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Prisoners of the Turks (First World War)

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*Kastamuni, Kastamouni, Kastamonu, Castamuni , Castamouni, Castamonu, Castamoni, Castamowni
*Kiangri, Kangri, Changri, Çankırı, Cankiri, Cangara. Situated approximately mid-way between Ankara and the internment centre at Kastamuni (Kastamonu)<ref name =Nor>"Captivity in Turkey: from the diaries of Lieutenant Colonel Francis Cecil Lodge Part 2: January-December 1917", refer External links above.</ref>
*Konia, Konya
*Entelli, Entilli, Intilli, Intille, Intaley. A work camp in the Amanus Mountains.
*Gedis, Gediz, Gadiz. Appears to have been established late 1917, about 60 miles north-west of Afion.<ref name=Nor/>
*Ngde, Nigdeh, Niğde (north of the Taurus Mountains). Nigdeh was located near Bor.
*Sheher Dere, Shehr Dere. A work camp in the Amanus Mountains.
*Tasch Durmas,Tasch Dumas. A work camp in the Amanus Mountains.*Tel-Hafer, Tal Afar. 50-60 km west of Mosul in Mesopotamia (Iraq).
* Yarbashi, Yarbachi, Yarbaschi, Zarbaschi. A work camp in the Amanus Mountains.
==Repatriation, before the end of the war, and after==
*There were two exchanges of PoWs with the Turkish in Mesopotamia in 1916.<ref>charlie962. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/269413-mespot-pow-exchanges-in-1916/ Mespot- PoW exchanges in 1916] ''Great War Forum'' 30 January 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.</ref>
*There was a release of seriously wounded men in Feb 1918 who passed via Constantinople to Switzerland then to England c Feb 1918. <ref>charlie962. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/276732-ssgt-jem-brunskill-ramc-was-he-a-turkish-pow/?do=findComment&comment=2820699 S/Sgt J.E.M Brunskill RAMC - was he a Turkish POW ?] ''Great War Forum'' 14 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019.</ref>
*There was a prisoner exchange program, based on medical criteria, almost at the end of the war. Men were selected from all over Turkey and were sent to Smyrna. John Still was one of those evacuated by ship on 1 November 1918. See his account ''A Prisoner in Turkey'' in Historical books online, below.
*For the situation after the Armistice with Turkey on 30 October, 1918, see the account "How British Prisoners Left Turkey" by Lieutenant-Colonel E H Keeling, in Historical books online, below.
:The situations in respect of Australian POWs, after the end of the war, is covered by Kate Ariotti in ''Coping With Captivity: Australian POWs of the Turks and the impact of imprisonment during the First World War'', in "Armistice and Homecoming", part of Chapter Six, page 195, refer External links, below.
The most common evacuation route appears to have been by ship, from a Turkish port to Alexandria in Egypt, by another ship to Italy, (e.g. Brindisi or Tarranto), and then by train to Britain.(More details of the route.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200703014236/http://www.forcespostalhistorysociety.org.uk/journal_archive/journals-current---291/journal-300o.pdf "Overland Route to the East 1917-1919"] by Andrew Brooks ''Forces Postal History Society Journal'' No 300 Summer 2014, page 179, now an archived webpage. May be slow to open.</ref>) Some returned POWs from Turkey are mentioned in the ''Weekly Casualty List''s, see [[British Army#WW1 Casualty Lists|British Army - WW1 Casualty Lists]]. As an example ''Weekly Casualty List'' No. 82, 25th February 1919, page 7 contains some names. <ref>charlie962. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/276732-ssgt-jem-brunskill-ramc-was-he-a-turkish-pow/?do=findComment&comment=2820973 S/Sgt J.E.M Brunskill RAMC - was he a Turkish POW ?] ''Great War Forum'' 14 November 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2019. [https://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/archive/194175362 ''Weekly Casualty List'' No. 82, 25th February 1919, page 7] National Library of Scotland.</ref> 
==Exhumation from graves and reburial, after the War==
After the War, c 1927, bodies from those POW graves from across Turkey which could be identified, were exhumed and reburied in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Baghdad (North Gate) War Cemetery.<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/57303/BAGHDAD%20(NORTH%20GATE)%20WAR%20CEMETERY Baghdad (North Gate) War Cemetery] cwgc.org</ref> The website of the CWGC may contain a 'concentration' record if this has occurred, or if there is no 'concentration' record, there should be details in the grave registration reports. For graves which could not be identified, the names of the soldiers generally appear on a Memorial at Baghdad.
It appears there were many deaths of prisoners in Mesopotamia. There are records of deaths at a Prisoners Camp at Mosul.
==Additional information==
===Also see===
*[[Chaplains Returns]] for information about GRO War deaths databases including "War Deaths Indian Services 1914-1921".
===External links===
*[http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5362C4RD9uk/Ug1O52l5NgI/AAAAAAAAPA4/F38OXgUwk8A/s1600/1915+place+names-14.jpg Map: place names in East and South East of Ottoman Domain with Latin alphabet, before 1915: Sivas region]. From website Mavi Boncuk, ([http://boncuk1.rssing.com/chan-23614969/all_p4.html page 4], 08/15/13 scroll down). This is only one of a series maps which may be downloaded from the 08/15/13 post on page 4, or [https://app.box.com/s/n304osmvwcjl7tie9m1r direct pdf link, 16 pages, including the Adana region]. [https://archive.org/details/1915-turkey-place-names/mode/1up Archive.org mirror version].
*[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1916/oct/12/british-prisoners-of-war British Prisoners Of War] House of Commons 12 October 1916. Lists the location of where British prisoners are detained in Turley. hansard.millbanksystems.com
*[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1918/nov/14/repatriation-of-prisoners-of-war Repatriation Of Prisoners Of War] Hansard HL Deb 14 November 1918. Includes “As regards Turkey, a considerable number of prisoners have already arrived in Egypt and other districts under our control’… “The bulk of these prisoners will be concentrated at Smyrna, and will be brought home via Italy and France as soon as possible”
:[http://www.levantineheritage.com/note23.htm Diary of Grace Williamson Smyrna 1914-1920]. Includes October-November 1918 entries concerning repatriation of British POWs from Smyrna. levantineheritage.com
:Also see personal accounts in [[Prisoners of the Turks (First World War)#Historical books online|Historical books online]], below.
*Imperial War Museums [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/1030007535 Catalogue entry: Private Papers of Colonel W C Spackman]: Ts memoir (331pp) covering his service as Regimental Medical Officer to the 48th Pioneers, 6th Indian Division in Mesopotamia, 1914 - 1915, at Kut during the siege, December 1915 - April 1916, and as a prisoner of war in Anatolia, 1916 – 1918. An edited version has been published, ''Captured at Kut, Prisoner of the Turks. The Great War Diaries of Colonel William W C Spackman''(available at the British Library UIN: BLL01014822005). [https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Captured_at_Kut_Prisoner_of_the_Turks/jAbMDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1 Sample pages, Google Books]. :In August 1916 he was a prisoner in Mosul, Mesopotamia, where there were many deaths.<ref name=Mos/>
*The Liddle Collection at the University of Leeds has a number of books, manuscripts and tapes, including transcripts in its collection, relating to Prisoners of War in Turkey. For catalogue references, use terms such as prisoner, Turkey in the [http://library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore Search]. Includes a photocopy of the book ''The Sufferings of the Kut Garrison during their March into Turkey as Prisoners of War, 1916-1917'' by F A Harvey, Lt & Q-Mr, published 1922. (The author was in the 2nd Battalion, [[54th Regiment of Foot|Dorsetshire Regiment]], and this book was privately printed after his death in 1921, as a memorial. Another photocopy is available at the Imperial War Museums). Note, the actual items do not appear to be available online.
