For details of how to access these articles, see FIBIS Journals.

The FIBIS Database has

Other related articles

Records at the British Library

  • IOR/L/MAR Marine Department Records.
There are three main series: L/MAR/A Ships' Journals 1605-1705; L/MAR/B Ships' Journals 1702-1856; L/MAR/C Marine Miscellaneous Records 1600-1879.
Also see Ships' Journals.
  • A description of Marine Miscellaneous Records IOR/L/MAR/C 1600-1879.(Discovery) "The collection is in process of re-arrangement and listing in separate series L/MAR/1-9 according to type and provenance". Included in these records are "personnel records of the Company's maritime service (at all levels of employment, but including particularly the appointment and services of commanders and mates of East Indiamen), the Bombay Marine, the Indian Navy, and the Bengal Pilot Service" but no further details are given.

British Library records on findmypast

The India Office Records on the pay site findmypast are

  • IOR/L/MAR/C/688 Lists of appointments to Bombay Marine and Pilot Service, 1822-1832.
  • IOR/L/MAR/C/710-714 Volunteers (cadets) for the Indian Navy, 1838-1859
  • IOR/L/MAR/C/785-788 Poplar pensioners, with particulars, 1809-1821
  • IOR/L/MAR/C/789-840 Poplar: petitions with certificates and other documents attached for pensions, compensations etc, 1809-1838

British Library records on FamilySearch (LDS) microfilms

For microfilms available in the LDS (Mormon) library catalogue, see IOR Marine records on LDS films or search the FamilySearch Library Catalogue using keywords India Office Marine Department. (Ordering microfilms)

Note: Microfilm ordering services has ceased however selected microfilms have been digitised and are currently available for viewing on a FamilySearch computer at a FamilySearch Centre. Locate these records through the FamilySearch catalogue. It is expected that in time all microfilms will be similarly available in this format.

Books

See also, Ships and sailing reading list.

A biographical index of East India Company Maritime Service officers, 1600-1834, by Anthony Farrington London: British Library, 1999
A companion volume to the "Catalogue", see below, the biographical index provides summaries of the sea careers of some 12,000 individuals who made the voyage to Asia as commanders, mates, surgeons, or pursers in the service of the EIC. The information has been compiled from the surviving ships' journals, logs, paying-off books and associated sources in the Company's archives at the British Library. Available at the British Library.

Malim Sahib's Hindustani

A Malim Sahib was a ship’s officer. There was a specialised nautical, bazaar baht or bat, vocabulary spoken by Indian crews. A dictionary was published in 1920, The Malim Sahib's Hindustani [2], which became a required text book for all Cadets, Officers, Radio Officers and Engineers, on joining the British India Steam Navigation Company.[3] The language was a mixture of Hindustani-Gujarati-Marathi-Konkani (Ratnagiri), a little Urdu..... a pot pourri of words, but simple and effective.[4] The vocabulary was considered similar to a dialect, in that a European who had learnt this vocabulary was said to speak Malim Sahib's (Sahibs) Hindustani.

The officers' titles were: Captain - Captain sahib; C/O - Burra malim sahib; 2/O - Majla Malim sahib; 3/O - Sajla Malim sahib; 4/O - or other Junior - Chota malim sahib.[4]

Refer below for references to earlier use and publications.

External links

  • East India Company Ships developed by Andrea Cordani, but she is no longer updating the website, which now has a new URL. Includes Ship roles - what do they mean? A glossary of Ship roles defining terms such as 'Regular Ship' , 'Extra Ship' and 'Country Ship.' The previous site is now archived.
  • East-India Company ship routes 1798-1834 by Philip Brohan. Video. Vimeo.com. Retrieved 16 October 2014.The dates of the voyages are shown in the bottom left hand corner of the video screen, and may at times be obscured by the toolbar. Move the computer's mouse from the toolbar to below the video screen to reveal. The video indicates the seasonal variations in the ships' voyages.
  • National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.
  • CLIP - the Crew List Index Project. A not-for-profit volunteer project, with databases of British seafarers and ships records, set up to assist research into the records of British merchant seafarers of the late 19th and early 20th century.
  • See the Fibiwiki page Ireland for Irish Crew Lists 1863-1921. Crews could originate from all over the world.
  • See the Fibiwiki page Hong Kong for the free Searchable database for Hong Kong Cemetery which indicates there were sailors buried there.
  • British Maritime History - Realistic genealogical guides to surviving records and more, Len Barnett’s site, has sections on:
Also includes Dictionary of Sea Terms 1841/51 Adapted from The Seaman's Friend... by R. H. Dana 1st ed. 1841, 6th edition 1851.
British India Steam Navigation Company from the Ships’ List.
A History of the British India Steam Navigation Company Limited, rakaia.co.uk, now archived. Includes a list of ships, with details.
‘Chota Sahib’ by Captain John de Barr. The Coast Men of British India’s fleet. In BI the Coast referred to the Coast of India. merchantnavyofficers.com, now archived.
Troopships and Trooping by R G Robertson movcon.org.uk, now archived, archive.is. Includes mention of troopships to India. Archive.org link.
The trooping season between India and the United Kingdom lasted for about seven months each year. The gap, April-October/November in India was the same each year – to avoid the worst of the heat in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.

