29,499
edits
Changes
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
The For many years nursing situation in training was the 1860s in preserve of Europeans and [[CalcuttaAnglo Indian|Anglo-Indians]] and elsewhere is described on . The Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy (JJ) Hospital ([[http://books.google.com/books?id=egysl1oHBI0C&pg=PA66 page 66Bombay]] of (Limited View Google Books) of ''Florence Nightingale was the first to train nurses in western India. The first Indian lady to come forward for nursing training was Bai Kashibai Ganpat in 1891 in Bombay, implying that European and Eurasians were training prior to this date. In the Health of years that followed, nursing schools were established all over the Raj'' by Jharna Gourlay (2003)country in collaboration with government, state and private hospitals. Read a <ref> [http://wwwarchive.historycooperative.orgtoday/journals/llt/550RAYS ''Nursing in India'' by Shubhada Sakurikar]</br_25.html review of this book] by Ruth Compton Brouwer.ref>
"[http://www.carefoundation.org.in/Clc_3.htm Nursing in India]" by Shubhada Sakurikar states that for many years nursing training was the preserve of Europeans and [[Anglo Indian|Anglo-Indians]]. The Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy (JJ) Hospital ([[Bombay]]) was the first to train nurses in western India. The first Indian lady to come forward for nursing training was Bai Kashibai Ganpat in 1891 in Bombay, implying that European and Eurasians were training prior to this date. In the years that followed, nursing schools were established all over the country in collaboration with government, state and private hospitals. ''[http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/24216 Missionary women doctors in nineteenth century Delhi]'' by Kaushik Das Gupta states that St Stephens Hospital, Delhi started a training School for nurses under Alice Wilkinson — the first trained British nurse who joined the hospital in 1908. Wilkinson became the hospital's nursing superintendent and is credited with raising the standard of nursing not only in St Stephen's but in the rest of India as well. She founded the Trained Nurses’ Association of India and worked as its secretary until 1948. This <ref> [http://www.superstoresindiaststephenshospital.comorg/organisationsabout.htm link] is about php St Stephen’s Stephen's Hospital, [[Delhi]]. '''Other books''':*''The Economic Development of India'' by Vera Anstey (first published 1929, reprinted 1977) mentions nurse training on page 81 [http:<//books.google.com.au/books?id=fq1MVCSqu4sC&pg=PA81 Limited View Google Books]*''Our Viceregal Life in India, Volume I'' by Marchioness of Dufferin And Ava (2008) references Calcutta hospitals in [http://books.google.com/books?id=CEUYY3Gu5kMC&pg=PA83 1885] (Limited View Google Books).ref>
===Books===
*''A Memoir, by Catharine Grace Loch, Royal Red Cross, Senior Lady Superintendent Queen Alexandra's Military Nursing Service for India'' (published 1905) [http://www.archive.org/details/catharinegracel01bradgoog Archive.org Full View] [http://books.google.com/books?id=0pUPAAAAYAAJ No preview Google Book]
*''The Maturing Sun: an Army Nurse in India 1942-1945'' by A Bolton (1986). Available at the BL [http://books.google.com/books?id=S3E_IwAACAAJ No Preview Google Books]
*''Sister Sahibs; the VAD's with the 14th Army, 1944-46'' by M Robertson (1987). Available at the BL [http://books.google.com/books?id=MHFXAAAACAAJ No Preview Google Books]
*''Catch Me a Nightingale'' by Joan Ash (1991). Available at the BL [http://books.google.com/books?id=x1PxPQAACAAJ No Preview Google Books] includes wartime nursing experience in India.
→Journals: fix link
This article [http://shm.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/18/3/357 abstract] refers to the training of midwives in Madras in a Government lying-in [obstetrics] hospital from the 1840's
===Associations===
The ''Nursing Journal of India'' (Nurs J India) began publishing in 1912. It would be expected there would be mention of many individual nurses in the Journals. The [[British Library]] has the ''Nursing Journal of India'' from December 1926 (with a few scattered editions prior to this) to February 1939 and Cambridge University Library has an incomplete holding from 1935 to 1989. The Royal College of Nursing Archives in Edinburgh (refer [[Nurse#Other Libraries and Archives|section]] below) believes they have early issues of this Journal (or they can obtain them) but they are not in the computerised catalogue at present.
