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Many '''botanists and naturalists''' were also [[Doctor|doctors/surgeons]].
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==Historical background==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_natural_history#Colonial_India Indian Natural history - Colonial India] Wikipedia
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20221019033938/https://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol34_4_4_RKKochhar.pdf "Science in British India"] by RK Kochhar ''Indian Journal of History of Science'' 34(4) 1999 pp317-346, archived webpage.
*“The history of Indian mammalogy and ornithology. Part II. Birds” by Sir Norman Kinnear 1952, pages 1-11 of the pdf, and “Bird Study in India: It’s History and It’s Importance” by Salim Ali 1979, pages 12-18 of the pdf. Reprinted in [http://bnhsenvis.nic.in/writereaddata/BUCEROS_40.pdf ''Buceros''] Volume IV No.2 1999 ''Buceros'' is an ENVIS newsletter published by the ENVIS Centre at the BNHS (Bombay Natural History Society).
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220616074523/https://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol37B_1971_3_Art01.pdf "Ornithology in India: It’s Past, Present and Future"] by Salim Ali ''Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy'' Volume 37, B3, 1971, pages 99-113, archived webpage.
==Individuals==
===Surgeons=======Edward Green Balfour====[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Green_Balfour Edward Green Balfour] 1813-1889 (Wikipedia), appointed Assistant Surgeon in the Madras Medical Service and sailed for India 1834. Retired 1876 as Surgeon General of Madras Presidency. *[http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2023/otherstories.html#story3 Pages from History: Edward the green Balfour] ''Madras Musings'' March 16-31 2010. [http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/106/11/1594.pdf "Edward Green Balfour (1813–1889) and his contributions to Indian agriculture and forestry"] by Anantanarayanan Raman. ''Current Science'', Volume 106, No. 11, 10 June 2014. *His books include [https://archive.org/details/agriculturalpes00balfgoog ''The Agricultural Pests of India, and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Vegetable and Animal, Injurious to Man and his Products''] by Surgeon General Edward Balfour 1887 Archive.org.
====Samuel Browne====
Samuel Browne was listed as a Principal Surgeon in Madras 1688-1697 when he was discharged. Samuel Brown died 21 December 1698 at Madras, according to this [http://www.archive.org/stream/fortstgeorgemad02penngoog#page/n254/mode/1up cemetery record]. After his death the following articles were published in the ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' (London):
====Edward Bulkley====
Dr Edward Bulkley was a Principal Surgeon 1692-1709 when he transferred to the Civil Service as Member of Council. He resigned in 1713 and died August 1714 at Madras according to this [http://www.archive.org/stream/fortstgeorgemad02penngoog#page/n257/mode/1up cemetery record]. He is mentioned in the "Third Book of Samuel Brown" (see above) and also on this [http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=422 page] from the Linnean Society of London website, collecting plants in Bengal and Burma 1702-8, (where the spelling Bulkeley is used). He is probably the Mr Buckly, Chief Surgeon at Fort St George who sent a collection of Chinese medical instruments to the Royal Society, mentioned in this [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/20/236-247/390.full.pdf+html article] ''Phil. Trans. 1 January 1698 vol. 20 no. 236-247'' 390-392. The autopsy mentioned above is the first recorded medico-legal autopsy performed in India.
====Francis Buchanan–Hamilton====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton Francis Buchanan–Hamilton] 1762-1829. (Wikipedia) He was in the Bengal Medical Service from 1794 to 1815. He succeeded William Roxburgh to become the Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden in 1814, but had to return to Britain in 1815 due to ill health.<br>
[http://books.google.com/books?id=6vPmAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''A journey from Madras through the countries of Mysore, Canara, and Malabar Volume 1''] [http://books.google.com/books?id=ffTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Volume 2''] [http://books.google.com/books?id=JvXmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Volume 3''] by Francis Buchanan MD 1807 Google Books<br>
[http://books.google.com/books?id=67gWAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal''] by Francis Hamilton (formerly Buchanan) MD 1819 Google Books
====Francis Day====
====Patrick Russell====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Russell_(herpetologist) Patrick Russell] 1726-1805 (Wikipedia) came to India in 1781. He had previously worked as a physician for the British [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant_Company Levant Company] (Wikipedia) at its chief factory (trading post) at Aleppo (Syria) 1750-1771. In 1785 was appointed as the East India Company's 'Botanist and Naturalist' at Madras, following Koenig's death. He retired in 1791 1789 and returned to England. Russell's viper the venomous snake, whose toxicity is second only to the cobra, is named after him. *[httphttps://books.google.com.au/books?id=h6xSzhlmNdoC-OgRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA331 Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens PP15 "Memoir of the Life and the Origins Writings of EnvironmentalismPatrick Russell, MD, 1600-1860FRS"] by Richard H Grove page 331 ''The European Magazine, and London Review, including the footnote gives more details including that he was initially an assistant surgeonVolume 59'' for January 1811. Google Books*[http://www.hinduonnethindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/23/stories/2006012300070500.htm “The first snakeman of India”] by S. Muthiah January 23, 2006 ''The Hindu ''. *[http://wwwbritishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2013/09/plague-snakes-and-fishes.html "Plague, Snakes and Fishes"] 06 September 2013 British Library Untold lives blog.cmj*[http://dx.slmadoi.lkorg/cmj460210.4038/39cmj.htm v46i2.6488 “Russell of Russell's viper fame”] by R L Jayakody ''The Ceylon Medical Journal Volume 46, No 2, 2001 June''*[http://www.academia.edu/3026197/Rahul_Bhaumik_The_Natural_History_of_Indian_Serpents_Dr._Patrick_Russell_Colonial_Medicine_and_the_British_Empire_History_Studies_International_Journal_of_History_ "The Natural History of Indian Serpents: Dr. Patrick Russell, Colonial Medicine and the British Empire"] by Rahul Bhaumik ''History Studies International Journal of History'' Volume 4 Issue 4, p. 35-63, November 2012 academia.edu*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=h6xSzhlmNdoC&pg=PA331 Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860] by Richard H Grove page 331, including the footnote gives more details including that he was initially an assistant surgeon. Google Books*[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/369/mode/1up/search/Russell Patrick Russell] from ''Dictionary of Indian Biography'' by Charles Edward Buckland Archive.org.