Maps

Historical books online

A Register of Ships, Employed in the Service of the Honorable the United East India Company 1760-1810 by Charles Hardy and Horatio Charles Hardy 1811 Google Books. Also available on Ancestry.
Vol.1 1832, Vol.2 1833, Vol.3 1834, Vol.4 1835, Vol.5 1836, Vol.6 1837, Vol.7 1838, Vol.8 1839, Vol.9 1840
Vol.10 1841, Vol.11 1842, Vol.12 1843, Vol.14 1845, Vol.16 1847, Vol.17 1848, Vol.18 1849, Vol.19 1850
Vol.20 1851, Vol.21 1852, Vol.22 1853, Vol.23 1854, Vol.24 1855, Vol.25 1856, Vol.26 1857, Vol.27 1858, Vol.28 1859, Vol.29 1860
Vol.30 1861, Vol.31 1862, Vol.32 1863, Vol.33 1864, Vol.34 1865, Vol.35 1866, Vol.36 1867, Vol.37 1868, Vol.38 1869, Vol.39 1870
Vol.40 1871, Vol.41 1872, Vol.42 1873, Vol.43 1874, Vol.44 1875, Vol.45 1876, Vol.50 1881 Archive.org
HathiTrust Digital Library editions, including editions only accessible in some regions such as North America.
The Old 'Country Trade' of the East Indies by William Herbert Coates, Comm. R N R (retired) 1911 Archive.org
A Laskari dictionary, or, Anglo-Indian vocabulary of nautical terms and phrases in English and Hindustani, chiefly in the corrupt jargon in use among the Laskars or Indian sailors A re-edited and revised edition by George Small, Missionary of the previous works by Roebuck and Smyth. 1882 Archive.org

References

  1. ↑ Henry Alfred Coggan’s Diary 1865. London to Calcutta. The author, aged 19, worked his passage to India as a crew member on board the Staffordshire.
  2. ↑ Woods, Chris. American English & Malim Sahib's Hindustani Rootsweb India-British-Raj Mailing List 11 September 2008. Retrieved 27 October 2018. The Malim Sahib's Hindustani: for use both ashore and afloat in connection with Lascars and all other low-caste natives of India who speak the bazaar "bat” by C T Willson, Bombay Pilot Service. “For ship's officers who wish to acquire a working knowledge of low Hindustani spoken by native crews, coolies, servants and longstoreman generally. All nautical terms and words in common use both ashore and afloat are included."
  3. ↑ Feltham, John. Sea Cunny Rootsweb India Mailing List 24 October 2002. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "The Maalim Saabs Hindustani" Part 1, Part 2 Mariner’s Nostalgia website. Mandatory for British Officers on B I Ships.
  5. ↑ Some entries are listed in Maritime cemetery entries from National Maritime Museum website Rootsweb India Mailing List 5 January 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2018. The correct Notes and Queries reference for the Karachi burials mentioned is either Vol 170/171 1936 or Vol 176 1939.
  6. ↑ India-British-Raj List post Maritime Resources 'Articles of Agreement' by Chris Woods dated 30 August 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
  7. ↑ Wilde, Liz. Master Attendant Rootsweb India Mailing List 23 July 2010 and Wilde, Liz. Master Attendant Rootsweb India Mailing List 25 July 2010. Retrieved 25 October 2018.

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