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*[[East India Company Army#Wives and children|East India Company Army - Wives and children]]
*[[Hobson Jobson]] for glossary of Anglo Indian words.
 
== Definition of Anglo-Indian==
This definition is a constitutional one and makes no reference to female ancestry. It has been argued as being somewhat limited and it is not unusual for those with such European descent lying in the female line to regard their ancestress as Anglo Indian for genealogical purposes.
The term Anglo Indian meaning a person of mixed race heritage was used in the Schedules of the 1911 Census,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=DEAlCTxJowUC&pg=PA81 “Anglo-Indian”] page 81 ‪''People of India: Maharashtra, Part 1''‬ by B. V. Bhanu Google Books</ref> and from that time became the accepted term. Prior to that terms such as Eurasian, East-Indian, Indo-Briton, Country-Born, and 'Blue-skin' were used.<ref>Murphy, Sylvia. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180905140148/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india@rootsweb.com/thread/1663155/ The East Indian Community near Vasai and Mumbai] Scroll down. ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'', 7 March 2010, now archived.</ref>
 
==Marriage==
The only way a British man could marry legally in India was for both bride and groom to be Christian, and to marry in a Christian church ceremony. In some cases a European groom became a Moslem, and married in a Moslem ceremony. However, in terms of British law, he was not considered to be married.
 
Prior to about 1815, there were many mixed race marriages between British soldiers and Indian, or Indo-Portuguese women. However the opinion in Britain was strongly against such mixed marriage, and a soldier with an Indian wife could not return to Britain with her.
 
By the period 1816-1820 there were more European women in India. By 1820 it had become socially unacceptable for any officer or official to marry an Indian.
 
Almost as bigger barrier to intermarriage was the Indian attitude. Any Hindu women who went with a British man lost caste immediately. She was cast out of her family and village. Consequently only those at the bottom of Indian society could ever see a British soldier as a advantageous marriage candidate.<ref>Balmer, Nick. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180905135737/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india@rootsweb.com/thread/2839017/ Anglo-Indians and the established churches] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 9 March 2008, now archived.</ref> However, for those with financial resources, it appears that it may have been possible to regain caste, as one will specifies an amount "for the purpose of restoring to her her cast".<ref>Murphy, Sylvia. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180905213636/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india@rootsweb.com/thread/2840383/ Loss of Cast] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 14 November 2008, now archived.</ref>. On the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts prior to c 1820, it is suspected that the intermarriages may have included some high caste Hindus.<ref>Balmer, Nicholas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200226035044/https://lists.rootsweb.com/hyperkitty/list/india.rootsweb.com/thread/4207842/ India Princess] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 8 February 2007, now archived.</ref>
== FIBIS Fact Files No 1 ==
''Researching Anglo-Indian Ancestry'' 2009 21pp. <br>Essential for any family historian with blended ethnicity. The booklet contains two expanded and updated articles previously published in the [[FIBIS Journal]]: "The children of John Company : the Anglo-Indians" by Geraldine Charles, and "A Luso-Indian voyage" by Cliff Pereira. These two authorities provide invaluable information: definitions of the various terms used for those of mixed race in the Indian sub-continent, a brief background history of these communities, reading lists, and, by using their own families as a basis, a demonstration of how to effectively research Anglo-Indian ancestors.<br>
Available from the [httphttps://www.new.fibis.org/products-pagestore/2-fibis-books-and-publications/fibis-fact-files/bff-0001-researching-anglo-indian-ancestry/ FIBIS Shop].
== Recommended reading ==
*See also list of titles under the “Anglo-Indians” section of [http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Society_reading_list FIBIS Society Reading List]
  == External Links links ==*This India List [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/2010-03/1267951549 post] lists alternative names for mixed race people in use before Anglo-Indian became the accepted terminology.
