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''See also, details of some individual [[Doctors and Surgeons]].''
A '''doctor''' may also be known as a '''Surgeon''' or (prior to 1873) an '''Assistant Surgeon'''.  The term Medical Officer is also used.
A '''doctor''' may also be known as a '''Surgeon''' or (prior to 1873) an '''Assistant Surgeon'''.  The term Medical Officer is also used.
Most of this article refers to surgeons who were employed by the Bengal, Madras, Bombay or Indian Medical Service/Departments. However some surgeons in British Army regiments were part of the Royal Army Medical Corps of the British Army.
Most of this article refers to surgeons who were employed by the Bengal, Madras, Bombay or Indian Medical Service/Departments. However some surgeons in British Army regiments were part of the Royal Army Medical Corps of the British Army.
For Assistant Surgeons from 1894, refer [[Apothecary]]
On 3 April 1943, the Indian Medical Service was amalgamated into the  Indian Army Medical Corps, along with the Indian Medical Department, and the Indian Hospital & Nursing Corps


This article contains many links to historical [[online books]].
This article contains many links to historical [[online books]].
==FIBIS resources==
*Database [https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1067&s_id=176 Alphabetical List of the Medical Officers of the Indian Army]. From the 1839 book by Dodwell & Miles in respect of the East India Company Armies. Includes Bengal, Madras, Bombay and Prince of Wales Island Surgeons. Officers.
:This book is available to read online, see below, [[Doctor#Lists of medical officers|Lists of medical officers]].
*Database [https://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1342&s_id=436 Grant Medical College Bombay, Students 1848-1859]


==Records==
==Records==
===Online records===
*The following records are available on the pay website [[Findmypast|findmypast]] (as at June 2014) as the collection British India Office Assistant Surgeons, a section of the [http://www.awin1.com/cread.php?awinmid=2114&awinaffid=201071&clickref=&p=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findmypast.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fworld-records%2Fsearch-all-uk-records%2Fspecial-collections%2Fbritish-india-office-collection British India Office Collection].<ref name=BIIC> [https://web.archive.org/web/20171203150857/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/britishinindia/index.html The British in India Collection] British Library Help for Researchers, now an archived webpage.</ref>  These records are located in the category Education & work/Professions.
**IOR/L/MIL/9/358, 360-364, 366-396 Assistant-Surgeons’ Papers, 1804-1854
**IOR/L/MIL/9/397-408 Papers of Assistant-Surgeons selected by the Board of Examiners,, 1855-1881
**IOR/L/MIL/9/409 Annual list of Assistant-Surgeons appointed giving Presidency, nominating Director and date of appointment, with separate lists of rank, 1787-1791
**IOR/L/MIL/9/410 Annual lists of Assistant-Surgeons appointed giving Presidency, nominating Director, date of appointment and ship, 1791-1814
**IOR/L/MIL/9/411 Annual lists of rank of Assistant-Surgeons, Madras Bengal and Bombay, 1794-1814
**IOR/L/MIL/9/412 Register of candidates for Assistant-Surgeon posts giving address, dates of application and examination, result, and date of returning diplomas. 1865-1877
**IOR/L/MIL/9/413-418 Papers of Surgeons selected by the Board of Examiners, 1882-1894
**IOR/L/MIL/9/419 Papers of candidates selected for the Indian Medical Service, 1895-1896
*findmypast, pay website,  also contains the database [https://search.findmypast.co.uk/search-world-Records/britain-physicians-and-surgeons-1830-1923 Britain, Physicians and Surgeons, 1830-1923]. Based on data from Calendar of The Royal College of Surgeons in England 1865 to 1923, and  Members of The Royal College of Physicians 1830 to 1918, in addition to online books, which are available online (for free), see below. Note these are databases in respect of Specialist doctors.
*Ancestry, a pay website,  in the category Schools, Directories & Church Histories  has  the following databases:
**"[https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/61103/ UK, Roll of the Indian Medical Service, 1615 -1930"]. (Released October 2016). This database consists of Index records and page images from  the book of the same name by D.G. Crawford, see  below under [[Doctor#Lists of medical officers|Lists of medical officers]]. 
**[https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/61053/ "UK & Ireland, Medical Directories, 1845-1942"] (Released October 2016). These appear to be commercial publications. “Medical Directories list most practising and retired doctors in Britain and its colonies”. The main publication included is ''The Medical Directory''  (1870- 1942), (published at least some periods  by J & A Churchill (or variant names) and sometimes referred to as ''Churchill's Medical Directory'') and earlier publications ''The London Medical Directory'' (1845-1846),  ''The London and Provincial Medical Directory'' (1847-1869)  ''The Medical Directory for Ireland'' (1852-1860), ''The Medical Directory for Scotland'' (1852-1860).  Broken ranges. The 1924 edition includes Dental Surgeons,  Dental Surgeons are also included in most/all? other editions.
*:The 1861 edition appears to be the first edition which lists doctors  resident overseas. As an example of the contents ''The Medical Directory for 1924 80th Annual Issue'' has sections “Abroad”, and “Naval, Military and Indian Services”, see Title page digital page 42 and [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/61053/images/43274_263021009496_0647-00042?ssrc=&backlabel=Return Contents page, digital page 43]. "Practitioners Resident Abroad registered under the Medical Acts of Great Britain and Ireland" [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/61053/images/43274_263021009496_0647-01713?ssrc=&backlabel=Return digital page 1714/original page 1601]. "Registered Practitioners Resident Abroad. Local List. [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/61053/images/43274_263021009496_0647-01895?ssrc=&backlabel=Return Digital page 1896/original page 1783] Grouped according to Continent/Country. To access these links you must be signed into Ancestry.
::Available on Archive.org: ''The medical directory for Ireland'' [https://archive.org/details/b28035859_0001 1852], [https://archive.org/details/b28035859_0002  1856], [https://archive.org/details/b28035859_0003/page/n25/mode/2up 1858]; [https://archive.org/details/b28035859_0004/page/n23/mode/2up 1859],  including [https://archive.org/details/b28035859_0004/page/270/mode/2up [Regulations and conditions relating to<nowiki>]</nowiki> "Her Majesty's Indian Forces"] page 270.  [https://archive.org/details/londonprovincial00unse/page/16/mode/2up ''The London & provincial medical directory for 1861''], including [https://archive.org/details/londonprovincial00unse/page/986/mode/2up "A List of registered Non-Residents"] The 1861 edition appears to be the first edition which lists doctors  resident overseas; [https://archive.org/search?query=+title%3A%28%22The+London+and+Provincial+Medical+Directory%22%29&sort=date ''The London and Provincial Medical Directory'' at Archive.org] for 1865, 1866; [https://archive.org/search?query=%28Churchill%29+AND+title%3A%28%22The+Medical+Directory%22%29&sort=date ''The Medical Directory'' at Archive.org] for 1870, 1872, 1873, 1876, 1878, 1884.
:* Also available on Ancestry [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/search/collections/33538/ "UK Medical Registers, 1859-1959"]. "This database contains annually published books listing all of the names of [UK] doctors who were licensed to practise in the United Kingdom and abroad from 1859-1959. Also included are foreign doctors who qualified in Britain. Although these books were published annually, registers have only been digitised on 4 year intervals".
* See the Fibiwiki section [https://wiki.fibis.org/w/British_Army#The_.5BLondon.5D_Gazette The [London<nowiki>]</nowiki> Gazette] on the [[British Army]] page.
*The ''British Medical Journal'' is available [http://www.bmj.com/archive/ online] at bmj.com from 1840 and is a source of information, particularly the obituaries.  It probably has more relevance for English, rather than Scottish doctors. However, this source is now only available to those who have a personal or institutional subscription.    [http://www.bmj.com/search.dtl Search] the archives directly  or
:Access BMJ and other online journals through [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ PubMed Central] (PMC is the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature).
::[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/ PMC Journal List] including [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/3/  BMJ]
:Some editions are available online at Archive.org (refer below)
*[http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College Of Physicians]. Search by Name. Obituaries of past Fellows [Specialist Physicians]. Royal College of Physicians, London. Based on twelve publications, the first four being:
:''The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, comprising biographical sketches of all the eminent physicians whose names are recorded in the Annals'' .. by William Munk
:[https://archive.org/details/rollofroyalcolle01royaiala/page/n4 ''Volume I 1518 to 1700'']; [https://archive.org/details/rollofroyalcolle02royaiala/page/n4 ''Volume II 1701 to 1800'']; [https://archive.org/details/rollofroyalcolle03royaiala/page/n3  ''Volume III 1801 to 1825'']. All  2nd edition, revised and enlarged 1878 Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/details/b21506322_0004/page/n6 ''Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of London 1826-1925''] compiled by G H Brown  1955 Archive.org. Catalogued as Volume 4 of the above series. Contains references to Indian service.
*[https://archive.org/details/b21465812 ''List of Fellows of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh: from the year 1581 to 31st December 1873''] 1874 Archive.org. Fellows of this body are Specialist Surgeons. This book is the basis for the findmypast database "Scotland, Fellows Of The Royal College Of Surgeons Of Edinburgh 1581-1873"


===British Library===
===British Library===
The [[British Library]] information page, now archived, [https://web.archive.org/web/20180817143450/http://www.bl.uk:80/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/indianmedicalservice/indianmedical.html 'Indian Medical Service'] lists records available in the BL.
There are also “detailed records of service of surgeons and assistant-surgeons, compiled at East India House” to 1858. [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_5-5_1&cid=1-1-2#1-1-2 Bengal Service Army Lists - Medical IOR/L/MIL/10/70-74] c 1765-1858 and LDS microfilm [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/695418 catalogue entry]; [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_6-2_1-5&cid=1-1-1-5#1-1-1-5 Madras Service Army Lists - Medical IOR/L/MIL/11/70-72] c 1760-1858 and LDS microfilm [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/696654  catalogue entry]; [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_7-2&cid=1-1-1#1-1-1 Bombay Service Army Lists - Medical IOR/L/MIL/12/85-87] 1763-1858 and LDS microfilm [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/746535 catalogue entry]. It is not known to what extent these records are included in Crawford’s book ''Roll of the Indian Medical Service'', refer below.
Records are available on the pay website [[Findmypast|findmypast]] (as at June 2014) as the collection British India Office Assistant Surgeons, a section of the [http://www.awin1.com/cread.php?awinmid=2114&awinaffid=201071&clickref=&p=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findmypast.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fworld-records%2Fsearch-all-uk-records%2Fspecial-collections%2Fbritish-india-office-collection British India Office Collection].<ref name=BIIC/>  Refer [[Doctor#Online records|Online records]] above.
A pdf document, now archived,  by the Wellcome Library lists records in the British Library relating to [https://web.archive.org/web/20120906042136/http://library.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/wtl039702.pdf medicine and health], including manuscripts.


The [[British Library]] information page [http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/indianmedicalservice/indianmedical.html 'Indian Medical Service'] lists records available in the BL.  A pdf document by the Wellcome Library lists records in the British Library relating to [http://library.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/wtl039702.pdf medicine and health], including manuscripts.
''Science and the Changing Environment in India 1780-1920: A Guide to Sources in the India Office Records'' by Richard Axelby and Savithri Preetha Nair 2009. The guide is arranged in eleven chapters including one in respect of health and disease including medical education. Refer
[[Research guides reading list]] for more details of this book.


