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The For many years nursing situation in training was the 1860s in preserve of Europeans and [[CalcuttaAnglo Indian|Anglo-Indians]] and elsewhere is described on . The Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy (JJ) Hospital ([[http://books.google.com/books?id=egysl1oHBI0C&pg=PA66 page 66Bombay]] of (Limited View Google Books) of ''Florence Nightingale was the first to train nurses in western India. The first Indian lady to come forward for nursing training was Bai Kashibai Ganpat in 1891 in Bombay, implying that European and Eurasians were training prior to this date. In the Health of years that followed, nursing schools were established all over the Raj'' by Jharna Gourlay (2003)country in collaboration with government, state and private hospitals. Read a <ref> [http://wwwarchive.historycooperative.orgtoday/journals/llt/550RAYS ''Nursing in India'' by Shubhada Sakurikar]</br_25.html review of this book] by Ruth Compton Brouwer.ref>

"[http://www.carefoundation.org.in/Clc_3.htm Nursing in India]" by Shubhada Sakurikar states that for many years nursing training was the preserve of Europeans and [[Anglo Indian|Anglo-Indians]]. The Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy (JJ) Hospital ([[Bombay]]) was the first to train nurses in western India. The first Indian lady to come forward for nursing training was Bai Kashibai Ganpat in 1891 in Bombay, implying that European and Eurasians were training prior to this date. In the years that followed, nursing schools were established all over the country in collaboration with government, state and private hospitals. ''[http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/node/24216 Missionary women doctors in nineteenth century Delhi]'' by Kaushik Das Gupta states that St Stephens Hospital, Delhi started a training School for nurses under Alice Wilkinson — the first trained British nurse who joined the hospital in 1908. Wilkinson became the hospital's nursing superintendent and is credited with raising the standard of nursing not only in St Stephen's but in the rest of India as well. She founded the Trained Nurses’ Association of India and worked as its secretary until 1948. This <ref> [http://www.superstoresindiaststephenshospital.comorg/organisationsabout.htm link] is about php St Stephen’s Stephen's Hospital, [[Delhi]]. '''Other books''':*''The Economic Development of India'' by Vera Anstey (first published 1929, reprinted 1977) mentions nurse training on page 81 [http:<//books.google.com.au/books?id=fq1MVCSqu4sC&pg=PA81 Limited View Google Books]*''Our Viceregal Life in India, Volume I'' by Marchioness of Dufferin And Ava (2008) references Calcutta hospitals in [http://books.google.com/books?id=CEUYY3Gu5kMC&pg=PA83 1885] (Limited View Google Books).ref>

Historical UK Nursing Journals Online is a searchable database of PDF images showing journal pages. [http://rcnarchivewww2.rcn.org.uk/ development/library_and_heritage_services/library_collections/rcn_archive/historical_nursing_journals/ Search] ''The Nursing Record'' / ''The British Journal of Nursing'' 1888-1956 image database. There are many mentions of India in these Journals. Examples include:

In England, legislation was passed in 1919 which became effective from 1921. [[The National Archives]] has Registers of Nurses from 1921 in the series '''DT 10'''. This [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=4906&CATLN=3&FullDetails=True link] gives some details about records originating from the General Nursing Council for England and Wales. It seems likely that some Indian trained nurses were also registered in England, as there is an associated series [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp?CATID=4914&CATLN=3&accessmethod=5'''DT 18''' ] General Nursing Council for England and Wales: Registrar: Correspondence and Papers, Overseas, which has the following catalogue entries:

The British Library has a catalogue entry: Nurses: registration under the Nurses Registration Act 1919 of Nurses on the Register of the State Medical Faculty of Bengal [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorle_2-1&cid=1-1-3-641#1-1-3-641 '''IOR/L/E/7/1167, File 4082''' ] 21 Aug 1923-13 Oct 1932. This [http://smfwb.in/history.html link] gives details of the State Medical Faculty of Bengal.