*[http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2012/the-anglo-indians-of-madras.html "The Anglo -Indians of Madras"] from Madras Musings dated October 1-15, 2010
*[http://bookswww.googlethehindu.com/books?id=SdWgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA73 features/metroplus/society/of-a-community-and-culture/article6360495.ece "The East Indian CommunityOf a community and culture"] by Esther Elias August 28, 2014 ''Calcutta ReviewThe Hindu'', Volume 11 January. Notes from S. Muthiah’s lecture on the 500-year history of Anglo-June 1849. (Google Books)Indians in India *[httphttps://homeinternational-journal-of-anglo-indian-studies.alphalink.comorg/index.auphp/~agilbert IJAIS Anglo Indian Home Page] includes::*"Some Comments on stereotypes of the Anglo-Indians" by Megan Stuart Mills from the ''International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies'' 1996. [http://home.alphalink.com.au/~agilbert/jmills1.html Part 1] covers many subjects and includes a list of books and [http://home.alphalink.com.au/~agilbert/mills1.html Part 2] includes a section on the army in World War I, mentioning conscription, and, in section 9, railway people.-:*A [httphttps://home.alphalink.cominternational-journal-of-anglo-indian-studies.auorg/~agilbert/booksindex.html listing] of Books on Anglo-Indian Culture and History January 1997 by Withbert Payne:*[http:php/IJAIS/home.alphalink.com.auarticle/~agilbertview/hawesint.html 122 "Christopher Hawes in Conversation with Glenn D'cruz"] ''The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies'' Volume 3, Number 1, 1998:*[httphttps://homeinternational-journal-of-anglo-indian-studies.alphalinkorg/index.com.auphp/IJAIS/article/~agilbertview/carton.html 153 "Beyond "Cotton Mary": Anglo-Indian Categories and Reclaiming the Diverse Past"] by Adrian Carton ''The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies'' Volume 5, Number 1, 2000. Includes mention of the Portuguese, Dutch and Danish in India.:*[httphttps://homeinternational-journal-of-anglo-indian-studies.alphalinkorg/index.com.auphp/IJAIS/article/~agilbertview/onjama~1.html 169 "EIR at On Jamalpur - Anglo-Indian Railway Officers"] by Blair Williams ''The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies'' Volume 6, Number 2, 2001:*[httphttps://homeinternational-journal-of-anglo-indian-studies.alphalinkorg/index.com.auphp/IJAIS/article/~agilbertview/curious.html 191 "The Curious Exclusion Of Anglo-Indians From Mass Slaughter During The Partition Of India"]. Experiences in India During 1947 of some who went to New Zealand by Dorothy McMenamin. ''The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies'' Volume 9, Number 1, 2006:*[httphttps://homeinternational-journal-of-anglo-indian-studies.alphalinkorg/index.com.auphp/IJAIS/article/~agilbertview/satoshi.html 71 "Loyalty, Parity, and Social Control-The Competing Visions on the Creation of an ‘Eurasian’ Military Regiment in late British India"] by Satoshi Mizutani ''The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies'' Volume 10, No. 1, 2010:*[httphttps://homeinternational-journal-of-anglo-indian-studies.alphalinkorg/index.com.auphp/IJAIS/article/~agilbertview/whoare1.html 62 "The Origins of The Anglo-Indians"] by Sheila Pais James ''The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies'' Volume 10, Number 2, 2010
*[http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13525 ''The Eurasian Problem In Nineteenth Century India''] by Valerie E.R. Anderson 2011. A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in History , School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Contains a link to a pdf download.
**[http://valanderson.weebly.com Anglo-Indians and Eurasians in Nineteenth Century India] Website of Val Anderson. Includes a paper "Religion and Race: Eurasians in colonial India"*[http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/13928 "Decolonising Anglo-Indians"] by Swati Chawla. April 25, 2016. dissertationreviews.org. An article about a University of Oxford dissertation by Uther E. Charlton-Stevens which is is a thorough investigation of the position and politics of Anglo-Indians in late colonial India.*Russell and Enid Fonceca’s [httphttps://www.sumgeniusanglofamilytrees.com.au/ Anglo-Indian family trees and their links] includes. Is any of the internal links no longer work, try an an earlier [https://web.archive.org/web/20161129231810/https://www.anglofamilytrees.com/ archived version] of the website.:**[httphttps://www.sumgeniusanglofamilytrees.com.au/allahabad_railwayanglo_indians_of_calcutta.htm "Experience Anglo Indians of Living in a Railway Colony in AllahabadCalcutta"] by Esther Mary Lyons*[https://web.archive.org/web/20171123235553/http://members.optusnet.com.au/~lyonsfab/article_rail_journeys.htm "The Many Rail Journeys Leading To Allahabad"] by Esther Mary Lyons from her website, now archived.*:[httphttps://wwwweb.thehinduarchive.com/newsorg/citiesweb/chennai20150328085827/of-the-railways-and-the-lives-inextricably-linked-to-it/article5211159.ece "Of the Railways and the lives inextricably linked to it"] October 8, 2013 ''The Hindu Chennai'' (Madras). Anglo Indian railway memories*[http://www.anglo-indianssumgenius.com.au/mainallahabad_railway.asp?menuID=1&content=0&mymode= Anglo-Indians.comhtm "Experience of Living in a Railway Colony in Allahabad"]by Esther Mary Lyons, now archived. Contains many categories such as History, Publications, Research etc*''Domicile and Diaspora: Anglo-Indian Women and the Spatial Politics of Home'' by Alison Blunt 2005 [httphttps://books.googleweb.com/books?id=YEykMG3QIXMC Limited View Google Books] archive.*[http:/org/www.informaworld.comweb/smpp20160804010001/ftinterface~db=all~content=a768371327~fulltext=713240930 "Problematic spaces, problematic races: defining 'Europeans' in late colonial India"] by Elizabeth Buettner in ''Women's History Review'', Volume 9, Issue 2 (June 2000) pages 277 – 298. *[http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/bldept/apac/saalg/issue3.pdf "Children of the Raj"] (pdf) by Vyvyen Brendon (2006) from a SAALG Newsletter, British Library archived webpage, has some references to Anglo Indian children.