Two histories of the Indian Medical Service, which also contain some biographical details are:
===Online histories===
* ''A History of the Indian Medical Service, 1600-1913'' (2 volumes) by D. G. Crawford 1914. The book is available as a [[LDS]] microfilm, with this library catalogue  [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=287922&disp=A+history+of+the+Indian+Medical+Service%&columns=*,0,0 entry].  
Three histories, the first quite short,  of the Indian Medical Service, which also contain some biographical details are:
*''Surgeons twoe and a Barber. Being some account of the life and work of the Indian Medical Service, 1600-1947'' by Lieut.-Colonel Donald McDonald 1950. (This book appears in the catalogue under the name MacDonald). More details about the book are contained in  these reviews: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2068793/?page=1 Review 1] and  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2530269/?page=1 Review 2]
*[https://archive.org/details/b2265110x/page/n2/mode/2up ''Indian Medical Service Past and Present''] by Surgeon General W B Beatson (Late Deputy Surgeon General, Lahore Division) 1902. Reprinted from the ''Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review October 1902''. Archive.org
 
* ''A History of the Indian Medical Service, 1600-1913'' (two volumes) by D. G. Crawford 1914. [https://archive.org/details/b21352148 Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/b21352148_0 Volume II] Archive.org. There are also  additional files available on Archive.org.
''Science and the Changing Environment in India 1780-1920: A Guide to Sources in the India Office Records'' by Richard Axelby and Savithri Preetha Nair  2009. The guide is arranged in eleven chapters including one in respect of health and disease including medical education. Available through Amazon.co.uk from the [http://astore.amazon.co.uk/faminbriindso-21/detail/0712309454 FIBIS Shop]
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.115856/page/n1/mode/2up ''Surgeons Twoe and a Barber. Being some account of the life and work of the Indian Medical Service, 1600-1947''] by Lieut.-Colonel Donald McDonald 1950. Archive.org. Digital text quality is  poor in places, particularly left located pages in the two page viewing option. [https://archive.org/details/surgeonstwoeandb0000unse/page/n9/mode/2up 2nd file, better quality print] Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. More details about the book are contained in  these reviews: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2068793/?page=1 Review 1] and  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2530269/?page=1 Review 2]


===Lists of medical officers===
===Lists of medical officers===
Two particularly useful books, listing service histories etc, are:
Two particularly useful books, listing service histories etc, are:
*''An Alphabetical List of the Medical Officers of the Indian Army 1764-1838'' by Edward Dodwell and James S. Miles (1839). The book is available as a [[LDS]] microfilm, with this library catalogue [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=818455&disp=Alphabetical++list++of++the++medical++of&columns=*,0,0 entry].
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=t5ZRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR7#v=twopage&q&f=false''An Alphabetical List of the Medical Officers of the Indian Army 1764-1838''] by Edward Dodwell and James S. Miles (1839). Google Books. When viewing the alphabetical list, ensure that the viewing mode is two pages side by side, and if necessary click on the relevant icon.
*''[[Military_reading_list#Medical_Departments|Roll of the Indian Medical Service 1615-1930']]'' by D.G. Crawford. Review in FIBIS Military Reading List. The book is available as a [[LDS]] microfilm, with this library catalogue [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=287926&disp=Roll++of++the++Indian++Medical++Service%&columns=*,0,0 entry]
:Names from this book have been transcribed as a FIBIS database, see [[Doctor#FIBIS resources|FIBIS resources]] above.
*[https://archive.org/details/rollindianmedicalservicecrawford/page/n9/mode/2up ''Roll of the Indian Medical Service 1615-1930''] by Lieut.-Colonel D G Crawford 1930 Archive.org
:[[Military_reading_list#Medical_Departments|Review in FIBIS Military Reading List.]]  
:Ancestry, a pay website, has a database consisting of this book [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/indianmedicalservice/ "UK, Roll of the Indian Medical Service, 1615 -1930"] consisting of  index records and images from the book.
: This book includes chapters relating to Bengal (pages 1-243), Madras (pages 244-390), Bombay (pages 391-496), General List  1897-1930 (pages 497-601), Eastern Factories 1605-1775 (pages 602-604);  Sumatra or West Coast 1696-1825 (pages 605-617); St. Helena 1684-1831 (pages 618-622); China 1763-1834 (pages 623-624); Prince of Wales Island (page 625); Appendices from page 629. If you are browsing the book through Ancestry, there are errata pages at the beginning of the digital file, before "Contents", pages xv-xvi,  digital images 67-68.


'''Other lists:'''
'''Other online lists:'''
*Lists of surgeons, and prior to 1894, Assistant Surgeons may be found in  the ''East-India register and directory'', published 1803-1860. The ''East-India register'' was superseded by what was initially called ''The Indian army and civil service list''. Later these were separated, and the ''India army list'' is the volume which contains the surgeons. Many of the ''East India register and directory'' are available online. The online 1838 Bengal Directory also has a list of surgeons refer [[Directories online]]. For details of these books in libraries or on microfilm or fiche, refer [[Directories reading list]]
*Lists of surgeons, and prior to 1894, Assistant Surgeons may be found in  the ''East-India Register and Directory'', published 1803-1860. The ''East-India Register'' was superseded by what was initially called ''The Indian Army and Civil Service List''. Later these were separated, and the ''India Army List'' is the volume which contains the surgeons. Many of the ''East India Register and Directory'' are available online, together with some editions of  '' The Indian Army and Civil Service List'' and other directories such as the ''Bengal Directory'', and may be found on  '''[[Directories online]]''', which also mentions some earlier publications available on subscription websites. Also see '''[[Indian Army List online]]''', with issues from July 1890. For details of these books and some earlier publications, in libraries or on microfilm or fiche, refer [[Directories reading list]]
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=h2nkEiSSDaYC&pg=PA550 "List of Principal Medical Officers"] in Madras from 1651-1800 (Google Books)
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=h2nkEiSSDaYC&pg=PA550 "List of Principal Medical Officers"] in Madras from 1651-1800 (Google Books)
*[http://www.ans.com.au/~rampais/genelogy/india/indexes/surgeons.htm Surgeons at Fort St George, Madras 1850-52].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160305115728/http://www.ans.com.au/~rampais/genelogy/india/indexes/surgeons.htm Surgeons at Fort St George, Madras 1850-52], archived.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=kfwBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA513 ''The Lancet''] (vol 1, 1858) lists the Medical Officers of the Bengal Medical Service who died during the Mutiny  (Google Books)
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=kfwBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA513 ''The Lancet''] (vol 1, 1858) lists the Medical Officers of the Bengal Medical Service who died during the Mutiny  (Google Books)
*''Madras Quarterly Journal Of Medical Science'' contains a medical directory for the Madras Presidency,commencing page i of the Appendix at the end of each volume.
*''Madras Quarterly Journal Of Medical Science'' contains a medical directory for the Madras Presidency,commencing page i of the Appendix at the end of each volume.
**[http://books.google.com/books?id=ahe1AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1  Madras at 1 October 1860], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0he1AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1 Madras at 1 April 1861],  [http://books.google.com/books?id=ahi1AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1  Madras at 1 October 1861],  [http://books.google.com/books?id=Dhm1AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1 Madras at 1 April 1862], [http://books.google.com/books?id=2xm1AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1  Madras at 1 April 1863]  
**[http://books.google.com/books?id=ahe1AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1  Madras at 1 October 1860], [http://books.google.com/books?id=0he1AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1 Madras at 1 April 1861],  [http://books.google.com/books?id=ahi1AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1  Madras at 1 October 1861],  [http://books.google.com/books?id=Dhm1AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1 Madras at 1 April 1862], [http://books.google.com/books?id=2xm1AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PR1  Madras at 1 April 1863]  
*[http://www.garenewing.co.uk/angloafghanwar/articles/surgeons.php Army Surgeons in the Afghan War and on the March to Kandahar] from Garen Ewing’s website The Second Anglo Afghan War 1878-1880
*[http://www.garenewing.co.uk/angloafghanwar/articles/surgeons.php Army Surgeons in the Afghan War and on the March to Kandahar] from Garen Ewing’s website The Second Anglo Afghan War 1878-1880
*[https://archive.org/stream/englishwomansye01unkngoog#page/n129/mode/2up Medical women in India] page 104 ''Englishwoman’s Year Book and Directory 1899'' Archive.org. There is also a list for China.
:[https://archive.org/stream/englishwomansye00unkngoog#page/n144/mode/2up Medical women in India] page 114 ''Englishwoman’s Year Book and Directory 1900'' Archive.org. There is also a list for China.
*For some women doctors mentioned in annual reports of the "National Association for Supplying Female Medical Aid to the Women of India", part of The Countess of Dufferin’s Fund, see [[Doctor#Historical books online 2|Historical books online]] below.
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109762/page/n3/mode/2up ''List of Qualified Medical Practitioners, Military and Civil Assistant Surgeons, Hospital Assistants, etc., serving or practising in Bengal''] Catalogued 1904 Archive.org, Granth Sanjeevani Collection. A Government publication, which does not contain  Surgeons in military employment, apart from a few on temporary military duty.
*[https://wellcomecollection.org/works/cctcmrg6/items ''The Medical Directory of India, Burma and Ceylon, Part II 1910''] compiled by the editorial staff of the ''Practical Medicine'', published at Delhi. Part II is in respect of doctors in military employment including Royal Army Medical Corps, Indian Medical Service and Indian Subordinate Medical Department. Welcome Collection. [https://archive.org/details/med-directory-india-part2-1910/page/n5/mode/2up Archive.org mirror version].
*"God’s Acre in North-West India" by Colonel R. H. Firth ''Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps'' 1914. A record of the names, the careers, and details as to the graves of, or monuments to, all the medical officers buried or memorialized in the Punjab, the North-west Frontier Province, and Kashmir.  [https://archive.org/details/jramc-1914-vol23/page/319/mode/2up Part 1] Volume 23:3 320-333, [https://archive.org/details/jramc-1914-vol23/page/415/mode/2up Part 2]  Volume 23:4 415-439. Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/details/jramc-1915-vol24/page/287/mode/2up "Some Echoes of the Past"] by Lieutenant-Colonel W A Morris page 288 ''Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps'', Volume 24 1915 Archive.org. Medical officers who lost their lives in N-W P and Oudh Provinces 1788-1860.
*[https://archive.org/details/thackers-med-directory-1915/page/n9/mode/2up ''Thacker's Medical Directory of India, Burma, and Ceylon 1915. Third year of publication''] Archive.org. Also includes a list of Nurses and Midwives.
*[http://www.unithistories.com/officers/IndianArmy_officers_H01.html Indian Army Officers 1939-1945]
*[http://www.unithistories.com/officers/IndianArmy_officers_H01.html Indian Army Officers 1939-1945]
*Africa
**Uganda: [https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3AUganda++Gazette&sort=date ''The Official Gazette of the Uganda Protectorate'', Volumes 7-12, 1914-1919] Archive.org. The first issue for most/all years includes List of Medical Practitioners and Dentists on the Register.
**South Africa and Rhodesia
***[https://archive.org/details/b28407738_0001 ''South African Medical Directory 1896''], [https://archive.org/details/b28407738_0002/mode/2up ''South African Medical Directory 1897''] Archive.org. Includes Dentists. Also includes Bechuanaland, Rhodesia.
'''Other  lists:'''
*''The Medical Directory of India, Burma and Ceylon ...'' Compiled by the editorial staff of the ''Practical Medicine'', published at Delhi. The edition for 1910 consists of 4 separate Parts<ref>[https://archive.org/details/texasmedicaljour2519unse/page/n424/mode/1up Advertisement in ''Texas Medical Journal'']  circa p 415 1910 Archive.org</ref>. Part II consisting of those in military employment is available online, see above. Available at the British Library  Part II 1908 UIN: BLL01000948662; 1910 UIN: BLL01000948663, but the entry does not say whether the holding is one, or more parts. Classified as a Journal, so perhaps there are further editions.  Elsewhere <ref>[http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/254/14/M_.pdf Burma/Myanmar Bibliographical Project, Letter M, page 77] crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de.</ref> it is stated the title includes ''Including Native States, Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States & British East Africa Protectorate".
*''Thacker's Medical Directory of India, Burma and Ceylon'', published 1913-1915. The 1915 edition is available online, see above. The 1914 edition is at the British Library UIN: BLL01000948664 -  enquire if there are additional volumes as it is classified as a Journal, perhaps implying more than one edition. 1913 (and 1915) editions appear to be available at Oxford and Cambridge University Libraries, and the National Library of Scotland. Also referred to as editions 1-3.
:National Archives of India  pay service "Digitise on Demand"  includes ''Thacker's Medical Directory'' [https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2400020 1914] (Identifier PR_000002709792)  abhilekh-patal.in
*''Thacker's Indian Medical Directory'', published 1922-1924. Also referred to as editions 4-6. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1708244/?page=1 Review of the 1924 edition] which indicates contents. Available at Oxford University Library and the National Library of Scotland, but this title is not listed in the British Library catalogue.
:There appear to have been at least two further editions, including 1931, 8th edition. A [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5185740/?page=1 review] which indicates the contents (530 pages). The 1931 edition is  available at the Royal Society of Medicine [https://www.rsm.ac.uk/the-library Library], London, ([http://rsm.sirsidynix.net.uk/uhtbin/cgisirsi/?ps=yPqEJXxHQ0/0/X/60/502/X Catalogue]) which also holds the 1923 edition. In addition this Library holds a book catalogued as
: ''Medical Directory of India, Burma and Ceylon'' 1924  with "General Note: Including Indian States, Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States & Africa Protectorates".


===Royal Army Medical Corps (British Army)===
===Royal Army Medical Corps and the earlier British Army Medical Services===
The Royal Army Medical Corps was established by Royal Warrant on 23rd June 1898. Prior to this there had been two distinct organisations within the Army Medical Services, the Medical Staff (i.e. the officers), and the Medical Staff Corps , which were combined to form the RAMC.
The Royal Army Medical Corps was established by Royal Warrant on 23rd June 1898. Prior to this there had been two distinct organisations within the Army Medical Services, the Medical Staff (i.e. the officers), and the Medical Staff Corps , which were combined to form the RAMC.


For [[British Army]] medical personnel, the [http://www.ams-museum.org.uk/museum/faqs Army Medical Services Museum's FAQs] page advises that the AMSM has some details  for officers who held a regular commission with the Army Medical Department and the RAMC until 1960.   Service records for men and women discharged prior to 1920 are held at The National Archives and at the Army Personnel Centre for discharges after this. (It's unclear whether the latter setence includes officers or refers to men and women who were not officers). The museum has a small booklet available with useful advice for researching relatives who served with the AMS. Also refer [[British Army]]
For [[British Army]] medical personnel, the previously named [https://web.archive.org/web/20160813204714/http://www.ams-museum.org.uk/museum/faqs/#1 Army Medical Services Museum's FAQs] now archived page, advises that the AMSM has some details  for officers who held a regular commission with the Army Medical Department and the RAMC until 1960.     The museum has a small booklet available with useful advice for researching relatives who served with the AMS. Note: there has been a change of name to [https://museumofmilitarymedicine.org.uk/ The Museum of Military Medicine]. (This Museum is expected to relocate from its current location to Cardiff in the future.) Also refer [[British Army]] for personnel records.
 
