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{{TOC right}}{{Template:Origin|text== Summary ==This article describes some famous artillery pieces with connections to the era of the British in India.{{Template:Origin|text=See also article [[British Guns in Burma]].<br>The information and images in this article have been provided by Elizabeth Hancox, a FIBIS member with a special interest in artillery, and acknowledged expert on gunsthe [http://www.angloburmeselibrary.com/ Anglo-Burmese Library].}} [[Image:0001 Woolwich Barracks.jpg|600px|thumb|left|The Barracks of the Royal Arsenal Woolwich]]<div style="clear:both"></div>

'''IMAGE 1 IMAGE 2'''[[Image:0003 Bhurtpore Gun.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Bhurtpore gun]] [[Image:0004 Bhurtpore Gun.jpg|250px|thumb|Bhurtpore gun]]Named '''‘’’"The Father of Victory"''', this gun , captured during the [[Siege of Bhurtpore 1826|Siege of Bhurtpore]] in 1826, stands stood for many years outside the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery_Barracks Royal Artillery Barracks] at Woolwich. It is 16ft 4ins long and weighs about 17.5 tons; the calibre is 8ins. Tradition has maintained that the precious metals enter into were included in its composition; but analysis of metal taken from three places dispelled this idea. The metal is variable; it contains 9% to 15% lead, with traces of arsenic and antimony; the other components are 3% to 5% of tin, and the remainder copper. It is remarkable, however, that the exterior of the breech is of a totally different metal from the body of the gun, being in fact brass, containing nearly 37% of zinc, and has been cast over the body of the gun subsequently to the first completion of it, as one of the ornamental scrolls is partly covered by it.  

|title borne by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Alam_II Shah Alam ] also

| title peculiar to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AurangzebAurangzeb]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AliAli], the hero-saint of the Indian Mohammedans, invoked by them in every difficulty, and especially in battle.<br> His titles are: ‘The victorious Lion of God,’ ‘The Remover of Difficulties<br>

''According to the weights of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahan Shah Jehan]''<br>

[[Image:0005 Bronze Gun.jpg|350px|thumb|Bhurtpore gun]] '''IMAGE [[Image:0006_Bronze_Gun.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Bhurtpore gun]]This gun captured during the [[Siege of Bhurtpore 1826|Siege of Bhurtpore]] in 1826, was cast in 1780 and stands outside the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arsenal Royal Arsenal] at Woolwich. The extreme length of this gun is 168.6ins and the estimated weight 6.5 tons, calibre 5.5ins. The workmanship is both elaborate and beautiful; there are three inscriptions on this cannon, shown below as 1, 2 and 3 IMAGE 4'''

This gun captured during the [[Siege of Bhurtpore 1826Image:0006a text.jpg|500px|left|Siege of Bhurtpore]] in 1826, stands outside the [http<br style="clear:left" //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arsenal Royal Arsenal] at Woolwich. The extreme length of this gun is 168.6ins and the estimated weight 6.5 tons, calibre 5.5ins. The workmanship is both elaborate and beautiful; there are three inscriptions on this cannon, shown below as 1, 2 and 3>

'''IMAGE 5''' :1. Translates as ‘Maharajah Brijander Sujjan Singh Bahadur’ which is assumed to be the name of a monarch.<br>

:2. This reads ‘Maharajah Pirthi Andar Siwai Jawahir Singh Bahadur or Maharajah Briji Andar Siwai Jawahir Singh Bahadur, the latter being preferred and is again the name of a monarch.<br>

:3. This has been more difficult to decipher but assumed to read ‘Maharao Manbhir Singh tup-i-burj-i-in Maqam Sakt Walu Kari-gar which translates to ‘Maharao Manbhir Singh made the cannon of the citadel of this place Walu was the artificer’.

In endeavouring to decide the history of the gun, the first thing which demands attention is the circumstance that at the end of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascabel_(artillery) cascabelcascable] there is the design of a face, intended apparently to represent either the sun or moon. This points strongly to the presumption that the cannon belonged to one of the dynasties known in India as the ‘Surya bunsi’ (Children of the Sun) or ‘Chandra bunsi’ (Children of the Moon). Now Udaipur was a dynasty of the sun, and the surmise that this is the state from whence the gun came is strengthened by the fact that Sujjan Singh (inscription 1) does occur in the annals of that principality; but though the British Government several times interfered in the internal administration of the country they never conducted warlike operations against the chief; so it is concluded that in spite of the mark on the cascabel, the cannon was not captured in this state.

'''A bronze 6’’ howitzer late 18th century from Baroda''', it is mounted on a native carriage. Weight 3cwt. 34lbs; length of chamber 6.3 in; length of bore 7in. There are numerous implements attached to the brackets of the carriage.

This exceptional gun was captured by a British Force at [[Actions at Kurree|Khuree]] (modern Kadi) in Gujarat in 1802 during a campaign often seen as the beginning of the [[2nd Maratha War|second Anglo- Maratha War]]. Kanoji Rao, illegitimate brother of Anunt Rao, disputed his succession to the Gaikwar of Baroda. To back his own claim Khanoji enlisted the powerful support of his cousin Mulhar Rao who held the practically independent fiefdom of Kadi. Mulhar Rao raised an army of 32,000 men. In return for military assistance from the Company’s Bombay Army Anunt Rao promised territory and tax revenues to the East India Company. 6,000 British and Company troops attacked Mulhar Rao’s army and forced him to retreat. His fortress at Kadi, along with 58 guns, fell into British hands on 5th May 1802.

'''IMAGE''' Captured at [[Tipu Sultan’s Sultan]]’s fortress at the [[Battle of Seringapatam 1799|Battle of Seringapatam]] in 1799.

'''IMAGES''' Two views of the same presentation gun- one of a set given to Ranjit Singh- and recaptured by the British. Bronze 9 pounder. D Presgrave, Cossipore (East India Company) 1838/39'''

Produced by the East India Company’s gun foundry at [[Cossipore ]] near Calcutta. This cannon was one of a set intended for presentation to Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh ]] by George Eden, Lord Auckland, and Governor General, on the conclusion of treaty negotiations in 1838. The guns were presented with 200 rounds of shot and shell intended for a planned Anglo-Sikh invasion of Afghanistan.

'''IMAGE''' Indian brass gun on its carriage. Calibre 4.75in; length of bore 7ft 7.5 in; total length 8ft 8in. The ornamentation of this gun is peculiar and quite oriental. The carriage is decorated with thin iron plates of similar design to the ornament on the gun. The dolphins represent an animal somewhat like a rhinoceros. The vent is iron and plugged. '''IMAGE'''

Elevation The ornamentation of 193 as drawn by Captthis gun is peculiar and quite oriental. Ralph Smyth, Bengal Artillery in 1848 after its capture during The carriage is decorated with thin iron plates of similar design to the [[1st Sikh War]] 1845-6Bronze 8ornament on the gun.33 lb (7 seers)Panjab, probably Lahore, late 18th to early 19th centuryCalibre 4The dolphins represent an animal somewhat like a rhinoceros. The vent is iron and plugged.1

'''IMAGE''' Sikh Horse Artillery Light 6-pounder (5seer5 seer)Panjab. Lahore, about 1838Calibre: 3.25in (5.5 pounder)

This cannon (belowabove) is one of the finest surviving examples and clearly shows the exceptional technical and artistic expertise in the Sikh foundries and workshops. The barrel, produced in Lahore in 1838, is based on the British Light 6 pounder; the carriage on the Bengal artillery pattern introduced in 1823, but lavishly decorated with brass, copper, steel and mother-of-pearl inlay.