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/dec/09/britishidentity.india "White Mischief"] by William Dalrymple in ''The Guardian'' (9 Dec 2002). The author of ''White Mughals'' writes about the book and mixed marriages in India.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBwvSj5VAUo White Mughals, Interracial Sex and Empire] YouTube video. Possibly an extract from the 2011 BBC program [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0160625 Mixed Race Britain: How the World Got Mixed Up]
*[http://www.britainsdna.com/royal-revelation How BritainsDNA discovered Prince William's unknown genetic inheritance] www.britainsdna.com and [https://www.facebook.com/fibis.org/photos_stream#!/photo.php?fbid=10151537908578881&set=pb.24704988880.-2207520000.1371369427.&type=3&theater image of the Seurat baptismal record at the British Library] FIBIS on Facebook
**[http://cruwys.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/britainsdna-times-and-prince-william.html BritainsDNA, The Times and Prince William – the perils of publication by press release] by Debbie Kennett 19 June 2013 cruwys.blogspot.co.uk
*This India List [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestryastrotalkuk.comorg/th2014/read05/india06/2007indias-02forgotten-rocketeer-2/1170909640 "Stephen H Smith – India’s forgotten rocketeer"] thread[1891-1951] is about mixed marriagesby Gurbir Singh.*This India List [http://archiverastrotalkuk.rootsweborg.ancestrySmith was Anglo Indian.com/th/read/india/2008-03/1205053809 thread] is about attitudes He conducted numerous practical experiments to mixed marriagesunderstand and promulgate the potential of rocket power as a mechanism for transport. Smith launched almost 300 rockets between 1934 and 1945 working mostly unfunded and primarily alone. He also founded, during the 1920s, the Calcutta Philatelic Club and the Aero Philatelic Club of India.
*Alistair Mcgowan’s story from [http://www.bbc.co.uk/whodoyouthinkyouare/past-stories/alistair-mcgowan.shtml Who Do You Think You Are?]
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1950s/Anglos.html Anglo Indians in the IAF [Indian Air Force<nowiki>]</nowiki>] bharat-rakshak.com
*Article [http://www.guardian.co.uk/lifeandstyle/2012/aug/25/alison-mcqueen-secret-mother-assam-india?fb=optOut "My mother's mysterious past"] by Alison McQueen ''The Guardian'', Saturday 25 August 2012
*[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/dna-unlocks-family-secrets-of-the-chinese-juggler-the-enigmatic-sea-captain-and-more/article10240050/?page=all DNA unlocks family secrets of the Chinese juggler, the enigmatic sea-captain and more] Carolyn Abraham’s family were Anglo Indians who had lived in railway colonies. www.theglobeandmail.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150211145938/http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/books/2013/04/12/carolyn-abraham-solving-family-mysteries-with-dna/ Carolyn Abraham: Solving family mysteries with DNA] with a link to , now an archived page, and a [http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrentplayer/play/popupaudio.html?clipIds=2376183687 2376183679 podcast of a radio interview], [http://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/carolyn-abraham-solving-family-mysteries-with-dna-1.1632965 2nd link same interview] www.cbc.ca
*[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-passage-to-colonial-india/article2071072.ece "A passage to colonial India"] by Mini Anthikad-Chhibber June 2, 2011 ''The Hindu''. Article about the author of cookbooks about Anglo Indian food, Bridget White-Kumar.
