Bengal Pilot Service

Pilot's Pass c.1890s

The Bengal Pilot Service was responsible for guiding shipping along the Hooghly River between Calcutta and the Bay of Bengal and was part of Bengal Marine

In 1877 the Bombay Marine and the Bengal Marine were combined to form HM Indian Marine, which became the Royal Indian Marine in 1892 and the Royal Indian Navy in 1935.

Amongst other contributions, this article contains extracts from FIBIS member Sage's unpublished manuscript of records for Genealogists interested in India.

Introduction

According to Massey,

"THE UNITED SERVICE CLUB

Was formerly styled the Bengal Military Club, the members of which were limited to the I.C.S. and military services. As time, however, moved on and things changed they found that this particular form of exclusiveness was rather an expensive luxury, and very wisely threw open wide the heavenly portals and admitted within their celestial and sacred precincts members of other government services, save and except those of the Bengal pilots. Why the club ever made this invidious distinction, of course I cannot say, but at a later period, recognising possibly the injustice of their action, they rescinded their prohibition, and now the pilots sit in the seats of the mighty amongst the members of the other services."

History of the Bengal Pilot Service

Brice and Labey give a date of 1651 for the foundation of the service, but according to James Prinsep's Chronological Tables, the service dates back to 1669:

[1669 ...] This year also were received orders from home, to institute a pilot establishment at Hoogly, to build a pinnace to be manned with intelligent seamen from the Indiamen, to take charge of the shipping up and down. Thus originated the Bengal Pilot Service.

The Bengal Pilot Service was abolished on the 15th May, 1948.

Composition of the Pilot Service

This table shows the number of pilots of each rank in the service in 1853.

Senior Branch Pilot	1
Branch Pilot	11
Senior Master	23
Master	7
Mate	30
Senior 2d Mate	12
Junior 2d Mate	12
Volunteer	46
Total Complement	142

(Source: IOR/L/MAR/8/9)

Records

National Maritime Museum (Greenwich)

THS 12 The History of the Bengal Pilot Service by Brice & Labey

This is a unique unpublished history of the Bengal Pilot Service in the Historical Manuscripts Collection of the National Maritime Museum. It covers a wide range of aspects to do with the service and its employee's e.g. Appendix G ‘Obituaries’ comprises information from various sources for men of the Pilot service and their families. Some chapters of text, but no Appendices are available online.

The Percy-Smith Collection (MS 88/006)

The Percy-Smith Collection is not held in the main Caird Library of the Museum - access to the items must be requested a week or so in advance of a visit.

• Item (18) - Bengal Marine ‘Particulars of certificates granted by the Government of Calcutta up to December 1902 to Masters, Mates and Engineers in Mercantile Marine’. These records are of particular interest to persons looking for River Pilots who were born in India who were in service in the 1890’s and at the turn of the twentieth century. The entries include the person’s name, date and place of birth , class of certificate, certificate number and its date of granting.

These records divide into:

Colonial Certificates of competency; Local (Foreign Trade) Certificates of competency; Local (Home Trade) Certificates of competency; Local Certificates of Service; Local (Inland) Certificates of Service; Local (Inland) Certificates of Competency

• Item (29) - Index Cards : Bengal Medical (1740-1914, surnames A-H only); Bengal Orphans (1780-1840); Bengal Marine and Bengal Pilots (1700-1914). This link, from Len Barnett’s page Bengal Marine. (see below) shows the information available on one of the Bengal Marine index cards. Note that there are index cards about other topics in the Percy Smith collection at the Society of Genealogists

Asia, Pacific & Africa Collection, British Library (India Office)

There are many records of the India Office at the British Library that pertain to the Bengal Marine and Bengal Pilot Service.

Records marked (#) should appear on FamilySearch/LDS microfilms: 2028922 - 25; 2029155. Search the FamilySearch Catalog and see FamilySearch Centres for viewing access.