'''IMAGE''' Two bronze [[Image:0015 Sikh gun.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Sikh guns captured from the Sikhs at the [[Battle of Moodkee1845]] on the Sutlej, 19th December 1845. Probably made at Lahore. Complete with carriages, limbers with boxes, buckets, rammers, port-fire holders, axes, etc. Beautifully made of mahogany richly mounted with pieced brasswork and inlaid with brass, copper, steel and mother-of-pearl. Calibre, 3,25in; length, 5ft 6in.

'''IMAGETwo bronze guns'''captured from the Sikhs at the [[Battle of Moodkee]] on the Sutlej, 19th December 1845. Probably made at Lahore. Complete with carriages, limbers with boxes, buckets, rammers, port-fire holders, axes, etc.

Two bronze guns (one shown front) from India, elaborately decorated on the upper surface. On the reinforce are the arms Beautifully made of the East India Company mahogany richly mounted with pieced brasswork and the motto ‘AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIAE,’ on the reinforce ring is the makers name ‘G HUTCHINSON, 1838, COSSIPORE.’ And on the second gun (not shown) the makers name ‘D PRESGRAVE, 1839, COSSIPORE’ appears on the ring. On the chase of both is a collar inlaid with star, round the collar runs an Oriental inscription; they also bear inscriptions of the same character on the reinforcebrass, as well as on another part of the chase. The vent of the second gun is enlarged to 0.5in. Calibrescopper, 4.49 in steel and 4.23 in; length of bore 44.2 in; total length 51.3 inThe second gun shown at the rear of the picture is brass 12mother-pr gun of the late East India Company, with the arms and motto of the Company-‘AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIAE G HUTCHINSONpearl. Calibre, 18393, COSSIPORE CXLIX’ and the letter ‘p’ on the reinforce ‘No 149’ on button. No dolphins. Calibre 4.55in25in; length, 3ft. 91/2 in; weight, 6cwt5ft 6in. 80lbs

One of three Indian '''Two bronze guns which might date ''' (one shown front) from about 1675 India, elaborately decorated on the upper surface. On the reinforce are the arms of the East India Company and the motto ‘AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIAE,’ on the reinforce ring is the makers name ‘G HUTCHINSON, 1838, COSSIPORE.’ And on the second gun ( late Mughalnot shown) but the carriage makers name ‘D PRESGRAVE, 1839, COSSIPORE’ appears on the ring. On the chase of both is a collar with its elevating screw dates from 1859star, round the collar runs an Oriental inscription; they also bear inscriptions of the same character on the reinforce, as well as on another part of the chase. The vent of the second gun is enlarged to 0.5in. Calibres, 4.49 in and 4. (Brig23 in; length of bore 44. Young)2 in; total length 51. No further information available3 in.

Fine chainmail coat <gallery caption="'''One of three Indian bronze guns''' " widths="300px" heights="200px" perrow="3">Image:0019 Mughal bronze gun.jpg |Might date from about 1675 ( late Mughal) but the carriage with hoodits elevating screw dates from 1859. (Brig. Would have been worn with armour and helmet in mediaeval style, probably by fanatical Sikh horsemen called Gorchuras who went into battle, drug crazed, during the Punjab Campaigns of the 1840’s and earlierYoung). No further information available.Image:0021 Mughal bronze gun.jpgImage:0018 Mughal bronze gun.jpg</gallery>

[[Image:0023 Bronze gun 1629.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Bronze Gun from India, slightly ornamented about the cascable and chase. Calibre 4.86 in; length of bore, 7ft 10.5 in; total length 8ft 9 in; weight 15cwt 19lbs. The gun is supposed to have been carried into Assam by the Musselmans at the time of the invasion of the province by the Mahomedan power, and to have been taken from them by the Assamese at the time of their expulsion, or rather disastrous retreat from the malarias effects of the climate. It is well known they left a number of guns behind them. The guns seem to have been manufactured by a European, as it has an inscription in the roman character, ‘EVERHARDVS. SPLINTER.ME. FECIT ENGHVSAE. ‘The date on the reinforce is 1629. In Persian there is also an inscription which bears the name of the reigning Mahomedan sovereign, with the date of the manufacture. There is a third inscription on the gun in either Assamese or Ahom, stating the name of one Assam King, by whom, and the date when the gun was taken by the Assamese.]]

'''IMAGEBronze gun from India''', slightly ornamented about the cascable and chase. Calibre 4.86 in; length of bore, 7ft 10.5 in; total length 8ft 9 in; weight 15cwt 19lbs. The gun is supposed to have been carried into Assam by the Musselmans at the time of the invasion of the province by the Mahomedan power, and to have been taken from them by the Assamese at the time of their expulsion, or rather disastrous retreat from the malarias effects of the climate. It is well known they left a number of guns behind them.

Smaller bronze gun from LucknowThe guns seem to have been manufactured by a European, bearing as it has an inscription in the Oude emblem of roman character, ‘EVERHARDVS. SPLINTER.ME. FECIT ENGHVSAE. ‘The date on the fish; reinforce is 1629. In Persian there is also an inscription on which bears the name of the reinforcereigning Mahomedan sovereign, and ‘By Major Claud Martin, Lucknow’ with the date of the manufacture. There is a third inscription on the base ring. Calibregun in either Assamese or Ahom, 3.68in; length stating the name of boreone Assam King, 46.4; total length 55inby whom, and the date when the gun was taken by the Assamese.<div style="clear:both"></div>

Indian 4 pounder<gallery caption= widths="300px" heights="300px" perrow="2">Image:0022 Chainmail. 3jpg|'''Fine chainmail coat with hood.1 ''' Would have been worn with armour and helmet in calibremediaeval style, circa 1820probably by fanatical Sikh horsemen called Gorchuras who went into battle, drug crazed, during the Punjab Campaigns of the 1840s and earlier. Also worn by MULRAJ-Diwan of Multan in the first battle of the [[2nd Sikh War]] 1848. There appear '' 'Sometimes he talks of a night attack, and sits up all night in a Hindu temple near the bridge cased in his chain armour from head to be tiger’s heads on the trunnionsfoot……. .' ''<ref>from ''Six Battles for India: Anglo-Sikh Wars, 1845-46 and 1848-49'' by George Bruce 1969 ISBN 10: 021317796X ISBN13: 978-0213177966.

