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Colonial Indian Architecture reveals the progressive involvement of the British in India spanning about 400 years. Military engineers provided the first secure compounds for the [[East India Company|East India Company’s ]] trading posts in [[Madras 1639]], [[Bombay 1668]], and [[Calcutta 1690]]. As colonial influence spread so did the their architecture. Edward Lutyen’s 1912 New Delhi grand plan used ideas from the Garden City movement, and laid the seeds for modern Indian city planning, and is seen as the best Raj architectural legacy.

Architectural quality varies. Early buildings in fortified encampments borrowed from the militaryUnlike [[French]] or [[Portuguese]] Colonialists, using crenellated decoration whose architecture was accustomed to adorn parapets. Prominent buildings in key locations were built expressing powerMediterranean needs, this came not just from the dominance of the British but from their stylistic choice of Neo-Classicism designs rapidly altered adding arcades and deep verandahs to represent their cultural authority. More numerous were deal with the modest cottages needs to shelter from sun and bungalows that borrowed stylistically from Bengali ‘bangla’ village hutsmonsoon. Aside Italianate designs often better suited the climatic needs, compared to this was Church architecture which differed by following the prevailing pattern book English trend designs. Neo- from Gothic variety often the clean lines choice of Christopher Wren’s English Renaissance churches Venetian Gothic for in civic buildings in preference to the verticality of Pugin’s Victorian Neo-High Gothic piles to represent pure Christian values.

Against the dominant style of the Aesthetic Imperialists (represented by the [[Public Works Department]] who commissioned and regulated colonial architectural design) there were the Native Revivalists. They thought that civic architecture should represent the people, something with a connection to the land and the past, which in later Victorian times was mirrored by William Morris’ Arts and Craft’s view - of returning to an architecture using craftsmanship and traditional methods. Unlike French or Portuguese ColonialistsBombay was more liberal, whose so many of the later universities and law courts opted for Indo-Saracenic architecture was accustomed (a mixture of Hindu, Islamic and Western elements applied to Western buildings). James Fergusson a Morris supporter, argued that copying Indian styles to Mediterranean needsbe a crime, British designs rapidly altered adding arcades and deep verandahs to deal with backed the needs to shelter from sun expressive use of Indian forms in architectural expression. The issue was that it was not a fusion of east and monsoonwest design. Architects working in the [[Princely States]] managed this. Italianate Indigenous methods prevailed in [[Hill station|hill stations]] where informal residential designs often better suited used the climatic needs, compared to pattern book English designsbest of both traditions. .

Against The quality of local craftsmen and raw material made a difference. Bombay’s stone carvers were able to work with better grade stone than others– naturally their work was more detailed. The continued prevalence in other areas of the more simply decorated Neo-classical buildings demanded less intricate carving than was needed for the dominant richly decorated Gothic style . The rise of the Aesthetic Imperialists Indian Middle Classes with their patronage of the Arts and Architecture encouraged the marriage of indigenous and European designs. Their architectural commissions represented their affluence, civic pride, and Indian heritage. In contrast, English industrial progress evidenced with widespread use of imported corrugated iron (represented by from the [[Public Works Department]]1840's) there offered construction simplification, but tended to dumb down architectural advances. Frequently colonial buildings were criticized about not responding to local conditions, or not being built using traditional, and proven local methods. The "London look" was achieved by stucco render over brick, and sadly many Raj buildings are falling into disrepair as the Native Revivalist architects that thought civic architecture should represent stucco peels away.  Arguably, Engineers on colonial service adversely influenced the peopletraining of Indian technicians, and this continued when Indian Universities, something captivated with a connection to the land and the pastModernism, which offered Architecture in later Victorian times was mirrored by William Morris’ view - of returning the run up to an architecture using craftsmanship and traditional methodsIndependence. Many Several generations of Indians had not studied India’s rich architectural history. But the later universities JJ School of Art [[Bombay]] accepted this and law courts used this Indo-Saracenic architecture (looked forward, visioning the more inclusive use of concrete, a mixture new material that would house India’s masses. But again the stucco surfaces of Hinduearly Modernist buildings is failing away from disrepair, Islamic and Western elements)just it is on the earlier Neo-Classical buildings . James Fergusson a Morris supporter ===Bombay: birthplace of modern Indian Architecture===*1865 Bombay Builder magazine first published JJ School of Art, argued that copying [[Bombay]]: courses *1896 2 yr draughtsman’s course*1908 4 yr architectural course*1917 Indian styles Institute of Architects*1922 5 yr architectural course *1925 Bombay Architectural Association – with affiliation to the RIBA*1930 RIBA exams held in Bombay*1937 Ideal Home Exhibition introduces Modernism to be a crimeIndia, and backed the expressive use of Indian forms in architectural expressionmore popular and the less restrained alternative - Art Deco.