** Bridget White-Kumar’s [http://anglo-indianfood.blogspot.com.au Anglo-Indian Food] with recipes
*[http://vimeo.com/55850024 Back to Bangalore Part 1] Video Photographic documentary about two press photographers, Anglo Indian Bert Scott and grandson Jason Tilley. They travel to India in 1999 in search of their colonial past. [http://vimeo.com/58055788 Back to Bangalore Part 2]. Filmed by Vicki Couchman. This further video [http://vimeo.com/36090239 Photographer in Residence: Jason Tilley] also discusses the 1999 trip to India. Vimeo.com and from [http://thebeautifulpeopleblog.wordpress.com/category/my-family-history/ thebeautifulpeopleblog], category "My Family History" which contains a number of interesting blogs
*Articles about the actress Merle Oberon [https://web.archive.org/web/20121010073723/http://sapnamagazine.com/2009/hollywoods-first-indian-actress-merle-oberon sapnamagazine.com], [https://web.archive.org/web/20130904015845/http://www.abc.net.au/tv/documentaries/stories/s657300.htm abc.net.au] archive.org links. This [https://web.archive.org/web/20090604213429/http://merleoberon.net/ archived link] refers to an image of her birth certificate “obtained from the Bombay records office”, but the image is not accessible to the writer of this item.However, what appear to be the same images are available in this [https://web.archive.org/web/20090918230213/http://masterpiece.com.au/books/?p=35 archived link], including an image of the birth registration. [http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/01/stories/2008080151070200.htm From Bombay to Beverly Hills] by Randor Guy August 01, 2008 ''The Hindu'' advises she was born in Bombay (Khetwadi) and christened at Girgaon
*Articles about the singer Cliff Richard. [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-2261676/Cliff-Richards-India-How-singers-career-actually-began-Calcutta.html Cliff's Calcutta: How Richard's singing career actually began in the British Raj] by Steve Turner 13 January 2013 dailymail.co.uk. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151004180959/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100411/jsp/nation/story_12327591.jsp Letter to girl shows bachelor boy streak] by Amit Roy April 11 , 2010 ''The Telegraph Calcutta'' (now an archived webpage) advises Cliff Richard’s parents were Anglo Indian
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oefi0KfYnKA "End of the Raaj"] by Paul Harris. YouTube video (5 minute snippet from the documentary of the same name). Further extracts [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoCS8fTVUgI "Anglo-Indian-isms"] YouTube video (retrieved 21 April 2014)
*[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/closely-observed-trains-indian-railways-and-the-families-memories/story-cVDrisKi5qOrVcVd2bj4kI.html "Closely observed trains: Indian Railways and the families' memories"] by Paramita Ghosh, July 05, 2015 ''Hindustan Times'', New Delhi
===Historical books online===
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=SdWgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA73 "The East Indian Community"] ''Calcutta Review'', Volume 11 January-June 1849. (Google Books)*[https://archive.org/details/eurasiansofmadra0000thur/page/n7/mode/2up "Eurasians of Madras and Malabar"] by Edgar Thurston pages 69-114 ''Madras Government Museum Bulletin'' Vol II, No 2 1898 Archive.org*[https://archive.org/details/queensdaughters00butlgoog ''The Queen's Daughters in India'' ] by Elizabeth W. Andrew and Katharine C. Bushnell 1899Archive.org. Investigation and Report by two American missionaries into the government sanctioned brothels in British Army cantonments, set up under the Cantonment Act 1864. [https://archive.org/stream/queensdaughters00butlgoog#page/n56/mode/2up Page 54 of the document 52] states that many of the prostitutes were the offspring of British men. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:6-uExL5PKGwJ:godswordtowomen.org/queensdaughters.pdf+The+Queen's+Daughters+in+India%5D+by+Elizabeth+W.+Andrew+and+Katharine+C.+Bushnell&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShPbE6SN6YMqINh2UpPN22obBlMpC-F25pXQNP6hXdKXbrlt9sNHKd35YNlsNWtk2Qp3dPOiuahzk5_M6ExwD0T__EDRYdAmhqsJZqT6Iuholr8GJsTdfQFdCBIy5hWNpxhnvHL&sig=AHIEtbR6kxCKSY6bANlzwxJh21qZofQJ_w html version], [http://godswordtowomen.org/queensdaughters.pdf original pdf] godswordtowomen.org.
*[http://archive.org/stream/imperialandasia00unkngoog#page/n64/mode/2up "The Eurasian Problem in India"] by A Nundy, Barrister-at Law page 56 ''The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record New Series Volume IX January-April 1900'' Archive.org
*''The Domiciled European and Anglo-Indian Race of India'' by Millicent Boddington Wilson. However, the British Library catalogue states "the 3rd ed. (1929?) states that although earlier editions were published in the name of M.B. Wilson, the book was actually written by her brother J.B. Smart". The 1928 edition is available to read online on the [[Online books#https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.80885 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India| .* ''Britain’s Betrayal In India: The Story of the Anglo-Indian Community'' by Frank Anthony 1960. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.148548 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India]] website== References ==<references />
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