Image:0024 Lucknow gun.jpg|'''IMAGESmaller bronze gun from Lucknow''', bearing the Oude emblem of the fish; there is an inscription on the reinforce, and ‘By Major Claud Martin, Lucknow’ on the base ring. Calibre, 3.68in; length of bore, 46.4; total length 55in.Image:0025 Indian 4-pdr.jpg|'''Indian 4 pounder.''' 3.1 in calibre, circa 1820. There appear to be tiger’s heads on the trunnions.Image:0026 Scinde gun.jpg|'''A brass gun brought from Scinde. ''' It is richly ornamented. There is a curious representation of the head of an animal on the muzzle. On the chase are two blank scrolls. The dolphins represent fish. Length, 4ft 8 in; calibre, 3.42 in.</gallery>

=== Sutlej Campaign 6-pounder ===<gallery caption= widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">Image:0027 Fort Nelson gun.jpg|'''IMAGE''' Indian gun 6-pounder. ''' Captured from the Sikhs during the [[1st Sikh War|Sutlej Campaign]] c1845. Field gun, British pattern- Horse Artillery. Image:0028 Fort Nelson gun.jpg|Acquired from the family of Sir Hugh Gough who finally defeated the Sikhs in the [[2nd Sikh War]] 1849 at [[Battle of Gujerat 1849|Gujrat]]. Carriage decorated with two figures of Sikhs, possibly representing Ranjit Singh himself. Image:0029 Fort Nelson gun.jpg|'''IMAGECutter''' Cutter from 6-pounder above in form of peacock. Image:0030 Fort Nelson gun.jpg|'''IMAGETrail arm hook''' Trail arm hook on limber ornamented with small brass figure representing mahout. '''IMAGE''' Punjab Mountain Battery. Model showing ‘swivel’ gun barrel on mule and officer and men drawn from various regiments. '''IMAGE''' Bronze ‘swivel’ gun screwed together and mounted on carriage. Wheels bound in bronze. '''IMAGE'''</gallery>

'''Bronze gun, 7-pounder and carriage.'''

[[Image:0035 Bronze 9-pdr.jpg|300px|thumb|The 9-pounder Howitzer]][[Image:0036 Bronze mortar.jpg|thumb|300px|Bronze Tiger Mortar]] '''Bronze Gun or Howitzer''', 9-pounder (PL.52)

Transferred from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich 1968. This gun together with a similar one now in the Rotunda Museum Woolwich which may have formed part of another gift, is similar in form and decoration to the above but bears the name D PREGRAVE . Presgrave and is dated 1839 (its companion at Woolwich is illustrated as fig, 85 in ‘plans of ordnance captured by the Army of the Sutledge during the campaign of 1845-46’. Drawn by Capt Ralph Smyth, Bengal Artillery.n.d)

'''Bronze Mortar '''

'''IMAGE'''Found concealed in the Fort at [[Kurnool|Kurnaul]], [[Madras Presidency]], in 1838 together with 219qv.  There is a similar mortar, also from Kurnaul, at the Firepower Museum.  === Kurnaul 24-pounder ===[[Image:0037 Bronze 24-pdr.jpg|thumb|300px|24-pounder from Kurnaul]]

'''Bronze Gun 24-pounder'''<br>

The muzzle , trunnion ends and cascable button are formed as ‘tigers heads’. Two tigers stripes appear on the chase and the reinforce rings are edged with engrailed bands in relief. The gun is unfinished, the vent has never been drilled, a cartouche on the second reinforce intended for inscription is blank, and a lump of metal below the cascable button intended to provide a fixing for an elevating screw has never been pieced pierced for the securing bolt. Found with another in the fort of [[Kurnaul]], Madras Presidency, about 1838 (1859 Inventory, 137, No 85). Other pieces of ordnance from the same source are in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotunda_(Woolwich) Rotunda Museum Woolwich]. They were originally found concealed in the fort. From the Rotunda Catalogue 1864 it appears they were intended for the equipment of an insurrectionary force raised to drive the British out of India.  === Bhurtpore 6-pounder ===[[Image:0038a 6-pdr drg.jpg|450px|]][[Image:0038 Bronze 6-pdr.jpg|thumb|300px|6-pounder ]]

'''IMAGE'''Captured at Bhurtpore in 1826 by General Viscount Combermere, later Field Marshal and Constable of the Tower. Presented by the East India Company in 1856 (1859 inventory, xix 78). The inscriptions show that this gun was cast to the order of Sava i Jai Singh, ruler of Amber (modern Jaipur) from 1693 to 1743. He was the founder of Jaipur and is famous for the astronomical observatories which he built in various places in N. India. === Indian bronze 2-pounder ===[[Image:0039 Bronze 2-pdr.jpg|300px|thumb|2-pounder]] [[Image:0039a 2-pdr.jpg|400px|]]

BRONZE GUN '''Bronze Gun 2-pounder'''<br>

'''IMAGE'''=== Burmese Dragon Gun === [[Image:0040 Dragon gun.jpg|200px|thumb|left]]

'''Two Chinese guns ''' incorrectly labelled at Chelsea as Sikh and taken at Chillianwalla during the 2nd Sikh war.

The Carriages carriages are of similar construction. Each has a solid trail with a hinged traversing lever and elevating screw. There are two axle-tree seats with chain foot rests. These carriages are based on English field carriage of around 1850 and are similar to the others, a distinctive feature on all being the axle hubs cast as stylised tigers heads.

Transferred to the Armouries Armories in 1925 but still on loan to the Royal Hospital, Chelsea. The original loan being in 1875 from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich.

== Summary Gun at Belvoir Castle==This article describes some famous artillery pieces with connections to the era [[Image:0046 Belvoir gun.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Photo courtesy of the British in India.Belvoir Castle]]{{Template[http:Origin|text=The information and images //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belvoir_Castle Belvoir Castle] in this article have been provided by Elizabeth Hancox, FIBIS member and acknowledged expert on gunsRutland.}}

== The Celebrated Bhurtpore Gun Assumed to have been presented by Henry, Ist Viscount Hardinge, to the 5th Duke of Rutland and said to have been captured during the [[2nd Sikh War]] (1848-49) possibly at Woolwich== '''IMAGE 1 IMAGE 2'''[[Siege of Multan Dec 1848|Multan]].

Named '''"The Father of Victory"''', this gun captured during the [[Siege of Bhurtpore 1826|Siege of Bhurtpore]] in 1826, stands outside the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery_Barracks Royal Artillery Barracks] at Woolwich. It is 16ft 4ins long and weighs about 17.5 tons; the calibre is 8ins. Tradition has maintained that the precious metals enter into its composition; but analysis of metal taken from three places dispelled this idea. The metal is variable; it contains 9% to 15% lead, with traces of arsenic archaic appearance and antimony; the other components are 3% seems to 5% of tin, and the remainder copper. It is remarkable, however, that the exterior of the breech is of a totally different metal from the body of the gun, being be 17th or 18th century in fact brass, containing nearly 37% of zinc, and has been cast over the body of the gun subsequently to the first completion of it, as one of the ornamental scrolls is partly covered by itstyle.

