View source for Indian Civil Service

[[Image:Registrar_of_High_Court.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Scene at High Court, Burma]]
The '''Indian Civil Service''' may be abbreviated '''ICS'''.  Before 1858 it was known as the '''Honourable East India Company's Civil Service.'''  

The service was a cadre of men appointed to administer India and may also known as the Covenanted Civil Service.  Employees were required to pass examinations to University level and signed a [[covenant]] or 'bond' of good behaviour to serve the East India Company only, as a condition of appointment.  The term 'Indian Civil Service' is also used loosely of the Indian public services in general.


==History==

Initially, the Honourable [[East India Company]] Civil Servants handled the civil administration of India, they were covenanted to provide a lifetime of service.  

Civil service control was transferred to the Indian Government under the Government of India Act of 1858 afterwards new members of the service were contracted for a 10 year term. 
The creation of the Imperial Civil Service of India was as a result of the 1886–87 Public Service Commission recommendation.

Covenanted service was given by the elite top ranks of the Civil Service who gave a pledge good behaviour. Lower ranks that took Uncovenanted Service were recuited in India, be they English, Indian, or [[Anglo Indian]].

==Positions==
[[File:Madras High Court.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Madras High Court]]
In the Regulated Provinces, those that were the older provinces with a long period of settled administration e.g. [[Madras]], [[Bombay]], the positions (after 1858) were:

*[[Assistant]] (to Magistrate and Collector)
*Deputy Collector
*Joint Magistrate, 
*[[Collector]]-Magistrate (before 1858 known as the District Officer)
*[[Judge]]
 
After reaching the rank of Joint Magistrate, career progessions was to become a Collector-Magistrate, or Judge. Judges, ofter went on to sit on the High Court after 20 years service.
A Collector-Magistrate may become a [[Commissioner]] of a Division, or gain a seat on the [[Board of Revenue]]. Moving sideways, he may become an Under-Secretary for the Lieutenant Governor.

In the Unregulated Provinces, Deputy-Commissioners replaced  the role of Collector-Magistrate.

==Entry==

Arriving in India in 1830, after 2 years patronage supported training at Hertford (1806-1809) and [[Haileybury]] Hertfordshire, England (1809-1858) entrants seeking to gain “Writership” became a student [[writer]] at The East India Company's [[Calcutta]] College in [[Fort William]]. 
Students were lavishly rewarded with ₤400 a year, and encouraged to borrow heavily to acquire high status and comfortable lifestyle - often enabling them to stable 40 horses; not unexpectedly this was reformed. Reforms still allowed students sufficient finance to keep three horses and a buggy. Club memberships and mess parties continued to allow them to gain social influence in the capital.

In 1856 the system of appointment by patronage was replaced by an open competitive examination. Courses of instruction and language training were then carried out in England. Young men were deemed to be fit for immediate service so no longer socialised in the capital unlike their predecessors. They would rely on local tutors for regional dialects.

[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924101205643#page/n167/mode/2up  Entrance requirements c 1872], page 158  ''Index Scholasticus: Sons and daughters. A guide to parents in the choice of educational institutions, preparatory to professional or other occupation of their children'' by R. Kemp Philp 1872 Archive.org

==FIBIS resources==
*''FIBIS Fact File No 7: Some major sources for Ancestors in the Indian Public Services'' by Lawrie Butler with a contribution by Tim Thomas, published 2012, 48 pages
:It comprises a list of Abbreviations; Introduction to the L/F/10 Series at the British Library; Case study of research using the L/F/10s; an Index of the L/F/10 series; Availability of Microfilms at both the British Library and the LDS; an article about the Indian Civil Service Records held at the British Library by Tim Thomas.
:Available to buy online from the [http://www.new.fibis.org/products-page/2-fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0007-some-major-sources-for-ancestors-in-the-indian-public-services  '''FIBIS Shop''']
*List of Uncovenanted Europeans Employed at Fort St George [http://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=989&s_id=873 1818], [http://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=990&s_id=873 1819] (logged in FIBIS members only), [http://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=991&s_id=873 1820]  (logged in FIBIS members only) are available on the FIBIS database,  transcribed by Sylvia Murphy
*"Civil Service Records in the India Office Reading Room: A Study of the L/F/10 series" by Lawrie Butler with a contribution from David Blake  [[FIBIS Journals|''FIBIS Journal'']] ''Number 25 (Spring 2011)'', pages 37-42. This article focuses on the Uncovenanted Servants Lists within this series of records.
*"The British Indian Civil Service" by Peter Bailey ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 30- 37. "A brief history and description of the service". See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article.
*"Keddahs and Epigraphists :  miscellaneous appointments in India and Burma in 1909"  by Bill Hall ''FIBIS Journal Number 31 (Spring 2014)'', pages  26-29. For access, see [[FIBIS Journals]]

