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==Historical background===*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_natural_history#Colonial_India Indian Natural history- Colonial India] Wikipedia*[httphttps://74web.125archive.155.132org/web/20221019033938/search?q=cache:xW7yShNIZTcJhttps://www.newinsa.dli.ernetnic.in/rawdatauploadwritereaddata/uploadUpLoadedFiles/insaIJHS/INSA_1/20005af6_114Vol34_4_4_RKKochhar.pdf+%E2%80%9CDevelopment+of+Life+Sciences+in+India+in+Eighteenth-+Nineteenth+Century%E2%80%9D&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au “Development of Life Sciences "Science in British India in Eighteenth- Nineteenth Century”"] by B. L. Jain RK Kochhar ''Indian Journal of History of Science'', 17 34(14); 114—131. This is the html version and the last page may not be accessible. This is the [http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af6_114.pdf. pdf link] for the same article1999 pp317-346, archived webpage. *[http://www.bnhsenvis.nic.in/pdf/Vol%204%20(2).pdf “The history of Indian mammalogy and ornithology. Part II. Birds”] by Sir Norman Kinnear 1952, pages 1-11 of the pdf, and “Bird Study in India: It’s History and It’s Importance” by Salim Ali 1979, pages 12-18 of the pdf. Reprinted in [http://www.bnhsenvis.nic.in/Vol4writereaddata/BUCEROS_40.htm pdf ''Buceros''] Volume IV No.2 1999 ''Buceros '' is an ENVIS newsletter published by the ENVIS Centre at the BNHS (Bombay Natural History Society). *[https://web.archive.org/web/20220616074523/https://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol37B_1971_3_Art01.pdf "Ornithology in India: It’s Past, Present and Future"] by Salim Ali ''Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy'' Volume 37, B3, 1971, pages 99-113, archived webpage.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Russell_(herpetologist) Patrick Russell] 1726-1805 (Wikipedia) came to India in 1781. He had previously worked as a physician for the British [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant_Company Levant Company] (Wikipedia) at its chief factory (trading post) at Aleppo (Syria) 1750-1771. In 1785 was appointed as the East India Company's 'Botanist and Naturalist' at Madras, following Koenig's death. He retired in 1789 and returned to England. Russell's viper the venomous snake, whose toxicity is second only to the cobra, is named after him. *[httphttps://books.google.com.au/books?id=h6xSzhlmNdoC-OgRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA331 Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens PP15 "Memoir of the Life and the Origins Writings of EnvironmentalismPatrick Russell, MD, 1600-1860FRS"] by Richard H Grove page 331 ''The European Magazine, and London Review, including the footnote gives more details including that he was initially an assistant surgeonVolume 59'' for January 1811. Google Books*[http://www.hinduonnethindu.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/23/stories/2006012300070500.htm “The first snakeman of India”] by S. Muthiah January 23, 2006 ''The Hindu ''. *[http://wwwbritishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2013/09/plague-snakes-and-fishes.html "Plague, Snakes and Fishes"] 06 September 2013 British Library Untold lives blog.cmj*[http://dx.slmadoi.lkorg/cmj460210.4038/39cmj.htm v46i2.6488 “Russell of Russell's viper fame”] by R L Jayakody ''The Ceylon Medical Journal Volume 46, No 2, 2001 June'' *[http://www.academia.edu/3026197/Rahul_Bhaumik_The_Natural_History_of_Indian_Serpents_Dr._Patrick_Russell_Colonial_Medicine_and_the_British_Empire_History_Studies_International_Journal_of_History_ "The Natural History of Indian Serpents: Dr. Patrick Russell, Colonial Medicine and the British Empire"] by Rahul Bhaumik ''History Studies International Journal of History'' Volume 4 Issue 4, p. 35-63, November 2012 academia.edu*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=h6xSzhlmNdoC&pg=PA331 Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860] by Richard H Grove page 331, including the footnote gives more details including that he was initially an assistant surgeon. Google Books*[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/369/mode/1up/search/Russell Patrick Russell] from ''Dictionary of Indian Biography'' by Charles Edward Buckland Archive.org.*See below for online versions of ''An Account of Indian Serpents collected on the Coast of Coromandel'' by Patrick Russell and ''A Continuation of an Account of Indian Serpents''] by Patrick Russell 1801

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Roxburgh William Roxburgh] 1751-1815. (Wikipedia) He joined the Madras Medical Service as an assistant surgeon in 1776 and became a surgeon in 1780. He succeeded Patrick Russell as Naturalist to the Madras Government. He later became Superintendant of the Calcutta Botanical Garden 1793-1814 where he was succeeded by Francis Buchan Hamilton. <br>[http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2019%20No%2015/otherstories.html#story2 Pages from History: The barometer and thermometer – his constant companions] ''Madras Musings'' November 16-30 2009

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wight Robert Wight] 1796-1872 (Wikipedia).He joined the Madras Medical Service in 1819 and was appointed Naturalist in 1826. *[http://linnean.org/fileadmin/images/Publications/Hooker_Web.pdf “The Hooker Lecture: Robert Wight and the Illustration of Indian Botany"] by Henry Noltie , 8 December 2005 , The Linnean Society