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Under him, Superintending Engineers were responsible for District, or a major project ie*PWD Civil Lists 1861-1940 ['''IOR: a railway line.V/13''']
Executive Engineers reported to the Superintending Engineers and were project managers for the single project. they would control:
*2 or 3 Assistant Engineers,
*5 or 6 European Overseer (NCO’s)
*8/10 Native overseers and
*Office staff
Thomason College was a small training college*[http://books.google.com/books?id=WBYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA483 "Public Works in the Bengal Presidency"] by Major General George Borlase Tremenheere, with a staff of fivethe Bengal Engineers from ''Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers'' (Great Britain) 1858 page 483 (Google Books). It offered He also gave evidence in 1858 to a two year Engineering Course for potential Assistant EngineersHouse Of Commons Select Committe on Colonisation and Settlement in India, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=wrASAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Parliamentary Papers'' 1858 (Google Books)].
Graduates from Cooper’s Hill joined the imperial service, while those from Thomason College were destined for provincial service*[http://www.indianetzone.com/36/developments_public_works_british_india. Those specialising htm Developments in Military Building including [[architecturePublic Works, British India]] would be based in a townfrom History of India, while those choosing the Irrigation, or the Railways would find themselves in a remote rural hinterland. Some students became members of the Survey Dept.Indianetzone
Those students with a particular interest in architecture were encouraged to specialise, as there was a great demand for [[architect]]s.
At the time Indian Universities were formed (1860 onwards) they took inspiation from home, where Universities taught Engineering (full-time architectural education did not begin in England until 1892 at King’s College) so they copied the existing educational model.
English trained PWD engineers endorsed the training of Indian engineers at local colleges. Architectural critics (echoing the UK's Design Reform Movement suggested that engineers had insufficient design education - allowing them to copy European styles, but not innovate designs for Indian conditions. This was voiced in the 1868 Bombay Builder magazine - arguing that it was only in India that engineers were employed to design landmark buildings (Law Courts, Government buildings etc).
Arguably, Engineers adversely stagnated the training of Indian technicians, and this continued until Indian Universities, captivated with Modernism, offered Architecture Courses - in the run up to Independence. A result was several generations had not studied India’s rich architectural history. Accepting this the JJ School of Art [[Bombay]] looked forward, visioning the use of concrete a new material that would in time house India's masses.
As well as Thomason College, Roorkee housed:
*Headquarters for the Bengal Sappers and Royal Engineers in Bengal
*Foundry
*Quarter Master Course - seven month course
==FIBIS Resources==
*Hugh Wilding, "M.I.C.E. in the branches: a family history work in progress" ''FIBIS Journal'' No 23 (Spring 2010), pages 28-38. M.I.C.E. stands for Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. An account of researching a civil engineer in the Public Works Department. For details of how to access this article, see [[FIBIS Journals]]
*Hugh Wilding, "Building the Beas Bridge" ''FIBIS Journa''l No 24 (Autumn 2010), pages 50-53. For details of how to access this article, see [[FIBIS Journals]].
== Records ==
*The following [[India Office Records]] held at the [[British Library]] may help researchers:
**PWD Civil Lists 1861-1940 [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorv_5&cid=1-2#1-2 '''IOR: V/13]/195-226'''
**Once the whereabouts of your ancestor in a given year has been established, a useful next step is the [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorv_5&cid=1-1#1-1 '''IOR V/12''' Service Histories].There are an alarming 434 volumes of Service Histories, and as well as whole sequences of volumes for the 3 Presidencies, there are more sequences for India, Assam, Bihar & Orissa, United Provinces, Punjab, North West Frontier, Central Provinces, Burma and Hyderabad! The earliest date from 1879 and the latest 1948, though dates for particular regions vary. The later you can get in your ancestor’s career the better, as the information appears to be cumulative.
** Records of Staff and Students of Cooper's Hill Engineering College 1871-1906 are held in series IOR/L/PWD/8
* The [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/?myhome=true ICE Virtual Library] (Institution of Civil Engineers) may be searched for an obituary of an ICE member, which often gives details of a person's work history. This India List [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/2011-01/1295272362 post] suggests trying the Archivist at the ICE.