The [[British Library]] has the India Office Records:  British Army in India: British Medical Officers serving in India '''IOR/L/MIL/15/20''' 1872-1912.
 
The book ''Commissioned officers in the medical services of the British Army, 1660-1960'' is available online, see below.
 
''Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps'' is  now available online from 1903,  refer below.  "Since its early days the Journal also published “Corps News” which gave details of personal occurences of members of the RAMC including the promotion and postings of officers, honours and awards, qualifications gained by senior NCOs of the Corps, casualties whilst on campaign and obituaries of serving officers"  <ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20120504015144/http://www.ramcjournal.com/archive.html Archived  JRAMC webpage].</ref> Note the "Corps News" appears to be at the back of each monthly edition, and may not  be indexed. For some digital volumes, all the "Corps News" (6 editions) appear at the back of the volume. However, the "Corps News" appears to have ceased appearing in the Internet Archive (Archive.org) digitised versions in the early 1920s, although the publication continued, and there are also some digitised editions during WW2.
 
====First World War====
*The National Archives’ [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/service_records/sr_women_med.htm Service Records for the First World War: women and medical personnel] advises:
:Many doctors were granted temporary commissions in the RAMC. Unfortunately, as the RAMC (Temp) officers only served for the duration of the war, their service records were destroyed after 1920. Those for RAMC officers who received permanent commissions between 1871 and 1922, accessible via the index in [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/C3063284  WO 338/23], are listed in [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/record?catid=13398&catln=3 WO 339]
:The catalogue entry for WO 339 advises it includes records of British reserve officers who were commissioned into the Indian Army.
:Note doctors who were young during the First World War may have also served in the Second World War and possibly there may be a service file at the UK Ministry of Defence. For details see [[British Army#Army_personnel_serving_after_January_1921|British Army - Army personnel serving after January 1921]].
*Doctors including those in the Territorial Force are listed in ''Monthly Army List''s which have been digitised by the National Library of Scotland  in the database [https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/102697258 '1914-1940 - Monthly army lists'].
:As an example, for March 1917, the Listing for the Royal Army Medical Corps commences [https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/119991271 digital page 1251], including Territorial Force [https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/119991895 digital page 1303] and continues to [https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/119992183 digital page 1327]. '''Note'''. Medical Officers attached to Regiments will appear in the regimental listing, following Quarter-Masters, as an example [https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/119988271 digital page 1001] March 1917.
*[http://www.ramc-ww1.com/research.php RAMC in the Great War: Researching the RAMC]
*[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/army/regiments-and-corps/royal-army-medical-corps-in-the-first-world-war/ Royal Army Medical Corps in the First World War] ''The Long, Long Trail'' longlongtrail.co.uk
*The [[British Library]] holds the book ''Doctors in the Great War'' by Ian Whitehead 1999 UIN: BLL01007821332 and a 2013 reprint edition UIN: BLL01016495645  . [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=3ZZICgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 Sample pages] including [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=3ZZICgAAQBAJ&pg=PR5 Contents] and [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=3ZZICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 Scope] Google Books. Does '''not''' include any listing of names.
 
====Historical books online====
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/rollofcommisssio00johnuoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''Roll of Commissioned Officers in the Medical Service of the British Army, who served on full pay within the period between the accession of George II and the formation of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 20 June 1727 to 23 June 1898, with an introduction showing the historical evolution of the Corps''] by William Johnston 1917 Archive.org. Missing one introductory page, which is available in a 2nd digital file, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279187/page/n5/mode/1up  page vii] Archive.org.
:[https://archive.org/details/officersmedicalservbritisharmy  ''Commissioned officers in the medical services of the British Army, 1660-1960'']  2 Volumes,  Vol.1: 1660-1727 by A. Peterkin; 1727-1898 by William Johnston; Vol. 2 1898-1960 by R. Drew. Archive.org. This publication covers permanent, regular officers.  There is an index at the back of each volume. Also available, and originating from the [https://wellcomecollection.org/works/u35snta5 Wellcome Collection].
:Excluded are the great majority of the Surgeons' Mates (Assistant Surgeons) who served during the eighteenth century, who were warrant officers, serving with warrants given by the Colonel commanding their regiments, and not commissioned officers, serving with warrants conferred by the King.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/rollindianmedicalservicecrawford/page/n13/mode/2up Preface], ''Roll of the Indian Medical Service 1615-1930'' by D.G. Crawford 1930 Archive.org.</ref>
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/storyofourservic00gore#page/n3/mode/2up ''The Story of Our Services under the Crown: a Historical Sketch of the Army Medical Staff''] by Surgeon-Major Albert A. Gore 1879 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/b28710319 ''On the Organization and Duties of the Bearer Company of the Medical Corps in War''] by Surgeon Major G J H Evatt, Army Medical Staff. London  1886 Archive.org
**[https://archive.org/stream/b28710319#page/104/mode/2up "Native Auxiliary Ambulance Transport"] page 105.
*[https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:250247/ Uniform details: A.M.S.C. [Army Medical Staff Corps<nowiki>]</nowiki>  India] Gouache drawing c1900. Brown Digital Repository, Brown University Library. 
*[http://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b19255251 Royal Army Medical Corps Muniments Collection]  Wellcome Library contains many digital items, some of which relate to India.  For some digital items from this collection, see [[Doctors and Surgeons]].
*[https://archive.org/details/withroyalarmyme00vivigoog ''With the Royal Army Medical Corps (R. A. M. C.) at the Front''] by E Charles Vivian 1914 Archive.org. Includes chapters on Composition and Duties, Training etc.
*[https://archive.org/details/scalpelswordstre0000unse ''Scalpel, Sword and Stretcher : forty years of work and play''] by Colonel Robert J Blackham [1931] Formerly Hon. Surgeon to the Viceroy of India , and DDMS Ninth Army Corps in France. He joined the Army Medical Staff in 1895, and then  was in India  c 1897-1903, and 1908-1915. He established St. John’s Ambulance Association in India, which established/became  the Red Cross. He was posted to France in 1915 where he was a doctor to fighting troops in battle. He was also posted to Italy and Russia. Archive.org Books to Borrow. Also available [https://digitalcollections.ucalgary.ca/Detail/2R3BF1F070BY4 Digital Collection University of Calgary] Canada. Download may be possible for the latter, see under Actions "Permissions and access"(registration required, fee seems to/perhaps may apply for digital copies- see [https://libanswers.ucalgary.ca/ FAQ]).
*[http://jramc.bmj.com/content/by/year ''Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps'']. jramc.bmj.com. An Archive from 1903. The "Corps News" may not be  not indexed, but may appear as a separate section at the back of each monthly edition, or as a separate section at the back of the book, up until December 1920.  Note: the content of the Archive is '''searchable'''. Pdf files to access, by article. From 2020 the title changed to ''BMJ Military Health''. '''Update'''. This Archive now appears to be accessible by Subscription only. However, volumes to 1962 may be accessed in the Internet Archive (Archive.org), see the following details
:Archive.org:
:[https://archive.org/details/journalofroyalar4190grea/page/n5/mode/2up Vol IV 1905 Jan.], [https://archive.org/details/journalofroyalar4190grea/page/840/mode/2up Index]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.230949/page/1/mode/2up  Vol XI 1908: July], [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.230949/page/650/mode/2up Index]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.230947 Vol XII 1909 Jan.], [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.230947/page/707/mode/2up Index]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.230945 Vol XV 1910 July], [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.230945/page/767/mode/2up Index]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.26537 Vol. XVI 1911 Jan.], [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.26537/page/699/mode/2up Index]; [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.230948/page/1/mode/2up  Vol. XVII 1911, July], [https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.230948/page/677/mode/2up Index].
:{|cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|Volume 25, '''Jul –Dec 1915'''
 
[https://archive.org/details/jramc-1915-vol25/page/717/mode/2up Volume 25 Index]
|[https://archive.org/details/n1journal25grea 1 (Jul)]
[https://archive.org/stream/n1journal25grea#page/146/mode/2up Corps News]
 
|[https://archive.org/details/n2journal25grea  2 (Aug)]
[https://archive.org/stream/n2journal25grea#page/252/mode/2up Corp News]
 
|[https://archive.org/details/n3journal25grea  3 (Sep)]
 
[https://archive.org/stream/n3journal25grea#page/358/mode/2up Corps News]
|
|[https://archive.org/details/n5journal25grea 5 (Nov)]
 
[https://archive.org/stream/n5journal25grea#page/590/mode/2up Corps News]
|
|-
| Volume 30, '''Jan—Jun 1918'''
 
[https://archive.org/stream/n6journal03grea#page/n105/mode/2up  Volume 30 Index]
|
|[https://archive.org/details/n2journal03grea  2 (Feb)]
 
[https://archive.org/stream/n2journal03grea#page/234/mode/2up Corps News]
|[https://archive.org/details/n3journal03grea  3 (Mar)]
 
[https://archive.org/stream/n3journal03grea#page/356/mode/2up Corps News]
|[https://archive.org/details/n4journal03grea  4 (Apr)]
 
[https://archive.org/stream/n4journal03grea#page/454/mode/2up Corps News]
|[https://archive.org/details/n5journal03grea 5 (May)]
[https://archive.org/stream/n5journal03grea#page/534/mode/2up Corps News]
|[https://archive.org/details/n6journal03grea 6 (Jun)]
 
[https://archive.org/stream/n6journal03grea#page/628/mode/2up Corps News]
|-
|Volume 31, '''Jul-Dec 1918'''
 
[https://archive.org/stream/n6journal31grea#page/502/mode/2up  Volume 31 Index]
 
|[https://archive.org/details/n1journal31grea 1 (Jul)]
 
[https://archive.org/stream/n1journal31grea#page/96/mode/2up Corps News]
|[https://archive.org/details/n2journal31grea 2 (Aug)]
 
[https://archive.org/stream/n2journal31grea#page/176/mode/2up Corps News]
|[https://archive.org/details/n3journal31grea  3 (Sep)]
 
[https://archive.org/stream/n3journal31grea#page/256/mode/2up Corps News]
|[https://archive.org/details/n4journal31grea 4 (Oct)]


The book ''Commissioned officers in the medical services of the British Army, 1660-1960'', published  1968, is available at the [[British Library]]
[https://archive.org/stream/n4journal31grea#page/338/mode/2up Corps News]
|
|[https://archive.org/details/n6journal31grea  6 (Dec)]


===Other===
[https://archive.org/stream/n6journal31grea#page/506/mode/2up Corps News]
The ''British Medical Journal'' is available [http://www.bmj.com/archive/ online] from 1840 and is a source of information, particularly the obituaries. However, it probably has more relevance for English, rather than Scottish doctors. [http://www.bmj.com/search.dtl Search] the archives directly (it is necessary to first register) or access BMJ and other online journals through [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ PubMed Central] (PMC is the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature).
|-
|}
:[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Journal+of+the+Royal+Army+Medical+Corps%22%29&sort=date Archive.org editions from  1904 to 1962] broken range. Note the "Corps News" only appears in the digitised books on Archive.org until the early 1920s. However the publication continued and later became ''The R.A.M.C., The A.D. Corps, and Q.A.I.M.N.S. News and Gazette''.
:*[https://archive.org/details/jramc-1913-vol21/page/345/mode/2up "Hints on taking over command of a Station Hospital for British Troops in India"] by Captain A C Elliott page 346 ''Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, Volume 21 1913'' Archive.org


