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Mule Corps and other Army mules. '''Mules''' formed part of the supply and transport section of armies and were particularly popular with expeditionary forces which had to travel over rougher terrain. A mule driver is called as a muleteer. [[Image:0031_Mountain_battery.jpg|right|thumb|250px|''Punjab Mountain Battery showing swivel gun barrel on mule'']]

However by 1905 a further reorganisation had witnessed the emergence of a regular corps and cadres of mules, camels and cart transport. "This now consists of 21 mule corps, 9 silladar camel cadres and 2 pony cart train cadres. A mule corps is commanded by a British officer and is divided into two subdivisions, each in charge of a warrant officer. Those for cavalry brigades are divided into six draught and four pack troops , each under a [[Daffardar|daffadar]] and have a total strength of 552 all ranks, with 936 mules. Those for use wih other arms are divided into nine pack troops, each under a daffadar, and have a total strength of 388 of all ranks with 840 mules. Cadres of mule corps are commanded by a British Officer and maintain practically the full number of supervisisng supervising and artificer establishments. They have, however, a much smaller number of mules." <ref> [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/ Imperial Gazetteer of India Volume 3] </ref>

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151120051654/http://www.hmvf.co.uk/pdf/BRITISHARMYANIMALS.PDF Britsh British Army Transport Animals] , now archived. Excellent article by Clive Elliott containing lots of background information about the roles played by army mules with accompanying photos and diagrams.*[http://animalhistorymuseum.org/exhibitsandevents/online-gallery/gallery-8-animals-and-empire/enter-gallery-8/i-imperial-species/mules/ Mules in the ‘English World’: Cultural Rejection versus Practical Utility] by William G. Clarence-Smith. animalhistorymuseum.org. General background information about mules.*[http://www.limbergunners.ca/html/body_history_of_the_screw_gun.html The History Of The Screw Gun] By Colonel J.R.M. Hubel, CD AdeC BA M Ed limbergunners.ca. Includes a section on mules (scroll down)*[http://www.kingscollections.org/servingsoldier/collection/the-dardanelles-expedition/hamilton-7-12-1-158-00019-62809#page-header Photograph of Indian troops [7 Indian Mounted <nowiki>[Mountain?]</nowiki> Artillery Bde with mules, waiting to embark transport ship at Alexandria, Egypt. No 2278. 1916] from a [http://www.kingscollections.org/servingsoldier/collection/the-dardanelles-expedition collection of official photographs of the Dardanelles Expedition, 1915-1916.] The Serving Soldier King’s College London*[http://www.mapinpub.in/book_images/Sample%20pages%20from%20Indian%20Troops%20in%20Europe.pdf Photograph: Mule carts at Bombay docks, WW1] Scroll down to the image. mapinpub.in*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/534401.html "Macedonia 1916-1918: Indian Military Transport Units in Macedonia"] by Harry Fecitt, ''Harry’s Sideshows'' kaiserscross.com. Mule Corps in Salonika.*[https://www.henrywilliamson.co.uk/70-henry-williamson-and-the-first-world-war/257-henry-williamson-and-208-machine-gun-company "Henry Williamson and 208 Machine Gun Company 1916–1917"] includes his duties as a Transport Office on the Western Front “who by night escorted the teams of mules laden with supplies and ammunition, with their drivers, up to the front line, often in foul weather, through the mud of the crater zone and enemy bombardments”. Quotes from two training booklets ''Notes on Pack Transport'' and ''The Mounted Officer's Book of Horses and Mules for Transport: The Care of the Horse and Mule and how the harness should fit''. The former is available at the British Library in two editions UIN: BLL01001094478 (1912) and UIN: BLL01001094482 (1916); the latter is available under the second part of the title UIN: BLL01000884662, or online BL reading room access.*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/search?query=pack%20mule%20Troitsa&items_per_page=20 Photographs: Pack mules showing various loads 3. 