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====Military or Civilian?====
The second problem concerns whether they are Military or Civilian and the answer to this is almost always the former, although they could be posted as Civil Surgeons to hospitals and even jails. This article is about those Apothecaries who worked for the Government as part of the Military establishment. However, there were some Apothecaries who worked in a private capacity, for example as a Chemist and Druggist.<ref> The [http://library.wellcome.ac.uk Wellcome Library], London has See the article "European Pharmacies in Colonial India" by Harkishan Singh , pages 58-67 in the ''Pharmaceutical Historian'', Vol. 31, no. 4 (Dec. 2001)under External links above.</ref> Details about these Apothecaries may be sought in the Commercial sections of [[Directories]] such as [http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~poyntz/India/directories.html Thackers].
====Crawford’s Roll of the Indian Medical Service====
*The [http://www.s-asian.cam.ac.uk/ Cambridge (UK) Centre of South Asian Studies], in its Archive Collection, has the Winn Papers which contain information about James Winn who joined the East India Company in the Bengal Establishment in 1842, aged 13. He served as an apothecary at various stations including [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Dinapore]], [[Dum Dum]], [[Allahabad]], [[Calcutta]], [[Chunar]]. He was invalided out of the service at [[Meerut]] in July 1884. (WINN 1/1 Testimonials, statements of service, etc in connection with James Winn's work as an apothecary in the service of the Bengal Establishment, 1842-1884, 45 items)
*The [http://library.wellcome.ac.uk Wellcome Library], London has See the article "Apothecaries and Hospital Assistants in Colonial India" by Harkishan Singh in the ''Pharmaceutical Historian'' Vol. 32, no. 1 (Mar. 2002)under [[Apothecary#External links|External links]] below.
==The Situation by the 1870s==
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=oLkTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA272 "Civil Surgeons in India] ''The Indian Medical Gazette'' Volume 3, page 272 1868. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=Yz-zE8waQukC&pg=PA168 ''History of Medicine in India, page 168''] by Chittabrata Palit 2005. Preview Google Books
*[httphttps://dspace.gipe.ac.in/jspuixmlui/bitstream/1handle/323410973/321456/GIPE-015938.pdf "Growth of the Civil Side of the Indian Medical Service -Since 1885"]. Report written 1 October 1912 by C. P. Lukis, Surgeon General, Director- General, Indian Medical Service. Pages 17-20 of the pdf are in respect of the ISMD. Dspace website of Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE), Pune
===Tracing a Surgeon===
For a limited number of years, a Thacker's ''Medical Directory'' was published.
*''Thacker's Medical Directory of India, Burma and Ceylon'', published 1913-1915. The 1914 edition is at the British Library UIN: BLL01000948664 - enquire if there are additional volumes as it is classified as a Journal, perhaps implying more than one edition. 1913 and 1915 editions appear to be available at Oxford and Cambridge University Libraries, and the National Library of Scotland.
:National Archives of India pay service "Digitise on Demand" includes ''Thacker's Medical Directory'' [https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2400020 1914] (Identifier PR_000002709792) and [https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/2326441 1915] (Identifier PR_000002614707) abhilekh-patal.in*''Thacker's Indian Medical Directory'', published 1922-1924. Also referred to as editions 4-6. Available at Oxford University Library and the National Library of Scotland, but this title is not listed in the British Library catalogue.:There appear to have been at least two further editions, including 1931, 8th edition. A [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5185740/?page=1 review] which indicates the contents (530 pages). The 1931 edition is available at the Royal Society of Medicine [https://www.rsm.ac.uk/the-library Library], London, ([http://rsm.sirsidynix.net.uk/uhtbin/cgisirsi/?ps=yPqEJXxHQ0/0/X/60/502/X Catalogue]) which also holds the 1923 edition. For other Medical Directories from 1908, and 1924, see [[Doctor#Lists of medical officers| Doctor - Lists of medical officers - Other lists]].