==Historical background==
==Historical background==
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2300847/?page=4 “Early History of the Indian Medical Service”]. British Medical Journal 7 February 1914, pages 317-319  Also includes names of doctors present at a medical dinner  at Calcutta in  1914
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2300847/?page=4 “Early History of the Indian Medical Service”]. British Medical Journal 7 February 1914, pages 317-319  Also includes names of doctors present at a medical dinner  at Calcutta in  1914
*[https://archive.org/details/jramc-1915-vol24/page/n125/mode/2up "Some old Bengal Records"] by Colonel R. H. Firth, ''Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps'' 1915;24:2 pages 111-117. Archive.org
*The [http://library.wellcome.ac.uk Wellcome Library], London has both books and archival material about the history of medicine.
*The [http://library.wellcome.ac.uk Wellcome Library], London has both books and archival material about the history of medicine.
*"Surgeons In India, Past and Present" [http://books.google.com/books?id=F28oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA217 "Past"] and [http://books.google.com/books?id=F28oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA242 "Present,1854"] ''The Calcutta Review  v. 22'' Published 1854 pages 217 and 242
*"Surgeons In India, Past and Present" [http://books.google.com/books?id=F28oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA217 "Past"] and [http://books.google.com/books?id=F28oAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA242 "Present,1854"] ''The Calcutta Review  v. 22'' Published 1854 pages 217 and 242
*[http://www.ucl.ac.uk/histmed/downloads/ma_teaching/lo/c123_9c.pdf “European medicine in India from the sixteenth century”] (pdf), a transcribed lecture from University College London (2004)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150926165039/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/histmed/downloads/ma_teaching/lo/c123_9c.pdf “European medicine in India from the sixteenth century”] (pdf), a transcribed lecture from University College London (2004), now an archived webpage.
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630004 "Medicine amidst War and Commerce in Eighteenth-Century Madras"] by Pratik Chakrabarti, ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' 2006 Spring; 80(1): 1–38 (open access)
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630004/ "Medicine amidst War and Commerce in Eighteenth-Century Madras"] by Pratik Chakrabarti, ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'' 2006 Spring; 80(1): 1–38  
*[https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jbsc/024/03/0259-0268 "The truth behind the legend: European doctors in pre-colonial India"] by Rajesh Kochhar ''Journal of Biosciences'' 1999 Sep.; 24(3): 259-68. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180317220706/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:WexWv74AyEkJ:prints.iiap.res.in/bitstream/2248/3416/3/The%2520truth%2520behind%2520the%2520legend:%2520European%2520doctors%2520in%2520pre-colonial%2520India+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au&client=safari Alternative version].
*[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3D62948301B5B8E33F26C3D3F776A154/S0007087400029137a.pdf/tropical_medicine_in_nineteenthcentury_india.pdf "Tropical medicine in nineteenth-century India"] by Mark Harrison ''The British Journal for the History of Science'' [BJHS], 1992, 25 Issue 3, 299-318.
*[https://archive.org/details/jramc-1951-vol96vol97/page/471/mode/2up "The Directors of Medical Services in India"] by Major J. B. Neal,  ''Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps'' 1951;97:6 471-491. Archive.org. They had the chief responsibility for British Military Medicine in India from 1857 to 1947.


Also see [[Public health]]
Also see [[Public health]]


==Working conditions and duties==
==Working conditions and duties==
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Ybk_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA243 "East-India Medical Establishment"]  page 243 ''The Regimental Companion: Containing the Pay, Allowances and Relative Duties of Every Officer in the British Service, Volume 3'' by Charles James 7th edition, considerably enlarged 1811 Google Books
*Pension situation in Bengal in 1827. Letter in ''Oriental Herald'', Volume 14, 1827 [http://books.google.com/books?id=XPIaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA323 Google Books]
*[https://archive.org/details/b22394023/mode/2up ''A code of medical regulations, for the Honorable East India Company's establishment of surgeons, belonging to the Presidency of Prince of Wales' Island, Singapore, and Malacca''] by W E E Conwell, Surgeon on the Madras Establishment 1828 Archive.org.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/codeofregulation00madr#page/n5/mode/2up ''Code of Regulations for the Medical Department of the Presidency of Fort St. George''] 1833 Archive.org
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=NpdeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Code of Regulations for the Medical Department of the Bengal Establishment''] by James Hutchinson, Secretary to the Medical Board 1838. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=4y5WftsInfgC ''Medical Advice to the Indian Stranger''] by John McCosh M.D. (1841).  This [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=PJ8DHBay4_EC&pg=PA911 book] details the author's photographic work and Army career. He retired in 1856. Also refer [[Photographer]]. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZRUDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP9&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=0_1 ''Handbook for Medical Officers of H.M. Service in India''] by Charles Alexander Gordon M.D. published 1851 (written 1846).  Hints on the Duties of Medical Officers. Google Books
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=appeAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Code of Regulations for the Medical Department of the Presidency of Bombay'']  1849 Google Books
*"Echoes of the Past: The Army Medical Service in India, 1840–53" by Lieutenant-Colonel G. A. Kempthorne ''Journal of the  Royal Army Medical Corps'' 1931 [http://jramc.bmj.com/content/56/3/220.full.pdf Part 1] Volume 56:3 p 220-228 [http://jramc.bmj.com/content/56/4/299.full.pdf Part 2] Volume 56:4 p 299-310
*''Annual Report of the Medical College of Bengal'': [https://archive.org/details/b2476680x Twelfth year 1846-47], [https://archive.org/details/b24766811 Thirteenth year 1847-48], [https://archive.org/details/b24766823 Fourteenth year 1848-49], [https://archive.org/details/b24766835 Fifteenth year 1849-50], [https://archive.org/details/b24766847 Sixteenth year 1850-51], [https://archive.org/details/b24766859_0 Seventeenth year 1851-52]. Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=oRgCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA324  Salaries of Indian Medical Officers in Calcutta c 1860], page 324 ''Medical Times and Gazette, Volume 1 1860'' (published London) Google Books
*''A code of medical and sanitary regulations for the guidance of Medical Officers serving in the Madras Presidency''  [http://books.google.com/books?id=WhUDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5  Volume 1], [http://books.google.com/books?id=NhcDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 2]  by William Robert Cornish 1870 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=HXojAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA435 "The Medical Service of the British Army"], with a section on India (page 435), ''The British and Foreign Medico-chirurgical Review Or Quarterly Journal of Practical Medicine and Surgery'' (1855) Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=0i0AAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''A manual of medical jurisprudence for Bengal and the North-Western Provinces''] by Norman Chevers MD 1856 Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/remarksonusesso02warigoog#page/n7/mode/1up ''Remarks on the uses of some of the bazaar medicines and common medical plants of India'', 2nd edition 1874] by Edward John Waring MD , [http://www.archive.org/stream/remarksonusesso01warigoog#page/n10/mode/1up 3rd edition 1875], [http://www.archive.org/stream/remarksonusesso00warigoog#page/n7/mode/1up 4th edition 1883], ([https://archive.org/details/13658605.5927.emory.edu 1860 edition] in English and Tamil)  Archive.org
*For more books on Indian medicinal plants and drugs see [[Scientific books online#Botany in British India|Scientific books online - Botany in British India]]
*[https://archive.org/details/b22304642 ''Medical women for India'']  by Frances Elizabeth Hoggan MD 1882. Archive.org. Reprinted from ''The Contemporary Review, August, 1882'', and from ''The Journal of the National Indian Association, October, 1882''
*[https://archive.org/details/b24907017 ''Report and evidence taken by the Committee appointed to enquire into the pay, status, and conditions of service of the medical officers of the army : with evidence concerning the Indian Service and some of the more important appendices. April 1890''] Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/39002086291359.med.yale.edu ''The Burma Medical Manual : containing rules for the management of charitable hospitals and dispensaries and for the guidance of medical officers under the Government of Burma ; issued under authority''] 1898 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/medicaljurispru00waddgoog ''Medical Jurisprudence for India: with illustrative cases''] by I B Lyon, revised and brought up to date by L A Waddell, Lieutenant-Colonel, Indian Medical Service. 3rd edition 1904 Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/details/medicaljurisprud00lyonuoft 7th edition 1921] by L A Waddell, Lt.-Colonel IMS (Retd).  Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/b24758450 ''Around the world via India : a medical tour''] by Nicholas Senn 1905. Contains chapters on India and Ceylon, including hospitals. Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/b29003908/page/n5/mode/2up ''Army Regulations, India. Volume VI Medical. Corrected up to 1st April 1906''] by Government of India Military Department. Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/b28983105/page/n3/mode/2up ''A Hand-book for Officers of the Indian Medical Service in Military Employ''] by  Captain H Boulton IMS, Medical Officer 31st Punjabis. 1909. Archive.org.
*[https://archive.org/details/b28987913 ''The Indian Medical Service : being a synopsis of the rules and regulations regarding pay, promotion, pension, leave, examination, etc., in the Indian Medical Service, both military and civil''] by Major B G Seton IMS and  Major J Gould IMS. 1912 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/fiftythousandmil00wall ''Fifty Thousand Miles on a Hospital Ship''] by “The Padre” [Charles Steel Wallis] 1917 Archive.org. The hospital ship that Padre Wallis joined in 1915 was most likely the 'Goorkha'.<ref>frev. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/253987-norwegian-matron-on-indian-hospital-ship/?do=findComment&comment=2569706 Norwegian Matron on Indian Hospital Ship] ''Great War Forum'' 3 October 2017. Retrieved  21 December 2020.</ref>  She was  then  an Indian Hospital  Ship staffed by doctors from the  Indian Medical Service, although subsequently became a British Hospital Ship.
*[http://dare.uva.nl/document/124912 ''Their Footprints Remain: Biomedical Beginnings across the Indo-Tibetan Frontier''] (pdf) by Alex McKay International Institute for Asian Studies 2007 Contents page 6(of the pdf) Notes page 250 Bibliography page 286 Index page 304, part of the Digital Academic Repository van de Universiteit van Amsterdam.
**page 43,  has a section in the introduction  called "The Indian Medical Service and the Subordinate Medical Service". Chapter 1 (page 56) is called "Missionary Medicine and the Rise of Kalimpong"
*[https://archive.org/details/b29809770 ''The Medical Profession in India''] by Major-General Sir Patrick Hehir [1923] Archive.org
* ''I’d Live it Again'' by Lieut.-Col E J O’Meara, Indian Medical Service (rtd) 1935 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.523947 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India. The author is catalogued as Meara. An autobiography. He joined the IMS in 1898.
*  ''Indian Medical Service: A Handbook''  by Major A. N.  Chopra  1939 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.238424 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.