==Individuals==
*[http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/genealogy/dibblee/index.htm Frederick Lewis Dibblee]. Railway engineer. Worked in India 1864-1888
*Tom Salkield , was Engineer to the Municipality of Delhi 1905-1922. He was awarded the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar-i-Hind Kaiser-i-Hind] decoration for public service in India .He was also in the Punjab Volunteer Rifles for 16 years..There are further details in his [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/docserver/fulltext/iicep.1960.11747.pdf ICE obituary]. Details of [http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY3022YY Tom Salkield Delhi Photograph Album 1905-1916] Janus (Archives in Cambridge)
*Charles Spedding, Engineer, of the road making contacting company Spedding & Co, making the road from Gilgit to Kashmir c 1891, and W.P. Appleford, an engineer employee - refer [[Punjab Rifles]]
== External links ==
*[http://www.indianetzone.com/36/developments_public_works_british_india.htm Developments in Public Works, British India] from History of India, Indianetzone
*[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-openpage/article2443690.ece "How our British rulers 'legalised' bribery"] The Hindu.com
====Historical books online====
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=sOILAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Reports Correspondence and Original Papers on Various Professional Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Engineers Madras Presidency'' Volume 1 1839] by Captain J. T. Smith, F. R. S. Google Books
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=WBYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA483 "Public Works in the Bengal Presidency"] by Major General George Borlase Tremenheere, of the Bengal Engineers from ''Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers'' (Great Britain) 1858 page 483 (Google Books). He also gave evidence in 1858 to a House Of Commons Select Committe on Colonisation and Settlement in India, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=wrASAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Parliamentary Papers'' 1858 (Google Books)].
*''Index Scholasticus: Sons and daughters. A guide to parents in the choice of educational institutions, preparatory to professional or other occupation of their children'' by R. Kemp Philp 1872 Archive.org includes
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924101205643#page/n171/mode/2up Entrance requirements c 1872 Civil Engineering Service in India] page 162
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924101205643#page/n173/mode/2up Entrance requirements c 1872, Indian Civil Engineering College, Cooper’s Hill, Surrey] page 164
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924101205643#page/n175/mode/2up The Engineer Establishment of the Indian Public Works Department], page 166
*''Professional papers on Indian engineering''
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=N1POAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 1 1863-64], [http://books.google.com/books?id=g1POAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 2 1865], [http://books.google.com/books?id=wVPOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR4 Volume 3 1866], [http://books.google.com/books?id=_FPOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR6 Volume 4 1867], [http://books.google.com/books?id=OVTOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 5 1868], [http://books.google.com/books?id=a1TOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 6 1869] Google Books.
:Volume 7, 1870 is available to read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website. Preface computer page 3 Index commences computer page 10 (first page of index missing)
:[http://www.archive.org/stream/professionalpap00regoog#page/n9/mode/1up Second Series Volume 2 1873], [http://www.archive.org/stream/professionalpap01regoog#page/n9/mode/1up Second Series Volume 5 1876], [http://www.archive.org/stream/professionalpap00regoog#page/n9/mode/1up Second Series Volume 7 1878], [http://www.archive.org/stream/professionalpap02brangoog Second Series Volume 8 1879] Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indiaindianengin00medlrich#page/38/mode/2up ''India and Indian Engineering''] by J G Medley 1873 ex Principal of Tomason College, Rorkee. Good description of the life and work of engineers in India. Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/waysandworksini02macggoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Ways and works in India being an account of the public works in that country from the earliest times up to the present day''] by G. W. Macgeorge 1894 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/electricityinind00bomb#page/n7/mode/2up ''Electricity in India , being a history of the Tata Hydro- Electric Project with notes on the Mill Industry in Bombay''], edited by SM Rutnagur 1912 Archive.org. Contains a [http://www.archive.org/stream/electricityinind00bomb#page/76/mode/2up List of Engineers]
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=SJ4EAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''The Bombay Builder: an illustrated journal of engineering architecture, science & art Volume 1''] 1865 Google Books
====Current Books====
*''The Indian Metropolis'', Evenson, Norma. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1989.
[[Category:People by occupation]]
no edit summary
*Europeans employed on State [[Railways]] were usually on the strength of the PWD and therefore a civil servant (eligible for pension etc). NB in this context, if your ancestor turns up on a railway in India and the record contains "PWD" in the note or description, then this does not refer to "Permanent Way Department" (as it would in a UK context) but to the Public Works Department!
==Departmental StructureRecords ==
The PWD around 1870 was headed by the PWD Secretary to the Government of India – a consultant engineer and advisor to following [[ViceroyIndia Office Records]] and Council.Deputy Secretaries were responsible for held at the Departments of :*Irrigation *Railways and *Military EngineeringLocal Government had its PWD Secretary who was*Advisor to [[Lieutenant GovernorBritish Library]] or [[Chief Commissioner]] *Chief Engineer for his Provincemay help researchers:
== TrainingExternal links ==*School of Military Engineering at Chatham, UK (1812) Colonial expansion resulted in a centralised establishment to teach civil engineering and architecture to officers destined for the colonies. *The Royal Engineering College at Cooper’s Hill, UK (1871) specifically trained [[Civil Engineers]] heading out to [[India]] to join the PWD.*Thomason College, [[Roorkee]]. From around 1870 Assistant Engineers are drawn from civilian staff or the [[Corps of Royal Engineers|Royal Engineers]], Artillery or line Officers were trained at Roorkee. New Engineering Officers to India spent a year at Roorkee serving with the Bengal Sappers and Miners, to acclimatise and become linguistically fluent.
*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&lr=#PPP24,M1 India List & India Office List 1905] Your railway ancestor may be here.
[[Category:Occupations]]
