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Formed in 1845, it The challenge was not until 1849 (at to create two lines through the urging of the then GovernorWestern Ghats, Lord Dalhousie) that one to the EIC sanctioned north-east and one to the GIPR to construct an experimental linesouth-east, built these were fully open by 1865 in time for cotton from the Deccan to the broad gauge of 5' 6", eastward be exported from Bombay. The first sod was turned on 31 October 1850 and to Manchester thus filling the first locomotive was used in construction on 22 December 1851, but trade gap created by the first passenger train in India did not run until 16 April 1853, when a train, with 14 railway carriages and 400 guests, left [[Bombay]] bound for [[Thane]], hauled by three locomotives: ''Sindh, Sultan,'' and ''Sahib''American Civil War. The 21 mile journey took an hour lines were exteded to link Bombay to Calcutta and fifteen minutes over the first section of the GIPR to be openedMadras by 1870.

By == History ==*1845. Registered as a company in 1845, with its head office in London, the Great Indian Peninsula railway initially proposed a length of 1300 miles, to connect Bombay with the interior of the Indian peninsula and to a major port on the east coast. It was meant for the purpose of increasing the export of cotton, silk, opium, sugar and spices <ref name=GIPR>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway:_1845_Company_Registration Grace's Guide " GIPR 1945 Company Registration] Retrieved on 3 Jul 2016</ref>.*1849, at the urging of the Governor, Lord Dalhousie, the East Indian Company(EIC) sanctioned the construction of a broad gauge([[Rail_gauge#Broad_Gauge|BG]]) railway eastward from [[Bombay]] and the Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company was incorporated on August 1, 1849 by an act of the British Parliament. It had a share capital of 50,000 pounds. On August 17, 1849 it entered into a formal contract with the EIC for the construction and operation of an experimental line, 35 miles(56 km) long. The Court of Directors of the EIC appointed [[James John Berkeley]] as Chief Resident Engineer and [[Charles Buchanan Ker]] and [[Robert W Graham]] as his assistants <ref name=GIPR>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway Grace's Guide "Great Indian Peninsula Railway"] Retrieved on 3 Jul 2016</ref>.*1859, GIPR was tasked with "the construction and working of the following lines, all of which terminate at Bombay, - viz. from Bombay, ''via'' Callian, to Jubbulpore, to meet the East Indian Railway Company's line from Allahabad, with branches to Mahim and Nagpore - 870 miles; and from Callian, ''via'' Poonah and Sholapore, to the opposite side of the river Kristna, to meet the line, ''via'' Bellary, from Madras - 366 miles - total, 1,236 miles. Capital 10,000,000''l''l. Rate of Interest Guaranteed - 5 per cent. on 8,000,000''l''. capital, and 4½ per cent. on 333,000''l''. debentures, the balance to be raised upon arrangements to be hereafter made."<ref>"Money Market and City Intelligence", ''The Times'', Wednesday, 15 June 1859, #23333, 7a.</ref><ref> [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/228649/8330.pdf H.M. Government “Statute Law Repeals: Nineteenth Report : Draft Statute Law (Repeals) Bill; April 2012"; pages 128-130 paragraphs 3.57 - 3.64] Retrieved on 2 January 3 Jul 2016</ref>.

'''Bombay - [[Image:IndiaCallian]]''' -rail33.5 miles(54km)*1850-187051, the first sod was turned on 31 October 1850 and the first locomotive was used in construction on 22 December 1851*1853 April 16. A train, with 14 railway carriages and 400 guests, left [[Bombay]] bound for [[Thane]], hauled by three locomotives: ''Sindh, Sultan,'' and ''Sahib''.jpg|right|thumb|Map The 21 mile(34km) journey took an hour and fifteen minutes, it was the first section of the GIPR to be opened and the first railway for passenger service in 1870India.*1854, the railway bridge over the Thane creek was opened and on 1 May 1954 the section of the line from [[Thane]]to [[Callian]] (later named Kalyan) was opened, the construction involved a two-line [[Tannah Viaduct]] over the estuary and two tunnels. The was the first substantial railway bridge to be constructed in India and connected Bombay Island to the mainland.

When, in 1871, the GIPR eventually reached '''North-East Line''' - [[JubbulporeBombay]] via [[Callian]] and linked [[Thal Ghat Railway Construction|Thal Ghat]] to the [[East Indian RailwayJubblepore]] - 615 miles(EIR990km), it completed Dalhousie’s dream of a Bombay-Calcutta route.