Historical UK Nursing Journals Online is a searchable database of PDF images showing journal pages. [http://rcnarchivewww2.rcn.org.uk/ development/library_and_heritage_services/library_collections/rcn_archive/historical_nursing_journals/ Search] ''The Nursing Record'' / ''The British Journal of Nursing'' 1888-1956 image database. There are many mentions of India in these Journals. Examples include:
:* [http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME047-1911/page168-volume47-26thaugust1911.pdf "Nursing in Calcutta Hospitals"] (1911)
:* [http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME048-1912/page437-volume48-01stjune1912.pdf "re report of Calcutta Hospitals"] (1912)
:* [http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME047-1911/page169-volume47-26thaugust1911.pdf JJ Hospital, Bombay] (1911)
Also see [[Nurse#Historical books online|Historical books online. below]]
===Nurse Registration===
===Religious Orders===
*The [http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/windsor/windsor1999/csjb01.html Clewer Sisters] were Sisters from the Anglican Community of St John the Baptist from Clewer (near Windsor in England) who came to Calcutta in 1881. They were involved, at various times, with nursing at the Calcutta General Hospital, Medical College Hospital, and the Eden Hospital (a maternity hospital) and also with nurse training through the Calcutta Hospital Nurses Institution, which was based at the Lady Canning Home. Scroll to the end of this [http://anglicanhistory.org/england/ttcarter/life/05.html link] for brief details of their work in India. This [http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/books/raj.html link] describes the book ''Sisters of the Raj'' by Valerie Bonham, (which is available at the British Library), [http://books.google.com/books?id=JkrFAAAACAAJ No Preview Google Books]. *''All Saints Sisters of the Poor: an Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century'' by Susan Mumm (published 2001) [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=XNS_KBCil2AC&pg=PR14 Limited View Google Books] indicates this order was in India from 1878. Available at the BL. All Saints Sisters were at the J.J. Hospital, Bombay from 1880 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NsGG0s_HxH0C&pg=PA58 Limited View Google Books] and at St George’s Hospital Bombay from 1885 until 1902 ''Western medicine and public health in colonial Bombay, 1845-1895'' by Mridula Ramanna 2002 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NsGG0s_HxH0C&pg=PA76 Limited View Google Books] *''A History of Christianity (Volume VI) the Great Century in Northern Africa and Asia 1800-1914'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=ET8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA141 Limited View Google Books] indicates that the Wantage Sisters ([http://www.csmv.co.uk/WantageOverseas.htm Community of St Mary the Virgin],Wantage, Oxfordshire), an Anglican Order, were in [[Bombay]] and [[Poona]] from 1874. ''Stolen Daughters, Virgin Mothers: Anglican Sisterhoods in Victorian Britain'' by Susan Mumm (1999) [http://books.google.com/books?id=QY9qP8pC0uoC&pg=PA8 Limited View Google Books] gives more details about these three Orders. Available at the BL. ===Additional Books===*''A Nursing Sister in Baluchistan'' by J M Morris (1932) [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ln2UOgAACAAJ No Preview Google Books]. Experiences at a mission hospital in [[Quetta]] from 1921. Available at the [[British Library]]. *''Religion, Caste, and Gender: Missionaries and Nursing History in South India'' by Meera Abraham (1996) [http://books.google.com/books?id=tbftAQAACAAJ No Preview Google Books]. Available at the [[British Library]]. *''Links of Love: a Centenary of British Links with the Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India'' by C Howes (2000) [http://books.google.com/books?id=i3s8AAAACAAJ No Preview Google Books]. Available at the [[British Library]].
