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== Summary ==
At the beginning of the 20th century Britain and Russia were competing for influence in Central Asia. To counter the perceived threat, the British sent an expedition under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband [Francis Younghusband]] to negotiate with the Tibetans. The first excursion with Claude White, the Political Officer for Sikkim, to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamber_Jong Khamba Jong] was rebuffed and a field force was dispatched through the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelep_La Jelep Pass]. The Tibetans were defeated at two major battles and the expedition reached Lhasa in August 1904. The Dalai Lama had fled but Younghusband forced a one-sided treaty on the regent which gave Britain trading rights in Tibet. This was later repudiated by the Tibetans.
== Field Forces ==
'''First Excursion'''<br>
''British Commissioner to Tibet: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband [Francis Younghusband|Major Francis Younghusband]]''<br>
''Political Officer for Sikkim: [[Photographer#Books|J Claude White]]''
*200 [[32nd Punjab Pioneers|32nd Pioneers]]
*300 followers<br>
'''Tibet Mission'''<br>
''British Commissioner to Tibet: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband [Francis Younghusband|Major Francis Younghusband]]''<br>
''Escort Commander: [http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/101034705/ Brig-Gen James Macdonald CB]''
*Six Coys [[44th Gurkha Rifles|8th Gurkhas]] ''Lt-Col Kerr''
*[http://tibettalk.wordpress.com/2008/12/18/the-younghusband-expedition/ The Younghusband Expedition] tibettalk.wordpress.com
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband Francis Younghusband] Wikipedia
*[http://intotibet1903-04www.blogspottracesofevil.com/20082004/12/2ndgyantse-rajput1904-messbritish-aliporeliberation-calcuttaof.html 50 Letters Scenes from Capt Mainprise] blogspot.com*Book review of ''Duel In the Snowsfilm Gyantse 1904: The True Story British Liberation of the Younghusband Mission to Lhasa'' by Charles Allen (2004) Tibet]*[http://www.independentexpress.co.uk/arts-entertainmentnews/booksworld/reviews430387/duelImages-of-Empire-amazing-pictures-inshow-the-snowsentry-of-British-forces-byinto-Tibet-in-charles1904 Images of Empire -allenamazing pictures show the entry of British forces into Tibet in 1904] September 18, 2013 www.express.co.uk*[http://www.taroscopes.com/miscellanous-570209pages/rapeofindia.html pdf "Officers, Gentlemen and Thieves: The Looting of Monasteries during the 1903/4 Younghusband Mission to Tibet"] by Michael Carrington ''The IndependentModern Asian Studies 37, 1 (2003'']), pp. 81–109.
==== Historical books on-line online ====
*[httphttps://bookswww.googlearchive.comorg/stream/books?id=y39xtFqUn5sC&pg=PA364lhasaaccountofco02land#v=onepage&q=&f=false page/364/mode/2up/ List of Officers on the Lhasa Missionwho actually reached Lhasa.] Google Booksby Perceval Landon. Archive.org, see below. Some of the medical personnel are not on this list.*[httphttps://booksarchive.org/details/in.googlegov.coignca.uk13256/page/books?id=1beWTgMf4VUC&pg=PA506&lpg=PR506&dq=Chumbi&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=Chumbi&f=false n769 Chronology of the Expedition] Google Booksby L Austine Waddell Archive.org, see below.* [http://wwwjramc.archivebmj.orgcom/content/3/stream3/cu31924023235108 272.full.pdf "With the Thibet Mission Force"] by Major A. R. Aldridge ''J R Army Med Corps''India and Tibet1904;3:3 272-273:[http://jramc.bmj.com/content/4/2/235.full. A History of the Relations which have Subsisted between the Two Countries from the Time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a Particular Account of pdf "With the Tibet Mission to Lhasa of 1904''Force"] by Sir Francis Younghusband KCIEMajor A. Published by John Murray 1910R. Archive.org. Another copy of this title is at Aldridge J'' R Army Med Corps'' 1905;4:2 235-240*[http://booksjramc.googlebmj.co.ukcom/content/books?id=P7pdbiFCW80C&pg=PP1&dq=India+and+Tibet+Younghusband&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false India & /5/535.full.pdf "With the Sikkim Tibet Mission Force"] by Francis Younghusband] Google Books (Limited View)Captain C. W. Mainprise ''J R Army Med Corps'' 1904;3:5 535-538*:Captain Mainprise also wrote many letters which have been transcribed online as ''Field Force To Lhasa 1903-04''. 50 Letters from Captain Cecil Mainprise.<ref>[http://wwwintotibet1903-04.archiveblogspot.orgcom/2008/stream12/cu31924024155206 2nd-rajput-mess-alipore-calcutta.html ''Sikhim And Bhutan, Twenty-one Years On The North-east Frontier 1887Field Force To Lhasa 1903-190804''] by . 50 Letters from Captain Cecil Mainprise. intotibet1903-04.blogspot.com.</ref>*[[Photographer#Books|J Claude White]]http://jramc.bmj.com/content/6/1/67. Archivefull.org 1909 editionpdf "Reprint: The Tibet Mission Force, 1903-1904"] ''J R Army Med Corps'' 1906;6:1 67-90. It is not stated what this article is reprinted from, but it appears to an official report for government
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/unitedservicema00pollgoog#page/n713/mode/1up "Across the North East Frontier"] by Colonel HC Wylly , page 642 ''The United Service Magazine Volume 29 New Series April 1904 to September 1904'' Archive.org
*''Lhasa and Its Mysteries: A Record of the Expedition of 1903-1904'' by L Austine Waddell Lieut.-Colonel, Indian Medical Service. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13256/page/n7 1905, original edition. With illustrations] Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433082446406?urlappend=%3Bseq=15 2nd edition 1905. With illustrations] (rotatable) Hathi Trust Digital Library. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924023498813 3rd and Cheaper edition 1906] With a lesser number of illustrations. Archive.org. The author, who took part in the expedition and was mentioned in despatches, was also a Tibetan scholar and explorer. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Waddell Laurence Waddell] Wikipedia.