On 30 June 1900The GIPR Chief Engineer [[James John Berkeley]]'s proposal was to form a grand trunk communication by the north-eastern mainline between [[Bombay]] and [[Calcutta]], *1861, [[Callian]] (later named [[Kalyan]]) to [[Kasara]] section opened, a further 42 miles(68 km)<ref>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway Graces Guide "Great Indian Peninsula Railway - 1865"]; Retrieved 3 Jul 2016</ref> rising to an altitude of 948 feet(289m) above sea level at [[Kasara]] at the approach to the [[Thal Ghat Railway Construction|Thal Ghat]]*1857-65. The '''[[Thal Ghat Railway Construction]]''' was a major project to take the GIPR mainline across the Western Ghats towards Jubblepores. The [[Kasara]] to [[Igatpuri]] section was 9.5 miles(15km) and within that distance the line had to rise to 1,918 feet(585m). The construction required 13 tunnels, 6 viaducts, including the [[Ehagaon Viaduct]]; cuttings; embankments; 15 bridges and culverts and the assets Reversing Station.*1861-65, [[Igatpuri]]-[[Jalgaon]]-[[Bhusawal]] progressivly opened. From [[Bhusawal]] construction of the GIPR were purchased [[Nagpur]] Branch from 1863-1867. *1865, with completion of [[Thal Ghat Railway Construction|Thal Ghat]] the mainline from Bombay reached [[Khandwar]].*1867, [[Nagpur]] Branch opened.*1868 July, [[Robert Maitland Brereton]], GIPR Chief Engineer was given responsibility for completing the connection between [[Bhusawal]] and [[Jubbulpore]] which he completed many months ahead of schedule <ref name>[http://www.thestatesman.com/mobi/news/8th-day/the-opening-of-the-mumbai-to-kolkata-railway/141013.html#SL3vjC1hEy3Vmu3P.99 The Statesman, New Delhi "The opening of the Mumbai to Kolkata railway by Michael Sandford, May 9 2016]; Retrieved 3 Jul 2016</ref>. *1870 March 8. The [[Alfred Viaduct]] was inaugurated and named after the GoI Duke of Edinburgh (Alfred Ernest Albert) who was visiting India and travelled by East Indian Railway from Calcutta. The Viceroy and merged with those the Governor of Bombay, Sir Fitzgerald Seymour had come from Bombay. With the opening of the GIPR North-Eastern Line the connection at [[Jubbulpore]] to the [[East Indian Midland Railway]] into (EIR) completed Dalhousie’s dream of a "new" GIPR, managed by the old companyBombay-Calcutta route.

In 1910 '''South-East Line''' - [[John Edwin DallasCallian]] via [[Bhore Ghat Railway Construction|Bhor Ghat]] and [[Poona]] to meet the [[Madras Railway]] became Managing Director - 409 miles(658km)*1856 May, the line was extended to the villages of [[Palasdhari]](Padusdhurree) and to [[Khopoli]](Campoolie) <ref name=wiki> [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Indian_Peninsula_Railway#Bombay_to_Tannah Wikipedia “Great Indian Peninsula Railway”]; Retrieved 25 June 2016</ref> at the approach to the [[Bhore Ghat Railway Construction|Bhor Ghat]]. The *1856-63. The '''[[Bhore Ghat Railway Construction]]''' was a major engineering challenge to take the GIPR Company mainline across the Western Ghats towards Madras. The construction with GIPR Chief Engineer [[James John Berkeley]] in Londoncharge involved an incline length of 15 miles(24km), 26 tunnels (totalling 2. Prior 25 miles(3.6km) in length), and 8 viaducts of masonry construction.*1858, the line from [[Khandala]] to [[Poona]] section was opened to traffic <ref name=wiki/> , this section included the [[Dapoorie Viaduct]] *1858-63, during this period, the 21 km gap to his retirement from [[Khandala]] was covered by palanquin, pony or cart through the Indian village of Campoolie <ref name=wiki/>. *1863, [[Public Works DepartmentBhore Ghat Railway Construction|Bhor Ghat]] his final position completed the mainline was Senior Government Inspector through to [[Poona]](now called Pune) and [[Sholapore]](Solapur).[[Image:India-rail-1870.jpg|right|thumb|Map of Railways GIPR in 1870]]*1870, the [[Kistna Viaduct, Raichur(GIPR)|Kisna Viaduct]] was opened and [[Raichur]] was reached in May 1871 <refname=Admin>[httphttps://wwwarchive.icevirtuallibrary.comorg/stream/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/doiBombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System#page/absn73/10.1680mode/bdoceigbai.58347.163 Institution of Civil Engineers 2up " Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"Biographical Dictionary ; Superintendent of Civil Engineers"Government Printing, Calcutta; pages 64-68, pdf pages 73-77] ; Retrieved on 17 May 23 Jul 2016</ref> where it joined the [[Madras Railway]] to link to [[Madras]] <ref name=GIPR/>.