*Pension situation in Bengal in 1827. Letter in ''Oriental Herald'', Volume 14, 1827 [http://books.google.com/books?id=XPIaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA323 Google Books]
===Medical Journals===
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=4y5WftsInfgC ''Medical Advice to the Indian Stranger''] by John McCosh M.D. (1841).  This [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=PJ8DHBay4_EC&pg=PA911 book] details the author's photographic work and Army career. He retired in 1856. Also refer [[Photographer]].
*''Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta'' [https://archive.org/details/s8id11857600/page/n6/mode/2up Volume 1, 1825], [https://archive.org/details/s8id13658440/page/n6/mode/2up Vol 2], 1826, [https://archive.org/details/s8id13658450/page/n6/mode/2up Vol 3, 1827], [https://archive.org/details/s8id13658460/page/n23/mode/2up Vol 4, 1829], [https://archive.org/details/s8id13658470/page/n6/mode/2up Vol 5, 1831], [https://archive.org/details/s8id13658480/page/n6/mode/2up Vol 6, 1833] Archive.org; [http://books.google.com/books?id=tZ8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3 Vol 7 1835] Google Books; [https://archive.org/details/s8id13658500/page/n6/mode/2up Vol 8, 1836, Part I] Archive.org. The title then changed to ''Quarterly Journal of Calcutta Medical and Physical Society'' which appears to have been published 1837-1838 (six quarterly volumes), in 1842, with the final volume in 1845, again under the title of ''Transactions''... [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502036/page/n5/mode/2up Vol 9, Part I, 1845] Archive.org.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZRUDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP9&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=0_1 ''Handbook for Medical Officers of H.M. Service in India''] by Charles Alexander Gordon M.D. published 1851 (written 1846).  Hints on the Duties of Medical Officers.
*''Madras Quarterly Medical Journal'' 1839 to 1844 - many interesting articles by Madras surgeons including medical reports on various regiments. Google Books
*[http://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/pageturner.cfm?id=75063734  ''A code of medical and sanitary regulations for the guidance of Medical Officers serving in the Madras Presidency'']  by William Robert Cornish 1870 (2 Volumes) is available to read online on the National Library of Scotland’s website 'Medical History of British India'
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=HXojAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA435 "The Medical Service of the British Army"], with a section on India (page 435), ''The British and Foreign Medico-chirurgical Review Or Quarterly Journal of Practical Medicine and Surgery'' (1855)
*''Madras Quarterly Medical Journal'' 1839 to 1844 - many interesting articles by Madras surgeons including medical reports on various regiments.
:[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwQHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 1 1839],[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2AQHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 2 1840],[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8QQHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 3  1841], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AAUHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4 1842],[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CQUHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1-IA1 Volume 5 1843],[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KQUHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 6 1844]
:[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwQHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 1 1839],[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2AQHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 2 1840],[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8QQHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 3  1841], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AAUHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 4 1842],[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CQUHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1-IA1 Volume 5 1843],[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KQUHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 6 1844]
*''Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Science'' Google Books
*''Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Science'' Google Books
:[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ahe1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 1 1860], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0he1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2 1861], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ahi1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR6 Volume 3 1861], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dhm1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR6 Volume 4 1862], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Bu4EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP19 Volume 5 1862], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2xm1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR6 Volume 6 1863],[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LBq1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 7 1863], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uBq1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 8 1865], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oia1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 9 1866], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Sye1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 10 1866], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ACi1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 11 1867], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pyi1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 12 1868],  [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pyi1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA409 Index to Volumes 1-12], pages 409-470 of Volume 12
:[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ahe1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 1 1860], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0he1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 2 1861], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ahi1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR6 Volume 3 1861], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dhm1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR6 Volume 4 1862], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Bu4EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP19 Volume 5 1862], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2xm1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR6 Volume 6 1863],[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LBq1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 7 1863], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uBq1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 8 1865], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oia1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 9 1866], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Sye1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 10 1866], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ACi1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 11 1867], [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pyi1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume 12 1868],  [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pyi1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA409 Index to Volumes 1-12], pages 409-470 of Volume 12
*''Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Bombay'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=Yh6gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover Volume I, 1838], [http://books.google.com/books?id=tR6gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover  No III, 1840], [http://www.archive.org/stream/transactions46mediuoft#page/n5/mode/2up No IV 1841] Archive.org, [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ah-gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover   No VI, 1843], [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ah-gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover No IX 1847-1848], [http://books.google.com/books?id=8yKgAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover No 1 New Series 1851-1852], [http://books.google.com/books?id=2COgAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover   No III New Series 1855-1856], [http://books.google.com/books?id=z58EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 No V New Series 1859], [http://books.google.com/books?id=z58EAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PR31 No VI New Series 1860], [http://books.google.com/books?id=bZ8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 No VII New Series 1861], [http://books.google.com/books?id=C5AEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover No IX New Series 1869] Google Books (except 1841)
*''The Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science'' Google Books
*'' The Indian Medical Gazette'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=oLkTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3 Volume 3, 1868] Google Books, [http://www.archive.org/stream/indianmedicalgaz03calcuoft#page/288/mode/2up Volume 4, 1869], [http://www.archive.org/stream/indianmedicalga00unkngoog#page/n5/mode/1up Volume 39, 1904] Archive.org
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=gCS1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7  ''Volume 2 July-December 1870''], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=gCS1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA481 Index], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=-yS1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Volume 3, January-June 1871''] [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=-yS1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA473 Index], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=fyW1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Volume 4, July-December 1871''] [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=fyW1AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA473 Index], Google Books. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4313938?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 ''1872''], [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b4313938?urlappend=%3Bseq=503 Index to Volume V] Hathi Trust
*The following Journals may be read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website
*''Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Bombay'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=Yh6gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover Volume I, 1838], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Yh6gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA373 No II 1839] (2 volumes in 1), [http://books.google.com/books?id=tR6gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover  No III, 1840], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tR6gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA227 No IV 1841], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tR6gAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA157 No V 1842], (3 volumes in 1), [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ah-gAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover No VI, 1843], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Ah-gAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA253 No VII 1844], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Ah-gAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA209 No VIII 1845-1846] (3 volumes in 1), [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ISKgAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover No IX 1847-1848], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ISKgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA267 No X 1849-1850], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ISKgAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA1 Index Nos I-X], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8yKgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1  No I New Series 1851-1852], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8yKgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA365 No II New Series 1853-1854] (2 volumes in 1), [http://books.google.com/books?id=2COgAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover     No III New Series 1855-1856], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=2COgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR47 No IV New Series 1857-1858] (2 volumes in 1), [http://books.google.com/books?id=z58EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 No V New Series 1859], [http://books.google.com/books?id=z58EAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PR31 No VI New Series 1860],(2 volumes in 1)  [http://books.google.com/books?id=bZ8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1   No VII New Series 1861], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=bZ8EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR67 No VIII New Series 1862] (2 volumes in 1) [http://books.google.com/books?id=C5AEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover No IX New Series 1869], [http://books.google.com/books?id=DJAEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1  No X New Series 1870]  Google Books  
**''Indian Annals of Medical Science'' Volume 12 1867
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=EX4FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR6 "East India and China Stations"] ''Annals of military and naval surgery and tropical medicine and hygiene: Volume 1 for the year 1863'' 1864 Google Books. (There were no further editions published).
**''The  Calcutta Journal of  Medicine'' , in an incomplete series  ranging from Volume 8, 1876 to Volume 351916  
*'' The Indian Medical Gazette'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=oLkTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3 Volume 3, 1868] Google Books, [http://www.archive.org/stream/indianmedicalgaz03calcuoft#page/288/mode/2up Volume 4, 1869], Archive.org; [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hc3xuq?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 Volume 8, 1873],[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hc3xuq?urlappend=%3Bseq=9  Index] [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hc3xun?urlappend=%3Bseq=3 Volume 10, 1875], [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.hc3xum?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 Volume 11, 1876]  HathiTrust, [http://www.archive.org/stream/indianmedicalga00unkngoog#page/n5/mode/1up Volume 39, 1904] Archive.org. Further [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000551468 HathiTrust] editions for those in areas such as North America.
**''The Indian Medical Record Volume 14'' January-June 1898 and Volume 20 January-June 1901  
:[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/2470/ US National Library of Medicine Collection 1866-1955], missing three editions.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=0i0AAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''A manual of medical jurisprudence for Bengal and the North-Western Provinces''] by Norman Chevers MD 1856 Google Books
*The following Journals are available on Archive.org, mirrors of files from the Digital Library of India.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/remarksonusesso02warigoog#page/n6/mode/1up ''Remarks on the uses of some of the bazaar medicines and common medical plants of India, 2nd edition 1874] by Edward John Waring MD , [http://www.archive.org/stream/remarksonusesso01warigoog#page/n10/mode/1up 3rd edition 1875], [http://www.archive.org/stream/remarksonusesso00warigoog#page/n7/mode/1up 4th edition 1883] Archive,org
**[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181760/page/n5 ''Indian Annals of Medical Science''] Volume 12 1867
*[http://dare.uva.nl/document/124912 ''Their Footprints Remain: Biomedical Beginnings across the Indo-Tibetan Frontier''] (pdf) by Alex McKay International Institute for Asian Studies 2007 Contents page 6(of the pdf) Notes page 250 Bibliography page 286 Index page 304, part of the Digital Academic Repository van de Universiteit van Amsterdam.
**[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Calcutta+Journal+of++Medicine%29&sort=-date ''The  Calcutta Journal of  Medicine''] , in an incomplete series  ranging from Volume 8, 1876 to Volume 361917  
**page 43,  has a section in the introduction  called "The Indian Medical Service and the Subordinate Medical Service". Chapter 1( page 56) is called "Missionary Medicine and the Rise of Kalimpong"
**[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22Indian+Medical+Record%22%29&sort=-date ''The Indian Medical Record'']. A broken range from Volume 6, 1894 to Volume 20, 1901 (currently four volumes).
*[https://archive.org/search.php?query=Scientific+memoirs+by+medical+officers+of+the+army+of+India&and%5B%5D=mediatype%3A%22texts%22&sort=-publicdate ''Scientific Memoirs by Medical Officers of the Army of India'']. Broken range of volumes from 1884 to 1897. Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Scientific+memoirs+by+officers+of+the+medical+and+sanitary+departments+of+the+Government+of+India%29&sort=-publicdate&page=1  ''Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the Government of India'']. Broken range of editions from New Series Volume 1 1902 to New Series Volume 60 1913. Archive.org
*A broken range of editions of half yearly volumes of the ''British Medical Journal'' 1862-1923, and later, is available at [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%22British+Medical+Journal%22+AND+mediatype%3Atexts&page=1 Archive.org] including the [[First World War]] years
:{|cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|[https://archive.org/details/1914britishmedical01brit 1914:1]
 
[https://archive.org/details/1914britishmedical02brit 1914:2]
|[https://archive.org/details/1915britishmedical01brit 1915:1]
 
[https://archive.org/details/britishmedicaljo21915brit 1915:2]
|[https://archive.org/details/v1britishmedical1916brit 1916:1]
 
[https://archive.org/details/1916britishmedic02brit 1916:2]
|[https://archive.org/details/1917britishmedic01brit 1917:1]
 
[https://archive.org/details/1917britishmedic02brit 1917:2]
|[https://archive.org/details/1918britishmedic01brit 1918:1]
 
[https://archive.org/details/britishmedicaljo21918brit 1918:2]
|-
|[https://archive.org/details/1919britishmedic01brit 1919:1]
 
[https://archive.org/details/britishmedicaljo21919brit 1919:2]
|[https://archive.org/details/britishmedicaljo11920brit 1920:1]
 
[https://archive.org/details/britishmedicaljo21920brit 1920:2]
|[https://archive.org/details/britishmedicaljo11921brit 1921:1]
 
[https://archive.org/details/britishmedicaljo21921brit 1921:2]
|[https://archive.org/details/britishmedicaljo11922brit 1922:1]


[https://archive.org/details/britishmedicaljo21922brit 1922:2]
|[https://archive.org/details/britishmedicaljo11923brit 1923:1]


[https://archive.org/details/britishmedicaljo21923brit 1923:2]
|-
|}
:In addition there, also on Archive.org, [https://archive.org/details/pub_british-medical-journal?&sort=date&page=1 ''British Medical Journal 1857-2015''] collection, consisting of  digitised microfilm of the weekly editions, which is '''searchable as a collection'''. Some editions are Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10603/121660 ''Medical Thought and Practice in Colonial India: A Study of the Indian Medical Gazette (1866-1947)''] by Savitri Das Sinha 2011 PhD Thesis Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi  includes
**[https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/121660/7/07_chapter%202.pdf  "Chapter II Early Medical Journals in India (1825-1866)"]


===Appointment===
===Appointment===
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=cLsOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297 Rules for appointment in 1848] from ''The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East India Knowledge: A Companion to "The Hand-book of British India'' by Joachim Hayward Stocqueler (1848) page 297 (Google Books)
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=cLsOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA297 Rules for appointment in 1848] from ''The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East India Knowledge: A Companion to "The Hand-book of British India'' by Joachim Hayward Stocqueler (1848) page 297 (Google Books)
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924101205643#page/n181/mode/2up  Entrance requirements c 1872], page 172,  ''Index Scholasticus: Sons and daughters. A guide to parents in the choice of educational institutions, preparatory to professional or other occupation of their children'' by R. Kemp Philp 1872 (Archive.org)
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA229 Regulations for appointment to the Indian Medical Service in 1905] in the India Office List (Google Books)
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA229 Regulations for appointment to the Indian Medical Service in 1905] in the India Office List (Google Books)


For appointment procedures, refer to the Individuals section below and George Aldred.
For appointment procedures, refer to the Individuals section [[Doctors and Surgeons]] and George Aldred.


===Field hospitals===
===Field hospitals===
William Lewis M'Gregor, a surgeon himself, writing in his ''The history of the Sikhs'' (Vol 1, 1846), [http://books.google.com/books?id=ymgOAAAAQAAJ&dq=promptitude%20was%20well%20exemplified&pg=RA1-PA184#v=onepage&q=macleod&f=false describes the work of a regimental surgeon] during the [[1st Sikh War]] and calls for field hospitals to be used in future conflicts.  [http://books.google.com/books?id=XhoCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA158 "The Loodianah Field Hospital, With Remarks On The State of The Army Medical Department in India"] by John Murray, M.D., Field Surgeon, page 158, ''Medical Times'' (published in 1849) is an account of a Field Hospital after battle in 1846, including medical details, with the slightly wounded carried out on elephants.  [http://books.google.com/books?id=rEU7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA255 "Field Arrangements in India"] from ''Army Hygiene'' by Charles Alexander Gordon M.D. (1866) describes the Logistics of a Field Hospital, including details of the number of camels required.
William Lewis M'Gregor, a surgeon himself, writing in his ''The history of the Sikhs'' (Vol 1, 1846), [http://books.google.com/books?id=ymgOAAAAQAAJ&dq=promptitude%20was%20well%20exemplified&pg=RA1-PA184#v=onepage&q=macleod&f=false describes the work of a regimental surgeon] during the [[1st Sikh War]] and calls for field hospitals to be used in future conflicts.  [http://books.google.com/books?id=XhoCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA158 "The Loodianah Field Hospital, With Remarks On The State of The Army Medical Department in India"] by John Murray, M.D., Field Surgeon, page 158, ''Medical Times'' (published in 1849) is an account of a Field Hospital after battle in 1846, including medical details, with the slightly wounded carried out on elephants.  [http://books.google.com/books?id=rEU7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA255 "Field Arrangements in India"] from ''Army Hygiene'' by Charles Alexander Gordon M.D. (1866) describes the Logistics of a Field Hospital, including details of the number of camels required.
===Civil Surgeons===
Civil Surgeons,  it seems, led demanding and frustrating lives although the pay was better than in the Military and the range of professional duties greater.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=oLkTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA272 "Civil Surgeons in India] ''The Indian Medical Gazette'' Volume 3, page 272 1868. Google Books 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=Yz-zE8waQukC&pg=PA168 ''History of Medicine in India, page 168'']  by Chittabrata Palit 2005.  Preview Google Books
*[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/21456  "Growth of the Civil Side of the Indian Medical Service -Since 1885"].  Report written 1 October 1912 by C. P. Lukis, Surgeon General, Director- General, Indian Medical Service.  Link to a pdf download, DSpace website of Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune.
Assistant Surgeons, and sometimes Surgeons, in civil employment were often [[Superintendent of Jails]].