====Indian Army Lists====
Another invaluable source is the Indian Army Lists, like Thacker’s, available at the British Library. This B.L. webpage
[https://web.archive.org/web/20151028004710/http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/indianmedicalservice/indianmedical.html Indian Medical Service], now archived, advises that members of the Subordinate Medical Department are recorded in the published army lists, L/MIL/17/2-4, Bengal from 1819, Madras from 1829, Bombay from 1832. (The catalogue entries are: [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_8-2_2&cid=1-1-1#1-1-1 Bengal Army IOR/L/MIL/17/2 ] 1791-1903 [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_8-2_2&cid=1-1-2#1-1-2 Madras Army IOR/L/MIL/17/3] 1787-1904 [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_8-2_2&cid=1-1-3#1-1-3 Bombay Army IOR/L/MIL/17/4] 1794-1913). From 1889 to 1947, all members of the Subordinate Medical Department with the rank of warrant officer or above are recorded in the published Indian Army List in the Reading Room (Ref:OIR355.33). However, according to an India List post,<ref name=BPA>Bailey, Peter. [https://listsweb.rootswebarchive.comorg/web/20210406055707/hyperkittyhttps:/list/india@mlarchives.rootsweb.com/listindexes/emails?listname=india&thread/=1662618/ Army Lists-Question] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 20 January 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2019, archived. </ref> the L/MIL/17 Army Lists in the early years may '''not''' routinely include lists of Apothecaries. Quoting from Baxter’s Guide (Biographical Sources in the India Office Records), the post also advises that "Dates of Birth of Apothecaries are given in the lists from Oct. 1884".
'''Many Indian Army Lists are now available online - See [[Indian Army List online]]'''
===FIBIS resources===
*The FIBIS database has listings of
**[http://searchfibis.fibisourarchives.org/frontisonline/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=490 Madras Apothecaries Fund 1829] This indicates the man's rank, marital status and number of children**[http://searchfibis.fibisourarchives.org/frontisonline/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=615&s_id=794 Apothecaries Serving in Bengal 1862], which contains Apothecaries, Assistant Apothecaries, Stewards and also Veterinary Surgeons and Riding Masters.
*"Assistant Surgeon RLW Beveridge, Indian Medical Department" by Allan Stanistreet ''FIBIS Journal Number 29 (Spring 2013)'' pages 28-29. He was appointed Sub-Conductor (Warrant Officer Class One) and Assistant Surgeon 4th Grade in the Indian Subordinate Medical Department on 18 April 1910. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article
==Other==
An India List post<ref>Murphy, Sylvia [https://listsweb.rootswebarchive.comorg/web/20210212221512/hyperkittyhttps:/list/indiamlarchives.rootsweb.com/listindexes/emails?listname=india&thread/=1662099/ Apothecaries on Bombay Muster Rolls] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 20 February 2010. Retrieved 7 March 2019, archived.</ref> advises that two Apothecaries and a Hospital Steward were found on a list of pensioners in the Bombay Muster records for 1857.
==External links==
*"European Pharmacies in Colonial India" by Harkishan Singh, pages 58-67 in [https://leopard.tu-braunschweig.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/dbbs_derivate_00044324/Pharmaceutical-Historian-2001.pdf ''Pharmaceutical Historian'', Vol. 31, no. 4 (Dec. 2001)]. leopard.tu-braunschweig.de.
*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27586218 "Early decades of Madras Medical College: Apothecaries"] by R Raman and A Raman ''Natl Med J India''. 2016 Mar-Apr;29(2):98-102. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
*[http://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2017/11/the-last-will-and-testament-of-an-indian-wife.html "The last will and testament of an Indian wife"] 02 November 2017. British Library Untold lives blog. Includes mention of William Foy baptized 1805 who became a sub-assistant veterinary surgeon and later an apothecary at the General Hospital in Calcutta. William retired from the Subordinate Medical Service in 1857 and set up as a ‘Practising Physician’ in Calcutta.
===Historical books online===
*[https://archive.org/details/b22394023/mode/2up ''A code of medical regulations, for the Honorable East India Company's establishment of surgeons, belonging to the Presidency of Prince of Wales' Island, Singapore, and Malacca''] by W E E Conwell, Surgeon on the Madras Establishment 1828 Archive.org. Includes references to Apothecaries.
*[https://archive.org/stream/IndianMedicalServiceReport1912/Indian%20Medical%20Service%20report%201912#page/n13/mode/2up "Military Assistant Surgeons, ISMD"] from a report catalogued as ''Indian Medical Service Report 1912'' Archive.org
{{Origin|text=This article was researched and prepared by Maureen Evers and Joss O’Kelly}}