'''Progress from 1870''' *With the completion of the GIPR mainlines the three Presidency Capitals of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta were linked. The length of the route opened was then 1483 miles/2388 km <ref name=GIPR/>. *1900 June 30, the assets of the GIPR were purchased by the GoI and merged with those of the [[Indian Midland Railway]] into a "new" GIPR, managed by the old company.*The GIPR continued to expand its network with the addition of 'Branch Lines', 'Absorbsion' of certain railways and 'Working Agreements' on other railways ''(see lists that follow)''. *1918 Administration Report on Indian Railways gives the GIPR broad gauge([[Rail_gauge#Broad_Gauge|BG]]) line length as 2668 miles(4293km); and including 2ft 6in/762mm narrow gauge([[Rail_gauge#Narrow_Gauge|NG]]) lines, a total of 3441 miles.(5331km) <refname=Admin/>[https://ia801009.us.archive.org/8/items/BombayBarodaAndCentralIndiaRailwaySystem/Bombay_Baroda_And_Central_India_Railway_System.pdf " Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"; Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta; pages 64-68]; Retrieved 18 Dec 2015</ref> On *1925 Jan 1 July 1925, the GoI took over direct control of the GIPR and transferred the [[Allahabad]] to [[Jubbulpore]] branch of the [[East Indian Railway|EIR]] to the GIPR.  In *1951, the . The GIPR combined with the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]], the [[Dholpur State Railway]] and the [[Scindia State Railway]] to become [[Central Railway]], a zone of [[Indian Railways]]. The principal economic benefit of the GIPR was the opening up of the interior to external trade. The two lines up the Western Ghats were fully open by 1865 in time for cotton from the Deccan to be exported from Bombay to Manchester thus filling the trade gap created by the American Civil War. ==Construction== ===The Western Ghats===The narrow coastal plain of India's west side is separated from the Deccan plateau by a mountain range which rises 1200m (3,900 ft) and which has always restricted internal communication with the Arabian Sea. ====Bhore Ghat Railway Incline - between [[Kalyan]] and [[Poona]]==== The [[Bhore Ghat Railway Construction]] was a major engineering constructed undertaken 1856-63 taking the GIPR south-eastern route towards Madras. The construction with an incline length: 15 miles, tunnels: 26 (totalling 2.25 miles in length),and 8 viaducts of masonry construction. *'''Civil Engineers''':**Robert Stephenson <ref>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Robert_Stephenson Grace's Guide "Robert Stephenson (1803-1859)"]; Retrieved on 24 Jun 2016</ref>, Consulting Engineer GIPR, based in England, 1849- until his death 1859 <ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q4SlCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162&dq=Robert+Stephenson+Bhore+Ghat&source=bl&ots=7dGlQJ7foQ&sig=a2esG2lQXc-07Gm8QH_wqswbHG8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ6uCh5MDNAhVMK8AKHY-uA_QQ6AEIQTAG#v=onepage&q=Robert%20Stephenson%20Bhore%20Ghat&f=false Google Books "The Making of India: The Untold Story of British Enterprise by Kartar Lalvani, page 162]; Retrieved on 24 Jun 2016</ref>**Arthur Anderson West, Consultant Engineer 1847 - 1867, (surveyor of the Bhore Gate Incline) <ref>[http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/imotp.1913.17526 Institution of Civil Engineers Obituary "Arthur Anderson West 1827-1913"]; Retrieved on 24 Jun 2016</ref>**[[James John Berkeley]], GIPR Chief Engineer, 1849 - 1862 (surveyor and route designer)**[[Charles Buchanan Ker]], GIPR 2nd Engineer 1850 - **[[Robert W Graham]], GIPR 3rd Engineer 1850 -**[[Robert Maitland Brereton]], Assistant Engineer**GIPR Engineers: Messrs Adamson and Clowser, replaced by Messrs West and Tate in November 1859. *'''Construction Contractors'''**1855, The contract was awarded to William Frederick Faviell and work begun at Bhore Ghat on 24 January 1856 <ref name=Thana>[http://www.archive.org/stream/gazetteerbombay05enthgoog#page/n343/mode/2up The Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency "Thana District" page 329.], 'page 329. Retrieved on 24 Jun 2016</ref>. **In March 1859, Faviell gave up his contract; for a short time, two GIPR engineers, Swainson Adamson and George Louis Clowser, carried on the work <ref name=Thana/>.**The GIPR construction contract was relet in November 1859 to Solomon Tredwell who died within fifteen days of landing in India. His wife, Alice Tredwell, assumed the contract and appointed Messrs Adamson and Clowser to manage the contract for her in her absence, as Mrs Tredwell returned to England. This arrangement was to last seven years <ref name=Thana/>. **Adamson and Clowser "carried on the work with the greatest zeal and ability. "Labour management could limit construction progress, but “by their good and liberal management (Adamson and Clowser) collected and kept on the work a force of 25,000 men during two seasons, and in 1861 of more than 42,000 men” <ref name=Thana/>. ====Thul Ghat incline - between Kalyan and Nasik==== The GIPR north-eastern route towards the Gangetic plain.

