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At the beginning of the 20th century Britain and Russia were competing for influence in Central Asia. To counter the perceived threat, the British sent an expedition under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband [Francis Younghusband]] to negotiate with the Tibetans. The first excursion with Claude White, the Political Officer for Sikkim, to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamber_Jong Khamba Jong] was rebuffed and a field force was dispatched through the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelep_La Jelep Pass]. The Tibetans were defeated at two major battles and the expedition reached Lhasa in August 1904. The Dalai Lama had fled but Younghusband forced a one-sided treaty on the regent which gave Britain trading rights in Tibet. This was later repudiated by the Tibetans.

''British Commissioner to Tibet: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband [Francis Younghusband|Major Francis Younghusband]]''<br>

''British Commissioner to Tibet: [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Younghusband [Francis Younghusband|Major Francis Younghusband]]''<br>

*[httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20160404074508/https://tibettalk.wordpress.com/2008/12/18/the-younghusband-expedition/ The Younghusband Expedition] tibettalk.wordpress.com, archived.

*[http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/430387/Images-of-Empire-amazing-pictures-show-the-entry-of-British-forces-into-Tibet-in-1904 Images of Empire - amazing pictures show the entry of British forces into Tibet in 1904] September 18, 2013 www.express.co.uk*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113238/http://www.taroscopes.com/miscellanous-pages/rapeofindia.pdf "Officers, Gentlemen and Thieves: The Looting of Monasteries during the 1903/4 Younghusband Mission to Tibet"] by Michael Carrington ''Modern Asian Studies 37, 1 (2003''), pp. 81–109, archived. *[https://ryderarchives.weebly.com/tibet.html "Survey work in Tibet"] Captain Charles Ryder of the Survey of India was in charge of survey work on the Younghusband expedition He later became the Surveyor-General of India. Ryder Archives. ==== Historical books online ====*[https://www.archive.org/stream/lhasaaccountofco02land#page/364/mode/2up/ List of Officers on the Lhasa Mission who actually reached Lhasa.] by Perceval Landon. Archive.org, see below. Some of the medical personnel are not on this list.*[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13256/page/n769 Chronology of the Expedition] by L Austine Waddell Archive.org, see below.*[http://jramc.bmj.com/content/3/3/272.full.pdf "With the Thibet Mission Force"] by Major A. R. Aldridge ''J R Army Med Corps'' 1904;3:3 272-273:[http://jramc.bmj.com/content/4/2/235.full.pdf "With the Tibet Mission Force"] by Major A. R. Aldridge J'' R Army Med Corps'' 1905;4:2 235-240*[http://jramc.bmj.com/content/3/5/535.full.pdf "With the Sikkim Tibet Mission Force"] by Captain C. W. Mainprise ''J R Army Med Corps'' 1904;3:5 535-538:Captain Mainprise also wrote many letters which have been transcribed online as ''Field Force To Lhasa 1903-04''. 50 Letters from Captain Cecil Mainprise.<ref>[http://intotibet1903-04.blogspot.com/2008/12/2nd-rajput-mess-alipore-calcutta.html ''Field Force To Lhasa 1903-04'']. 50 Letters from Capt Captain Cecil Mainprise] . intotibet1903-04.blogspot.com.</ref>*[http://jramc.bmj.com/content/6/1/67.full.pdf "Reprint: The Tibet Mission Force, 1903-1904"] ''J R Army Med Corps'' 1906;6:1 67-90. It is not stated what this article is reprinted from, but it appears to an official report for government*[http://www.archive.org/stream/unitedservicema00pollgoog#page/n713/mode/1up "Across the North East Frontier"] by Colonel HC Wylly , page 642 ''The United Service Magazine Volume 29 New Series April 1904 to September 1904'' Archive.org*''Lhasa and Its Mysteries: A Record of the Expedition of 1903-1904'' by L Austine Waddell Lieut.-Colonel, Indian Medical Service. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.13256/page/n7 1905, original edition. With illustrations] Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433082446406?urlappend=%3Bseq= Historical books online ==15 2nd edition 1905. With illustrations] (rotatable) Hathi Trust Digital Library. [https://archive.org/details/cu31924023498813 3rd and Cheaper edition 1906] With a lesser number of illustrations. Archive.org. The author, who took part in the expedition and was mentioned in despatches, was also a Tibetan scholar and explorer. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Waddell Laurence Waddell] Wikipedia.