*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorv_9-2&cid=1-1-31-8#1-1-31-8 '''IOR/V/25/851/8''' ] (1940)*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorv_9-2&cid=1-1-31-9#1-1-31-9 '''IOR/V/25/851/9''' ] (1946)

*The [http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/windsor/windsor1999/csjb01.html Clewer Sisters] were Sisters from the Anglican Community of St John the Baptist from Clewer (near Windsor in England) who came to Calcutta in 1881. They were involved, at various times, with nursing at the Calcutta General Hospital, Medical College Hospital, and the Eden Hospital (a maternity hospital) and also with nurse training through the Calcutta Hospital Nurses Institution, which was based at the Lady Canning Home. Scroll to the end of this [http://anglicanhistory.org/england/ttcarter/life/05.html link] for brief details of their work in India. This [http://www.thamesweb.co.uk/books/raj.html link] describes the book ''Sisters of the Raj'' by Valerie Bonham, (which is available at the British Library), [http://books.google.com/books?id=JkrFAAAACAAJ No Preview Google Books].

*''All Saints Sisters of the Poor: an Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century'' by Susan Mumm (published 2001) indicates this order was in India from 1878. <ref>[httphttps://books.google.com.au/books?id=XNS_KBCil2AC&pg=PR14 Limited View Google BooksPA15 page 15 footnote] indicates this order was ''All Saints Sisters of the Poor: an Anglican Sisterhood in India from 1878. Available at the BL. Nineteenth Century'' by Susan Mumm, (published 2001) Google Books</ref> All Saints Sisters were at the J.J. Hospital, Bombay from 1880 [http://books.google.com/books?id=NsGG0s_HxH0C&pg=PA58 Limited View Google Books] and at St George’s Hospital Bombay from 1885 until 1902 <ref> ''Western medicine and public health in colonial Bombay, 1845-1895'' by Mridula Ramanna 2002 [http:<//books.google.com/books?id=NsGG0s_HxH0C&pg=PA76 Limited View Google Books]ref>

*''A History of Christianity (Volume VI) the Great Century in Northern Africa and Asia 1800-1914'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=ET8OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA141 Limited View Google Books] indicates that the The Wantage Sisters ([http://www.csmv.co.uk/WantageOverseas.htm Community of St Mary the Virgin],Wantage, Oxfordshire), an Anglican Order, were in [[Bombay]] and [[Poona]] from 1874.<ref>''A History of Christianity (Volume VI) the Great Century in Northern Africa and Asia 1800-1914''</ref> The abbreviation Sr C S M V was used.

''Stolen Daughters==Military Nurses in India==Female nursing was introduced in army hospitals in [[Madras]] in the late 1860’s, well before Calcutta, Virgin Mothers: Anglican Sisterhoods in Victorian Britain'' by Susan Mumm (1999) see [http://books.google.com/books?id=QY9qP8pC0uoCegysl1oHBI0C&pg=PA8 PA73 page 73] (Limited View Google Books] gives more details about these three Orders. Available at the BL. ===Additional Books===*) of ''A Nursing Sister in BaluchistanFlorence Nightingale and the Health of the Raj'' by J M Morris Jharna Gourlay (19322003) [http://books.google.com/books?id=Ln2UOgAACAAJ No Preview Google Books]. Experiences at a mission hospital in [[Quetta]] from 1921. Available at the [[British Library]].

*The Indian Nursing Service for the [[British Army]] in India was founded in 1888, when Miss Catharine Loch and five sisters went to [[Rawalpindi]] and Miss Oxley and three sisters went to [[Bangalore]]. Nurses were recruited in England. ''Religion, Caste, Angels and GenderCitizens: Missionaries and Nursing History in South IndiaBritish Women as Military Nurses, 1854-1914'' by Meera Abraham Anne Summers (19961988) , [http://books.google.com/books?id=tbftAQAACAAJ No Preview cuIOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA114 page 114] (Limited View Google Books), gives brief details of the conditions. The service became known as Queen Alexandra's Military Nursing Service for India in 1903, and in 1926 was amalgamated with Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service. This [http://www.scarletfinders.co.uk/8.html link]gives more details. Available at Select 'British Military Nurses' and scroll down to Queen Alexandra's Military Nursing Service for India. This [http://www.qaranc.co.uk/queen-alexandras-imperial-military-nursing-service-for-india.php QARANC article] (Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps) details the history of the Queen Alexandra nurses in India. This [http://www.scarletfinders.co.uk/18.html link] (Scarletfinders) is a Record Of Work in France Of Queen Alexandra’s Military Nursing Service For India during the First World War and this [British Library]http://www.scarletfinders.co.uk/150.html link]on the same website contains descriptions of the various uniforms worn.