==GIPR Branch Lines and extensions- chronological order==This information from the “Administration Report on the Railways in India – corrected up to 31st March 1918"<ref name=Admin/> *Khopoli Branch, SE line; [[Dhond-Manmad State Palasdhari]](Padusdhurree) to [[Khopoli]](Campoolie) 1856: 7.24 miles. This section became a branch line on the opening of the [[Bhore Ghat RailwayConstruction|Bhor Ghat]]in 1863. *Nagpur Branch, NE line; Bhusaval to Baderna 1863-65, to Nagpur 1867: 243.25 miles*Khamgaon Branch, NE line; Jalamb to Khamgaon 1870: 7.97 miles*Amraoti Branch, NE line; Baderna to Amraoti 1871: 5.49 miles*Mohpani Branch, NE line; Gadarvada to Mohpani 1872; extended to Goitoria 1896 and to new coal-fields 1900: 13.68 miles*Manmad Branch, SE line; Dhond to Manmad: 145.44 miles*Jalagon-Alalner Branch, NE line; Jalagon to Alalner 1900: 34.26 miles*Chalisgaon-Dhulia Branch, NE line; Chalisgaon to Dhulia 1900: 34.95miles*Bombay Harbour Branch, opened 1878NE line; 1910: 6. A 'chord' 19 miles *Itsari-Nagpur Branch, NE line connecting GIPR main lines; constructed by Itsari to Parasia; 1913-15: 134.42 miles; finally extended to Nagpur 1923-24 as part of [[Government of India |GoIBhopal-Itsari Railway]] and handed *Mahim Chord, NE line; Ravali to GIPRMahim, 1880.1914

==Lines worked by GIPR at some time- alphabetical order==

'''Other recordsFIBIS Resources'''The following specific records refer to GIPR personnel:-*[[David Francis Hogarth]], 1865-68, Assistant Engineer with GIPR <ref name=ice>[http://wwwsearch.icevirtuallibraryfibis.comorg/doifrontis/absbin/10aps_browse_sources.1680/imotp.1903.18185 Institution php?mode=browse_components&id=1068&s_id=323 List of Civil Engineers "Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers"] Retrieved on 18 May 2016</ref>.*[[George Barclay Bruce]] Indian Railways UK Contracted Staff taken from 1894 was the Consulting Engineer to the GIPR and the [[Indian Midland Railway]](IMR), based in London, in partnership with [[Robert White]] <ref >[http:IOR Series L/AG/www.gracesguide.co.uk46/George_Barclay_Bruce Grace's Guide "George Barclay Bruce"12]; Retrieved on 24 Jun 2016</ref>. The IMR was amagamated into GIPR in 1901 and the partnership continued to act for the GIPR.FIBIS database

==FIBIS Resources=='''[[Great Indian Peninsula Railway Personnel]]''' gives details of GIPR staff from several other sources:-*Grace's Guide<ref>[http://searchwww.gracesguide.fibisco.orguk/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1068&s_id=323 Main_Page “Grace’s Guide”]; Retrieved List of Indian Railways UK Contracted Staff taken from IOR Series L3 Jul 2016</AG/46/12]ref> *Wikipedia and many other sources. FIBIS database