*Foreign Office Files (FO 383) at the National Archives:
**[https://onedrive.live.com/view.aspx?resid=8DF1E713C2B47BF5!568&ithint=file%2cpdf&app=WordPdf&authkey=!AEkNEeEoAkHHztY Finding Aid: Foreign Office Files (FO 383) at the National Archives: Regarding Military & Civilian Prisoners of War: List of Files and Contents: 1915-1919]. Compiled September 2014 by seaforthsof the Great War Forum, and now available as a pdf from that Forum.<ref> seaforths. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/218552-foreign-office-files-on-pows-fo-383/ "?do=findComment&comment=3074906 Foreign Office Files on POWs (FO 383)"] ''Great War Forum'' 30 September 201412 December 2021. Retrieved 19 June 201813 December 2021.</ref> Contains a FIND (Search) function. This link now requires a Microsoft sign in. Current status unclear. onedrive.live.com. Contains references such as "FO 383/090 1915 Description: Turkey: Prisoners, including…"
**Catalogue entry [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2617474 FO 383/231 Turkey. Prisoners...] includes mention of camps at Magnesia, Smyrna, Tchoroum, and transfer of British and French prisoners from camps at Kiangri and Afion Kara Hissar to Bosanti for employment on railway construction.
** Other records from FO 383 include catalogue entries [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2617578 Turkey: prisoners FO 383/335], [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C2617695 Turkey: Prisoners FO 383/452] and FO 383/456 File 117571 (03/09/1918) Various lists: Nominal role of British Officers, Warrant Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, Men and Indian military personnel held at Afrion Kara Hissar, Kedos, Konia, and Magnesia in Turkey providing rank, name and unit/ship… 2. List of Assistant Surgeons of the Indian Medical Service: PoWs in Turkey. 3. List of Sub Assistant Surgeons of the Indian Medical Service; PoWs inTurkey…<ref>themonsstar. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/114664-pows/?do=findComment&comment=1094884 POWs] ''Great War Forum'' 13 January 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</ref>
:'''Note 1''': [[Findmypast|findmypast]] has a dataset of records "Prisoners Of War 1715-1945" and a similar Browse dataset (both located in Armed forces & conflict/Regimental & service records) which contain selected records from FO 383, including some for Indian Army soldiers, together with some other records from The National Archives. Includes at least parts from FO 383/336, POWs in Turkey, 1917; FO 383/456, POWs in Turkey, 1918. Also includes AIR 1/892/204/5/697 "Lists of British prisoners of war in Turkey", the [https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record/browse?id=gbm%2fpow-gallip%2f13-0307_se-ab_1-2-23%2f00003 findmypast link] for the latter (must be signed in to findmypast), dated Feb-March 1915. This document also includes [https://search.findmypast.co.uk/record/browse?id=gbm%2fpow-gallip%2f13-0307_se-ab_1-2-23%2f00014 page 14] some deaths at Tache Kichla (or Tash Kishla) Hospital. This was at a military barracks in Constantinople.
:'''Note 2''': FamilySearch has selected FO 383 images, [https://familysearch.org/search/catalog/2537285 catalogue entry] viewable on a FamilySearch computer at a [[FamilySearch Centres|FamilySearch Centre]].
*International Committee of the Red Cross Historical Archives contains online records, searchable by name, the record series including:
**[http://grandeguerre.icrc.org/en/List/3655166/699/50410/ R 50410-R 50508]. Also from this link scroll forward to the beginning of the file, which advises "C G1 E01-3.03 R 14246-14426 and R 50353 –R 50353–R 50508. PG britanniques en mains turques". The first series R 14246-14426 seem to be largely in respect of deaths, while the latter series are mainly Lists of Prisoners at Camps, from Croissant Rouge Ottoman. Includes Indian Army soldiers. Note: there appear to be some unrelated records included.
**[http://grandeguerre.icrc.org/en/List/3655166/699/50509/ R 50509-R 50840]. Further List of Prisoners from Croissant Rouge Ottoman. Includes some Lists of deaths, with causes of death. Includes Indian Army soldiers. Note: there appear to be some unrelated records included.
**[http://grandeguerre.icrc.org/en/List/3655166/699/51794/ R 51794, R 51795] is a two page list of British Officers repatriated Prisoners of War from Turkey, reported at Alexandria October 1918. This appears to be a British War Office document.
**There are also additional records available, which appear only able to be found by a name Search. As an example a [http://grandeguerre.icrc.org/en/List/3655166/699/13783/ partial alphabetical list of deaths, letter A] includes R 13783-4…13868-71-85-95-13896 Prisoner deaths at Mosul. Also [http://grandeguerre.icrc.org/en/List/3655166/699/13842/ R 13842] show the death at Mosul of Walter Rudge, and is part of a partial alphabetical list of deaths, letter R.
: If these links are not permanent, from the ICRC Prisoners of the First World War [http://grandeguerre.icrc.org Home Page] select Examples of Index Cards/Cards of a British serviceman, and then enter the record number in the Search.
*Ancestry (pay website) contains the database "UK, British Officer Prisoners of War, 1914-1918"<ref>[http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=4722 UK, British Officer Prisoners of War, 1914-1918] Ancestry</ref> (located in category Military) consisting of data transcribed from the 1919 publication ''List of British Officers Taken Prisoner in the Various Theatres of War Aug 1914 to Nov 1918'' <ref>[httphttps://www.naval-military-press.com/product/list-of-british-officers-taken_prisonertaken-prisoner-in-the-various-theatres-of-war-augwaraug-1914-to-nov-1918..html / ''List of British Officers Taken Prisoner in the Various Theatres of War Aug 1914 to Nov 1918''] Reprint edition, Naval & Military Press</ref>, compiled from records kept by Messrs Cox & Co.'s Enquiry Office. Transcribed records from this source are also available in the findmypast database above "Prisoners Of War 1715-1945".*The British Library collection contains the book ''Çanakkale Muharebeleri'nin esirleri : ifadeler ve mektuplar = Prisoners of war at the Çanakkale Battles : testimonies and letters'' (in two volumes) by Ahmet Tetik, Y. Serdar Demirtaş, Sema Demirtaş. UIN: BLL01015395994 [http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?menuitem=0&fromTop=true&fromPreferences=false&fromEshelf=false&vid=BLVU1 Search the catalogue]. In Turkish and English. Contains Lists of prisoners taken at [[Gallipoli]] (Çanakkale) derived from records in Turkish Archives. (Sample pages.<ref> emrezmen. [httphttps://1914-1918www.invisionzonegreatwarforum.com/forumsorg/topic/260865-allied-pow/?do=findComment&comment=2642881 Allied PoW] ''Great War Forum'' 6 May 2018. Retrieved 8 May 201820 July 2019.</ref>)*Another Turkish language publication is ''Kralın Esir Askerleri (I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Anadolu'daki İngiliz Esirleri ve Esir Kampları)'' by Mahmut Akkor, Google Translate title ''King's Prisoner Soldiers (British Prisoners and Prison Camps in Anatolia during the First World War''). (Details.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331787111_Kralin_Esir_Askerleri_I_Dunya_Savasi%27nda_Anadolu%27daki_Ingiliz_Esirleri_ve_Esir_Kamplari Kralın Esir Askerleri (I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Anadolu'daki İngiliz Esirleri ve Esir Kampları)] by Mahmut Akkor 2019. researchgate.net.Publisher: Yeditepe Yayinevi ISBN 978-6052070-48-2 </ref>):2013 Doctoral thesis, Turkish language [http://kizilaytarih.org/makale-tez/tz004.pdf ''I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Anadolu'daki İngiliz Esirleri ve Esir Kampları''] by Mahmut Akkor. kizilaytarih.org. Use [https://translate.google.com Google Translate] for individual sections.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170624075844/http://www.cwgc.org/about-us/what-we-do/archive.aspx Commonwealth War Graves Commission Archive], (archived webpage) located in the Head Office in Maidenhead, England. The Catalogue Records relating to Turkey are available in this [https://web.archive.org/web/20170528152821/http://www.cwgc.org/about-us/what-we-do/archive/archive-catalogue.aspx link] (archived page) then select Archive Catalogue Part 1 Sections 07-08, then scroll down. There is an online [http://archive.cwgc.org CWGC Archive catalogue Search] (which includes some digitised items, but not currently (2017/12) any relating to Turkey). The Archive includes a [http://archive.cwgc.org/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=CWGC%2fLIB Library].