*''Lhasa: An Account of the Country and People of Central Tibet and of the Progress of the Mission sent there by the English Government in the year 1903-04'' by Perceval Landon 1905 Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/lhasaaccountofco01land#page/n9/mode/2up Volume 1], [http://www.archive.org/stream/lhasaaccountofco02land#page/n9/mode/2up Volume 2]. The author was special correspondent of ''The Times'' on the expedition. USA edition title: [https://archive.org/details/openingoftibet00land ''The Opening of Tibet''] Archive.org. A one volume edition which appears to have less photographs, but which may possibly include a different selection of images.
*[https://archive.org/details/unveilingoflhasa00cand ''The Unveiling of Lhasa''] by Edmund Candler 1905. Archive.org. The author was the ''Daily Mail'' correspondent accompanying the expeditionary force.
*[https://archive.org/details/tolhassaatlast00millrich/page/n7 ''To Lhassa at Last''] by Powell Millington (pseud. i.e. Captain Mark Synge, later Lt-Col, Supply and Transport Corps) 1905 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/frontieroverseas04indi#page/n9/mode/2up ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: Volume 4 North and North-Eastern Frontier tribes''] by Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1907 Archive.org. Includes Tibet.
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023224490 ''With Mounted Infantry In Tibet''] by Brevet Major W J Ottley, 34th Sikh Pioneers 1906 Archive.org.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023235108 ''India and Tibet. A History of the Relations which have Subsisted between the Two Countries from the Time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a Particular Account of the Mission to Lhasa of 1904''] by Sir Francis Younghusband KCIE. Published by John Murray 1910. Archive.org.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/IndianMountainArtillery/mountainartillery#page/n129/mode/2up "Tibet"], page 115, ''The History of the Indian Mountain Artillery'' by Brigadier-General C A L Graham 1957 Archive.org.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024155206 ''Sikhim And Bhutan, Twenty-one Years On The North-east Frontier 1887-1908''] by [[Photographer#Books|J Claude White]]. Archive.org 1909 edition.
*[http://www.kingscollections.org/servingsoldier/collection/reminiscences-of-tibet "Reminiscences of Tibet"]. Online report by Frederick Campbell who accompanied the Younghusband Expedition to Lhasa, Tibet, 1904. [http://www.kingscollections.org/servingsoldier/home The Serving Soldier] King’s College London Collections.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/greatplateaubein00rawl#page/n207/mode/2up "The Gartok Expedition 1904-1905"], page 159 ''The Great Plateau being an account of exploration in Central Tibet, 1903, and of the Gartok expedition, 1904-1905'' by Captain C. G. Rawling 1905 Archive.org. The terms of the Treaty provided that a trade mart be opened at Gartok and the expedition took place to survey the area and select a suitable location.
*[https://archive.org/details/britishdocuments04greabyu/page/304 “The British Expedition to Thibet 1903-4”] page 306 ''British documents on the origins of the war, 1898-1914, Volume IV: The Anglo-Russian Rapprochment, 1903-7'' edited by G P Gooch and Harold Temperley 1929. Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/bayonetstolhasaf00flem ''Bayonets to Lhasa: the first full account of the British invasion of Tibet in 1904''] by Peter Fleming 1961. Archive.org Lending Library
*[https://archive.org/details/trespassersonroo0000hopk/page/158 "Chapter 10. Lhasa – At Last"] page 159 ''Trespassers on the Roof of the World : the Secret Exploration of Tibet'' by Peter Hopkirk 1995. Archive.org Lending Library. Peter Hopkirk was with ''The Times of London'' for nineteen years, as chief reporter and Middle and Far East specialist.
==References==
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