7 inch mountain howitzer] British Army, Sadleir-Jackson Brigade, Troitsa, (near Archangel, Russia)1919 iwm.org.uk*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/search?query=Pack%20mule%20MOD Photographs: Pack mule models] iwm.org.uk. Click to enlarge, and for some of the models you will see there are additional views of the same model.*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327163642/http://www.newrider.com/Library/How_it_Was/mules.html About Mules c 1937], now archived. Extracts from the ''Manual of Horsemastership, Equitation, and Animal Transport'' 1937 - Published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office: London.*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110106192621/http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/richardtrooping.html British India Steam Navigation Company Ltd. Trooping with Richard Douglas Crow], now archived includes a short account of transporting a Mule Corps from Bombay to Marseilles in WW2*[https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/force-k6-indian-troops-in-france/story-Sqq8GVn7QELe6YFORD4tiL.html "Force K6: Indian troops in France"] by Mandeep Singh Bajwa, ''Hindustan Times'' May 19, 2013. Consisted of 22, 25, 29 and 32 Mule Companies and a supply depot, a reinforcement unit, part of an Indian General Hospital, and a remount section sent to France, reaching there in December 1939. The men were subsequently evacuated from Dunkirk and then spent time in Britain.**[https://web.archive.org/web/20151007003206/http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/stories/men-of-royal-indian-army.php The men of the Royal Indian Army Service Corps (RIASC) Mule Companies - the retreat to Dunkirk] cwgc.org, now an archived webpage.**In Wales: [http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/wales/archive/bbc-north-west-wales-history-ww2-royal-indian-army-visit.pdf BBC North West Wales] The 22nd company got captured by the Germans just before Dunkirk**In Scotland***From the Historylinks Museum, Dornoch in the Highlands of Scotland****[http://www.historylinksarchive.org.uk/picture/number865.asp Article] from the ''Northern Times'' 15/11/2002, concerning Muslim Indian Army WW2 soldiers buried at Proncynain Cemetery, Dornoch. Click on the “Open Document” at the bottom for a larger version. ****[http://www.historylinksarchive.org.uk/picture/number11122.asp Information about the Regiments in Scotland] by Hamish Johnston. Click on the "Open Document” at the bottom for page 2. ****[http://www.historylinksarchive.org.uk/picture/number11123.asp Image] of the first page of an 28 page article “A Corner of Pakistan in Scotland” by Hamish Johnston, told in two articles in the ''Highland Family History Society Journal 2012''. It may be possible to apply to the museum (<nowiki>enquiries@historylinks.org.uk</nowiki>) for a copy in terms of the following: "pdf files of larger size may be made available, copyright permitting, for a reasonable donation to cover administrative costs”.***: This article is also available [http://70brigade.newmp.org.uk/w/images/e/ed/A_corner_of_Pakistan_in_Scotland.pdf 70brigade.newmp.org.uk]***The Indian Army at Loch Ewe, Scottish Highlands: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150919150520/http://www.russianarcticconvoymuseum.co.uk/wp/lochewe/indian-army-at-loch-ewe/ russianarcticconvoymuseum.co.uk], now an archived webpage and [https://web.archive.org/web/20140331070806/http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/sacrifice-remembering-the-scots-in-the-russian-arctic-convoys-1-2278975 scotsman.com], now archived.*Listen to the [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80011995 1991 interview with Francis William Geoffrey Turner] British officer served as brigade animal <nowiki>[mule]</nowiki> transport officer with 111 Indian Infantry Bde during First and Second Chindit Expeditions in Burma, 1943-1944. Imperial War Museums.*[http://14usaaf27tcs.4mg.com/Mules.html The Stubborn but Courageous Mule] in Burma WW2. 