*[http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/prisoners_of_war_ottoman_empiremiddle_east "Prisoners of War (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)"] by Yücel Yanıkdağ . Scroll down to the section "Entente Prisoners of War in the Ottoman Empire" encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. The mortality rate of the British and Dominion prisoners in Ottoman captivity was very high.
*[http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/prisoners_of_war "Prisoners of War"] by Heather Jones. encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. "Section 6: Mistreatment" contains information about prisoners in Turkey.
*[http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/prisoners_of_war_australia "Prisoners of War (Australia)"] by Aaron Pegram. encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. Includes references to POWs in Turkey, including books and other accounts in the Bibliography.
*[http://www.gutenberg-e.org/steuer/index.html'' Pursuit of an 'Unparalleled Opportunity': The American YMCA and Prisoner of War Diplomacy among the Central Power Nations during World War I 1914-1923''] by Kenneth Steuer, written as a dissertation in 2008. Website of Gutenberg-e, a program of the American Historical Association and Columbia University Press.**[http://www.gutenberg-e.org/steuer/archive/AppendixA/turkey/index.html Turkish Prison Camps]. Click on the map for a list of the camps in Turkey.::[http://www.gutenberg-e.org/steuer/steuer/archive/AppendixA/Turkish%20Prison%20Camps/index.html "Appendix A: Prison Camps: Turkey"]. This alphabetical list, which contains information about location, appears to be from an earlier/different version of the above book, and does not appear to be included in the current last version. If you are looking for a particular location which you cannot find, it is suggested you read through '''all''' the entries, because some entries mention smaller camps in the vicinity. For Nigdeh, see Bor.
:[http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=history_pubs "First World War Central Power Prison Camps"] by Kenneth Steuer 1-1-2013 ''History Faculty Publications'', Western Michigan University . Includes Turkish Prison Camps
*[http://www.armeniangenocide.com.au/files/diamadis%20precious%20GPII.pdf "Precious and Honoured Guests of the Ottoman Government"] by Panayiotis Diamadis, pages 162-179 ''Genocide Perspectives II, '' 2002. The author is a lecturer at the University of Technology, Sydney.
:[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=RA-JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146 “Australian Prisoners of the Turks: Negotiating Culture Clash in Captivity”] by Kate Ariotti, pages 146-166 ‪''Other Fronts, Other Wars?: First World War Studies on the Eve of the Centennial''‬. 2014 Google Books
*[http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=tharts ''Capturing Captivity: Australian Prisoners of the Great War''] by Julia Smart. 2013 Honours thesis, University Of Wollongong. uow.edu.au. Includes details of personal accounts, and bibliography relating to Turkey. Note, the abstract of the paper gives the title as ''Capturing Captivity: Australian Prisons of the Great War''.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynlmIq79OzI "Guests of the Sultan: Gallipoli POW" - Zoom Talk 2] by Stephen Chambers 23 February 2021. ''Gallipoli Association'' YouTube video (1:34:05).
*[http://www.levantineheritage.com/prisoners.htm Archive photos of Allied prisoners in Turkish hands] Levantine Heritage Foundation.
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/50074978@N06/albums/72157626048387648/with/8374464884/ Photograph Collection: Researche about WW1-Eastern Front]. Includes an image titled [https://www.flickr.com/photos/50074978@N06/8368013255/in/album-72157626048387648/ “Internment Camps in Turkey”], from an unknown source, perhaps French. Also includes some maps in respect of Kut, and includes some unattributed images of pages from ''In Kut and Captivity : with the Sixth Indian Division'' by Major EWC Sandes, refer online books below.
*[http://www.trainsofturkey.com/w/pmwiki.php/Network/CilicianGates The Cilician gates] trainsofturkey.com. The Baghdad Railway and construction of the tunnels through the Taurus Mountains. The location of the work camps at Belemedik and Hacikiri.
*[httphttps://holzmann-bildarchiv.de/bauhistorische-forschung/bagdadbahn/ "Die Bagdadbahn"] German language, with photographs.fh:[https://holzmann-potsdambildarchiv.de/?page_id=681 bauhistorische-forschung/holzmann-in-nahost/ "Holzmann in Nahost"] German photos of the Baghdad Railway]language. Scroll down to photograph groups titled Bagdadbahn, Adana, Türkei; Bagdadbahn, including a category titled "Konstantinopel; Bagdadbahn, Taurusgebirge, Belemedik, Adana"; Bagdadbahn, Türkei. Both from Bildarchiv der Philipp Holzmann AG.
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/39631091@N03/albums/72157622412214804 Photographs: Historical : Baghdad Railway] including
**[https://www.flickr.com/photos/39631091@N03/6932593819/in/album-72157622412214804/ Belemedik c 1915-18] which includes text about Allied POWs, British and Indian, working along the railway. Working meant tunnel works, laying tracks but often loading and de-loading wagons. Others had to join road-construction teams. Gunter Hartnagel Collection on flickr.com. There are also associated photograph collections titled "Baghdad Railway: Now and then", and "Baghdad Railway: Taurus/Toros section"
*[http://www.levantineheritage.com/bel.htm Archive views of the Baghdad Railway] Levantine Heritage Foundation. Includes Belemedik.
*[http://www.gda-old.bayern.de/findmittel/ead/findbuch.php?fb=478&lft=49860&rgt=58181&alft=56260&argt=56279#ae Photograph collection ''Bildsammlung Palästina'' including the Taurus and Amanus mountains]. Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv (Bavarian State Archives). The Bavarian Squadron 304 (Bayerische Fliegerabteilung 304) travelled through the Ottoman empire to get to the Palestine front with their valuable aeroplanes. Part of their route took them through the Taurus and Amanus mountains 1917-1918. [https://www.gda.bayern.de/findmitteldb/Findbuch/5450/ Bildsammlung Palästina] Click on Findbuch –Vorwort for details of the collection. German language. Select [https://www.gda.bayern.de/findmitteldb/Kapitel/7284 05.1.2.5 Bodenaufnahmen], then go to page 11 for photographs commencing "Im Amanus-Gebirge" reference 1356. The photographs continue on to Constantinople over the next few pages.
