Changes

Following the [[Battle of Kirkee]] 1817 and the defeat of the Peshwas, the Bhor Ghat road to [[Poona]] opened 1830, allowing greater access to the Deccan cotton fields. Bombay became the commercial centre of the Malwa [[Opium trade| opium trade]], and opium also became the basis for the prosperity of Bombay.<ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727093134/http://www.hinduonnet.com:80/fline/fl2310/stories/20060602000307600.htm “Narcotics and empire”] from Frontline-''The Hindu'' Volume 23 - Issue 10: 20 May - 2 June 2006, now archived; [https://www.academia.edu/6333316/Book_review_Opium_City_The_Rise_of_Early_Victorian_Bombay_by_Amar_Farooqui Article by Dipesh Karmarkar] academia.edu. Discussions of the book ''Opium City, The Making of Early Victorian Bombay'' by Amar Farooqui 2006, available at the [[British Library]] UIN: BLL01013423658 .</ref> Railways much improved goods transport, the [[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]] (GIPR)opened in 1864. This allowed Bombay to fill the global demand for cotton resulting from shortages as a consequence of the American Civil War’s blockade of its southern ports(1860-1865). The opening of the Suez Canal 1869 further shortened the passage to England. The resultant economic boom saw wealthy businessmen sponsor many civic buildings – University Library Buildings, Jamsetji Jijibhoy (JJ) School of Art, and the Mechanics Institute. From the 1860‘s many municipal improvement schemes focused on improving health and sanitation.

Because of the cosmopolitan mix of Bombay Society, it is [[architect]]urally unlike the most of colonial india's neo-classicism; the wealth citizens of Bombay, and the city's [[Public Works Department]] opted for Venetian-Gothic designs with alterations to suit the Indian Climate. Victoria Terminus the station of the GIPR, adorned with Indian motifs represents this patronage. Bombay introduced Modernist architecture to India seeing new concrete construction methods as an inclusive architecture available to India's masses in the lead up to Independence.

*[httpshttp://searchfibis.fibisourarchives.org/frontisonline/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=223&s_id=99 Bombay Maps]*[httpshttp://searchfibis.fibisourarchives.org/frontisonline/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=492&s_id=39 Bombay Golf Clubs members]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150810061424/http://www.mumbainet.com/template1.php?CID=15&SCID=5 History of Mumbai] A brief yet informative history covering key people and events during European settlement and post Independence, now an archived webpage.

*Lieutenant Lachlan Macquarie arrived in India in August 1788 with the 77th Regiment of Foot. His [httphttps://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digitalmacquarie-archive/lema/documents.html Journal] describes his life in Bombay. From Macquarie University’s [httphttps://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digitalmacquarie-archive/lema Lachlan and Elizabeth Macquarie Archive]*[httphttps://www.lib.mq.edu.au/digitalmacquarie-archive/lema/gallery/india.html Eight Views of Bombay by James Wales (1791-1795)] from Macquarie University’s Lachlan and Elizabeth Macquarie Archive.

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130415012108/http://housing.co.in/blog/2013/04/11/from-bombay-to-mumbai-in-pictures / From Bombay to Mumbai – In Pictures]. ‘Then’ and ‘now’ photographs. April 11, 2013 housing.co.in, now archived.*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140713075234/http://thevoiceofthezamorin.blogspot.in/2012/12/the-origin-of-bombay-street-names.html The Origin of Bombay Street Names] “The voice of the Zamorin” 22 July 2013, now archived.

*[httphttps://wwwcommons.skyscrapercitywikimedia.comorg/showthreadwiki/File:WATSON’S-ESPLANADE-HOTEL.jpg#/media/File:WATSON’S-ESPLANADE-HOTEL.php?t=1076621 jpg Watson's Hotel, Mumbai] Photographs from Skyscrapercityc 1865 painting. Wikimedia.org.com

*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Explosion_(1944) Bombay Explosion 1944] Wikipedia and [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710072759/http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/bomEx.html Explosion in Bombay 14 April 1944] Merchantnavyofficers.com, now archived. The book ''Bombay Explosion'' by John Ennis 1959 is available at the [[British Library]]UIN: BLL01001144858 . American title: ''The Great Bombay Explosion''. *[httphttps://cgsc.cdmhostcontentdm.oclc.comorg/cdm4digital/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=collection/p4013coll8&CISOPTR=/id/2732&CISOBOX=1&REC=11#metajump World War II Operational Documents: Port summary of Bombay, India. 1945] from Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library