This trophy was confided to the two corps of [[Royal Artillery]] and [httpImage://en.wikipedia0046a Belvoir.org/wiki/Royal_Engineers Royal Engineers] by His Majesty George IV in 1828. It bears the following inscriptions: On the Chase:{| class="wikitable"|-|''‘The Father of Victory’''|title borne by Shah Alam also|-|''‘The Reviver of Religion’''| title peculiar to Aurangzeb|-|''‘Muhammad, Aurangzeb, Alamgir'''|Extolled, Throne adoring, World subduing|-|''‘The Warrior, the Victorious King’''|titles common to all Mogul emperors|} On the Swell:{| class="wikitable"|-|''‘Year of the Hejira 1087’''jpg|common era AD 1677|-|''‘The 20th of the Reign’''|Aurangzeb's reign|} Under the right trunnion:<br> ''‘The gun, the aid of Ali’''<br>Ali, the hero-saint of the Indian Mohammedans, invoked by them in every difficulty, and especially in battle.<br> His titles are: ‘The victorious Lion of God,’ ‘The Remover of Difficulties<br> Under the left trunnion<br> ''According to the weights of Shah Jehan''<br>''The Ball, 30 sirs''<br>''Powder, 13 sirs''<br>The weights and measures, as established by the Emperor Shah Jehan are those still used in India - the sir is about 2lbs.<br>The meaning of Shah Jehan is ‘King of the world’<br> ==== Letters from letter-book in DAQM General’s Office, Woolwich ====:21st October 1828 :The Master General has the highest satisfaction in communicating to the Regiment of Artillery the following letter from the principal aide-de-camp to the King, conveying His Majesty’s gracious intention that the gun taken at Bhurtpoor, and presented to His Majesty by Viscount Combermere and the forces which captured that fortress, shall be mounted at the front of the barracks at Woolwich, and placed in the charge and custody of the corps of Royal Artillery and Engineers, as a special mark of His Majesty’s approbation of their services on all occasions. :His Lordship in communicating to the two corps the King’s gracious commands, feels assured that a memorial so lasting of His Majesty’s distinguished favour will be a stimulus to continue for the future that zeal, good conduct and exertion, which has gained the corps the highest honour- the approbation of their sovereign. :The Commandant at Woolwich is desired to take measures tp carry into effect His Majesty’s most gracious intention.:(signed) :A Dickson, Colonel,:D.A. General.  :Royal Lodge, Windsor:13th October 1828 :My Lord :Having, by desire of Lieut. General Cuppage, submitted to the King a drawing of the gun taken at Bhurtpoor, mounted at Woolwich, and presented to His Majesty by General Viscount Combermere and the troops of His Majesty’s and the East India Company’s Service which co-operated under his lordship’s command in the assault and capture of that fortress, and having solicited the King’s pleasure with respect of the situation in which this gun should be placed, I have been honoured with His Majesty’s commands to convey to your lordship, and to desire that you will communicate to the officers of the Royal Artillery and Royal Engineers, His Majesty’s determination that this gun shall be placed in front of the barracks at Woolwich: and His Majesty further desires that your lordship will take the necessary steps for giving due effect to such his pleasure. :His Majesty is influenced upon this occasion, and not only by a wish to assign a public and conspicuous situation to this splendid memorial of the enterprise and gallantry of the officers and soldiers by whom the important conquest of Bhurtpoor was achieved, but also by desire to place it in the charge and custody of a body of men which has in so eminent a degree merited His Majesty’s attachment and his approbation, by its distinguished ability and gallantry on every service in which it has been engaged, and by the manner in which it has in all other respects upheld the character and credit of the British arms.  :I have &c., :(signed) :H Taylor :Principal Aide-de-camp to the King :General Lord Viscount Beresford, G.C.B. == Guns at the Royal Arsenal ==The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firepower_-_The_Royal_Artillery_Museum Royal Artillery Museum] at the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arsenal Royal Arsenal] site at Woolwich. === Indian SB Bronze Gun === '''IMAGE 3 IMAGE 4''' This gun captured during the [[Siege of Bhurtpore 1826400px|Siege of Bhurtpore]] in 1826, stands outside the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Arsenal Royal Arsenal] at Woolwich. The extreme length of this gun is 168.6ins and the estimated weight 6.5 tons, calibre 5.5ins. The workmanship is both elaborate and beautiful; there are three inscriptions on this cannon, shown below as 1, 2 and 3 '''IMAGE 5'''

L 4ft 4.5in (133.4cm); 4ft 9in (144.8cm) Cal 1. Translates as ‘Maharajah Brijander Sujjan Singh Bahadur’ which is assumed to be the name of a monarch6in (4cm) Wt 1cwt 2 qtr (76.<br>2kg)

3. This has been more difficult to decipher but assumed to read ‘Maharao Manbhir Singh tup-i-burj-i-in Maqam Sakt Walu Kari-gar which translates to ‘Maharao Manbhir Singh made the cannon of the citadel of this place Walu was the artificer’.The figures LXXII are obviously the work of some EuropeanIndian, and are in no way connected with the writing.<br>probably 17th century

In endeavouring to decide the history of the The gun, the first thing which demands attention is the circumstance that at the end of the [http://enintended for a swivel mounting.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascabel_(artillery) cascabel] there The muzzle is in the design form of a facetiger’s head, intended apparently to represent either the sun or moonreinforce being decorated with raised diagonal ribs radiating from a central rib possibly simulating a tiger’s stripes. This points strongly to There is a slot at the presumption that breech for a back sight now missing, the cannon belonged vent being placed slightly to one of the dynasties known in India right side. The cascable button is formed as the ‘Surya bunsi’ (Children of the Sun) or ‘Chandra bunsi’ (Children of the Moon). Now Udaipur was a dynasty of the suntube, octagonal outside with a square bore, and the surmise that this pierced for a transverse pin; it is the state from whence the gun came intended to form a socket for a tail or aiming lever. The chase is strengthened by the fact that Sujjan Singh (inscription 1) does occur in the annals of that principality; but though the British Government engraved with several times interfered inscriptions in the internal administration of the country they never conducted warlike operations against the chiefArabic script; so it one is concluded that in spite of the mark on the cascabelproperly engraved to read ‘The wise Almighty’, the cannon was not captured others are in this statethe nature of graffiti.