The work of Australian Army nurses in India in the [[First World War]] is decribed in *[https://www.awm.gov.au/blog/2014/10/28/nursing-british-raj/ "Nursing for the British Raj"] by Ashleigh Wadman 28 October 2014 Australian War Memorial website. Suggested further reading includes ''Links of LoveGuns and Brooches: a Centenary of British Links with Australian Army Nursing from the Boer War to the Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, IndiaGulf War'' by Jan Bassett 1997 which by C Howes (2000) is stated elsewhere<ref> kjharris. [http://books1914-1918.googleinvisionzone.com/booksforums/index.php?id/topic/238575-online-articles-aans-australian-nurses-in-india/&do=findComment&comment=i3s8AAAACAAJ No Preview Google Books2424827 Online articles: AANS (Australian nurses) in India] ''Great War Forum'' 19 July 2016. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</ref> to provide “the best most accurate info on Australians nursing in India”.*[http://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j36/nurses.asp "Reading between unwritten lines: Australian Army nurses in India, 1916-19"] by Ruth Rae. Australian War Memorial website. Describes the 34th Welsh General Hospital (34 WGH) at [[Deolali]]. *[http://emhs.org.au/person/brooks/constance_jessie Available at Constance Jessie Brooks] was one of over 500 members of the AANS [Australian Army Nursing Service] who served in India during the First World War although it was not recognised officially as a theatre of war. She was posted to Rawalpindi, the Victoria War Hospital in Bombay and subsequently on His Majesty’s Hospital Ship ‘Ellora’, then finally the Gerard Freeman Thomas [British Library]War]Hospital in Bombay. In 1919 she married in Bombay, one of the 20 Australian nurses who married in India.

*===First World War hospital for wounded Indian soldiers===[http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME054-1915/page185-volume54-6thmarch1915.pdf The Lady Hardinge Hospital at Brockenhurst, in the New Forest, [England<nowiki>]</nowiki> for wounded Indian soldiers] The sisters at the hospital , who performed mainly supervisory duties, all spoke Hindustani.<ref> [http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME054-1915/page185-volume54-6thmarch1915.pdf ''The British Journal of Nursing'' March 6, 1915 Volume 54, page 187].</ref> The newly constructed hospital, consisting of a series of huts, opened 20 January 1915<ref>[http://archive.org/stream/orderofhospitalo00finciala#page/36/mode/2up page 36] ''Tales from The Order of the Inns Hospital of St. John of Healing: Of Christian Medical Service in IndiaJerusalem, Burma and Ceylonits Grand priory of England'' prepared under by H.W. Fincham 1916 Archive.org</ref>, although it appears there had been other hospital facilities from about September 1914<ref>World War 1 document by Hampshire Record Office, page 18 [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:WxKWaSc_PCYJ:www.hants.gov.uk/rh/archives/ww1.pdf+Brockenhurst+Hospital+Indian&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESgFWkDLf9DL-5bTbc_6u74NDEx7jkSAhviCa12kF-Xr-stem1EvhtjsnlhyTO-dJWiG6lioQ-fWQHXf3I2lp7U1et0s8fwWfxYysAYst3niU3iFKH4K7Suzv_3luBmsgeIl5ZGe&sig=AHIEtbSAksQdcR43IUI6-utQ9DIJeqqyxw html version], [http://www.hants.gov.uk/rh/archives/ww1.pdf pdf]</ref>, possibly in hotels.<ref> [http://www.newforestmilitaryarchive.org.uk/Site/Brockenhurst/Brockenhurst.html Brockenhurst War Memorial]</ref> The Lady Hardinge Hospital for Wounded Indian Soldiers was used from the direction outbreak of war until the Executive Committee end of 1915, when the Christian Medical Association of IndiaIndian Army Corps which it supported, Burma and Ceylon 1942was transferred to Egypt. Available at The Indian hospital was then transferred to Brighton and the Brockenhurst site became No 1 New Zealand General Hospital. For more about Brighton, see [[British LibraryWestern Front]] .