Shelf Mark	Dates	Description
L/AG/20 & 21	1814 - Post 1947	Includes records of leave and service pensions
L/AG/21/9/151-157	1920-1968	Bengal Pilot Fund pensions paid in UK
L/E/6-7	1880-1924	Pilot service recruitment information for this period contained within these papers.
L/MAR/8/1-20	1793-1880	Various lists of employees and volunteers in the Bengal Marine and Pilot Service
L/MAR/C/689	1794-1830	Appointments to Bengal Pilot Service
L/MAR/C/704 #	1858-61	Indian Navy, Bengal pilots
L/MAR/C/755-756 #	1848-60	Europeans in the service of the Bengal marine
L/MAR/C/760-761 #	1824-64	Bengal marine civil and marine casualties
L/MAR/C/762-763		Bengal Marine records of service
L/MAR/C/855 #	1821	Seamen in the Bengal marine who have claims on the company for wages, see L/E/6-7 for later recruitment’s
V/12	1896-1926	Covenanted pilots are included in the Bengal Histories of Service.

L/MAR/8 Series

Most of these records have been microfilmed. The originals are fragile and slowly detoriating so viewing of the microfilms is recommended both for ease of use (especially making printed copies) and for conservation. Note that the hard copy microfilm index file on display at the British Library uses the old L/MAR/C numbering for these records and a translation has to be made using the concordance tables at the back of the L/MAR index file. For example, L/MAR/8/3 used to be L/MAR/C/768 and the microfilm index tells us that L/MAR/C/768 is on IOR NEG 35431. The new numbering is in a different order to the original. Some records are split across two films, for example L/MAR/8/2 is on IOR NEG 35430 and 35431. The following table provides a direct lookup of the film numbers.

L/MAR/8/1-3 provide the most detailed information about volunteers (new recruits). Note that where films are available they are not on the open shelves and have to be ordered using the online system.

Description	Date	IOR Shelf Mark	IOR Film Ref.	LDS Film Ref.
Appointment, baptismal and other certificates of volunteers	1818-1844	L/MAR/8/1	IOR NEG 35410	FHL BRITISH Film 2028926 Item 2
Certificates of volunteers	1844-1858	L/MAR/8/2	IOR NEG 35430/1	VAULT BRITISH Film 2028996
Certificates of volunteers	1858-1861	L/MAR/8/3	IOR NEG 35431	VAULT BRITISH Film 2028997
Nominations	1858-1861	L/MAR/8/4
List of ranks of volunteers	1838-1861	L/MAR/8/5
Lists of pilots giving dates of promotion etc., A-M	1796-1858	L/MAR/8/6?	IOR NEG 35408	FHL BRITISH Film 2028925 Items 7-8
List of pilots, N-Z	1796-1858	L/MAR/8/7?	IOR NEG 35408	FHL BRITISH Film 2028926 Item 1
Certificates and lists of European employees	1793-1852			FHL BRITISH Film 2028998
European employees	1852-1869			FHL BRITISH Film 2028999
European employees	1869-1880			FHL BRITISH Film 2029000 Item 1
Quarterly Returns of Europeans in their Order of Station in the Pilot Establishment	1836-1853	L/MAR/8/8	IOR NEG 35432/3
Quarterly Returns	1853-1862	L/MAR/8/9	IOR NEG 35433
Quarterly Returns	1862-1880	L/MAR/8/10	IOR NEG 35433
Quarterly Returns	1793-1833	L/MAR/8/11	IOR NEG 35432
		L/MAR/8/12	IOR NEG 35405
		L/MAR/8/13	IOR NEG 35456
		L/MAR/8/14	IOR NEG 35405
		L/MAR/8/15	IOR NEG 35405
		L/MAR/8/16	IOR NEG 35408
		L/MAR/8/17	IOR NEG 35408
		L/MAR/8/18	IOR NEG 35408
		L/MAR/8/19	IOR NEG 35406/7
		L/MAR/8/20	IOR NEG 35406/7
Printed rules & Regulations	1827	L/MAR/8/21
		L/MAR/8/22
		L/MAR/8/23

Society of Genealogists

Information available at the Society of Genealogists:

Bullock’s Directory of Non Official Europeans in India (1780-1820) – lists of Europeans and Anglo-Indians not in the King’s Service. The information extracted from the East India Register and similar publications for Bengal.. Includes a number of Free Mariners/ Country Traders/ Free Merchants, Indigo Planters and River Pilots. However persons in many other professions are included, also some women and children.