The names ‘Siwai’ and ‘Pirthi’ (inscription 2) are to be traced to the ‘Jaipur’ dynasty, but so far as my researches have extended I cannot find that this line of Chiefs belongs to either the ‘Children of the Sun’ or ‘Children of the Moon’; moreover, though on more than one occasion the British authorities have taken steps to secure good government in this state I have not succeeded in discovering any campaign of a nature likely to result in the capture and dispatch to England of a cannon of this description; so I dismiss ‘Jaipur’ from further consideration.There remains but one other state to which I wish to refer as in any way connected with the matter at issue- I allude to ‘Bhartpur’. In the first place the ruling race is sprung from the ‘Jats’ and these in turn claim an origin as the ‘Children of the Moon’, moreover ‘Brijandar’ ‘Siwai and ‘Jawahir Singh’ are all names frequently to be met in the annals of the Bhartpur dynasty, while the first of the three as far as I can learn, is confined exclusively to this state. Further there was also a Chieftain of this kingdom called Jawahir Singh who ruled 1763-1768. Lastly, the play of words in ‘Brij’ and ‘Burj’ both written b r j (no short vowels) seem to emphasise the word ‘Brijandar. These various arguments seem to point strongly to the supposition that the cannon came from Bhartpur and dates from the third quarter of the 18th Century. (The analysis of the cannon undertaken by Mr Wollaston of the India Office) === The Mulharrao Howitzer === '''IMAGE 5 IMAGE 6''' A bronze 6’’ howitzer late 18th century from Baroda, it is mounted on a native carriage. Weight 3cwt. 34lbs; length of chamber 6.3 in; length of bore 7in. There are numerous implements attached to the brackets of the carriage. This exceptional gun was captured by a British Force at [[Actions at Kurree|Khuree]] (modern Kadi) in Gujarat in 1802 during a campaign often seen as the beginning of the second Anglo- Maratha War. Kanoji Rao, illegitimate brother of Anunt Rao, disputed his succession to the Gaikwar of Baroda. To back his own claim Khanoji enlisted the powerful support of his cousin Mulhar Rao who held the practically independent fiefdom of Kadi. Mulhar Rao raised an army of 32,000 men. In return for military assistance from the Company’s Bombay Army Anunt Rao promised territory and tax revenues to the East India Company. 6,000 British and Company troops attacked Mulhar Rao’s army and forced him to retreat. His fortress at Kadi, along with 58 guns, fell into British hands on 5th May 1802. The Marathas developed some of the very best artillery encountered by the British. They were particularly noted for their technical innovation and the use of multi-purpose types. This gun is a hybrid mortar and howitzer. As a field Howitzer it would have fired explosive shell much like a contemporary 5.5 inch howitzer. But it was also capable of firing at even higher trajectories used by mortars in siege warfare. The carriage is stoutly built to withstand the shock of firing. One of the particularly unusual features is the plumb line within the decorative cupola, which ensured the gun was level, thus improving accuracy. Another is the iron spikes, stabilising the piece in preparation for subsequent high angle rounds. === Tiger Howitzer === '''IMAGE''' Captured at Tipu Sultan’s fortress at the [[Battle of Seringapatam 1799|Battle of Seringapatam]] in 1799.  Tipu’s emblem was the tiger and he was known as ‘The Tiger of Mysore’. This piece is probably not finished as the detail of the chasing is not as fine as would normally be expected. It is a bronze 4 pounder inscribed 'Patan (Sriringpatna) Cast by Shams al-Din'. This gun is typical of those produced throughout Tipu Sultan’s region and is decorated with his emblems; tiger heads on the muzzle, trunnions and button, and the bubri, or stylised tiger stripes, which also contain information about production. After his defeat by the British in 1792, Tippu Sultan employed French technical expertise to improve his arsenal, including the introduction of water-powered boring machines. The ornamental finish of his brass guns and mortars, noted European observers, was ‘brought to some perfection’. At the fall of Seringapatam in 1799, 927 cannon were captured. Out of approximately 400 brass guns well over half were manufactured in Tipu’s own foundry. The rest were mostly French or Dutch. Two rectangular marks along the middle of the gun on both sides and the offset bore indicate that it was made using the cast-on construction. A separate inner mould was used for the bore and held in place by iron chaplets which remained embedded in the bronze after casting. This method of casting was first used in the 16th century, but was phased out in Europe by the late 18th century. However, it continued to be used by Indian states well into the 1830s. It may well have been for this reason that Arthur Wellesley, who was at Seringapatam in 1799, considered the quality of Tipu’s artillery to be inferior to those he later encountered in use by the Maratha army in 1803. === Cossipore Guns === '''IMAGES''' Two views of the same presentation gun- one of a set given to Ranjit Singh- and recaptured by the British. Bronze 9 pounder. D Presgrave, Cossipore (East India Company) 1838/39 Produced by the East India Company’s gun foundry at Cossipore near Calcutta. This cannon was one of a set intended for presentation to Maharaja Ranjit Singh by George Eden, Lord Auckland, and Governor General, on the conclusion of treaty negotiations in 1838. The guns were presented with 200 rounds of shot and shell intended for a planned Anglo-Sikh invasion of Afghanistan. :''The salute was fired by the howitzers that G. has had made to present to Ranjeet. They are very handsome, ornamented more than our soldiers think becoming, but just what Ranjeet would like; there is the bright star of the Punjab, with Ranjeet’s profile on the gun and Captain E. Says that thousand of Sikhs have been to look at these guns, and all of them salaam to Ranjeet’s picture as if it were himself.'' :Emily Eden (Lord Auckland’s sister who accompanied him on his state visit to the Panjab) ‘Up the Country’; Letters from India Ch XXV, p 189 The guns were captured 7 years later in action at the [[Battle of Ferozeshah]], not far from [[Ferozepore]] where the guns were first presented. === Mughal/Sikh Artillery === '''IMAGE''' Indian brass gun on its carriage. Calibre 4.75in; length of bore 7ft 7.5 in; total length 8ft 8in. The ornamentation of this gun is peculiar and quite oriental. The carriage is decorated with thin iron plates of similar design to the ornament on the gun. The dolphins represent an animal somewhat like a rhinoceros. The vent is iron and plugged. '''IMAGE''' Elevation of 193 as drawn by Capt. Ralph Smyth, Bengal Artillery in 1848 after its capture during the [[1st Sikh War]] 1845-6Bronze 8.33 lb (7 seers)Panjab, probably Lahore, late 18th to early 19th centuryCalibre 4.1 This is one of several cannon produced remarkable similarity between 1760 and 1825 based on ‘Zamzamah’ or ‘Kim’s Gun’ which was cast in Lahore in 1761. It is a fine example of the Mughal casting tradition already in the Panjab before the Sikhs took over. Similar pieces have been dated to as late as 1825.The barrel is decorated in the Mughal style with palmette borders and a vase and flowers motif. The button is decorated with a lotus flower and the dolphins in the shape of makara (mythical water demons); motifs widely used in Indian art. By the mid 1820s ornate cannon of this type were being replaced by similar, more streamlined, types which were both lighter and easier to produce. The closest contemporary British equivalent, a brass 9-pounder introduced in 1719, weighed almost 531lbs less and was a foot shorter.At some point in its service life, probably in the 1820s, the barrel was remounted by Sikh engineers on a Napoleonic-style split trail carriage and aiming was improved by attaching a strap around the button connected to a capstan elevating screw. ‘Zamzamah’ (now in Lahore) was used by Ahmed Shah at Panipat in 1761. === Sutlej Guns === '''IMAGE''' Sikh Horse Artillery Light 6-pounder (5seer)Panjab. Lahore, about 1838Calibre: 3.25in (5.5 pounder) Throughout Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s reign, Sikh engineers had access to East India Company patterns and workshops, as well as periodic diplomatic gifts of cannon. These accelerated artillery development to such an extent that by the late 1830’s, Sikh artillery rivalled that of the Company in both quality and quantity. This cannon (below) is one of the finest surviving examples and clearly shows the exceptional technical and artistic expertise in the Sikh foundries and workshops. The barrel, produced in Lahore in 1838, is based on the British Light 6 pounder; the carriage on the Bengal artillery pattern introduced in 1823, but lavishly decorated with brass, copper, steel and mother-of-pearl inlay. This cannon was almost certainly captured at the [[Battle of Aliwal]], where four guns attributed to the work of the prominent Sikh engineer, Lehna Singh Majithia, were singled out for specific mention. It may have been made for the Fauj-l-Khas, or Royal Brigade, the elite brigade of the Sikh army. Commanded by his best French Officers, using French drill and imperial flags and eagles, it was also known as the French Brigade or the French Legion.  '''IMAGE''' Two bronze guns captured from the Sikhs at the [[Battle of Moodkee]] on the Sutlej, 19th December 1845. Probably made at Lahore. Complete with carriages, limbers with boxes, buckets, rammers, port-fire holders, axes, etc. Beautifully made of mahogany richly mounted with pieced brasswork and inlaid with brass, copper, steel and mother-of-pearl. Calibre, 3,25in; length, 5ft 6in. '''IMAGE''' Two bronze guns (one shown front) from India, elaborately decorated on the upper surface. On the reinforce are the arms of the East India Company and the motto ‘AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIAE,’ on the reinforce ring is the makers name ‘G HUTCHINSON, 1838, COSSIPORE.’ And on the second gun (not shown) the makers name ‘D PRESGRAVE, 1839, COSSIPORE’ appears on the ring. On the chase of both is a collar with star, round the collar runs an Oriental inscription; they also bear inscriptions of the same character on the reinforce, as well as on another part of the chase. The vent of the second gun is enlarged to 0.5in. Calibres, 4.49 in and 4.23 in; length of bore 44.2 in; total length 51.3 inThe second gun shown at the rear of the picture is brass 12-pr gun of the late East India Company, with the arms and motto of the Company-‘AUSPICIO REGIS ET SENATUS ANGLIAE G HUTCHINSON, 1839, COSSIPORE CXLIX’ and the letter ‘p’ on the reinforce ‘No 149’ on button. No dolphins. Calibre 4.55in; length, 3ft. 91/2 in; weight, 6cwt. 80lbs '''IMAGE''' One of three Indian bronze guns which might date from about 1675 ( late Mughal) but the carriage with its elevating screw dates from 1859. (Brig. Young). No further information available. '''IMAGE''' Fine chainmail coat with hood. Would have been worn with armour and helmet in mediaeval style, probably by fanatical Sikh horsemen called Gorchuras who went into battle, drug crazed, during the Punjab Campaigns of the 1840’s and earlier. '''IMAGE''' Bronze gun from India, slightly ornamented about the cascable and chase. Calibre 4.86 in; length of bore, 7ft 10.5 in; total length 8ft 9 in; weight 15cwt 19lbs. The gun is supposed to have been carried into Assam by the Musselmans at the time of the invasion of the province by the Mahomedan power, and to have been taken from them by the Assamese at the time of their expulsion, or rather disastrous retreat from the malarias effects of the climate. It is well known they left a number of guns behind them. The guns seem to have been manufactured by a European, as it has an inscription in the roman character, ‘EVERHARDVS. SPLINTER.ME. FECIT ENGHVSAE. ‘The date on the reinforce is 1629. In Persian there is also an inscription which bears the name of the reigning Mahomedan sovereign, with the date of the manufacture. There is a third inscription on the gun in either Assamese or Ahom, stating the name of one Assam King, by whom, and the date when the gun was taken by the Assamese. '''IMAGE''' Smaller bronze gun from Lucknow, bearing the Oude emblem of the fish; there is an inscription on the reinforce, and ‘By Major Claud Martin, Lucknow’ on the base ring. Calibre, 3.68in; length of bore, 46.4; total length 55in. Indian 4 pounder. 3.1 in calibre, circa 1820. There appear to be tiger’s heads on the trunnions. '''IMAGE''' A brass gun brought from Scinde. It is richly ornamented. There is a curious representation of the head of an animal on the muzzle. On the chase are two blank scrolls. The dolphins represent fish. Length, 4ft 8 in; calibre, 3.42 in. == Guns at Fort Nelson== These guns are at the [http://www.royalarmouries.org/visit-us/fort-nelson Royal Armouries Museum Fort Nelson] Fareham '''IMAGE''' Indian gun 6-pounder. Captured from the Sikhs during the [[1st Sikh War|Sutlej Campaign]] c1845. Field gun, British pattern- Horse Artillery. Acquired from the family of Sir Hugh Gough who finally defeated the Sikhs in the [[2nd Sikh War]] 1849 at [[Battle of Gujerat 1849|Gujrat]]. Carriage decorated with two figures of Sikhs, possibly representing Ranjit Singh himself. '''IMAGE''' Cutter from 6-pounder photographed above in form of peacock. '''IMAGE''' Trail arm hook on limber ornamented with small brass figure representing mahout. '''IMAGE''' Punjab Mountain Battery. Model showing ‘swivel’ gun barrel on mule and officer and men drawn from various regiments. '''IMAGE''' Bronze ‘swivel’ gun screwed together and mounted on carriage. Wheels bound in bronze. '''IMAGE'''  '''IMAGE'''  Bronze gun, 7-pounder and carriage.Indian. Late 18th century; carriage, Indian (?), 19th century