===Non-medical duties===
===Non-medical duties===
Line 89: Line 326:
[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianmedicalga00unkngoog#page/n25/mode/1up/ “Doctors as Civil and Political Officers”] by Lieut-Col D G Crawford I.M.S  from  ''The Indian Medical Gazette, Volume 39, 1904'', page 1.
[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianmedicalga00unkngoog#page/n25/mode/1up/ “Doctors as Civil and Political Officers”] by Lieut-Col D G Crawford I.M.S  from  ''The Indian Medical Gazette, Volume 39, 1904'', page 1.


==Individuals==
== External links ==
A further list of surgeons, who found fame as [[botanists and naturalists]] can be found in that article.
 
===Bengal===
 
*Gabriel Broughton was, perhaps, the most influential doctor in the history of British India. In the year 1636 the daughter of Mughal Emperor, Shah Jehan, was badly burnt following the upset of an oil lamp. The Emperor sent for the English ship's surgeon, Gabriel Broughton, who was able to assist her. In a later incident he treated another lady of the Emperor's harem. In reward for his services he asked that the East India Company be given a charter to trade in Bengal.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton_(surgeon) William Hamilton] (Wikipedia), a surgeon, died 1717. In gratitude for the success of the medical treatment given to him by Hamilton, the Mughal Emperor, Furrukhsiyar, made generous gifts to the English surgeon. He also allowed the East India Company to purchase about 30 villages which enabled fortification of their position around Calcutta and greatly strengthened their trading presence in Bengal. Hamilton's profession, therefore, played a significant role in establishing the early influence of the East India Company. [http://www.search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=237&s_id=140  Photo of memorial  to Surgeon William Hamilton] on Fibis database
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/diariesofthreesu00firm#page/n5/mode/2up ''The Diaries of Three Surgeons of Patna, 1763''] edited by W K  Firminger 1909. The diaries of William Anderson, Peter Campbell and William Fullarton (Fullerton) about the massacre at Patna in 1763. William Anderson died there. His diary is also published in the ''Calcutta Review, Volume 79 1884'' which is available online on the Digital Library of India website, computer page 349.(Search for Calcutta Review, Vol 79).  Refer [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Online books-Digital Library of India]] for more details about this site. William Fullerton was appointed Surgeon to the Calcutta General Hospital in 1744
*John Farquhar Assistant Surgeon c 1794  was “better known for the large fortune which he acquired from the various speculations into which he entered", brief details are in  this [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924030697688#page/n45/mode/2up link] Archive.org
*William Lewis M’Gregor (or McGregor) 1801-1853. He gained his M.D. at Edinburgh 1825. He was appointed Assistant Surgeon 15 March 1826 and Surgeon 13 January 1842.<ref>''Roll of the Indian Medical Service 1615-1930'' by D.G. Crawford</ref> He took part in the [[1st Sikh War]] as surgeon of the [[1st Bengal (European) Fusiliers]], also known as the 1st European Light Infantry. He had also resided, for a time, at Lahore, as physician to Runjeet Singh,<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=sGcZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA546 ''Dublin University Magazine Volume 29, 1847''], page 546 </ref> the Sikh leader (who died in 1839).  M’Gregor wrote [http://books.google.com/books?id=HlUoAAAAYAAJ ''The History of the Sikhs Volume I''] and [http://books.google.com/books?id=5WJCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''The History of the Sikhs  containing an Account of the War between the Sikhs and the British in 1845-46 Volume II'']  both published in 1846 Google Books. He describes how at the end of 1836 he performed galvanism, a type of electric shock therapy on the ailing Runjeet Singh, [http://books.google.com/books?id=HlUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA274 page 274 of Volume 1].  [http://books.google.com/books?id=VrcOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA673 ''Allen’s Indian Mail''], page 673 reported M’Gregor’s death on 11 September 1853.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=EX4FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA369 Obituary of Surgeon Major Allan Webb], died 15 September 1863, age 55,  entered the Bengal Medical Service in 1835.  A [http://books.google.com/books?id=CrlXAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA498 second] obituary. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2325962/?page=1 Obituary from the British Medical Journal]. For many years from 1842, in addition to his other positions, he was surgeon to the [[Orphans#Lower_Orphan_School|Lower Orphan School]], Calcutta, probably until his retirement, or close to it.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=DlpHAAAAIAAJ ''Autobiography of an Indian Army Surgeon: Or, Leaves Turned Down from a Journal''] by Wilmington Walford M.D. (published 1854) Google Books.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_J._Mouat  Frederic John Mouat] 1816-1897, Bengal Surgeon, was a leading figure in the field of education and prison reform, ca 1840-1870  Wikipedia His [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2433148/?page=1 Obituary] was published in the British Medical Journal. 
:*[http://books.google.com/books?id=_fZaAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Observations on the nosological arrangement of the Bengal medical returns''] by Frederic John Mouat  Assistant Surgeon, Bengal Army, Professor of Materia Medica and Medical Jurisprudence in the Bengal Medical College  1845 Google Books<br>
:*[http://books.google.com/books?id=KBMbAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Report on jails visited and inspected in Bengal, Behar and Arracan''] by Frederic John Mouat Inspector of Jails, Lower Provinces 1856 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=EX4FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA369 Obituary of Assistant-Surgeon W. J. Thomson], Civil Surgeon of Gurgaon (near Delhi), who died 1863. He had “an early death” and appears to have joined the Bengal Medical Service after 1858.
*[http://antiquecannabisbook.com/chap2B/Shaughnessy/Shaughnessy.htm Dr. William Brooke O'Shaughnessy (1809-1889)], modernised treatment for cholera, introduced cannabis to Western medicine, laid first telegraph system in Asia.
:*[http://www.archive.org/stream/memoirofsurgeonm00adamrich#page/n11/mode/2up ''Memoir of Surgeon-Major Sir W. O'Shaughnessy Brooke...etc''] by M Adams (1889)  Archive.org
 
===Madras===
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=wgsDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA3 ''Diseases of India''] by Sir James Annesley, 3rd edition. Google books. Commences with details of his career as a Military Surgeon in the Madras Presidency from 1800 until he retired in 1838, after five years on the Medical Board.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Green_Balfour Edward Green Balfour] (Wikipedia) ,appointed assistant surgeon  in the Madras Medical Service and sailed for India 1834. Retired 1876. [http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2023/otherstories.html#story3 Pages from History: Edward the green Balfour]  ''Madras Musings'' March 16-31 2010
*George Edward Aldred was appointed an Assistant Surgeon in the Madras Medical Service on the 20th of April 1847. This [http://www.britishmedals.us/kevin/profiles/aldred.html page] from Asplin Military History shows the appointment procedures. He was [[Courts-martial|court martialled]] for unbecoming conduct in July 1848 and dismissed, as this [http://books.google.com/books?id=WhcYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA589 item] from ''Allen’s Indian Mail 1848'' shows, but subsequently reinstated.
 
===Bombay===
*[http://www.iranica.com/articles/jukes-andrew-british-east-india-company-surgeon Andrew Jukes] from Encyclopedia Iranica.  Appointed  Assistant Surgeon 1798.
*''Narrative of the Campaign of the Indus in Sind and Kaubool in 1838-9'' by Richard Hartley Kennedy M.D.  Chief of the Medical Staff of the Bombay Division of the Army of the Indus. 1840 [http://books.google.com/books?id=BmVEAAAAIAAJ Volume 1] [http://books.google.com/books?id=UWVEAAAAIAAJ Volume 2]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vandyke_Carter Henry Vandyke Carter] 1831-1897 (Wikipedia) provided the drawings for the famous medical text book Gray’s Anatomy. He later joined the Bombay Medical Service where he had a distinguished research career and was Principal of the Grant Medical College Bombay.
:*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2433698/?page=1 Obituary in the ''British Medical Journal''] dated 15 May 1897
:*Details of his youth and final years in [http://www.coulsons.co.uk/index_BluePlaque.htm  Scarborough]
:*[http://www.baylorhealth.edu/proceedings/22_4/22_4_flatt.pdf  “Happy Birthday, Gray’s Anatomy”] by Adrian E Flatt. 2009. Contains some biographical details.
:*[http://www.leprosyhistory.org/cgi-bin/showdetails.pl?ID=11&type=person  Dr Vandyke Carter, Doctor] from  History of Leprosy, an initiative of the International Leprosy Association
:*”Causation Controversies in India: the Leprosy Career of Henry Vandyke Carter” Chapter 2, page 55 (online page 67) from [http://issuu.com/malpani/docs/leprosyinbombay ''Leprosy in the Bombay Presidency 1840-1897 Perceptions and Approaches to its Control''] . A PhD thesis in History by Shubhada S Pandya 2001
:*[http://library.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/wtl040084.pdf List of Carter Papers in the Wellcome Institute], with  a Biographical  Note
*[http://www.bmj.com/cgi/pdf_extract/1/5229/908 Obituary of R Markham Carter] 1875-1961 from the ''British Medical Journal''.  A large part of his career was in Bombay. He was renowned for the stand he took in respect of the appalling conditions suffered by casualties at Basra in Mesopotamia during the [[First World War]].
 
===Royal Army Medical Corps (British Army)===
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Leith_Adams Andrew Leith Adams] (Wikipedia) travelled to India in 1849 with the [[64th Regiment of Foot]] and remained for seven years.  [http://books.google.com/books?id=vGkUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Wanderings of a naturalist in India: the western Himalayas, and Cashmere''] by Andrew Leith Adams MD (1867) Google Books.
*[http://www.ramcjournal.com/2009/mar09/starling.pdf “War in Burma-the Award of the Victoria Cross to Ferdinand Simeon Le Quesne"] (pdf) by PH Starling from ''Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps March 2009''. The award was for action in [[Burma]] 4 May 1889 when he was a Surgeon Captain with the [[9th Regiment of Foot|2nd Norfolk Regiment]]. He would have been part of the Royal Army Medical Corps at this time, not the Indian Medical Service. He had later (broken) service in Burma and India until 1909.
*[http://intotibet1903-04.blogspot.com/2008/12/2nd-rajput-mess-alipore-calcutta.html Field Force to Lhasa 1903-1904]. Fifty letters home by Captain Cecil Mainprise of the Royal Army Medical Corps who took part in the [[Tibet Expedition]]. His [http://www.jstor.org/pss/25360117 obituary] in the ''British Medical Journal'' 3 March 1951 indicates he had further service in India, including the  [[3rd Afghan War]] of 1919.