*[https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:203611/s00855804_1990_14_4_136.pdf "Australian Submariner P.O.W.'s After The Gallipoli Landing"] by M. W. D. White ''Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland'' Volume 14 1990 issue 4: pages 136-144. University of Queensland website.
:[http://ae2.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/AE2_Article_Col_Marcus_Fielding.pdf From the Sea of Marmara to the North Gate of Baghdad: The Story of Four HMAS AE2 Crew Members] by Colonel Marcus Fielding, Australian Army, written c 2009. The crew was taken into captivity by the Turks. With quotes from the diary of AE2 crew member Able Seaman Albert Knaggs. ae2.org.au
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/lancashire/content/articles/2008/10/17/remembrance_nelson.shtml Memoir of Private Fred William Nelson, Lancashire Fusiliers] 1/8th Battalion Lancashire Fusiliers (125th Brigade, 42nd Division). Captured at Gallipoli, aged 17, his camps included Bilemedik. 17/10/2008 bbc.co.uk
*[http://www.diplomat.com.tr/sayilar/s12/yazilar/s12-16.htm "Belemedik: A hidden travel story"] October 2005 diplomat.com.tr
*[http://theconversation.com/the-forgotten-anzacs-honoured-guests-of-the-sultan-25884 "The forgotten Anzacs: ‘honoured guests’ of the Sultan"] 24 April 2014 theconversation.com. This article also mentions Indian POWs.
*[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/158634493 "Bombardier Pearse. How He Died. Unwholesome Turkish Biscuits"]. ''National Advocate'' (Bathurst, NSW) 27 Nov 1917. trove.nla.gov.au. Bombardier Vincent Pearse of the [[Volunteer Artillery Battery]] along with many others, died soon after being taken prisoner, after the fall of Kut, officially due to enteritis, but caused by what the hungry men ate.
*[http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=MIC19180510.2.2 "Scene From "Inferno." Prisoners In Turkey. British Soldiers Ill-Treated"] ''Mount Ida Chronicle'', [New Zealand] Volume XLV, 10 May 1918, Page 1 paperspast.natlib.govt.nz
*[http://theconversation.com/the-forgotten-anzacs-honoured-guests-of-the-sultan-25884 "The forgotten Anzacs: ‘honoured guests’ of the Sultan"] 24 April 2014 theconversation.com. This article also mentions Indian POWs.*[httphttps://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/158634493 242663434 "Bombardier PearseAnzacs Welcomed in Italy. How He Died. Unwholesome Turkish BiscuitsPrisoners Arrive from Turkey, Complain of Bad Treatment"]. ''National AdvocateThe Herald'' (BathurstMelbourne, NSWVic) 27 Nov 1917, 6 Dec 1918 Page 7. trove.nla.gov.au. Bombardier Vincent Pearse of the [[Volunteer Artillery Battery]] along with many others, died soon after being taken prisoner, officially due to enteritis, but caused by what The released POWs travelled on the hungry men atesteamship Katoomba.
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p0W7pYJsBSw ‪"The British Death March in Mesopotamia"] ''The Great War Week 94''‬. YouTube video. The initial part of this video is about the POWs from Kut.
*[https://norfolkinworldwar1.org/2016/11/16/the-journey-into-captivity-mesopotamia-in-1916 The Journey into Captivity – Mesopotamia in 1916 [2nd Battalion, Norfolk Regiment<nowiki>]</nowiki>]; [https://norfolkinworldwar1.org/2017/06/16/captivity-in-turkey-from-the-diaries-of-lieutenant-colonel-francis-cecil-lodge-part-2-january-june1917/ Captivity in Turkey: from the diaries of Lieutenant Colonel Francis Cecil Lodge Part 2: January-December 1917] norfolkinworldwar1.org. With extracts from the accounts of two officers, Lieutenant-Colonel Francis Lodge and Captain Alfred Shakeshaft.
:[https://www.stephen-stratford.com/capt_diary.htm Extracts from the diary of Captain A.J. Shakeshaft] of the 2nd Battalion, Norfolk Regiment. They cover the period 15 May to 25 June 1916, [although 1915 is stated].
*Transcribed [https://www.tcd.ie/library/fitasfiddles/the-memoirs/beresford/ Diary of Stanley Cyril Beresford Mundey] Captain Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry ([[43rd Regiment of Foot|43rd]]). He went from India to Mesopotamia to rejoin his regiment in May 1915, flew with the RFC as an observing officer from 7th September 1915 (page The Union Jack Was Hoisted) and took part in the Siege of Kut, although there is no account of this period. The account for 1916 covers his time as a POW until December 1916. Trinity College Dublin tcd.ie
*[https://www.awm.gov.au/blog/2010/10/20/experiences-of-a-prisoner-of-war-in-turkey-the-captain-white-story/ "Experiences of a Prisoner of War in Turkey : the Captain White story"] by Amanda Rebbeck 20 October 2010. awm.gov.au . White wrote of his experiences in ''Guests of the unspeakable : the odessey of an Australian airman - being a record of captivity and escape in Turkey'' by T.W. White (1928).
*[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-26/gallipoli-anzac-offered-job-by-turkish-captors-after-wwi/6349574 "Homesick Anzac POW offered full-time job by Turkish captors after WWI"] by Mazoe Ford. 25 April 2015. abc.net.au. Australian soldier George Kerr, ((AIF) 14th Battalion), wounded and captured at Gallipoli, became the paymaster at Belemedik POW camp.
*[http://empirecall.pbworks.com/w/page/61592428/McPherson-J-C-Pte-2309 John Charles McPherson 2309 AIF 3rd Bn], 11th Coy., Imperial Camel Corps. Contains a newspaper report of his time as a POW, from capture near Beersheba, in 1917, to working on railway construction in the Taurus Mountains.
*National Archives of Australia contains a [httphttps://wwwrecordsearch.naa.gov.au National Archives of Australia] contains a /SearchNRetrieve/Interface/ViewImage.aspx?B=8013117 digitized service record for Chapman Mathers, Service Number-919], a POW who died and was buried in the Armenian Cemetery at Angora. This file contains some general information, and includes a copy of what appears to be a Turkish death certificate.<ref>Canberra et al. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/230228-ankara-municipal-cemetery-baghdad-north-gate/?do=findComment&comment=2352583 Ankara Municipal cemetery / Baghdad North gate] ''Great War Forum'' 13 January 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</ref>
*[http://www.ramc-ww1.com/profile.php?cPath=274_443_157&profile_id=11658&osCsid=29 RAMC profile of: Valentine Michael Flood [Service No: 46780<nowiki>]</nowiki>] He was moved in early 1916 to the camp at Bilemedik-Pouzantri where he'd have been put to work on the Berlin - Baghdad railway. He appears to have died in the POW Hospital at Angora (Ankara) and was buried in the hospital cemetery.