*All Saints Sisters of the Poor indicates this order was in India from 1878. <ref>''Tales from All Saints Sisters of the Inns of HealingPoor: Of Christian Medical Service an Anglican Sisterhood in India, Burma and Ceylonthe Nineteenth Century'' prepared under by Susan Mumm (published 2001) </ref> All Saints Sisters were at the direction of the Executive Committee of the Christian Medical Association of IndiaJ.J. Hospital, Burma Bombay from 1880 and Ceylon 1942. Available at the St George’s Hospital Bombay from 1885 until 1902 <ref> [[British Library]''Western medicine and public health in colonial Bombay, 1845-1895'' by Mridula Ramanna 2002] </ref>
*''Nursing History and the Politics of Welfare'' edited by A M Rafferty, J Robinson, R Elkan The Wantage Sisters (1997) has a chapter called "Rescue and Redemption : the rise of female medical missions in colonial India during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries" by Rosemary Fitzgerald [http://bookswww.googlecsmv.comco.uk/books?id=7yc6-qBmB9cC&pg=PA63 Limited View Google Books] page 63WantageOverseas. Available at htm Community of St Mary the Virgin],Wantage, Oxfordshire), an Anglican Order, were in [[British LibraryBombay]]and [[Poona]] from 1874.<ref>''A History of Christianity (Volume VI) the Great Century in Northern Africa and Asia 1800-1914''</ref> The abbreviation Sr C S M V was used.
==Military Nurses in India==
The Indian Nursing Service for the [[British Army]] in India was founded in 1888, when Miss Catharine Loch and five sisters went to [[Rawalpindi]] and Miss Oxley and three sisters went to [[Bangalore]]. Nurses were recruited in England. ''Angels and Citizens: British Women as Military Nurses, 1854-1914'' by Anne Summers (1988), [http://books.google.com/books?id=cuIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA114 page 114] (Limited View Google Books), gives brief details of the conditions. The service became known as Queen Alexandra's Military Nursing Service for India in 1903, and in 1926 was amalgamated with Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service. This [http://www.scarletfinders.co.uk/8.html link] gives more details. Select 'British Military Nurses' and scroll down to Queen Alexandra's Military Nursing Service for India. This [http://www.qaranc.co.uk/queen-alexandras-imperial-military-nursing-service-for-india.php QARANC article] (Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps) details the history of the Queen Alexandra nurses in India. This [http://www.scarletfinders.co.uk/18.html link] (Scarletfinders) is a Record Of Work in France Of Queen Alexandra’s Military Nursing Service For India during the First World War and this [http://www.scarletfinders.co.uk/150.html link] on the same website contains descriptions of the various uniforms worn.
The work of Australian Army nurses in India in the [[First World War]] is decribed in [http://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j36/nurses.asp Reading between unwritten lines: Australian Army nurses in India, 1916-19] by Ruth Rae. Australian War Memorial website. Describes the 34th Welsh General Hospital (34 WGH) at [[Deolali]]
===First World War hospital for wounded Indian soldiers===
[http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME054-1915/page185-volume54-6thmarch1915.pdf The Lady Hardinge Hospital at Brockenhurst, in the New Forest, for wounded Indian soldiers] The sisters at the hospital , who performed mainly supervisory duties, all spoke Hindustani<ref> [http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME054-1915/page185-volume54-6thmarch1915.pdf ''The British Journal of Nursing'' March 6, 1915 Volume 54, page 187].</ref> The newly constructed hospital, consisting of a series of huts, opened 20 January 1915<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/orderofhospitalo00finciala#page/36/mode/2up page 36] ''The Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, and its Grand priory of England'' by H.W. Fincham 1916 Archive.org</ref>, although it appears there had been other hospital facilities from about September 1914<ref>World War 1 document by Hampshire Record Office, page 18 [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:WxKWaSc_PCYJ:www.hants.gov.uk/rh/archives/ww1.pdf+Brockenhurst+Hospital+Indian&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgFWkDLf9DL-5bTbc_6u74NDEx7jkSAhviCa12kF-Xr-stem1EvhtjsnlhyTO-dJWiG6lioQ-fWQHXf3I2lp7U1et0s8fwWfxYysAYst3niU3iFKH4K7Suzv_3luBmsgeIl5ZGe&sig=AHIEtbSAksQdcR43IUI6-utQ9DIJeqqyxw html version], [http://www.hants.gov.uk/rh/archives/ww1.pdf pdf]</ref>, possibly in hotels.<ref> [http://www.newforestmilitaryarchive.org.uk/Site/Brockenhurst/Brockenhurst.html Brockenhurst War Memorial]</ref> In the summer of 1916 the Indian hospital was transferred to Brighton and the site at Brockenhurst became a New Zealand military hospital