==Records==
===British Library===
*[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/civilservice/civilservice.html Civil Service]  British Library guide on how to use sources from the India Office Records

Records include
* Books
**''Alphabetical list of the Hon. East India Company’s Madras Civil Servants, from the year 1780 to the year 1839''.  Edward Dodwell and  James Samuel Miles 1839
**''Alphabetical List of the Honourable East India Company’s Bombay Civil Servants, from 1798, to  1839 ...'' Edward Dodwell and  James Samuel Miles 1839
**A similar listing for Bengal is available online , together with a later listing for Madras and Bombay, refer below.
*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorv_1&cid=1-6#1-6 India Office Serials  '''IOR/V/6''']  1768-1948 This series comprises serials published or printed by, or on behalf of, the East India Company and the India Office. The serials include ''Lists of the Company's Servants'' 1768-1799, the ''East India Register and Directory'' (later ''India List'') 1803-1895, the ''India Office List'' 1886-1947 and the ''India Office Establishment'' 1884-1948. Some are available online, refer [[Directories online]], or on LDS microfilm, with this [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=778871   catalogue entry]. ([[FamilySearch Centres#Ordering microfilms|Ordering microfilms]]). These Lists usually provide short records of service, providing the date of appointment, promotions and qualifications for individuals. 
*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorv_5&cid=1-1#1-1  Histories of Services  '''IOR/V/12'''] 1875-1955. This series includes records of service for overseas Indian Civil Service personnel and for other civil servants of gazetted rank.
*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorv_5&cid=1-2#1-2  Civil Lists  '''IOR/V/13''']  1840-1958. This series includes all the issues of civil lists of the Government of India and of the provincial governments. Coverage is usually restricted to gazetted officers in the main series of lists, but there are a few supplementary lists of subordinate services and also some fuller departmental establishment lists which include non-gazetted appointments, in particular the Telegraph, Indo-European Telegraph, Public Works and Railways departments.

===Uncovenanted service===
See:	
*[[L/F/10 Records of Service 1702-1928]] and
*[[Biographical Records (IOR O series)]]

Also see [[Indian Civil Service#FIBIS resources|FIBIS resources]] above.

*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlag_4&cid=1-49-15#1-49-15 Returns of Deaths of Uncovenanted Servants and Other Officers '''IOR/L/AG/34/14A'''] 1870-1949. The returns, which are not 100% complete, relate to Europeans born in the UK and India and  to a few Eurasians. Volume 1: 1870-1876 has been transcribed and is available on the [http://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=871&s_id=260 FIBIS database]

*This India List [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/2011-02/1297381051 post] advises that a number of [[LDS]]  microfilms in respect of uncovenanted servants are listed in the LDS Library catalogue under the title [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=831494&disp=A+return+of+all+offices%2C+places+and+pe&columns=*,0,0  A return of all offices, places and pensions, civil, political, military and commercial held under the East India Company within the United Kingdom and colonies. India Office]. The reference IOR/ L/AG/30/1-22/1-60 is quoted, however an examination of page 2 of the film notes for the catalogue entry shows that many of the records for uncovenanted servants are from the series '''IOR/L/F/10/119-188''', for the period to 1900 (broken range).

==Individuals==
See [[List of Indian Civil Servants]] for details of some individuals.