*[http://garriehutchinson.com/2013/01/17/new-zealands-gallipoli-prisoners-of-war/ New Zealand’s Gallipoli Prisoners of War]. Scroll down for an account by Private William Robert Surgenor (10/724 Wellington Infantry Battalion) who was wounded and captured on Chunuk Bair on 8 August 1915 and was in various prisoner of war camps in Turkey. His account appears as an Appendix in the book ''Gallipoli: The New Zealand Story'' by Chris Pugsley.The original account is held at Archives, New Zealand (R24428210). January 17, 2013. garriehutchinson.com
*[http://www.winkleighheroes.co.uk/level3/kutdeathmarch.htm Prisoners of the Turks: the fate of Frederick William Davey and Frank Turner following the surrender of Kut] winkleighheroes.co.uk
*[http://twgpp.org/downloads/news/TWGPP_Newsletter_Winter_2012.pdf Scroll to: "A Prisoner of the Turks"] by Brian and Mari Walker, Winter 2012 Newsletter ''The War Graves Photographic Project''. twgpp.org. Herbert George May 9th Light Horse Regiment 5th Reinforcement, died of disease at Ngde (north of the Taurus Mountains) 26 September 1917. Private Colin Spencer Campbell, 2nd Light Horse Field Ambulance was captured in Palestine 26-3-17, and was sent to Bagtche (Amanus Mountains) to work on the railway line, where discipline was harsh. He subsequently went to Jarbaschi, another working camp , and when sick with malaria, to Bore camp (north of the Taurus Mountains).
*[https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/A02265/ Group portrait of Australian prisoners at Afion Kara Hissar [Officers<nowiki>]</nowiki>] (awm.gov.au) includes at least two who published accounts: Lieutenant L H Luscombe of the 14th Battalion AIF captured on Gallipoli on 8 August 1915 and Captain J A Brown, a Sydney doctor serving as a Medical Officer [Australian Army Medical Corps] with the Gloucestershire Yeomanry, captured on the Palestine front in 1916. Their books were: ''The Story of Harold Earl – Australian'' by L H Luscombe published Brisbane 1970 and ''Turkish Days and Ways'' by James Brown published Sydney 1940, the latter available online, see below.
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/50074978@N06/albums/72157625382067978 Photo Collection World War 1, Gallipoli,Mesopotamia, Anatolia]. lncludes photographs of the POW prison and hospital at Adana.
:[https://www.flickr.com/photos/50074978@N06/albums/72157625385520788 Photo collection: journey along the track of the WW1 POW's allied in Turkey] Includes photos of Afion Kara Hissar.
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/de-berlin-baghdad-3.htm Berlin-Baghdad Railway - The Great War] globalsecurity.org
*[https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/22585/ATWOOD-MASTERSREPORT-2013.pdf ''The Baghdad Railway''] by Valerie H. Atwood. Report presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Texas at Austin in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts, The University of Texas at Austin, May, 2013.
*"The Baghdad Railway and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1916. A Case Study in German Resistance and Complicity" by Hilmar Kaiser. Chapter 3, page 67, from ''Remembrance and Denial: the Case of the Armenian Genocide'' edited by Richard G Hovannisian 1998. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=kiBHkRtRmIIC&pg=PA67 Google Books version], [https://web.archive.org/web/20180505003756/http://www.seyfocenter.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/HILMA_KAISER_GERMAN_Baghdad_Rail.pdf Archive.org version]-(The Archive. org link may be slow to open, or you may need to change browses, e.g. to Chrome.) Includes general information about the Baghdad Railway.
====Historical books online====
*[https://archive.org/details/bastardwarmeso00bark/page/246/mode/2up "Chapter 13 Captivity"] page 246 ''The Bastard War: the Mesopotamian Campaign of 1914-1918'' by A. J Barker (Lieut.-Colonel Arthur James Barker) 1967. UK title ''The Neglected War: Mesopotamia, 1914-1918''. Reprinted in 2009 with the title ''The First Iraq War: 1914-1918''. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. Barker was also the author of ''Townshend of Kut : a biography of Major-General Sir Charles Townshend'' 1967.
*[http://www.scribd.com/doc/231547886/Rapport-de-MM-Alfred-Boissier-et-Dr-Adolphe-Vischer-sur-leur-inspection-des-camps-de-prisonniers-en-Turquie ''Rapport de MM. Alfred Boissier et Dr Adolphe Vischer sur leur inspection des camps de prisonniers en Turquie''] International Committee of the Red Cross report on inspection of prisoners camps in Turkey, October 1916 to January 1917. There are Contents page at the back of the book, pages 61-62. French language. Scribd.com. Also available through [http://grandeguerre.icrc.org/en/Camps/Afioun-Kara-Hissar/107/fr/ grandeguerre.icrc.org]
*[http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/report-on-treatment-of-british-prisoners-of-war-in-turkey ''Miscellaneous No. 24 (1918): Report on the Treatment of British Prisoners of War in Turkey'']. Presented to Parliament November 1918. HMSO 1918 IOR/L/MIL/7/18737 British Library. [http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/landau/content/titleinfo/188396 Alternative version: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt]
*[httphttps://wwwarchive.neworg/details/insideconstantin00einsrich '' Inside Constantinople: a diplomatist's diary during the Dardanelles expedition, April-September, 1915''] by Lewis Einstein, late Special Agent at the American Embassy, Constaninople. 1917 Archive.dliorg**Regarding the lack, or taking, of prisoners of war by the Turks: [https://archive.ernetorg/details/insideconstantin00einsrich/page/138/mode/2up Page 139] June 24, 1915 practically no prisoners have been taken.Also page 145 the wounded are murdered inthe hope of pillage and see page 193. [https://archive.org/details/insideconstantin00einsrich/page/228/mode/2up Page 229] Aug. 11, 1915 - The Turks are beginning to take more prisoners at the Dardanelles.*[https:/handle/archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206358/page/175378 n293 Pages 200-205] ''History of the 1st Battalion 6th Rajputana Rifles (Wellesley’s)'' by Lieut Colonel F H James 1938. Archive.org. The experience of part of the regiment (346 in total, officers, ORs and followers) after the fall of Kut.*For an Indian Army regimental history, where part of the regiment was taken prisoner at Kut, see [[24th Regiment of Punjab Infantry|24th Punjabis]], on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3.* ''Adventures in Turkey and Russia''] by E H Keeling, London 1924. Pdf download, Digital Library of India, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175378 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India. The author was captured at Kut, and the initial chapter details the the very poor medical condition of many of those captured. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Keeling Edward Keeling] Wikipedia. He was in the Indian Army Reserve of Officers.
:[https://archive.org/stream/blackwoodsmagazi205edinuoft#page/682/mode/2up "How British Prisoners Left Turkey"] by Lieutenant-Colonel E H Keeling page 682 ''Blackwood’s Magazine'' January-June 1919, Volume 205 Archive.org. The practical difficulties associated with the repatriation of prisoners of war.
*[https://archive.org/stream/besiegedinkutaft00barb#page/n7/mode/2up ''Besieged in Kut, and after''] by Major Charles Harrison Barber I M S [Indian Medical Service] 1918 Archive.org
*''Across Asia Minor as a Prisoner'' by P [an officer]. [https://cors.archive.org/details/tablet1919unse/page/10/mode/1up Pages 10-12] and [https://cors.archive.org/details/tablet1919unse/page/51/mode/1up pages 51-54] ''The Tablet'', printed in London, January 4, 1919. Archive.org. The author was sent to Kastimuni, 110 miles north-northeast of Angora.