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Lutyens Edwin Lutyens 1869-1944] Wikipedia - - British Architect notable for the planning of New Delhi**[http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/21/how-two-friends-built-a-city-and-fell-out How Two Friends Built a City and Fell Out] by Margherita Stancati November 21, 2011, blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime. Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker were commissioned to build New Delhi.**[http://www.heathershimmin.com/viceroy-house-new-delhi The story behind Lutyens' sketch of Viceroy House] heathershimmin.com 

 === Historical books online === *[http://www.bolojiarchive.org/stream/indiaindianengin00medlrich#page/76/mode/2up ''India and Indian engineering''] Three lectures delivered at the Royal engineer institute, Chatham, in July, 1872. JG Megley lecture. Considers building comfort design issues, giving examples of comfortable bungalows, and stuffy churches - where services were held outside under the early morning shadow of the church.com*[http:/architecture/indexwww.archive.htm org/stream/indianarchitectu00haveuoft#page/n443/mode/2up ''Indian Architecture''] by EV Havel, a good description of the [[Public Works Department]] This is an excellent Indian site reviewing architects and architectural style, including a readable critique of Colonial Architecturein late Victorian times – asking it this the right approach?*[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofmoderns04ferguoft#page/470/mode/2up ''History of Modern Architecture''] by James Fergusson mentioned above.*''History of Indian and Eastern Architecture'' by James Fergusson Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/historyindianan00tadggoog 1891 edition]. 1899 editions: [https://archive.org/details/historyindianan01ferggoog Volume I], [httphttps://sesarchive.libraryorg/details/historyindianan02ferggoog Volume II].usyd1910 editions: [https://archive.eduorg/details/historyofindiane01ferguoft Volume I], [https://archive.auorg/handledetails/2123historyofindiane02ferguoft Volume II]*[http:/495 /books.google.com/books?id=SJ4EAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Deccan QueenThe Bombay Builder: A Spatial Analysis an illustrated journal of Poona in the Nineteenth engineering architecture, science & art Volume 1''] 1865 Google Books*''Jeypore Portfolio of Architectural Details parts VII and VIII: VII, String and Band Patterns; VIII, Wall and Early Twentieth CenturiesSurface Decorations''by Samuel Swinton Jacob, 1894. [https://katalogbeta.slub-dresden.de/id/0015244231/#detail Catalogue details] by Wayne Thomas Mullen. Sydney University [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/150701/1/0/ Digital Theses 26file] digital.slub-dresden.de. Left hand side of webpage, under Inhaltsverzeichnis, then click on title, shows links to both parts. Thumbnails at foot of webpage show illustrations. Downloads available. Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB) Dresden: The various parts of ''Jeypore Portfolio'': I. Copings and plinths.--II. Pillars--Caps and bases.--III. Carved doors.--IV. Brackets.--V. Arches.--VI. Balustrades.-Mar-2006VII. String and band patterns. A thesis which is “structured around --VIII. Wall and surface decorations.--IX. Dados: with a note on the analysis process of a model that describes fresco paintings in Jeypore.--X. Parapets.--XI. Chatris and domed roofs.--XII. Jharokas or balcony windows.:*[https://disegnarecon.unibo.it/article/viewFile/2079/1466 "Samuel Swinton Jacob and the Jeypore Portfolio: issues in Architectural Recording"] by Vanicka Arora. Disegnarecon dicembre 2010. disegnarecon.unibo.it*''India. Photographs and Drawings Of Historical Buildings :100 Plates; From the Collection in the Cantonmentlate Office of Curator of Ancient Monuments in India''. London, the Civil Lines1896. [https://katalogbeta.slub-dresden.de/id/0015229001/#detail Catalogue details] [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/werkansicht/dlf/178347/1/ Digital file] digital.slub-dresden.de. With thumbnails, the Sadr Bazar and part so illustrations are easily found. Download available. Sächsische Landesbibliothek – Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden (SLUB) Dresden *[https://archive.org/details/CInCsResidencesIndia ''Reminiscences of the Native City Residencies of the Western Indian settlement of Poona Commanders-In-Chief in India in the late nineteenth Simla, Old and early twentieth centuriesNew Delhi''] by Field- Marshal Sir W R Birdwood 1930 Archive.org*[https://archive.org/details/NewDelhiByRobertByron "New Delhi"] by Robert Byron. ''The Architectural Review'' January 1931. Archive.org*[https://archive.org/details/OLDBungalowsInBangaloreJanetPott ''Old Bungalows in Bangalore, South India''] by Janet Pott 1977 Archive.org*[https://archive.org/details/MonkeyTops ''Monkey Tops: Old Buildings in Bangalore Cantonment''] by Elizabeth Staley 1981 Archive.org === Others ===*[http://www.boloji.com/architecture/index.” Contains htm Indian Architecture] This is an excellent Indian site for a more detailed over view , it includes sections on architectureColonial Indian Architecture.