==Related articles==
*[[Civil Service reading list]]
*[[Life in India#Work|Life in India-Work]]
*[[Bonds, Covenants, Indentures and Obligations, etc.]]
*[[Writer]]

==External Links==
{{Library|link1=[http://www.google.com/books?uid=4345922024743697884&as_coll=1095&source=gbs_lp_bookshelf_list |tag1=Civil Service] |link2=|tag2= |link3=  |tag3= }}
*[[wikipedia:Indian Civil Service|Indian Civil Service]] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Administrators_in_British_India Category: Administrators in British India] Wikipedia
*[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/civilservice/civilservice.html   India Office Records Civil Service sources] British Library   
*[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203758 “The Men Who Ruled India”] by Sagarika Ghose, ''Outlook'', 25 June 1997 
*[http://www.victorianwars.com/ Victorian Wars Forum]
*[http://www.scribd.com/doc/67434923/Growing-Up-in-Assam  ''Growing Up in Assam: A Personal Story'']  by Amrit Baruah 2011. The author was born c. late 1920s and his father was a magistrate, then Additional Judge. scribd.com    
===Historical books online===
====Lists====
Also see [[Directories online]], particularly the category  [[Directories online#India List and India Office List| India List and India Office List]] 
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=lgIRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PT12 ''Alphabetical list of the honourable East India Company's Bengal civil servants, from the year 1780, to the year 1838 etc''] by Edward Dodwell, James Samuel Miles (1839)  Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=I5cxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP5  ''A General Register of the Hon'ble East India Company's Civil Servants of the Bengal Establishment from 1790 to 1842 ... To which is Added a List of the Governors General of India''] by Rāmachandra Dāsa, Henry Thoby Prinsep 1844 Google Books. The  Alphabetical List commences [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=I5cxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1 here]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/recordofservices00prinrich ''Record  of services of the Honourable East India Company's civil servants in  the Madras presidency, from 1741 to 1858...''] by Charles Campbell Prinsep (1885) Archive.org
*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9TU6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PT7&dq=%22bombay+civil+servants%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wWg1U6WtLoiV7AbeooCICA&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22bombay%20civil%20servants%22&f=false Alphabetical List of the Bombay Civil Servants 1798-1839 by Dodwell and Miles ] googlebooks.com
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=WBlcAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA3 "Return of the Officers in each Court of Justice in India"] in ''Sessional Papers Printed by the Order of the House Of Lords: Session 1852-53'', Volume XIII, Accounts and Papers East India Company. Google Books
*[http://archive.org/stream/historyofservice00alla#page/n5/mode/2up ''History of services of gazetted officers employed under the government of the N.-W.P. and Oudh. Corrected up to 1st Jan., 1881'']. Compiled in the Govt. Sectt., N-.W.P. and Oudh, Allahabad. 1881 Archive.org [http://archive.org/stream/historyofservice00alla#page/n13/mode/2up Index]
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indiancivilserv00tuppgoog#page/n8/mode/2up ''The Indian Civil Service List for 1880''] Archive.org
*[http://archive.org/stream/quarterlycivill00offigoog#page/n4/mode/2up ''Quarterly Civil List for the Punjab: Corrected up to 1st October 1898''] Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ ''The India List and India Office List 1905''] Google Books