This piece is decorated with palmette ornament in relief and there are cartouches with inscriptions in northwest Indian script, now practically illegible. The == Taku Fort Gun==[[Image:0047 Taku gun is equipped with a pair of lifting rings at breech and muzzle and also dolphins; the base ring is stamped with the weight 11-0-3 and the cascable is numbered 7. Two small blocks form a fore sight and a rear sight.Said to have been captured at Chillianwala but now thought to be Sutlej.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Taku Gun in 1928]]

Bronze Gun or Howitzer, 9'''An ‘Armstrong’ rifled muzzle loader.''' It was possibly placed in the old fort during the 3rd China War|Boxer Rebellion 1896-1901. Calibre estimated at 7-pounder (PL10 in.52)Indian, Cossipore dated 1838British guns of this type were not manufactured until the late 1870s.

The surface is decorated photograph was taken in relief with bands 1928 by Terence Shields Marshall (b Calcutta 1904) in one of conventialised foliage edging rings which, with General Gordon’s Taku forts built at the exception time of the vent astragal, are flat[[Taiping Rebellion]] 1850-64. On the first reinforce in relief are the arms, with crest, supporters and motto, of the East India Company<div style="clear:both"></div>== The Zamzamah (Kim's Gun) Lahore==[[Image:0048 Zamzamah. jpg|thumb|250px|The second reinforce bears a cartouche engraved with Persian verse inscription which reads:Zamzamah ]]

''What a fine brass barrel with roaring muzzleThe [http://en. This muzzle wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzama Zamzama] is like that currently in front of a destructive lionthe [http://en. This splendid gift which Lord Aucklandwikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Museum Lahore Museum], Governor-in-Chief (Governor-General), brought to Hindustan which at the behest of friendship he ordered as a present for Maharajah Ranjit Singh. To date this majestic voice[[Lahore]], men said ‘Show forth the day of victoryPakistan.''