Index of Pilots

• Appendices From M.H. Beattie on FIBIS Search (see details below)
• Index to L/MAR/8/1 (in preparation)
• Pilots and pilot vessels contained in the Marine lists in civil publications such as the East India Register, see the list of Directories

Published works

On The Hooghly by Malcolm H Beattie (1935) is a personal account of the Hooghly Pilot Service, in which the author served 1878-1913. Of particular interest to family Historians are the appendices:

Appendix A comprises a list of serving Branch Pilots (1847-1888)

Appendix B comprises a list of men joining the Service as Licensed Pilot or Covenanted Pilots (1858-1876) and men who joined the service as recruits from the training ships Worcester and Conway (1877-1893)

Appendix C comprises a list of men joining the Service (1893-1916)

This book is available online, refer below.

External links

• British Maritime History - Realistic genealogical guides to surviving records and more, Len Barnett’s site, has a section on Bengal Marine.
• Photograph: Shipping in the Hooghly, Calcutta by Samuel Bourne c 1860. Numbered 1726. MAP Museum of Art and Photography, Bangalore.
• Photographs from the National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution, Learning Lab website.
  • Sailing ships and other boats docked along river in Calcutta, undated, by Bourne & Shepherd. Photograph titled ”Shipping in the Hooghly. 2582”. Same image British Library dated 1890s.
  • Sailing ships and other boats docked along river in Calcutta, undated, by Bourne & Shepherd. Photograph titled ”Shipping on the Hooghly. 2583”. Same image British Library dated 1890s.
  • Strand Road with Indians with bullock carts and horse-drawn carriages and sailing ships and other boats on river in Calcutta, undated, by Bourne & Shepherd. Photograph titled ”Strand Rd & The Hooghly. Calcutta. 2599”.
• Photograph: The Strand: Calcutta c 1865–1875 by Francis Frith. The J Paul Getty Museum.
• "Old Conways & India – Part II: Calcutta & The Hooghly v11" by Alfie Windsor 2017. hmsconway.org. The Bengal Pilot Service and accounts by Old Conways, old boys from the British training school ship HMS Conway.

Individuals

• Arthur David Linklater, Master Mariner - Duncan Linklater's excellent site contains information on shipping and navigation in the early twentieth century, including details of Linklater's employment by the Calcutta Port Commission. Originally with scans and transcripts of many original documents, exploring the site is recommended, but pages of particular general interest include:

• Scan of pilot's certificate for pilotage of the Hooghly.
• Introduction To Hooghly River Pilotage
• Hooghly Pilotage ca. 1910-16
• Dictionary of Sea Terms 1841/51 Adapted from The Seaman's Friend... by R. H. Dana 1st ed. 1841, 6th edition 1851.

• On the River Hooghly by Khwaja Sayeed Shahabuddin (born 1923). He was a Leadsmen Apprentice with the Bengal Pilot Service for one year in 1946-1947, until he needed to wear glasses, which was not allowed.

Historical books online

• History of the Bengal Pilot Service complied by Captain G. T. Labey and compiled and edited by Captain R. K. H. Brice 1963. National Maritime Museum, Ref. THS/12/1-9, which includes Appendices. Chapters (scroll down) are available online (remistry.wordpress.com) as follows, but there are no Appendices online:
  • "Preface"
  • "Introduction : Historical"
  • "Chapter 1. The Early Merchant Adventurers And The Hooghly (1534 – 1696)"
  • "Chapter 2. Years Of Expansion 1700 – 1800". At the end of this chapter is some further text under "Chapter 5. Years Of Consolidation 1800 – 1900".
• On The Hooghly by M H Beattie 1935. Archive.org mirror version, from Digital Library of India.
• Read about the Bengal Pilot Service in September 1800, Pilot Mr Parry, the perils of shifting sand in the river, with numerous sharks and alligators Part 10, page 41 from Cursory Remarks, on board the ship Friendship by Mary Anne Reid, continues part 11 Google Books
• The Bengal Pilot Service in 1859. The author was aboard HMS Retribution Memories of the Sea, page 151 by Admiral Penrose Fitzgerald 1913 Archive.org
• An Unqualified Pilot page 57 Land And Sea Tales For Scouts And Guides by Rudyard Kipling 1923. Archive.org. Transcribed version.

An interesting and informative short story for younger readers depicting the work of a pilot on the Hooghly. The story was first published in 1895 and set in a time 'a good many years ago'. Notes from the Kipling Society.