====General====
*''Oriental Memoirs: A Narrative of Seventeen Years Residence in India'' by James Forbes   [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=r2IOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1  Volume I], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=rlkOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume II] 2nd edition 1834, revised by his daughter. Google Books. The four volumes of the original edition, published 1813, are available to read online at [[Online books#Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online|Kerala State Central Library Rare Books Online]] (Volume 3 is catalogued ''Oriental Memories''). The author arrived in Bombay in 1766, aged 16 to work as a writer.
*[http://archive.org/stream/fiftysevensomeac00keenrich#page/n3/mode/2up ''Fifty-Seven: Some Account of the Administration in Indian Districts during the Revolt of the Bengal Army''] by Henry George Keene 1883 Archive.org
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=R24BAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''How I won the Victoria Cross''] by Thomas Henry Kavanagh, Assistant Commissioner in Oudh, 1860 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=onEBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Personal Adventures during the Indian Rebellion in Rohilcund, Futtehghur, and Oude''] by William Edwards, Judge of Benares, and late Magistrate and Collector of Budaon in Rohilcund. 1858 Google Books
*[http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/14761  ''The Personal Adventures and Experiences of a Magistrate During the Rise, Progress, and Suppression of the Indian Mutiny''] by Mark Thornhill   1884 is available as a pdf download on the  Digital Library of India website. Also available as a current reprint by Cambridge University Press [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7ihP7E49bDYC&pg=PP1    Preview Google Books]. 
*''Memorials of the life and letters of Major-General Sir Herbert B. Edwardes'' by his Wife  1886 Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/memorialsoflife01edwa  Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/memorialsoflife02edwa Volume II] He entered the Bengal Army 1841, and subsequently was seconded to the Civil Service where he was Commissioner of Peshawar during the [[Indian Mutiny]].
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/sketchesofsocial015334mbp#page/n81/mode/2up/  "The Bengal Civil Service"] Chapter IV of ''Sketches of Social life in India'' by CT Buckland (1884) ex-Bengal Civil Service
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA45 ''Lives of Indian Officers: Illustrative of the History of the Civil and Military Service of India''] Volume 1 by John William Kaye (1867) gives, from p45, the background to the Civil Service. [http://books.google.com/books?id=-PdWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR15 Contents Volume 1] Google Books [http://www.archive.org/stream/livesofindianoff02kayeiala#page/n5/mode/2up Contents Volume 2]  Archive.org
*''Thirty-eight years in India : from Juganath to the Himalaya Mountains''  by William Tayler (1881) Archive.org [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924021024835 Volume 1], [http://www.archive.org/details/thirtyeightyear03taylgoog Volume 2].   The author commenced work in the Bengal Civil Service in 1829.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6wbmMHtf-FwC&pg=PP11 ‪''Memorials of Service in India‬: ‪from the correspondence of the late Major Samuel Charters Macpherson‬ Political Agent at Gwalior during the Mutiny, and formerly employed in the suppression of human sacrifices in Orissa''].1865 Google Books. [https://archive.org/details/memorialsofservi00macprich Archive.org] (has better maps) He initially joined the Madras Army in 1827. In 1831 he was appointed assistant surveyor-general and was engaged in both military and survey work. In 1841 he was appointed as Assistant to the Agent at Ganjam, Political Agent at Bhopal in 1853, and Political Agent at Gwalior in 1854.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/reynelltaylorcbc00gamb#page/n9/mode/2up ''Reynell Taylor, C.B., C.S.I. a biography''] by E. Gambier Parry 1888 Archive.org.  The subject joined the Bengal Army in 1840 , serving as a Cavalry Officer until c 1846. He subsequently served as Commissioner in various areas in the North West until his retirement in 1877.
*[http://archive.org/stream/memoriesofrugbyi00arburich#page/n9/mode/2up ''Memories of Rugby and India'']  by Sir Alexander J. Arbuthnot 1910 Archive.org.  The author was in the Madras Civil Service from 1842 for thirty years.
*[https://archive.org/details/servantofjohncom00keen ''A Servant of "John Company"; being the Recollections of an Indian Official'']  by Henry George Keene 1897 Archive.org.  Born 1825, he was in North West  India 1847-1882 when he was obliged to retire, having served for thirty five years.
*[http://archive.org/stream/thirtyfiveyearsi00elsm#page/n7/mode/2up ''Thirty-five years in the Punjab, 1858-1893''] by G. R. Elsie. "The last Haileybury Civilian who worked in that Province" 1908 Archive.org
*''Life in the Mofussil; or, The Civilian in Lower Bengal'' by G Graham (1878) Archive.org [http://www.archive.org/stream/lifeinmofussilor01grah#page/n3/mode/2up     Volume 1], [http://www.archive.org/stream/lifeinmofussilor02grah#page/n3/mode/2up Volume 2]. The author went to India c 1860.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/sirrobertgsandem00tuckrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Sir Robert G. Sandeman K.C.S.I., peaceful conqueror of Baluchistan''] by A.L.P. Tucker 1921 Archive.org. Born 1835, he joined the Bengal Army in 1856 and the Civil Service in 1859, working in the North West from 1861 until his death in 1892.
*[http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/99022  ''Memoirs of a Bengal Civilian''] by  John Beames is available as a pdf download on the  Digital Library of India website. He served as Collector of Cuttack from 1875 to 1878 and earlier as Collector of Balasore District from 1869 to 1873. For more details about this book, and John Beames, see the [[Cuttack]] page.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/amongindianrajah00frasiala#page/n7/mode/2up ''Among Indian rajahs and ryots; a civil servant's recollections & impressions of thirty-seven years of work & sport in the Central Provinces & Bengal'']  by Andrew H. L Fraser 1912 Archive.org.  He joined the Civil Service in 1871 and became Lieutenant Governor of Bengal. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fraser_(civil_servant) Wikipedia]