The letters making up the last phase also form a chronogram giving date For an online edition of manufacturing according to Christian reckoning 1838. Between the lines of verse are three words meaning ''‘Christian religious (era)183(8).’'' The chase bears a representation of the Order of the Bright Star of the Punjab, a decoration instituted by Ranjit Singh towards the end of his reign. The decoration is shown attached to a ribbon, this being inscribed in Pujabi written in Persian script:'' ‘Noble great King of Kings! Maharajah Ranjit Singh Bahadur. In the year 1895.’Kim'' This date in the Vikram Samvat era is equivalent to 1838. The first reinforce ring is inscribed G HUTCHINSON, 1838. COSSIPORE. The second reinforce ring bears the number 11 on either side of which is also engraved in Persian script ''‘this piece of artillery was named Khorehnal’'' (devouring gun). There is a disport patch at the muzzle and a block on the cascable which is drilled for a central rear sight and stamped with the number 70. The weight 7-0-8 is stamped on the base ringrefer [[Rudyard Kipling]].

L 3ft 9in ( 114This gun at 14ft 4.3 cm) 4ft 2 5 in (127cm) Cal 4bore 9.2in (10.7cm) wt 7cwt 8lb (3595in cast at Lahore in 1757 and used by Ahmed Shah Abdali, the Afghan, against the Marathas in a combined operation with the Mughals in 1761 at the Battle of Panipat, and subsequently by Ranjit Singh in 1818 in his final successful effort to subdue Multan, City and Fort.2 kg)The gun blasted the walls with 80lbs shot.<div style="clear:both"></div>

Bronze Mortar ''See you the dimpled track that runs all hollow through the wheat?''<br /> Indian''Oh, probably late 18th centurythat was where they hauled the guns that smote King Philip's fleet.''<br />

The piece is cast in the form of a sitting tiger, the muzzle issuing from open jaws, the surface being modelled and chased to simulate stripes. It appears to be unfinished since the vent is not drilled and the bore has not been cleaned after casting. There is a lifting loop at the front, on the under side.L 4ft 6in (137.2cm) Cal 9.4in ( 23.9cm) Diam chamber 7.2in (18.3cm)Found concealed in the Fort at [[Kurnool|Kurnaul]], [[Madras Presidency]], in 1838 together with 219qv. There is a similar mortar, also from Kurnaul, at the Firepower Museum. 'PUCK'S SONG' by Rudyard Kipling<br />

As the population of England doubled between 1520 and 1620 more tradespeople connected with the iron industry moved into Waldron. For 150 years the Sussex Weald, known to the Romans as the Forest of Anderida, was possibly the foremost industrial area in the country. Blast furnace techniques using water-powered bellows to heat the iron ore had been imported from France and the high temperatures obtained allowed molten ore to be poured into moulds. From 1540 the first English cannon were cast in wealden furnaces. This freed the Royal Navy from dependence on foreign guns. Most of the ordnance produced had to be dragged on rough and muddy tracks on sleds or special carts drawn by teams of oxen to small coastal ports from whence they would be transported by sea to the naval dockyards at Portsmouth or Chatham. It could take over a year to cast and deliver guns, allowing for several months for a newly fired furnace to reach 'full blast''IMAGE'''.<br />

Bronze Gun 24Waldron furnace, constructed at Furnace Farm, was in operation by 1560 and remained in business for some 200 years, producing first cannonballs and iron bars ready for the forge (known as pig-pounderiron) but by the 18th century, cannon. The water wheel powering the furnace bellows was driven by a pond fed by the millstream, and the large pond, or dam, can still be seen.<br/> Indian probably 18th century.

The muzzle trunnion ends and cascable button are formed as ‘tigers heads’<gallery caption= widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="2">File:0075-Furnace-House-Waldern.jpg|'''Furnace Farm, Waldron. Two tigers stripes appear on ''' This was the chase site of Harrison's Foundry and the reinforce rings are edged Furnace. Gun trunnions were marked with engrailed bands a 'W'.File:0076-Large-furnace-pond.jpg|'''Large furnace pond in relief. The gun is unfinished, the vent has never been drilled, a cartouche on the second reinforce intended for inscription is blank, and a lump front of metal below the cascable button intended to provide a fixing for an elevating screw has never been pieced for the securing bolt.house'''</gallery>

Found with another in the fort of Kurnaul, Madras Presidency, about 1838 (1859 Inventory, 137, No 85). Other pieces of ordnance from the same source are in the [http<gallery caption= widths="350px" heights="350px" perrow="2">File://en.wikipedia0077-Cannon-proving-bank.org/wiki/Rotunda_(Woolwich) Rotunda Museum Woolwich]jpg|'''Cannon proving bank'''. They were originally Many cannon balls have been found concealed in the fort. From the Rotunda Catalogue 1864 it appears they were intended for at the equipment foot of an insurrectionary force raised to drive the British out of Indiabank by metal detectors. BRONZE GUN 6pdrIndian, early 18th centuryThe bore is sleeved with There was an iron tube constructed of welded parallel strips. There is older proving bank in a band of conventional flowers and foliage by the trunnions and on the base ring, the cascable being stylised lotus formnearby wood. DiamondFile:0078-shaped cartouches on the second reinforce and on the chase frame Hindu names and Hindi titles in Persian inscriptions. These are much worn and in parts illegible, but they appear to state that the gun was made to order of the ‘EarthUpstream-lord Maharajah Sava’i Jai Bahadur’. The base ring carries a back sight. By the vent, the first reinforce is incised with the number LXIII and 67from-0boring-0, the latter probably mill.jpg|'''Site of the weightBoring Mill upstream. Further forward is stamped ANO 24 6Pr. These markings were added after the capture ''' There are 20 tons or so of iron borings in the gun.L11ft 4in (345.4cm): 12ft 8in (386.1cm) Cal 3.75in (9.5cm) Wt 67cwt(3403.6kg)Captured stream at Bhurtpore in 1826 by General Viscount Combermere, later Field Marshal and Constable of the TowerBoring Mill site. Presented by In the East India Company in 1856 (1859 inventoryphoto: Douglas Anderson, wheelwright, xix 78)The inscriptions show that this gun was cast to the order of Sava i Jai Singhand Peter Davies, ruler of Amber (modern Jaipur) from 1693 retired civil servant and assistant to 1743landowner Peter Reed. He was the founder of Jaipur and is famous for the astronomical observatories which he built Mr Davies has a special interest in various places in N. Indiamuzzle loading guns such as Brown Bess.</gallery>

BRONZE GUN 2The Fuller's forge at Old Heathfield was built in 1693 and lasted about a hundred years. The site is very large and has a huge man-poundermade 'proving' bank at the base of which many cannonballs have been found. It also had a small quarry for test firing cannon and two boring mills on the stream. As at Waldron, these streams still run red with iron oxide from the massive deposits of congealed borings left in the stream beds. <br/>Indian, 18th century