*[https://archive.org/details/inkutcaptivitywi00sand ''In Kut and Captivity : with the Sixth Indian Division''] by Major E W C Sandes R E 1919 Archive.org
:[http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/284373 ''Tales of Turkey''] by Major E W C Sandes 1924. Pdf download, Digital Library of India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284373 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.*[https://archive.org/details/caughtbyturks00yeatuoft ''Caught by the Turks''] by Francis Yeats-Brown 1919 Archive.org The author was a member of the Royal Flying Corps who was captured near Baghdad in 1915. Also by the same author ''Bengal Lancer'', (1930) which contains a chapter on his time in Mesopotamia prior to his capture: [http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/58995 Pdf download], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.58995 Archive.org version]; [http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/208478 Another pdf download] , mirror from Digital Library of India, ; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208478 Another file, Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India. ''Golden Horn'' by Francis Yeats-Brown 1932 is available on the Digital Library of India website with a choice of two pdf downloads [http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/175964 Download 1], [http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/209036 Download 2]. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209036 Archive.org 2 version] , mirror from Digital Library of India. "A sketch of the political activities in Turkey from 1908 to the world war, and an account of the author's experiences as a prisoner of war of Turkey. This latter part (chap. V-XI) is a revision of the author's book published in 1919 under title: ''Caught by the Turks''." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Yeats-Brown Wikipedia]
*[https://archive.org/details/prisonersofredde00gwat ''Prisoners of the red desert, being a full and true history of the men of the "Tara"''] by Captain Rupert Stanley Gwatkin-Williams RN 1919 Archive.org. HMS Tara was sunk by a German submarine near Sollum, Egypt in 1915. The surviving crew were handed over to the Senussi, allies of the Turks and were held prisoners at Bir Hakkim (Bir el Hakim) in Libya until rescued in 1916 in dramatic circumstances by British Armoured Cars under the command of the Duke of Westminster. HMS Tara was formerly the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) ship Hibernia, with more details in [http://blog.nrm.org.uk/prisoners-of-the-red-desert/ Prisoners of the Red Desert: Wartime Adventures of LNWR railwaymen] National Railway Museum.
:[https://archive.org/stream/truestoriesofg02mill#page/252/mode/2up "The Tale of the Tara"] page 253 ''True Stories of the Great War, Volume II''. Editor in Chief Francis Trevelyan Miller 1917 Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/details/poemsincaptivity00stiluoft ''Poems in Captivity''] by John Still 1919 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/secretsofkuttit00mous ''The Secrets of a Kuttite, an Authentic Story of Kut, Adventures in Captivity and Stamboul Intrigue''] by Captain E O Mousley, RFA 1921 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/fromkastamunito00woolgoog ''From Kastamuni to Kedos: Being a Record of Experiences of Prisoners of War in Turkey, 1916-1918''] by C L Woolley, Capt. RFA 1921. Archive.org. Note: Final pages, from page 178, are missing including part of "List of Orderlies".[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Woolley Leonard Woolley] Wikipedia. He was an archaeologist, in Intelligence during the war, see [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.36027/page/87/mode/2up Chapter IV, "War Time Memories" page 88] from the book ''As I seem to remember'' (1962). In Agatha Christie’s ''Murder in Mesopotamia'', Dr Leidner, the chief, is a "barely concealed portrait" of Woolley.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091025145800/http://www.geocities.com/hvf_win/AGATHA2.htm Lecture to Friends of the British Museum by HVF Winston] 29 January 2002, now an archived webpage. [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Murder%20Mesopotamia%29 ''Murder in Mesopotamia''] by Agatha Christie 1936. Archive.org text and audio versions.</ref>
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b302550?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 ''Turkey in Travail: the Birth of a New Nation''] by Harold Armstrong (Lately Assistant and Acting Military Attache to the High Commissioner , Constantinople) 1925 Hathi Trust Digital Library. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61410 Archive.org/DLI version]. The initial chapters cover the fall of Kut and the author’s experiences as POW in Turkey. He appears to have then been an officer in an Indian Army regiment.
*[https://archive.org/details/easternnightsand00bottiala ''Eastern Nights--and Flights; a Record of Oriental Adventure''] by Alan Bott 1920 Archive.org The author was a scout pilot in Palestine, who became, after his plane crashed in 1918 a prisoner of the Turks, eventually in Afion-Kara-Hissar in Turkey. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bott Alan Bott] Wikipedia.
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89081845935?urlappend=%3Bseq=255 ''The Escaping Club'': "Part II"] [page 241] by A. J. Evans 1922 HathiTrust Digital Library. As a POW the author had escaped from Germany in June 1917. In March 1918, while on a bombing raid in Palestine his plane came down. He was captured by Arabs, along with two others, and subsequently became prisoners of the Turks. Also available as a [http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/241506 pdf download], Digital Library of India, [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.241506 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.*[https://archive.org/details/fourfiftymilesto00john ''Four-Fifty Miles to Freedom''] by Captain M A B Johnston, RGA and Captain K D Yearsley RE 1919 Archive.org. The cover title is ''450 Miles to Freedom''. The authors were at Kastamoni, Changri and Yozgad.:Article about Captain Sir Archibald Cochrane: [https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8563889/Remarkable-tale-World-War-hero-led-daring-prison-break-emerges-medals-sale.html "Extraordinary tale of First World War hero submariner..."] by Katie Feehan 27 July 2020 ''Daily Mail''.
*[https://archive.org/details/roadtoendor00unkngoog ''The Road to En-Dor; being an account of how two prisoners of war at Yozgad in Turkey won their way to freedom''] by E H Jones Lt. IARO, 1920 Archive.org The author, Elias Henry Jones was captured at Kut and had previously been in the [[Indian Civil Service]] in Burma. Biographical details are available below<ref>[http://homefrontmuseum.wordpress.com/2014/01/26/elias-henry-jones/ Elias Henry Jones] homefrontmuseum (accessed 22 July 2014)</ref>
*[https://archive.org/stream/mysecretservicev00manwrich#page/92/mode/2up "I Visit Asia Minor"] Chapter VI, page 93 ''My Secret Service: Vienna--Sophia--Constantinople--Nish--Belgrade--Asia Minor, etc.'' by 'The Man Who Dined With the Kaiser' 1916. Archive.org. A journey, c January 1916, on the Baghdad Railway from Constantinople to Konia, although a longer journey had been planned. Page 101 briefly mentions 300 French prisoners at Konia. Press reports of the time indicate the author was a special reporter representing the London ''Daily Mail'', and speculate he was a Dutchman.
*[https://archive.org/details/inbrigandshandst00forduoft ''In Brigands' Hands and Turkish Prisons, 1914-1918''] by A Forder 1920 Archive.org The author was an American missionary who was taken prisoner in Jerusalem in November 1914 and jailed by the military. He was a prisoner in Damascus for four years until the British occupation.
*[https://archive.org/details/agreementbetween00ingrea ''Agreement between the British and Ottoman governments respecting prisoners of war and civilians''] Presented to Parliament April 1918 HMSO. Archive.org
*[http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=IOR/L/MIL/5/775 IOR/L/MIL/5/775 Copy memorandum on intelligence obtained from sick and wounded members of the Kut garrison who arrived at Basra on 9 & 14 Sep 1916] British Library digitised manuscript. Includes image 29 onwards
**[http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=ior!l!mil!5!775_f029r Turkish treatment of British Prisoners of War] by Lt McNeal, RFA, a six page printed report concerning prisoners from Kut who remained in Mesopotamia, some of whom were subsequently exchanged.