[http://www.lymington.org/photographs/lymingtonphoto353.html Photograph of the huts] lymington.org. Names of some of the nurses from BJN 21 November 1914-23 October 1915:[http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME053-1914/page402-volume53-21stnovember1914.pdf 1]
[http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME054-1915/page026-volume54-9thjanuary1915.pdf 2]
[http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME054-1915/page152-volume54-20thfebruary1915.pdf 3]
[http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME054-1915/page171-volume54-27thfebruary1915.pdf 4]
[http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME054-1915/page278-volume54-3rdapril1915.pdf 5]
[http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME055-1915/page337-volume55-23rdoctober1915.pdf 6]
===Records at the British Library about Military Nursing===
Records relating to nursing at the [[British Library]] include:
===Records at the National Archives===
*The National Archives Research Guide [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/rdleaflet.asp?sLeafletID=169 British Army: Nurses and Nursing Services (Military Records Information 55)] has very limited reference to India
* [http://www.findmypastawin1.cocom/awclick.uk/search/military/indexes/military-nurses/ php?mid=2114&id=201071 findmypast] has Military Nurses1856Nurses 1856-1940] Searchable database at findmypast.com of These are five sets of records transcribed largely from those held at National Archives. These include 783 names from Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service. (Free to search but pay for full view)
*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/nursing.asp Nursing Service Records, First World War]allows search and download of information. The records relate to "over 15,000 First World War service records for nurses who served in the Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service, the Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service (Reserve) and the Territorial Force Nursing Service". Some records relate to a period before the First World War but none post date 1939.
==Singapore==
==FIBIS resources==
*The FIBIS database contains the following records:**[http://www.search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=462&s_id=0 Nursing Personnel 1944] photograph**[http://www.search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=419&s_id=0 List of Qualified Midwives, European and East Indian from the Government Lying-in-Hospital, Madras, 1865]*[https://www.facebook.com/fibis.org/photos#!/photo.php?fbid=10151232769742323&set=o.24704988880&type=3&theater Image of a Qualification Cetificate to practice as a midwife granted by the Government Maternity Hospital Madras] to Jane Bullock, dated 4th September 1909(?). There is a statement on the certificate advising “This institution is recognised as a training School by the Central Midwives’ Board, London”. FIBIS on Facebook*"Indian Army Prisoners of War in the Second World War" by Hedley Sutton ''FIBIS Journal, No 12 (Autumn 2004)''. For details of how to access this article online, see [[FIBIS Journals]]. An alphabetical listing by surname of nearly 900 Indian Army personnel who became prisoners of war between 1941 and 1945 is available at the British Library. Most were held by the Japanese, with some held by the Italians.The vast majority are Europeans, but a handful of Indians are recorded; plus a few Indian Medical Service nursing sisters *"Medals to a Nurse" by Allan Stanistreet ''FIBIS Journal Number 28 (Autumn 2012)'' pages 39-40. Miss W McGregor was a member of the '''Temporary Nursing Service, India''' during the [[First World War]]. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article
==External links==
*The kidnapping of Mollie Ellis from [[Kohat]] cantonment by Afridi tribesmen from the Khyber Pass region 14 April 1923 and the rescue expedition which included Mrs Lilian Starr matron at the [[Peshawar]] Mission Hospital: Article by Michael E Lambert, from his website [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:sDCmhtmrVkIJ:michaelelambert.com/main/pdf/The_Kidnapping_of_Mollie_Ellis_by_Afridi_Tribesmem-Michael_E_Lambert%2520_C_20_C_.pdf+Kidnap+%22Mollie+Ellis%22&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au html versionArticle by Michael E Lambert], [http://michaelelambert.com/main/pdf/The_Kidnapping_of_Mollie_Ellis_by_Afridi_Tribesmem-Michael_E_Lambert%20_C_.pdf original pdf]; [http://www.lookandlearn.com/blog/?p=3641 Article from Lookand learnLookandlearn.com], [http://www.flickr.com/photos/13305961@N00/4946412546/ Photographs] from the Illustrated London News (26 May 1923 pages 894-895 ) Flickr.com. An account of her rescue mission ''Tales of Tirah and Lesser Tibet'' by Lilian A Starr, published 1924 is available at to read online on the [[British Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Libraryof India]]website.