*''Nursing History and the Politics of Welfare'' edited by A M Rafferty, J Robinson, R Elkan (1997) has [http://www.newforestheritage.org/brockenhurst-a-first-world-war-hospital-village-1914/ Brockenhurst a chapter called "Rescue and Redemption First World War Hospital village 1914]. newforestheritage.org.<br>[http: //www.lymington.org/photographs/lymingtonphoto353.html Photograph of the rise huts] lymington.org. <br>Names of some of female medical missions in colonial India during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries" by Rosemary Fitzgerald nurses from BJN 21 November 1914-23 October 1915:[http://booksrcnarchive.rcn.googleorg.comuk/data/books?id=7yc6VOLUME053-qBmB9cC&pg=PA63 Limited View Google Books1914/page402-volume53-21stnovember1914.pdf 1] page 63[http://rcnarchive.rcn.org. Available at the uk/data/VOLUME054-1915/page026-volume54-9thjanuary1915.pdf 2][http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME054-1915/page152-volume54-20thfebruary1915.pdf 3][British Libraryhttp://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME054-1915/page171-volume54-27thfebruary1915.pdf 4][http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME054-1915/page278-volume54-3rdapril1915.pdf 5][http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/data/VOLUME055-1915/page337-volume55-23rdoctober1915.pdf 6]

*The Indian Nursing Service-Registers of Candidates [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_4-3_3&cid=1-1-1#1-1-1 '''IOR/L/MIL/9/430-432''' ] (1887-1920). The nurses were recruited in England.*Collection 262 Indian Nursing Service [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-4&cid=1-1-39#1-1-39 '''IOR/L/MIL/7/11316-11616''' ] (1886-1940), which includes items 262/1-270 and 262A/1-188 with many individual names mentioned.*Collection 262/103 [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-4&cid=1-1-39-106#1-1-39-106 '''IOR/L/MIL/7/11421''' ] (1913) states "Candidates for Queen Alexandra's Military Nursing Service for India must either be of British parentage or naturalised British subjects."

 ===Books===*''A Memoir, by Catharine Grace Loch, Royal Red Cross, Senior Lady Superintendent Queen Alexandra's Military Nursing Service for India'' (published 1905) [http://www.archiveawin1.orgcom/details/catharinegracel01bradgoog Archive.org Full View] [http://books.googleawclick.com/booksphp?mid=2114&id=0pUPAAAAYAAJ No preview Google Book201071 findmypast]*''The Maturing Sun: an Army Nurse in India 1942has Military Nurses 1856-19451940. These are five sets of records transcribed largely from those held at National Archives. These include 783 names from Queen Alexandra'' by A Bolton s Imperial Military Nursing Service. (1986Free to search but pay for full view). Available at the BL *[http://bookswww.nationalarchives.googlegov.comuk/documentsonline/books?id=S3E_IwAACAAJ No Preview Google Booksnursing.asp Nursing Service Records, First World War]*''Sister Sahibs; allows search and download of information. The records relate to "over 15,000 First World War service records for nurses who served in the VAD's with Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service, the 14th Army, 1944-46'' by M Robertson Queen Alexandra’s Imperial Military Nursing Service (1987Reserve). Available at and the BL [http://booksTerritorial Force Nursing Service".google.com/books?id=MHFXAAAACAAJ No Preview Google Books]*''Catch Me Some records relate to a Nightingale'' by Joan Ash (1991). Available at period before the BL [http://books.google.com/books?id=x1PxPQAACAAJ No Preview Google Books] includes wartime nursing experience in IndiaFirst World War but none post date 1939.

:*[http://rcnarchive.rcn.org.uk/ Archive Search] - browse or search the historical journals and '''read online,''' and browse or search the archivecatalogue.