===Other===
*[http://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/index.html Medical History of British India - National Library of Scotland]
*Theodore Ludvig Frederick Folly was a Danish surgeon who worked in the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]]  [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1251641/ “The Medical Skills of the Malabar Doctors in Tranquebar, India, as Recorded by Surgeon T L F Folly, 1798”] by Niklas Thode Jensen, PhD student  Med Hist. 2005 October 1; 49(4): 489–515.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190710144526/http://indiannumismatics.com/proddetail.php?prod=013107 Button: Indian Medical Service] , from the time of George V (1910-) or George VI (1936-). indiannumismatics.com, archived.
*[http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/european-adventurers-scholars-and-officials/honigberger-doctorjohn-martin.html Dr John Martin Honigberger] 1795-1865 was physician to the court of Lahore from 1829 to 1849 and known to his Sikh contemporaries as Martin Sahib. The Sikh Encyclopedia [http://books.google.com/books?id=log_dbAdQ4gC&dq=Honigberger&pg=PP15 ''Thirty-five years in the East: Adventures, discoveries, experiments, and historical sketches, relating to the Punjab and Cashmere; in connection with medicine, botany, pharmacy, etc. Together with an original materia medica; and a medical vocabulary, in four European and five Eastern languages''] by John Martin Honigberger, late Physician to the Court of Lahore 1852 Google Books
*[http://www.militarysunhelmets.com/2019/indian-medical-services-named-wolseley#more-19760 "Indian Medical Services Named Wolseley"] [Helmet] by Peter Suciu April 2019 militarysunhelmets.com . With photographs, showing the IMS flash. The helmet belonged to Clifford Llewellyn Ash c late 1930s-WW2.
*John Williamson Palmer 1825-1906 was an American doctor, appointed, in Hong Kong, surgeon on the EIC war steamer Phlegethon (Bengal Marine). The previous surgeon, returning from a dinner party had slipped overboard and was drowned. The Phlegethon took part in the [[2nd Burma War]] in 1852-1853 and [http://books.google.com/books?id=CIUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR3 ''The golden Dagon, or, Up and down the Irrawaddi: being passages of adventure in the Burman Empire''] by John Williamson Palmer 1856 Google Books details his experiences. He also wrote  [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022250405#page/n337/mode/2up/ "The Chorus of the Palanquin Bearers"], a description of his transit through Cossitollah Street, Calcutta. <ref> reprinted in ''Oliver Wendell Holmes, poet, littérateur, scientist'', page 330 by William Sloane Kennedy 1883, Archive.org, originally from ''Atlantic Monthly'', January 1858 </ref>  [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FKXovyWeMYIC&pg=PA389 Biographical details] <ref> ''"Words for the hour": a new anthology of American Civil War poetry'', edited by Faith Barrett, Cristanne Miller Google Books </ref>
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27586218 "Early decades of Madras Medical College: Apothecaries"] by R Raman and A Raman ''Natl Med J India''. 2016 Mar-Apr;29(2):98-102. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/pennellafghanfr00penngoog#page/n12/mode/1up ''Pennell of the Afghan frontier; the life of Theodore Leighton Pennell, M.D., B. SC., F.R.C.S. Kaisar-i-Hind medal for public service in India''] by Alice Maud Pennell 1914. Dr Pennell of the Bannu Medical Mission died at the age of 44.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150529070358/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704723104576061931702951172  Photograph: Hospital Shwebo [Burma<nowiki>]</nowiki> with Different Descriptions of Ambulances, 1887 – 1897] by Felice Beato. Wall Street Journal, now an archived webpage. This photograph was included in an exhibition at the J Paul Getty Museum <ref> [http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/beato/beato_checklist.pdf  Felice Beato: A Photographer on the Eastern Road], photograph 114, exhibition at the J Paul Getty Museum</ref>
*Laura and Charles Hope were Baptist medical missionaries from Australia, for most of the period 1893 to 1934, as described in the [http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A140557b.htm Australian Dictionary of Biography].
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/44225104 "The Journal of Patrick Sinclair Laing Assistant Surgeon, 86th Regiment, 1842-1848"] by H B Eaton. ''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research'' Vol. 62, No. 250 (Summer 1984), pp. 74-89. Register and read online for free. jstor.org. The diary extracts commence October 1844.
:[https://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b18395429 Online draft of this article]  Wellcome Library RAMC/1582,  catalogued as "Draft of "The journal of Patrick Sinclair Laing, assistant surgeon, 86th (Royal County Down) Regiment of Foot, 1842 to 1847, in India"". Note, the draft is longer, and has information from 1842.
:Patrick Sinclair Laing was a member of the British Army Medical Services.
*[https://stb.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/i_istb/NE_Vortraege/2016-03-04_-_Franz_-_German-speaking_medical_exile.pdf "German-Speaking Medical Exile to British India 1933-1945"] by Margit Franz. Website of Institut für Südasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde, Universität Wien. From the book  Helmut Konrad, Stefan Benedik (eds.), ''Mapping Contemporary History II. Exemplary fields of research in 25 years of Contemporary History Studies at Graz University/Exemplarische Forschungsfelder aus 25 Jahren Zeitgeschichte an der Universität Graz''. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=AasnFTQrUmcC&pg=PA65 [Limited selection from<nowiki>]</nowiki> pages 61- 86] Google Books.
:These doctors were mainly Jewish. Between the years 1933 and 1938, there were three waves of forced emigration to British India. The first started in the year 1933 with German doctors. A second wave started with Jewish refugees coming from Italy. The Austrian exodus after the German occupation in March 1938 formed the third wave of medical refugees coming to British India, at which point Czech and Hungarian Jewish medical refugees started joining the population of refugees.
:Margit Franz is the author of ''Gateway India. German-speaking Exile to India between British colonial rule, Maharajas and Gandhi''. There is an interview with Dr. Margit Franz in a 2017 article [https://jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com/from-the-reich-to-the-raj/ "From the Reich to the Raj"] (jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com).
===Historical books online===
*[https://archive.org/details/voyagetoindiacon00walliala/page/n5 ''A voyage to India : containing reflections on a voyage to Madras and Bengal, in 1821, in the ship Lonach : instructions for the preservation of health in Indian climates and hints to surgeons and owners of private trading-ships''] by James Wallach, Surgeon of the Lonach. 1824 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/notesonwoundedfr00will ''Notes on the Wounded from the Mutiny in India : with a Description of the Preparations of Gunshot Injuries contained in the Museum of Fort Pitt''] by George Williamson 1859 Archive.org.
:[https://archive.org/stream/b22336412#page/240/mode/2up "Transportation of Sick and Wounded"]  page 240 ''Military Surgery'' by George Williamson 1863 Archive.org. Includes details of conveyances used in India.
*''Annual Report  for the National Association for Supplying Female Medical Aid to the Women of India for the year...'' [part of The Countess of Dufferin’s Fund]
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83397/page/n5 1891] including [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.83397/page/n57 "Lady doctors"] page 52; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116847/page/n3 1909]; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116858/page/n1 1918] including [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.116858/page/n747 "Members of the Women’s Medical Service for India"] (digital page 747). All Archive.org
*[Catalogued as] [https://archive.org/details/IndianMedicalServiceReport1912 ''Indian Medical Service Report 1912''] Archive.org
*''A Dictionary of Medical Science'' by Robley Dunglison. Varying titles over time. Most editions contain the wording "Carefully revised and greatly enlarged" (or similar).
:[https://archive.org/details/62650260RX1.nlm.nih.gov/page/n3/mode/2up 1833], [https://archive.org/details/101567857.nlm.nih.gov 2nd edition, 1839], [https://archive.org/details/101515233.nlm.nih.gov 3rd edition, 1842], [https://archive.org/details/101515227.nlm.nih.gov 4th edition, 1844], [https://archive.org/details/101515242.nlm.nih.gov 5th edition 1845], [https://archive.org/details/101515244.nlm.nih.gov 6th edition, 1846], [https://archive.org/details/101515252.nlm.nih.gov 7th edition 1848], [https://archive.org/details/101515261.nlm.nih.gov 1857], [https://archive.org/details/medicallexicondi00dung 1860], [https://archive.org/details/medicallexicondi00dunguoft 1866], [https://archive.org/details/llecondi00dung 1868], [https://archive.org/details/2medicallexicond00dunguoft 1874], [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmedi1893dung 21st edition 1893], [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmedi1903dung 23rd edition 1903] All Archive.org.
:There are a few additional editions on [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22dictionary+of+medical+science%22+%29&sort=date Archive.org], currently all were published in the 1850s.


==Notes==
==Notes==
<references />
<references />


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Latest revision as of 03:19, 8 August 2024

See also, details of some individual Doctors and Surgeons.

A doctor may also be known as a Surgeon or (prior to 1873) an Assistant Surgeon. The term Medical Officer is also used. Most of this article refers to surgeons who were employed by the Bengal, Madras, Bombay or Indian Medical Service/Departments. However some surgeons in British Army regiments were part of the Royal Army Medical Corps of the British Army.

For Assistant Surgeons from 1894, refer Apothecary

On 3 April 1943, the Indian Medical Service was amalgamated into the Indian Army Medical Corps, along with the Indian Medical Department, and the Indian Hospital & Nursing Corps

This article contains many links to historical online books.

FIBIS resources

This book is available to read online, see below, Lists of medical officers.

Records

Online records

  • The following records are available on the pay website findmypast (as at June 2014) as the collection British India Office Assistant Surgeons, a section of the British India Office Collection.[1] These records are located in the category Education & work/Professions.
    • IOR/L/MIL/9/358, 360-364, 366-396 Assistant-Surgeons’ Papers, 1804-1854
    • IOR/L/MIL/9/397-408 Papers of Assistant-Surgeons selected by the Board of Examiners,, 1855-1881
    • IOR/L/MIL/9/409 Annual list of Assistant-Surgeons appointed giving Presidency, nominating Director and date of appointment, with separate lists of rank, 1787-1791
    • IOR/L/MIL/9/410 Annual lists of Assistant-Surgeons appointed giving Presidency, nominating Director, date of appointment and ship, 1791-1814
    • IOR/L/MIL/9/411 Annual lists of rank of Assistant-Surgeons, Madras Bengal and Bombay, 1794-1814
    • IOR/L/MIL/9/412 Register of candidates for Assistant-Surgeon posts giving address, dates of application and examination, result, and date of returning diplomas. 1865-1877
    • IOR/L/MIL/9/413-418 Papers of Surgeons selected by the Board of Examiners, 1882-1894
    • IOR/L/MIL/9/419 Papers of candidates selected for the Indian Medical Service, 1895-1896
  • findmypast, pay website, also contains the database Britain, Physicians and Surgeons, 1830-1923. Based on data from Calendar of The Royal College of Surgeons in England 1865 to 1923, and Members of The Royal College of Physicians 1830 to 1918, in addition to online books, which are available online (for free), see below. Note these are databases in respect of Specialist doctors.
  • Ancestry, a pay website, in the category Schools, Directories & Church Histories has the following databases:
    • "UK, Roll of the Indian Medical Service, 1615 -1930". (Released October 2016). This database consists of Index records and page images from the book of the same name by D.G. Crawford, see below under Lists of medical officers.
    • "UK & Ireland, Medical Directories, 1845-1942" (Released October 2016). These appear to be commercial publications. “Medical Directories list most practising and retired doctors in Britain and its colonies”. The main publication included is The Medical Directory (1870- 1942), (published at least some periods by J & A Churchill (or variant names) and sometimes referred to as Churchill's Medical Directory) and earlier publications The London Medical Directory (1845-1846), The London and Provincial Medical Directory (1847-1869) The Medical Directory for Ireland (1852-1860), The Medical Directory for Scotland (1852-1860). Broken ranges. The 1924 edition includes Dental Surgeons, Dental Surgeons are also included in most/all? other editions.
    The 1861 edition appears to be the first edition which lists doctors resident overseas. As an example of the contents The Medical Directory for 1924 80th Annual Issue has sections “Abroad”, and “Naval, Military and Indian Services”, see Title page digital page 42 and Contents page, digital page 43. "Practitioners Resident Abroad registered under the Medical Acts of Great Britain and Ireland" digital page 1714/original page 1601. "Registered Practitioners Resident Abroad. Local List. Digital page 1896/original page 1783 Grouped according to Continent/Country. To access these links you must be signed into Ancestry.
Available on Archive.org: The medical directory for Ireland 1852, 1856, 1858; 1859, including [Regulations and conditions relating to] "Her Majesty's Indian Forces" page 270. The London & provincial medical directory for 1861, including "A List of registered Non-Residents" The 1861 edition appears to be the first edition which lists doctors resident overseas; The London and Provincial Medical Directory at Archive.org for 1865, 1866; The Medical Directory at Archive.org for 1870, 1872, 1873, 1876, 1878, 1884.
  • Also available on Ancestry "UK Medical Registers, 1859-1959". "This database contains annually published books listing all of the names of [UK] doctors who were licensed to practise in the United Kingdom and abroad from 1859-1959. Also included are foreign doctors who qualified in Britain. Although these books were published annually, registers have only been digitised on 4 year intervals".
  • See the Fibiwiki section The [London] Gazette on the British Army page.
  • The British Medical Journal is available online at bmj.com from 1840 and is a source of information, particularly the obituaries. It probably has more relevance for English, rather than Scottish doctors. However, this source is now only available to those who have a personal or institutional subscription. Search the archives directly or
Access BMJ and other online journals through PubMed Central (PMC is the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature).
PMC Journal List including BMJ
Some editions are available online at Archive.org (refer below)
The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, comprising biographical sketches of all the eminent physicians whose names are recorded in the Annals .. by William Munk
Volume I 1518 to 1700; Volume II 1701 to 1800; Volume III 1801 to 1825. All 2nd edition, revised and enlarged 1878 Archive.org
Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of London 1826-1925 compiled by G H Brown 1955 Archive.org. Catalogued as Volume 4 of the above series. Contains references to Indian service.

British Library

The British Library information page, now archived, 'Indian Medical Service' lists records available in the BL.

There are also “detailed records of service of surgeons and assistant-surgeons, compiled at East India House” to 1858. Bengal Service Army Lists - Medical IOR/L/MIL/10/70-74 c 1765-1858 and LDS microfilm catalogue entry; Madras Service Army Lists - Medical IOR/L/MIL/11/70-72 c 1760-1858 and LDS microfilm catalogue entry; Bombay Service Army Lists - Medical IOR/L/MIL/12/85-87 1763-1858 and LDS microfilm catalogue entry. It is not known to what extent these records are included in Crawford’s book Roll of the Indian Medical Service, refer below.

Records are available on the pay website findmypast (as at June 2014) as the collection British India Office Assistant Surgeons, a section of the British India Office Collection.[1] Refer Online records above.

A pdf document, now archived, by the Wellcome Library lists records in the British Library relating to medicine and health, including manuscripts.

Science and the Changing Environment in India 1780-1920: A Guide to Sources in the India Office Records by Richard Axelby and Savithri Preetha Nair 2009. The guide is arranged in eleven chapters including one in respect of health and disease including medical education. Refer Research guides reading list for more details of this book.

Online histories

Three histories, the first quite short, of the Indian Medical Service, which also contain some biographical details are:

Lists of medical officers

Two particularly useful books, listing service histories etc, are:

Names from this book have been transcribed as a FIBIS database, see FIBIS resources above.
Review in FIBIS Military Reading List.
Ancestry, a pay website, has a database consisting of this book "UK, Roll of the Indian Medical Service, 1615 -1930" consisting of index records and images from the book.
This book includes chapters relating to Bengal (pages 1-243), Madras (pages 244-390), Bombay (pages 391-496), General List 1897-1930 (pages 497-601), Eastern Factories 1605-1775 (pages 602-604); Sumatra or West Coast 1696-1825 (pages 605-617); St. Helena 1684-1831 (pages 618-622); China 1763-1834 (pages 623-624); Prince of Wales Island (page 625); Appendices from page 629. If you are browsing the book through Ancestry, there are errata pages at the beginning of the digital file, before "Contents", pages xv-xvi, digital images 67-68.