*[http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=IOR/L/MIL/7/18454 IOR/L/MIL/7/18454 Collection 425/1284 British prisoners of war interned in Turkey] British Library digitised manuscript. Includes
**[http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=ior!l!mil!7!18454_f005r List of British and Indian POWs known to have died]. List includes the wording “in Baghdad”.
**[http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=ior!l!mil!7!18454_f054v Letter from Major-General C Melliss 1st February 1918 re fate of men from the Kut Garrison]
***[http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Viewer.aspx?ref=ior!l!mil!7!18454_f073r Previous letter 15 August 1917]
*National Archives of Australia files, mainly consisting of copies of files from the British Foreign Office. [httphttps://wwwrecordsearch.naa.gov.au/collectionSearchNRetrieve/Interface/searchSearchScreens/indexBasicSearch.aspx Search the NAA collection]**[httphttps://naa12recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scriptsSearchNRetrieve/imagineInterface/ViewImage.aspaspx?B=352773&I=1&SE=1 1916 Correspondence] File S91914/89/364 (4 pages)**[httphttps://naa12recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scriptsSearchNRetrieve/Interface/imagineViewImage.aspaspx?B=1805821&I=1&SE=1 Prisoners of War Camps in Turkey] File 1917/69/526 (8 pages)**[httphttps://naa12recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scriptsSearchNRetrieve/imagineInterface/ViewImage.aspaspx?B=352884&I=1&SE=1 File 1917/89/397377] (185 pages)**[httphttps://naa12recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scriptsSearchNRetrieve/Interface/ImagineViewImage.aspaspx?B=395661&I=1&SE=1 Australians captured in Turkey (40 pages) Alphabetical list with details]. This is an Australian file.**[httphttps://naa12recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scriptsSearchNRetrieve/imagineInterface/ViewImage.aspaspx?B=353180&I=1&SE=1 Mortality among Prisoners of War in Turkey :1918 correspondence] File 1918/89/724 (20 pages)**[httphttps://naa12recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scriptsSearchNRetrieve/Interface/imagineViewImage.aspaspx?B=232438&I=1&SE=1 Agreements with Turkey] (67) pages ((Australian) Prime Minister’s Department file) Includes treatment of the British Prisoners of War working for the Baghdad Railway Construction Company in Belemedik in the Taurus Mountains. Also prisoners from Kut who suffered terrible conditions.**[httphttps://naa12recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scriptsSearchNRetrieve/imagineInterface/ViewImage.aspaspx?B=353219&I=1&SE=1 Prisoners of War in Turkey] Includes a copy of ''Reports on Conditions in Turkish Prisons'', HMSO, presented to the British Parliament 1919at page 26. File 1919/89/298 (37 pages)**[httphttps://naa12recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scriptsSearchNRetrieve/imagineInterface/ViewImage.aspaspx?B=3445273&I=1&SE=1 Narrative: ''Two and a half Years a prisoner of war in Turkey''] Related by Trooper GW Handsley, [2nd Light Horse] Written by Serj. JH Foster 1919. 39 pages. The narrative is pages 7-39. This is an Australian file. [Subsequently published, see following entry].
*[http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-38438001/view#page/n0/mode/1up ''Two-and-a-Half Years a Prisoner of War in Turkey''] Related by Trooper G.W. Handsley, Second Light Horse Regiment ; written by Sergeant J.R. Foster, 2nd edition c 1920. nla.gov.au
*“Captives of the Turks” by Sgt. (later Capt.) John Halpin, 12th L.H. Regt., A.I.F., author of ''Blood in the Mists'' published in Sydney, 1934. A series of articles appearing in ''Reveille'', published by The Returned and Services League of Australia New South Wales Branch in 1934. Unfortunately only Parts 7-9 of the article in Volume 8, Numbers 1-3, September-November 1934 are available online, which document the harsh treatment soldiers who were not officers received.
:[http://reveille.dlconsulting.com/cgi-bin/reveille?a=d&d=RV193409.1.12&srpos=1&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------ Part 7, page 10], [http://reveille.dlconsulting.com/cgi-bin/reveille?a=d&d=RV193410.1.12&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------# Part 8, page 10] [http://reveille.dlconsulting.com/cgi-bin/reveille?a=d&d=RV193411.1.12&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN------ Part 9 page 10]. reveille.dlconsulting.com
*Sample chapters from [http://www.saradistribution.com/otherranksofkut.htm ''Other Ranks of Kut''] by P. W. Long, M.M. Flight Sergeant R.A.F, 1938. Transcription of the Preface, Author’s Note, Chapter One and Chapter Six only, with details of the titles of the remaining chapters. saradistribution.com. The author was at the time Driver Percy Walter Long, 67528, 63rd Battery, R.F.A.<ref>[http://www.rushdenheritage.co.uk/war/longDriverPW.html Driver P. W. Long] 63rd Battery, R.F.A. rushdenheritage.co.uk. [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31759/supplement/1230 The London Gazette Supplement] 27/30 January 1920, page 1230</ref> Long’s account starts on 30th April 1916, the day after the surrender of Kut. From the preface by Sir Arnold Wilson, M.P. “Of 2,592 British rank and file taken prisoner at Kut, 70 per cent died in captivity”. Also available in a reprint edition,<ref>[httphttps://www.naval-military-press.com/product/other-ranks-of-kut/ ''Other Ranks Of Kut''] by P. W. Long. Naval & Military Press.</ref> which in turn is available to read online on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3, [https://www.fold3.com/browse/251/hTGb85NZ807HO4jJ8lLh7Wlag ''Other Ranks of Kut''], (located in World War2/Military books/Iraq). *[https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/D7733856 ''First and Second Interim Reports from the Committee of Enquiry into Breaches of the Laws of War, with Appendices'' 3 June 1919] CAB 24/85/6 Records of the Cabinet Office, The National Archives. Link to a free download. Includes pages on Turkey/Ottoman Empire, including the march from Kut, (at page 194), Damascus Hospital (page 234). <ref> PRC. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/276732-ssgt-jem-brunskill-ramc-was-he-a-turkish-pow/?do=findComment&comment=2824064 S/Sgt J.E.M Brunskill RAMC - was he a Turkish POW ?] ''Great War Forum ''23 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.</ref>*[http://www.scarletfinders.co.uk/179.html More about Report on hospitals conditions for Prisoners of War in Nazareth and Damascus] The National Archives, FO 383/530. Report of Miss Edith Johncock, Matron of the British Hospital Nazareth, regarding the book]treatment of Prisoners of War (dated 1919). She had been Matron of the British Hospital in Nazareth from 1905, and became a prisoner of the Turks for four years, 3 years in Nazareth, and almost a year in Damascus. scarletfinders.co.uk
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015014437605?urlappend=%3Bseq=25 ''Adventures in the Near East, 1918-1922''], by A. Rawlinson 1924 Hathi Trust Digital Library. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015014437605?urlappend=%3Bseq=348 Pages 272-333] describe the author's imprisonment, when on 18 March 1920, he, and four British soldiers he commanded, were arrested by Turkish Nationalist Troops and confined for 20 months, until exchanged for Turkish prisoners 31 October 1921.
*''Turkish Days and Ways'' by James Brown MD 1940. The author was a Scot who had lived in Australia most of his life who qualified as a doctor in Edinburgh during WW1 and became a Lieutenant RAMC. He was in a Field Ambulance, serving with a Brigade of Yeomanry at the time of capture at Katia near Romani, twenty three miles from the Suez Canal, c April 1916. He was a POW at Afyon Karahisar. [https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2232939 Catalogue details], [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-2819290002 digital file] nla.gov.au.