*[https://archive.org/details/littleworldofind00cars ''The Little World of an Indian District Officer''] by Robert Carstairs 1912. Archive.org. He was in the Bengal Civil Service 1874-1903.
*''The diary of a civilian's wife in India, 1877-1882''  by Mrs. Robert Moss King 1884 Archive.org  [https://archive.org/details/diaryofcivilians01kinguoft Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/diaryofcivilians02kinguoft Volume II].  Her Husband was Collector at Meerut at the commencement of the book and in 1878 was appointed Officiating Judge
*[https://archive.org/stream/indiaweserved035205mbp#page/n7/mode/2up ''The India We Served''] by Sir Walter Roper Lawrence 1928. Archive.org. He joined the Punjab Civil Service c 1879  He left India October 1903 but returned for the Royal visit  of the Prince and Princess of Wales November 1905 to March 1906. During WW1 he was involved with setting up the  hospitals in Brighton for Indian soldiers.
*[http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/276594 ''India as I knew it, 1885–1925''] by Sir Michael Francis O’Dwyer 1925 is available as a pdf download on the  Digital Library of India. Additional files are also available.  In 1885 he was posted to Shahpur in the Punjab and retired as lieutenant-governor of the Punjab in 1919. His actions during the unrest of 1919 were controversial.
*[https://archive.org/stream/andthatremindsme00coxo#page/120/mode/2up ''And that reminds me  being incidents of a life spent at sea, and in the Andaman Islands, Burma, Australia, and India''] Part III India  (page 123)   by Stanley W. Coxon 1915 Archive.org. The author, probably born c late 1850s commenced with the Civil Service in India in 1892, having previously been with the Police in [[Burma]]. He was appointed as Deputy Commissioner at [[Chanda]], the most southerly District of Central Provinces, part of the Nagpur Division [https://archive.org/stream/andthatremindsme00coxo#page/154/mode/2up page 154] He retired on medical grounds in 1906.
*[https://archive.org/details/ignorantinindia00vernrich  ''An Ignorant in India''] by  R E Venede  1911 Archive.org The author was visiting a friend who was a Collector in an indigo region in Bengal
*[http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/527927 ''Diversions of an Indian Political''] by  Lieutenant-Colonel Roger Lloyd Kennion 1932.  Pdf download, Digital Library of India. Experiences of a political officer in Northern India from 1892.
*''Trials in Burma'' by Maurice Collis 1938  may be read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website. [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/528179  Pdf download]. The author was a member of the Civil Service in Burma from 1912, and his autobiography covers the years 1928-1931, particularly his role as District Magistrate of Rangoon, and the riots of 1930.
*[http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/278879 ''Impressions of an Indian Civil Servant''] by Roderick Donald Macleod 1938 is available as a pdf download on the Digital Library of India.
*''The Men Who Ruled India'', published in three volumes, [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/126942  ''The Founders''] (1953), [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/127071 ''The Guardians, Volume I''] and [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/127070  ''The Guardians, Volume lI''] (1954) by Philip Woodruff (pseudonym) are available as pdf downloads on the Digital Library of India. The author was Philip Mason who joined the Indian Civil Service in 1928, and his books are about members of the Indian Civil Service.

====Administrative====
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=6iQoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA193 "Abridged Code of Regulations Affecting Civil Employees"] in ''The Bengal and Agra annual guide and gazetteer, for 1841'' Part 2, p193, Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=cLsOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA284 Appointment in 1848] from ''The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East India Knowledge...'' by Joachim Hayward Stocqueler (1848) p284, Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=HB0TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5  ''The Punjab Record or Reference Book for Civil Officers Volume 3 1868''] Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5  ''The Punjab Record or Reference Book for Civil Officers Volume 4 1869''] Contains circulars, with indexes, for 1869. Each section is numbered separately:[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP7 Financial Circular Orders]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11 Police Department Orders], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA1 commencing here]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP23  Account Department Orders];  [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP31  Jail Department Orders]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP35  Registration Circular Orders]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1  Supreme Government Orders],  [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA3-PA1 commencing here]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR21  Punjab Government Orders],  [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA4-PA1 commencing here]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jRUTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR29 Selections from the records of the Office of the Financial Commissioner, Punjab 1869] Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=cxtYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 ‪''Manual of Rules and Regulations compiled for the use of Junior Members of the Madras Civil Service. Brought up to 31st January 1870'']‬  by William Donald Google Books
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[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Government and Administration]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service]]