14usaaf27tcs.4mg.com. *[http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/WWII/mules_of_mars.htm The Mules of Mars] by 1st Lt. Don L. Thrapp, Q.M.C.''The Quartermaster Review'' May-June 1946. The Mars Task Force in Burma, 1944, USA Army. *[http://www.lrgaf.org/military/mules.htm Mules for China] by Captain John A. Rand. Some were selected from other elements of the Mars Task Force. *[https://web.archive.org/web/20191026192922/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/army-obituaries/5845146/Major-Victor-Warren.html Obituary of Major Victor Warren] 16 Jul 2009 ''The Telegraph'', archived. In 1943 he commanded an Indian mule company which journeyed by train from the foot of the Khyber Pass to Karachi, sailed to Iraq and then made a 600-mile march through northern Syria to Tripoli in Lebanon; finally, it landed in Italy in 1944 to play a vital role in supplying forward infantry units with ammunition and blankets at the battle of Monte Cassino.*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170402073345/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1500292/Brigadier-Hector-Wilkins.html Obituary of Brigadier Hector Wilkins 1916-2005] 10 Oct 2005 ''The Telegraph'', archived. In 1944 He was a supervising veterinary officer of "A" Group Indian Pack Transport consisting of nearly 1,000 animals in Italy. *Video catalogue description: [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1060030433 Evacuation of "special force" mules and men by waterborne craft made especially for the occasion] Burma WW2 contains some images of mules. Imperial War Museums

==Historic =Historical books online===*[http://www.archive.org/stream/unitedservicema01pollgoog#page/n431/mode/1up "Mule Transport in Persia"] by C E Biddulph page 407 ''The United Service Magazine Volume 8 New Series October 1893 to April 1894'' Archive.org. Mules were purchased in Persia by the Indian Transport Department.*[https://archive.org/stream/animalmanagement00grea#page/270/mode/2up "Chapter X: The Mule"] page 270 ''Animal Management 1908''. Prepared in the Veterinary Department for General Staff, War Office. HMSO. Reprinted 1914 Archive.org. :[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101049976515?urlappend=%3Bseq=293 "Chapter X: The Mule"] page 275 ''Animal Management 1923'' HathiTrust Digital Library:There is a 1933 edition, previously, but no longer, available online.*[http://www.archive.org/stream/ontwofrontsbeing00alexrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''On Two Fronts - Being the adventures of an Indian Mule Corps in France and Gallipoli'']by Major H M Alexander DCO , S & T Corps, Indian Army 1917 Archive.org. The Mule Corps were part of the Supply and Transport Corps.*[https://archive.org/stream/onroadtokutsoldi00blacrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''On the road to Kut: a soldier's story of the Mesopotamian campaign''] with 56 illustrations and a map. 1917 Archive.org. The author appears to be an officer from India in a Mule Corps.*[https://archive.org/stream/horsewarillustra00galt#page/42/mode/2up "Chapter V. The Gallant Mule"] page 43 ''The Horse and the War'' by Captain Sydney Galtrey, Remount Department. Illustrated with drawings by Captain Lionel Edwards 1918 Archive.org*[https://archive.org/stream/sepoysep00candrich#page/208/mode/2up "The Drabi"] [Mule Driver] page 208 ''The Sepoy'' by Edmund Candler 1919 Archive.org*[http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/MAIN:Everything:SLV_VOYAGER224009 ''Provisional handbook for the 2. 95-in 2. F. mountain gun, mark 1, mule equipment, 1901''] Published London. With plates, including Mule plates. State Library of Victoria.:[http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/MAIN:Everything:SLV_VOYAGER220629 ''Handbook for the 2.95 inch q.f. mountain gun, mark I mule equipment. 1906'']. Published London. With plates, including Mule plates. State Library of Victoria.:[http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/MAIN:SLV_VOYAGER210104 ''Handbook of the q.f, 3.7-inch mountain howitzer, mark I, 1921''] State Library of Victoria. The handbook contains text relating to the loading of mules, but not the illustrative plates which were issued separately. (The digital file may be slow to download)*[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1864482/?page=1 "A Short History of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps"] by Brigadier J. Clabby ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine'' 1976 Feb; 69(2): 93–96. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Contains references to mules.