*[https://archive.org/details/lostanzacsstoryo00greg/page/n3/mode/2up ''Lost Anzacs : the story of two brothers''] by Greg Kerr 1998. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. With extracts from the diaries of Australians George Kitchin Kerr, 1892-1965 and Hedley Kitchin, 1894-1915. Hedley died at Gallipoli and it was here George was captured, eventually spending years as a POW at Belemedik in Turkey.
*[https://www.forces-war-records.co.uk/documents/2457/the-early-first-world-war-iraq-campaign-november-1914-april-1916-and-captivity-in-turkey/ ''The Early First World War Iraq Campaign, November 1914 - April 1916, and Captivity in Turkey''] by Brigadier KBS Crawford. A transcribed digitised account prepared by his son Nigel Crawford 2014. KBS Crawford was part of the Royal Engineers, with the 3rd Bombay Sappers and Miners. He was present at the fall of Kut, having been wounded in December 1915 and still on the sick list, and eventually arrived at Afion Kara Hissar. "Captivity" commences digital page 19. ''Forces War Records'', generally a pay website, but this digital file, classified as a War Diary in the Historical Documents Library, is accessible for free.
*[http://www.mq.edu.au/about_us/faculties_and_departments/faculty_of_arts/mhpir/research/research_by_staff/gallipoli_centenary_research_project/project_outcomes/translated_turkish_works_on_gallipoli/#crescent Sample of Red Crescent Documents] relating to POWs from “Translated Turkish Works on Gallipoli”, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
*[https://archive.org/details/anamericanphysic00usshuoft ''An American Physician in Turkey : a narrative of adventures in peace and in war''] by Clarence D Ussher and Grace H Knapp 1917 Archive.org. The author was a medical missionary. The chapters from [https://archive.org/stream/anamericanphysic00usshuoft#page/212/mode/2up page 213] cover the war period.
*[http://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/resolver?urn=urn:nbn:at:AT-OOeLB-1954408 Railway Map of Turkey: Summer 1914] Digital page 205, ''Der Kampf um die Dardanellen 1915'', part of the series ''Schlachten des Weltkrieges''. The Digital State Library of Upper Austria.
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/images/berlin-baghdad-bahn-map-1916.jpg C 1916 Map showing Route of the Baghdad Railway] showing yet to be constructed tunnels. globalsecurity.org. Full title: Sketch Map to Illustrate The Operations In Mesopotamia and the Route of the Baghdad Railway. Elsewhere it is stated that this map is not a correct representation of the state of the Baghdad railway during WW1, as it shows the link from Konya ending at Bulgurlu; in fact, that portion of the line was open as far as Karapunar<ref>[http://www.corkpsc.org/db.php?mid=917 Palestine: Information with Provenance (PIWP database)] corkpsc.org</ref>
*[https://digi.landesbibliothek.at/viewer/resolver?urn=urn:nbn:at:AT-OOeLB-2063972 Map: The Turkish Railways as of the summer of 1918] Übersichtskarte der Türkei: Die türkischen Eisenbahnen nach dem Stande vom Sommer 1918. Digital page 201 ''Schlachten des Weltkrieges Band 4. Jildirim'', 1925. The Digital State Library of Upper Austria.
*[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.82983/2015.82983.Through-Asiatic-Turkey-Vol-2#page/n287/mode/2up "The Railway Question"] Chapter XIV, page 275 ''Through Asiatic Turkey. Narrative of a Journey from Bombay to the Bosphorus, Volume II'' by Grattan Geary, Editor of ''The Times of India'' 1878 Archive.org
*[http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/landau/content/titleinfo/213119 ''Report by Major Law on Railways in Asiatic Turkey : with five maps ; presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty ; May 1896''] Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt.
*[https://archive.org/details/warbagdadrailway02jast ''The War and the Bagdad Railway; the story of Asia Minor and its relation to the present conflict''] by Morris Jastrow 3rd edition 1918 (first published 1917) with a [https://archive.org/stream/warbagdadrailway02jast#page/n194/mode/1up Map] showing the route of the railway.
*[https://archive.org/stream/cradleofwar00wood#page/n325/mode/2up "Chapter XI The Bagdad Railway and the War"] page 271 ''The Cradle of the War: The Near East and Pan-Germanism'' by Henry Charles Woods 1918 Archive.org
:[http://www.jstor.org/stable/25121975 "The Bagdad Railway"] by H. Charles Woods ''The North American Review'' Vol. 208, No. 753 (Aug., 1918), pp. 219-228 jstor.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131123060135/http://jfredmacdonald.com/worldwarone1914-1918/ottoman-17bagdad-railway.html Transcribed version] jfredmacdonald.com.
*[https://archive.org/details/turkeygreatpower00earlrich ''Turkey, the Great Powers, and the Bagdad Railway : a study in Imperialism''] by Edward Mead Earle 1924 Archive.org with [https://archive.org/stream/turkeygreatpower00earlrich#page/n5/mode/2up Map 1918]
*[https://archive.org/stream/memoriesofturkis00cemarich#page/140/mode/2up Description of a journey from Bozanti to Aleppo by (existing) rail, horse and road, via Alexandretta c 1915?] page 140 ''Memories of a Turkish Statesman, 1913-1919'' by Djemal Pasha, formerly…Imperial Ottoman Naval Minister, Commander of the Fourth Army in Sinai, Palestine and Syria. 1922 Archive.org. With [https://archive.org/stream/memoriesofturkis00cemarich#page/n146/mode/1up Map probably of sections (or proposed sections) of the Baghdad Railway Adana to Aleppo] and showing the strategic port of Iskenderun (Alexandretta), facing page 140, and [https://archive.org/stream/memoriesofturkis00cemarich#page/n147/mode/1up Lower part of the this map, south west from Aleppo to Homs and the coast]
*[https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012679548#page/n108/mode/1up Page 89] ''The Post Office of India in the Great War'' edited by H.A. Sams 1922 Archive.org indicates that after the War, Indian troops were guarding the railway line in the Taurus Mountains, and that there were Indian Field Post Offices in the vicinity.
*[http://www.levantineheritage.com/wolf.htm Extract pages from ''The Diplomatic History of the Baghdad Railway''] by John B. Wolf, ''University of Missouri Studies'', Volume XI, no 2, April 1936. Includes Content and most of the Bibliography pages, and a Map of Turkish Railways in 1914. levantineheritage.com
*[https://archive.org/details/eaglesoncrescent00webe/page/106/mode/2up "Chapter 4 Trouble in the Balkans and on the Baghdad Railway"] page 106 ''Eagles on the Crescent: Germany, Austria, and the Diplomacy of the Turkish Alliance, 1914-1918'' by Frank G Weber 1970. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA138432 ''The Berlin-Baghdad Railway as a cause of World War I''] by Arthur P Maloney 1984. ''Professional Paper 401, January 1984'' Center for Naval Analyses, Alexandria, Virginia. Archive.org
*[http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2078 ''German imperialism in the Ottoman empire: a comparative study''] by Niles Stefan Illich 2007 Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University.
*[http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4200 ''Transcontinentalism: technology, geopolitics, and the Baghdad and Cape-Cairo railway projects, c.1880-1930''] by Matthew Alexander Scott 2018 PhD Thesis Newcastle University, UK.
== References ==
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