The muzzle is formed as Fullers also employed a monster’s head. The prominent mouldings are edged with conventional foliageMaster Wheelwright among other highly skilled craftsmen, the chase and second reinforce being ornamented with foliated panels in relief. A raised block on the base ring interestingly there is pierced with still a peep sight, there being a large fore sight at fully-functioning wheelwright's shop on the muzzle. The chase is engraved with the measurements: ‘Length 10 in 5site today, width 2in 5operated by Douglas Andrews, 10’. Just below the first reinforce ring are stamped the numbers 59who has himself constructed a new gun-4-2-25, the first being carriage for an inventory number, Islamic trophy gun ordered by the other its weight. The entire surface shows considerable traces Colonel of gold paintthe Royal Engineers. '''IMAGE'''<br />

L 5ft ( 152The Fuller's forge and foundry was constructed on a particularly difficult site.4cm): 5ft 8If it rained too much the site would flood and if it was too dry there was a lack of fast-flowing water in the stream to generate power.5in (174cm) Cal 2.3in (5.8cm) Wt 4cwt 2 qtr 25lb (239.9Kg)Transferred from the India Office In a reply dated 17th October 1754 to the Indian Section Prince of the Victoria & Albert MuseumSan Severino, in 1894who was pressing for a firm delivery date for some guns he had ordered, John Fuller wrote: ''my furnace is a fickle mistress and from the Museum must be humoured, her favours are not to the Armouries in 1958be depended upon''.

== Guns at Belvoir Castle==[http[File://enProduction of gunpowder.wikipedia.orgjpg|750px|left|]]<div style="clear:both"></wiki/Belvoir_Castle Belvoir Castle] in Rutland.div>

Sanitary arrangements were still primitive in the reign of Henry Vlll and latrines were dug out at night by dung farmers and scavengers, but in the reign of Elizabeth l they were superseded by officials dignified by the name of Royal Saltpetre Men, who collected excrement specifically for the making of gunpowder. This was manufactured using a formula of 75 parts saltpetre, 15 parts carbon (charcoal) and 10 parts sulphur, or brimstone as it was once called. This last name is very evocative as the bright yellow sulphur was indeed collected in lumps from the brims of volcanoes in extremely hazardous conditions. The first two materials produced the explosion and the third added ignition and consistency to the grains of black powder which was milled to the size of corn, hence the name 'corned''IMAGE'''powder, as opposed to fine powder. Fine powder was needed to prime the cannons and was also used for small arms.<br />

Assumed to have been presented by Henry, Ist Viscount Hardinge, to the 5th Duke <gallery caption= widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="3">File:0080 Weir.jpeg|WeirFile:0081 Millstone.jpeg|MillstoneFile:0082 Millstones.jpeg|MillstonesFile:0083 Remains of Rutland and said to have been captured during the [[2nd Sikh War]] (1848-49) possibly at [[Siege wharf.jpeg|Remains of Multan Dec 1848wharfFile:0084 Mill.jpeg|Multan]]MillFile:0085 Remains of Corning House and Mixing House.jpeg|Remains of Corning House and Mixing House</gallery>

It is The quantities of archaic appearance gunpowder loaded onto an 80 gun ship varied according to the theatre of war but would be about 288 barrels of cannon powder and 41 barrels of fine powder. Each barrel weighed 90lbs. Gunpowder was not used loose, but made up into cartridges, first of parchment and later of special cartridge paper. The method of priming a cannon was as follows: The cartridge of gunpowder would be placed down the muzzle, rammed home using a ramrod, wadded, and then the cannonball similarly. A sharp-pointed metal rod would be inserted into the vent to pierce the cartridge and seems the vent would then be filled up with fine powder. A portfire rod would be used to ignite the fine powder in the vent. This in turn ignited the cartridge, the resultant heat causing the gases generated to speedily build up into an explosive power sufficient to propel the cannonball up the barrel towards the target at high speed. The optimum amount of gunpowder needed per cartridge for a 32-pounder cannon would be 17th or 18th century 14lbs (1 stone). Any excess could cause such a massive build-up of gases in stylethe barrel thereby risking the destruction of the cannon and probably most of those attending upon it.<br />

It is remarkably similar The gunpowder mills at Chilworth near Guildford were founded by the East India Company in 1625. They were forced to leave their previous site near Woolwich because frequent explosive accidents caused havoc among the local population. There were, of course, accidents at Chilworth but it was not a heavily populated area. On one occasion a spark from a workman's hobnailed boot striking on a stone path caused an explosion which killed six men. The mills used the fast-flowing Tillingbourne stream to power the drawing heavy grinding stones of the swivel gun belowincorporating process. There were many stages involved in the manufacture and thus it was very labour-intensive. As far as the ingredients were concerned, local alder trees provided the finest charcoal, sulphur was imported from Sicily, and saltpetre imported from India cost £45 per ton. A sufficient supply to last seven years in July 1752 cost £9,000. The discovery that saltpetre could be manufactured from earth gathered from dovecots, to which dung, urine and lime were added, meant that it could be collected locally.

The 12th to 13th century chapel of St. Martha'''IMAGE''' L 4ft 4.5in (133.4cm); 4ft 9in (144.8cm) Cal 1s built on a 600ft hill above the mill and half a mile distant, was considerably reduced by successive explosions, finally to a heap of stones, and only rebuilt in 1850.6in (4cm) Wt 1cwt 2 qtr (76A massive explosion later on split the mill walls open, shattered the glass in the windows of the ancient manor and even severely damaged the village of Albury a short distance away, not to mention the deaths of the workmen and the terrible injuries caused by the volatile black powder, ignited by the slightest friction and spark.2kg)

Indian'''Books'''<br />*The Age of the System 1715-1815 by Adrian B. Caruana*Arming the Fleet - U.S. Navy Ordnance in the Muzzle-Loading Era by Spencer Tucker*The Wealden Iron Industry by Jeremy Hutchinson, probably 17th centuryand his Dissertation for M.A.- Brighton*The Arming and Fitting of English Ships of War, 1600-1815 by Brian Lavery*Wealden Iron by Ernest Straker*Weale Manuscript*The Art of Gunfounding by Carol de Beer*The Fuller Family Archive - Lewes Record Office*The Fullers of Waldron, Heathfield and Brightling by Alec Parks*Waldron, Portrait of a Sussex Village by Susan Russell, Rosalie Parker and Valerie Chidson*The History of the Ironmongers Company by Elizabeth Glover*Walks into History by David Weller<br />

The gun is intended for a swivel mounting. The muzzle is in the form of a tiger’s head'''Libraries'''<br />*Science Library, the reinforce being decorated with raised diagonal ribs radiating from a central rib possibly simulating a tiger’s stripes. There is a slot at the breech for a back sight now missingImperial College, the vent being placed slightly to the right side. The cascable button is formed as a tubeLondon*Public Record Office, octagonal outside with a square boreKew*India Office Library and Records, pierced for a transverse pin; it is intended to form a socket for a tail or aiming lever. The chase is engraved with several inscriptions in Arabic script; one is properly engraved to read ‘The wise Almighty’British Library, the others are in the nature of graffiti.There is a remarkable similarity between this gun and the one photographed above. London