*See below for online versions of ''An Account of Indian Serpents collected on the Coast of Coromandel'' by Patrick Russell and ''A Continuation of an Account of Indian Serpents''] by Patrick Russell 1801
====William Roxburgh====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Roxburgh William Roxburgh] 1751-1815. (Wikipedia) He joined the Madras Medical Service as an assistant surgeon in 1776 and became a surgeon in 1780. He succeeded Patrick Russell as Naturalist to the Madras Government. He later became Superintendant of the Calcutta Botanical Garden 1793-1814 where he was succeeded by Francis Buchan Hamilton. <br>[http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2015/otherstories.html#story2 Pages from History: The barometer and thermometer – his constant companions] ''Madras Musings'' November 16-30 2009 <br>[http://books.google.com/books?id=LFw-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Flora indica, or descriptions of Indian plants,Volume 1''] by William Roxburgh 1820 [http://books.google.com/books?id=V1w-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP7 ''Volume 2''] 1824 [http://books.google.com/books?id=focCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR6 ''Volume 3''] 1832 ====Nathaniel Wallich====[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Wallich Nathaniel Wallich] 1786-1854 (Wikipedia) (Also spelt Wallick in the East-India Register) He was a Danish Surgeon at the Danish settlement of [[Serampore]], near Calcutta from 1808. He became an Assistant Surgeon in the Bengal Medical Service from 1814. He followed Francis Buchan-Hamilton as Superintendent of the Calcutta Botanical Garden, a position he held until he retired in 1846.
====Robert Wight====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wight Robert Wight] 1796-1872 (Wikipedia). He joined the Madras Medical Service in 1819 and was appointed Naturalist in 1826.
*[http://linnean.org/fileadmin/images/Publications/Hooker_Web.pdf “The Hooker Lecture: Robert Wight and the Illustration of Indian Botany"] by Henry Noltie, 8 December 2005, The Linnean Society
*[http://www.rbge.org.uk/the-gardens/edinburgh/inverleith-house/archive-exhibitions/inverleith-house-archive-main-programme/rungiah-and-govindoo-south-indian-botanical-drawings-1826-1853 Rungiah and Govindoo - South Indian Botanical Drawings 1826-1853] Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh
===Others===
====Georges Guerrard-Samuel Perrottet====
Georges Perrottet took charge as Director of the Jardin Botanique de Pondichéry, JBP) (Botanic Garden of [[Pondicherry]]) in 1840 and held this office until he died in 1870. Perrottet enriched the garden by introducing several plants that have been shown to bear either economic importance to humans or had the potential of being useful.
*[http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/107/09/1607.pdf "Georges Guerrard-Samuel Perrottet, a forgotten Swiss−French plant collector, experimental botanist and biologist in India"] by Anantanarayanan Raman ''Current Science'', Vol. 107, No. 9, 10 November 2014, pages 1607-1612
*In 1842 Perrottet wrote a book on indigo growing and manufacture [https://archive.org/details/Perrottet-ArtDeLindigotierTraiteDesIndigoferesTinctoriaux1842 ''Art de l’indigotier ou Traite des indigoferes tinctoriaux et de la fabrication de l’indigo''] Archive.org
====Johann Peter Rottler====
Missionary (1749-1836). [http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%207/otherstories.html "Pages from History: Documenting the flora of the Coromandel"] by Dr A Raman ''Madras Musings'' July 16-31, 2009. Scroll to the bottom of the page
==Historical books online==
*[https://archive.org/details/accountindianse1russ/page/n5/mode/2up''An Account of Indian Serpents collected on the Coast of Coromandel''] by Patrick Russell MD, FRS 1796. Archive.org. Also available [https://catalog.lindahall.org/permalink/01LINDAHALL_INST/1nrd31s/alma992000933405961 Linda Hall Library Digital Collections] Linda Hall Library Kansas City, USA.
:[https://archive.org/details/accountIndianse2Russ ''A Continuation of an Account of Indian Serpents''] by Patrick Russell 1801 Archive.org. With Plates. This volume is Part Ii, and contains Appendices written in 1804 and 1809.
*[https://archive.org/details/accountoffishesf00hami/page/n7/mode/2up ''An account of the fishes found in the river Ganges and its branches''] by Francis Hamilton (formerly Buchanan) 1822 Archive.org. With a separate volume of Plates: [https://archive.org/details/accountfishesfoatlaHami/page/n7/mode/2up File 1], [https://archive.org/details/mobot31753003649255/page/n1/mode/2up File 2], Archive.org
*''Flora Indica; Or, Descriptions of Indian Plants'' by William Roxburgh 1832 edition Google Books. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=1IYCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9 Volume I], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=KYcCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP9 Volume II], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=fm0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR3 Volume III]
**[http://apps.kew.org/floraindica/home.do Roxburgh's ''Flora Indica'']. This web site brings together William Roxburgh's three-volume text-only ''Flora Indica'' published posthumously in 1832, with the illustrations he commissioned of most of the plants he described. Kew Gardens
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