Other online lists:

Medical women in India page 114 Englishwoman’s Year Book and Directory 1900 Archive.org. There is also a list for China.
"Some Echoes of the Past" by Lieutenant-Colonel W A Morris page 288 Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, Volume 24 1915 Archive.org. Medical officers who lost their lives in N-W P and Oudh Provinces 1788-1860.

Other lists:

  • The Medical Directory of India, Burma and Ceylon ... Compiled by the editorial staff of the Practical Medicine, published at Delhi. The edition for 1910 consists of 4 separate Parts[2]. Part II consisting of those in military employment is available online, see above. Available at the British Library Part II 1908 UIN: BLL01000948662; 1910 UIN: BLL01000948663, but the entry does not say whether the holding is one, or more parts. Classified as a Journal, so perhaps there are further editions. Elsewhere [3] it is stated the title includes Including Native States, Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States & British East Africa Protectorate".
  • Thacker's Medical Directory of India, Burma and Ceylon, published 1913-1915. The 1915 edition is available online, see above. The 1914 edition is at the British Library UIN: BLL01000948664 - enquire if there are additional volumes as it is classified as a Journal, perhaps implying more than one edition. 1913 (and 1915) editions appear to be available at Oxford and Cambridge University Libraries, and the National Library of Scotland. Also referred to as editions 1-3.
National Archives of India pay service "Digitise on Demand" includes Thacker's Medical Directory 1914 (Identifier PR_000002709792) abhilekh-patal.in
  • Thacker's Indian Medical Directory, published 1922-1924. Also referred to as editions 4-6. Review of the 1924 edition which indicates contents. Available at Oxford University Library and the National Library of Scotland, but this title is not listed in the British Library catalogue.
There appear to have been at least two further editions, including 1931, 8th edition. A review which indicates the contents (530 pages). The 1931 edition is available at the Royal Society of Medicine Library, London, (Catalogue) which also holds the 1923 edition. In addition this Library holds a book catalogued as
Medical Directory of India, Burma and Ceylon 1924 with "General Note: Including Indian States, Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States & Africa Protectorates".

Royal Army Medical Corps and the earlier British Army Medical Services

The Royal Army Medical Corps was established by Royal Warrant on 23rd June 1898. Prior to this there had been two distinct organisations within the Army Medical Services, the Medical Staff (i.e. the officers), and the Medical Staff Corps , which were combined to form the RAMC.

For British Army medical personnel, the previously named Army Medical Services Museum's FAQs now archived page, advises that the AMSM has some details for officers who held a regular commission with the Army Medical Department and the RAMC until 1960. The museum has a small booklet available with useful advice for researching relatives who served with the AMS. Note: there has been a change of name to The Museum of Military Medicine. (This Museum is expected to relocate from its current location to Cardiff in the future.) Also refer British Army for personnel records.

The British Library has the India Office Records: British Army in India: British Medical Officers serving in India IOR/L/MIL/15/20 1872-1912.

The book Commissioned officers in the medical services of the British Army, 1660-1960 is available online, see below.

Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps is now available online from 1903, refer below. "Since its early days the Journal also published “Corps News” which gave details of personal occurences of members of the RAMC including the promotion and postings of officers, honours and awards, qualifications gained by senior NCOs of the Corps, casualties whilst on campaign and obituaries of serving officers" [4] Note the "Corps News" appears to be at the back of each monthly edition, and may not be indexed. For some digital volumes, all the "Corps News" (6 editions) appear at the back of the volume. However, the "Corps News" appears to have ceased appearing in the Internet Archive (Archive.org) digitised versions in the early 1920s, although the publication continued, and there are also some digitised editions during WW2.

First World War

Many doctors were granted temporary commissions in the RAMC. Unfortunately, as the RAMC (Temp) officers only served for the duration of the war, their service records were destroyed after 1920. Those for RAMC officers who received permanent commissions between 1871 and 1922, accessible via the index in WO 338/23, are listed in WO 339
The catalogue entry for WO 339 advises it includes records of British reserve officers who were commissioned into the Indian Army.
Note doctors who were young during the First World War may have also served in the Second World War and possibly there may be a service file at the UK Ministry of Defence. For details see British Army - Army personnel serving after January 1921.
  • Doctors including those in the Territorial Force are listed in Monthly Army Lists which have been digitised by the National Library of Scotland in the database '1914-1940 - Monthly army lists'.
As an example, for March 1917, the Listing for the Royal Army Medical Corps commences digital page 1251, including Territorial Force digital page 1303 and continues to digital page 1327. Note. Medical Officers attached to Regiments will appear in the regimental listing, following Quarter-Masters, as an example digital page 1001 March 1917.

Historical books online

Commissioned officers in the medical services of the British Army, 1660-1960 2 Volumes, Vol.1: 1660-1727 by A. Peterkin; 1727-1898 by William Johnston; Vol. 2 1898-1960 by R. Drew. Archive.org. This publication covers permanent, regular officers. There is an index at the back of each volume. Also available, and originating from the Wellcome Collection.
Excluded are the great majority of the Surgeons' Mates (Assistant Surgeons) who served during the eighteenth century, who were warrant officers, serving with warrants given by the Colonel commanding their regiments, and not commissioned officers, serving with warrants conferred by the King.[5]
Archive.org:
Vol IV 1905 Jan., Index; Vol XI 1908: July, Index; Vol XII 1909 Jan., Index; Vol XV 1910 July, Index; Vol. XVI 1911 Jan., Index; Vol. XVII 1911, July, Index.
Volume 25, Jul –Dec 1915

Volume 25 Index

1 (Jul)

Corps News

2 (Aug)

Corp News

3 (Sep)

Corps News

5 (Nov)

Corps News

Volume 30, Jan—Jun 1918

Volume 30 Index

2 (Feb)

Corps News

3 (Mar)

Corps News

4 (Apr)

Corps News

5 (May)

Corps News

6 (Jun)

Corps News

Volume 31, Jul-Dec 1918

Volume 31 Index

1 (Jul)

Corps News

2 (Aug)

Corps News

3 (Sep)

Corps News

4 (Oct)

Corps News

6 (Dec)

Corps News

Archive.org editions from 1904 to 1962 broken range. Note the "Corps News" only appears in the digitised books on Archive.org until the early 1920s. However the publication continued and later became The R.A.M.C., The A.D. Corps, and Q.A.I.M.N.S. News and Gazette.

Historical background

Also see Public health

Working conditions and duties

7th edition 1921 by L A Waddell, Lt.-Colonel IMS (Retd). Archive.org

Medical Journals

  • Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta Volume 1, 1825, Vol 2, 1826, Vol 3, 1827, Vol 4, 1829, Vol 5, 1831, Vol 6, 1833 Archive.org; Vol 7 1835 Google Books; Vol 8, 1836, Part I Archive.org. The title then changed to Quarterly Journal of Calcutta Medical and Physical Society which appears to have been published 1837-1838 (six quarterly volumes), in 1842, with the final volume in 1845, again under the title of Transactions... Vol 9, Part I, 1845 Archive.org.
  • Madras Quarterly Medical Journal 1839 to 1844 - many interesting articles by Madras surgeons including medical reports on various regiments. Google Books
Volume 1 1839,Volume 2 1840,Volume 3 1841, Volume 4 1842,Volume 5 1843,Volume 6 1844
  • Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Science Google Books
Volume 1 1860, Volume 2 1861, Volume 3 1861, Volume 4 1862, Volume 5 1862, Volume 6 1863,Volume 7 1863, Volume 8 1865, Volume 9 1866, Volume 10 1866, Volume 11 1867, Volume 12 1868, Index to Volumes 1-12, pages 409-470 of Volume 12
  • The Madras Monthly Journal of Medical Science Google Books
Volume 2 July-December 1870, Index, Volume 3, January-June 1871 Index, Volume 4, July-December 1871 Index, Google Books. 1872, Index to Volume V Hathi Trust
US National Library of Medicine Collection 1866-1955, missing three editions.
Scientific Memoirs by Officers of the Medical and Sanitary Departments of the Government of India. Broken range of editions from New Series Volume 1 1902 to New Series Volume 60 1913. Archive.org
  • A broken range of editions of half yearly volumes of the British Medical Journal 1862-1923, and later, is available at Archive.org including the First World War years
1914:1

1914:2

1915:1

1915:2

1916:1

1916:2

1917:1

1917:2

1918:1

1918:2

1919:1

1919:2

1920:1

1920:2

1921:1

1921:2

1922:1

1922:2

1923:1

1923:2

In addition there, also on Archive.org, British Medical Journal 1857-2015 collection, consisting of digitised microfilm of the weekly editions, which is searchable as a collection. Some editions are Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.

Appointment

For appointment procedures, refer to the Individuals section Doctors and Surgeons and George Aldred.

Field hospitals

William Lewis M'Gregor, a surgeon himself, writing in his The history of the Sikhs (Vol 1, 1846), describes the work of a regimental surgeon during the 1st Sikh War and calls for field hospitals to be used in future conflicts. "The Loodianah Field Hospital, With Remarks On The State of The Army Medical Department in India" by John Murray, M.D., Field Surgeon, page 158, Medical Times (published in 1849) is an account of a Field Hospital after battle in 1846, including medical details, with the slightly wounded carried out on elephants. "Field Arrangements in India" from Army Hygiene by Charles Alexander Gordon M.D. (1866) describes the Logistics of a Field Hospital, including details of the number of camels required.

Civil Surgeons

Civil Surgeons, it seems, led demanding and frustrating lives although the pay was better than in the Military and the range of professional duties greater.

Assistant Surgeons, and sometimes Surgeons, in civil employment were often Superintendent of Jails.

Non-medical duties

Some surgeons were engaged in work which today would be regarded as scientific or senior administrative roles. Most of the botanists in the earlier years were surgeons, see botanists and naturalists for more information. WCB Eatwell MD was ‘First Asst. and Opium Examiner. Board of Customs, Salt and Opium’. He was the author of “Report no.1: On the Poppy Cultivation, and the Benares Opium Agency” from Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal (1851) Google Books.

“Doctors as Civil and Political Officers” by Lieut-Col D G Crawford I.M.S from The Indian Medical Gazette, Volume 39, 1904, page 1.

External links

Online draft of this article Wellcome Library RAMC/1582, catalogued as "Draft of "The journal of Patrick Sinclair Laing, assistant surgeon, 86th (Royal County Down) Regiment of Foot, 1842 to 1847, in India"". Note, the draft is longer, and has information from 1842.
Patrick Sinclair Laing was a member of the British Army Medical Services.
These doctors were mainly Jewish. Between the years 1933 and 1938, there were three waves of forced emigration to British India. The first started in the year 1933 with German doctors. A second wave started with Jewish refugees coming from Italy. The Austrian exodus after the German occupation in March 1938 formed the third wave of medical refugees coming to British India, at which point Czech and Hungarian Jewish medical refugees started joining the population of refugees.
Margit Franz is the author of Gateway India. German-speaking Exile to India between British colonial rule, Maharajas and Gandhi. There is an interview with Dr. Margit Franz in a 2017 article "From the Reich to the Raj" (jewishstandard.timesofisrael.com).

Historical books online

"Transportation of Sick and Wounded" page 240 Military Surgery by George Williamson 1863 Archive.org. Includes details of conveyances used in India.
  • Annual Report for the National Association for Supplying Female Medical Aid to the Women of India for the year... [part of The Countess of Dufferin’s Fund]
1891 including "Lady doctors" page 52; 1909; 1918 including "Members of the Women’s Medical Service for India" (digital page 747). All Archive.org
  • [Catalogued as] Indian Medical Service Report 1912 Archive.org
  • A Dictionary of Medical Science by Robley Dunglison. Varying titles over time. Most editions contain the wording "Carefully revised and greatly enlarged" (or similar).
1833, 2nd edition, 1839, 3rd edition, 1842, 4th edition, 1844, 5th edition 1845, 6th edition, 1846, 7th edition 1848, 1857, 1860, 1866, 1868, 1874, 21st edition 1893, 23rd edition 1903 All Archive.org.
There are a few additional editions on Archive.org, currently all were published in the 1850s.

Notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 The British in India Collection British Library Help for Researchers, now an archived webpage.
  2. Advertisement in Texas Medical Journal circa p 415 1910 Archive.org
  3. Burma/Myanmar Bibliographical Project, Letter M, page 77 crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de.
  4. Archived JRAMC webpage.
  5. Preface, Roll of the Indian Medical Service 1615-1930 by D.G. Crawford 1930 Archive.org.
  6. frev. Norwegian Matron on Indian Hospital Ship Great War Forum 3 October 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  7. Felice Beato: A Photographer on the Eastern Road, photograph 114, exhibition at the J Paul Getty Museum