*''Lhasa: An Account of the Country and People of Central Tibet and of the Progress of the Mission sent there by the English Government in the year 1903-04'' by Perceval Landon 1905 Archive.org. [http://www.archive.org/stream/lhasaaccountofco01land#page/n9/mode/2up Volume 1], [http://bookswww.googlearchive.comorg/stream/books?id=y39xtFqUn5sC&pg=PA364lhasaaccountofco02land#v=onepage&q=&f=false List page/n9/mode/2up Volume 2]. The author was special correspondent of Officers ''The Times'' on the expedition. USA edition title: [https://archive.org/details/openingoftibet00land ''The Opening of Tibet''] Archive.org. A one volume edition which appears to have less photographs, but which may possibly include a different selection of images.*[https://archive.org/details/unveilingoflhasa00cand ''The Unveiling of Lhasa Mission''] Google Booksby Edmund Candler 1905. Archive.org. The author was the ''Daily Mail'' correspondent accompanying the expeditionary force.*[https://archive.org/details/tolhassaatlast00millrich/page/n7 ''To Lhassa at Last''] by Powell Millington (pseud. i.e. Captain Mark Synge, later Lt-Col, Supply and Transport Corps) 1905 Archive.org*[http://bookswww.googlearchive.co.ukorg/stream/books?id=1beWTgMf4VUC&pg=PA506&lpg=PR506&dq=Chumbi&as_brr=3frontieroverseas04indi#v=onepage&q=Chumbi&f=false Chronology of the Expeditionpage/n9/mode/2up ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: Volume 4 North and North-Eastern Frontier tribes''] Google Booksby Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1907 Archive.org. Includes Tibet.*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023224490 ''With Mounted Infantry In Tibet''] by Brevet Major W J Ottley, 34th Sikh Pioneers 1906 Archive.org.* [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023235108 ''India and Tibet. A History of the Relations which have Subsisted between the Two Countries from the Time of Warren Hastings to 1910; with a Particular Account of the Mission to Lhasa of 1904''] by Sir Francis Younghusband KCIE. Published by John Murray 1910. Archive.org. Another copy of this title is at *[http://bookswww.googlearchive.co.ukorg/stream/IndianMountainArtillery/books?id=P7pdbiFCW80C&pg=PP1&dq=India+and+Tibet+Younghusband&as_brr=3mountainartillery#v=onepage&q=&f=false India & page/n129/mode/2up "Tibet "], page 115, ''The History of the Indian Mountain Artillery'' by Francis Younghusband] Google BooksBrigadier-General C A L Graham 1957 Archive.org. *[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024155206 ''Sikhim And Bhutan, Twenty-one Years On The North-east Frontier 1887-1908''] by [[Photographer#Books|J Claude White]]. Archive.org 1909 edition. *[http://www.kingscollections.org/servingsoldier/collection/reminiscences-of-tibet "Reminiscences of Tibet"]. Online report by Frederick Campbell who accompanied the Younghusband Expedition to Lhasa, Tibet, 1904. [http://www.kingscollections.org/servingsoldier/home The Serving Soldier] King’s College London Collections.*[http://www.archive.org/stream/greatplateaubein00rawl#page/n207/mode/2up "The Gartok Expedition 1904-1905"], page 159 ''The Great Plateau being an account of exploration in Central Tibet, 1903, and of the Gartok expedition, 1904-1905'' by Captain C. G. Rawling 1905 Archive.org. The terms of the Treaty provided that a trade mart be opened at Gartok and the expedition took place to survey the area and select a suitable location.*[https://archive.org/details/britishdocuments04greabyu/page/304 “The British Expedition to Thibet 1903-4”] page 306 ''British documents on the origins of the war, 1898-1914, Volume IV: The Anglo-Russian Rapprochment, 1903-7'' edited by G P Gooch and Harold Temperley 1929. Archive.org*[https://archive.org/details/bayonetstolhasaf00flem ''Bayonets to Lhasa: the first full account of the British invasion of Tibet in 1904''] by Peter Fleming 1961. Archive.org Lending Library. [https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.29537 Another file, Archive.org], mirror from the collection of the Archaeological Survey of India at the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts.*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1989-postal-history-of-indian-military-campaigns-sikkim-tibet-1903-1908-by-virk-s-pdf/ ''Postal History of Indian Military Campaigns: Sikkim-Tibet, 1903-1908''] by D. S. Virk 1989. Pdf to download. (If the catalogue entry does not display a download, look under 'Books/Indian Subcontinent). Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset.*[https://archive.org/details/trespassersonroo0000hopk/page/158 "Chapter 10. Lhasa – At Last"] page 159 ''Trespassers on the Roof of the World : the Secret Exploration of Tibet'' by Peter Hopkirk 1995. Archive.org Lending Library. Peter Hopkirk was with ''The Times of London'' for nineteen years, as chief reporter and Middle and Far East specialist.*[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.31280/page/5/mode/2up "A North-East Frontier Cemetery"] by W J Buchanan page 6, ''Bengal, Past and Present'' Vol 9 July-Dec 1914. Gnatong on the trade route from Sikkhim to Tibet. Archive.org, mirror from ASI/IGNCA