*[http://archive.org/stream/shellsfromsands00wach#page/n3/mode/2up ''Shells from the sands of Bombay; being my recollections and reminiscences, 1860-1875''] by Sir D E Wacha 1920. With some illustrations. [https://archive.org/details/ldpd_7008467_000 Alternative file] where images may be easier to view. Archive.org.:[http://www.archive.org/detailsstream/financialchapter00wachuoft#page/n3/mode/bombayplacenames00sheprich 2up ''A Financial Chapter in the History of Bombay placeCity 1864-names 65''] by Dinsha Edulji Wacha 2nd Edition 1910 Archive.org. Includes the failure of the Bank of Bombay.:[http://www.archive.org/stream/risegrowthofbomb00wachiala#page/n1/mode/2up ''Rise and Growth of Bombay Municipal Government''] by D. E. Wacha 1913 Archive.org*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=cYAoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP5 ''The Bombay Riots of 1874''] Compiled and street-names; an excursion into Printed at ''The Bombay Gazette'' 1874 Google Books. [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.107772/page/n4/mode/1up 2nd file], Archive.org.:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=u8AHT7l6rxsC&pg=PA1 ''The Bombay Riots of 1874''] by “W” (Printed for Private Circulation). Printed at the Times of India, Office. 1874 Google Books. Verses.*[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6094/mode/2up ''Macleanʼs Guide to Bombay'' 1875] by-ways J M Maclean includes [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6094/page/n265/mode/2up ''Part 2 Bombay Directory'' 1875] Archive.org. Note lacks title page, but date of publication seems accurate, as the history of Contents refers to "Almanac 1875-76".:[https://archive.org/details/guide-bombay-1876/page/n19/mode/2up ''A Guide to Bombay City, Historical, Statistical and Descriptive''1876 2nd Edition] by Samuel Townsend Sheppard James Mackenzie Maclean. Includes [https://archive.org/details/guide-bombay-1876/page/n351/mode/2up Part 2 ''Bombay Directory'' 1876]:[https://archive.org/details/guidebombay1889/page/n15/mode/2up 14th Edition 1889]. Includes [https://archive.org/details/guidebombay1889/page/n507/mode/2up Part 2 ''Bombay Directory'' 1889]:[https://archive.org/details/guidebombay-1893/page/n11/mode/2up 18th Edition 1893]. Includes [https://archive.org/details/guidebombay-1893/page/n539/mode/2up Part 2 ''Bombay Directory'' 1893] :[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.4614/page/n1/mode/2up 31st Edition, 1906], [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5291/page/n1/mode/2up Part 2 ''Bombay Directory'', 1906] (1917separate book file) All Archive.org*[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/25973 ''Bombay Riots of August 1893''] by ''Times of India''. GIPE Digitised Books, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics - Pune.

*[https://archive.org/details/charmofbombayant00kark ''The Charm Times of India Directory'', published in Bombay, an Anthology . :See [[Directories online#The Times of Writings in Praise India Directory|Directories online - The Times of the First City in India''Directory]] edited by R P Karkaria 1915 Archive.orgfor publications 1897 and 1932-1954.

*''Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency'':**[httphttps://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924070623768#page/n7details/mode/2up Volume 26, Part 1] ''Materials towards a statistical account of the Town and Island of Bombay wideworldmag1910- History'' 1893 Archive.org**[http:v25//www.archive.org/stream/cu31924070623776#page/n5581/mode/2up Volume 26 "A Remarkable War. Plague Fighting in Bombay"] by Dr J A Turner, Part 2] ''Materials towards a statistical account of the Town and Island Medical Officer of Health, Bombay - Trade and Fortificationspage 582 '' 1894 ArchiveThe Wide World Magazine.org**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924070623784#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 26, Part 3] ''Materials towards a statistical account of the Town and Island of Bombay 25 1910 May- AdministrationOctober'' 1894 . Archive.org*''The Times of India Directory'', published in Bombay. :See [[Directories online#The Times of India Directory|Directories online - The Times of India Directory]] for publications 1897 and 1932-1954.

*[httphttps://booksarchive.google.comorg/details/books?id=SJ4EAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover charmofbombayant00kark ''The Charm of Bombay Builder: , an illustrated journal Anthology of engineering architecture, science & art Volume 1Writings in Praise of the First City in India''] 1865 Google Booksedited by R P Karkaria 1915 Archive.org.*[http://archive.org/stream/bycullaclub1833100shepuoft#page/n10/mode/1up ''The Bombay MiscellanyByculla Club 1833-1916, A History'', a monthly magazine ] by Samuel T Sheppard 1916 Archive.org:[httphttps://booksarchive.google.com.auorg/details/books?id=b60IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 1, November 1860cu31924024157954 ''Bombay place-names and street-names : an excursion into the by-April 1861ways of the history of Bombay City''], by Samuel T Sheppard 1917 Archive.org:[httphttps://booksarchive.googleorg/details/dli.comernet.au1359/page/n1/mode/books?id=ZrQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume 42up ''Bombay''] by Samuel T Sheppard 1932. Archive.org, May to October 1862] Google Booksmirror from Digital Library of India. Historical aspects. *[httphttps://archive.org/streamdetails/b32843355_0001/bycullaclub1833100shepuoft#page/n10n5/mode/1up 2up ''The Byculla Club 1833-1916Drainage problems of the East : being a revised and enlarged edition of "Oriental drainage", A History[Volume 1 <nowiki>]</nowiki> ''] by Samuel T Sheppard 1916 C C James 1917, first published 1906 Archive.org. Includes chapters relating to Drainage of the major cities in India ('''Bombay''', Calcutta, Karachi, Madras, “Benares, Lucknow, Mirzapur and Lahore”), Rangoon, Singapore, Penang and Shanghai, and of the major cities in Egypt. [https://archive.org)/details/b32843355_0002/page/n5/mode/2up ''Drainage problems of the East, Volume 2- Plans''] by C C James 1917 Archive.org