*The FIBIS database contains the following records:**[http://www.search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=462&s_id=0 Nursing Personnel 1944] photograph**[http://www.search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=419&s_id=0 List of Qualified Midwives, European and East Indian from the Government Lying-in-Hospital, Madras, 1865]*[https://www.facebook.com/fibis.org/photos#!/photo.php?fbid=10151232769742323&set=o.24704988880&type=3&theater Image of a Qualification Cetificate to practice as a midwife granted by the Government Maternity Hospital Madras] to Jane Bullock, dated 4th September 1909(?). There is a statement on the certificate advising “This institution is recognised as a training School by the Central Midwives’ Board, London”. FIBIS on Facebook*"Indian Army Prisoners of War in the Second World War" by Hedley Sutton ''FIBIS Journal, No 12 (Autumn 2004)''. For details of how to access this article online, see [[FIBIS Journals]]. An alphabetical listing by surname of nearly 900 Indian Army personnel who became prisoners of war between 1941 and 1945 is available at the British Library. Most were held by the Japanese, with some held by the Italians.The vast majority are Europeans, but a handful of Indians are recorded; plus a few Indian Medical Service nursing sisters *"Medals to a Nurse" by Allan Stanistreet ''FIBIS Journal Number 28 (Autumn 2012)'' pages 39-40. Miss W McGregor was a member of the '''Temporary Nursing Service, India''' during the [[First World War]]. See [[FIBIS Journals]] for details of how to access this article*"'Some hot water quickly' – Sister Sallie’s Kaisar-i-Hind" by Kimberley John Lindsay ''FIBIS Journal Number 35 (Spring 2016)'' pages 11-17. For details of how to access this article, see [[FIBIS Journals]]. Sarah (Sallie) Maria Round worked as a Missionary Nurse with the All Saints Sisters, mainly in the Bombay Presidency, but latterly at Peshawar, receiving the medal in 1946.==External links==*The kidnapping of Mollie Ellis from [[Kohat]] cantonment by Afridi tribesmen from the Khyber Pass region 14 April 1923 and the rescue expedition which included Mrs Lilian Starr matron at the [[Peshawar]] Mission Hospital [http://michaelelambert.com/main/pdf/The_Kidnapping_of_Mollie_Ellis_by_Afridi_Tribesmem-Michael_E_Lambert%20_C_.pdf Article by Michael E Lambert]. [http://www.lookandlearn.com/blog/?p=3641 Article from Lookandlearn.com], [http://www.flickr.com/photos/13305961@N00/4946412546/ Photographs] from the Illustrated London News (26 May 1923 pages 894-895 ) Flickr.com. An account of her rescue mission ''Tales of Tirah and Lesser Tibet'' by Lilian A Starr, published 1924 is available to read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website.*Mrs Adela Cottle (born Adela Collins) (1861-1940) [http://www.victorianwars.com/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=6395 Victorian Wars Forum thread] dated 1 January 2012. She was active in the St John Ambulance Brigade and the Red Cross in Calcutta, for over forty years, particularly during World War 1 and the post war period. Her awards included [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire CBE], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar-i-Hind Kaisar-i-Hind] silver medal in 1915 <ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianbiographic00raoc#page/22/mode/2up page 23 of the Appendix, ''The Indian Biographical Dictionary'' 1915]. Edited by C. Hayavadana Rao Archive.org. There was also an obituary in ''The Times'' [London] dated 22 February 1940.</ref>*[http://greatwarnurses.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/miss-loch-and-indian-nursing-service.html Miss Loch and the Indian Nursing Service] greatwarnurses.blogspot.co.uk. (See also Historical books online section below for memoir)*WW2 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/26/a1307026.shtml Wartime Memories of a Nurse] by Kitty Calcutt. Includes a posting to 3 B.M.N.S.U. British Mobile Neuro-Surgical Unit. Number 3 at [[Comilla|Camilla]], which treated soldiers from the Burma frontline. bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar

# Wilson's book is available at the BL and in snippet view on [http://books.google.com/books?id=1LAWAAAAMAAJ Google Books]. ==References==<references /> {{#widget:Google PlusOne|size=small|count=true}}