*Mrs Adela Cottle (born Adela Collins) (1861-1940) [http://www.victorianwars.com/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=6395 Victorian Wars Forum thread] dated 1 January 2012. She was active in the St John Ambulance Brigade and the Red Cross in Calcutta, for over forty years, particularly during World War 1 and the post war period. Her awards included [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire CBE], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar-i-Hind Kaisar-i-Hind] silver medal in 1915 <ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianbiographic00raoc#page/22/mode/2up page 23 of the Appendix, ''The Indian Biographical Dictionary'' 1915]. Edited by C. Hayavadana Rao Archive.org. There was also an obituary in ''The Times'' [London] dated 22 February 1940.</ref>
*[http://greatwarnurses.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/miss-loch-and-indian-nursing-service.html Miss Loch and the Indian Nursing Service] greatwarnurses.blogspot.co.uk. (See also Historical books online section below for memoir)
*WW2 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/26/a1307026.shtml Wartime Memories of a Nurse] by Kitty Calcutt. Includes a posting to 3 B.M.N.S.U. British Mobile Neuro-Surgical Unit. Number 3 at [[Comilla|Camilla]], which treated soldiers from the Burma frontline. bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar
===Historical books online===
*Editions of ''The British Journal of Nursing'', ranging from Volume 44, January 1910 to Volume 69, July 1922 (broken range) are available on the website [http://archive.org/search.php?query=british%20Journal%20of%20Nursing%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts Archive.org]. Also see [[Nurse#Journals|Journals, above]]. Some examples of articles:
**[http://archive.org/stream/britishjournalnu55londuoft#page/116/mode/2up Award of the Kaiser-i Hind medal to Miss AJ Weighall] page 116 ''The British Journal of Nursing'' Volume 55 July 1915-December 1915
**''The British Journal of Nursing'' Volume 61 July 1918-December 1918
***[http://archive.org/stream/britishjournalof61londuoft#page/114/mode/2up/ page 114] mentions hospitals in Bombay , and includes a photograph of Sisters at the J J Hospital
***[http://archive.org/stream/britishjournalof61londuoft#page/142/mode/2up/ pages 142-143] include the award of the Kaiser-i Hind medal to Miss Charlotte Richmond Mill, Matron St Georges’ Hospital Bombay, with photograph
***[http://archive.org/stream/britishjournalof61londuoft#page/152/mode/1up page 152] "Gallant Service in Mesopotamia"
*[https://archive.org/details/jstor-3401905 "The Indian Army Nursing Service"] by A. Arkle ''The American Journal of Nursing'' Vol. 2, No. 9, June, 1902, pages 652-655 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/jstor-3402194 "The Work of the Indian Army Nursing Service"] by Miss Watt ''The American Journal of Nursing'' Volume 3, No 2 November 1902, pages 93-96 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/jstor-3402675 ''Nursing in Mission Stations in India''] ''The American Journal of Nursing'' May 1907 pages 626-627 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/jstor-3407933 "Nursing in India'"] by Wilhemina Noordyk ''The American Journal of Nursing'' February 1921 pages 296-299 Archive.org
*''A Memoir, by Catharine Grace Loch, Royal Red Cross, Senior Lady Superintendent Queen Alexandra's Military Nursing Service for India'' (published 1905) [http://www.archive.org/details/catharinegracel01bradgoog Archive.org Full View]
*[https://archive.org/details/IanHay1951ArmyNursing ''One Hundred Years of Army Nursing : The Story of the British Army Nursing Service from the time of Florence Nightingale to the present day''] by John Hay Beith 1953 Archive.org
==Notes==
# The [[British Library]] has a copy of this book. You can [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6417940&referer=brief_results search for a Library] which has it, or see [http://books.google.com/books?id=PayPGQAACAAJ Google Books' No Preview link].
# [http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofnursing00toolrich#page/336/mode/2up ''A History of Nursing in the British Empire''] by Sarah A. Southall Tooley (published 1906) has a section on India, pages 339-349. Archive.org
# Wilson's book is available at the BL and in snippet view on [http://books.google.com/books?id=1LAWAAAAMAAJ Google Books].
==References==
<references />
{{#widget:Google PlusOne
|size=small
|count=true
}}
[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Health]]
