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and '''Troopships'''.
The '''Indian Trooping season''' generally began with troop ships leaving England in September, and ended with the last ships leaving India in March. This pattern was probably established once troop ships no longer sailed around the Cape of Good Hope and started using the "Overland Route", and then the Suez Canal after its opening in 1869.
:In 1916, when normal procedures were disrupted due to the [[First World War]], the "Karachi troop train incident" of the 5th June, 1916, resulted in the death of nineteen Territorial Troops due to heat stroke on a troop train between Karachi and Lahore.
Initially it appears i troops changed ships at Suez, so there were different ships on the routes England to Suez, and Suez to India, but subsequently (and by 1904-051886) ships sailed a round trip from England to India, approximately three weeks in each direction. ==HM Indian Troopships==The Euphrates- class troopships were a group of five purpose-built troopships paid for by the Indian Government and launched in 1866-7. The sister-ships were the 'Crocodile', 'Euphrates', 'Jumna, 'Malabar' and 'Serapis'. Each ship could transport a full battalion of infantry with its married families, or about 1,200 people. Before the opening of the Suez Canal the 'Crocodile' and 'Serapis' ran between England and Alexandria, whilst the other three ran from Suez to Bombay. By 1894, four of the five naval troopers were laid up while two P&O ships, 'Victoria' and 'Britannia' had a trial as troopers on charter. The two newcomers soon demonstrated that they could make a better job of it than the old naval ships and 'Crocodile' and her sisters were disposed of in 1896<ref>Preece, Nigel [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/2000-01/0949092435 HM Indian Troopship Crocodile] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 28 January 2000. Retrieved 26 February, 2015</ref> ==Movements of Troopship Crocodile 1886-1888==:'''1886''' 06th Oct Sailed Portsmouth for Bombay;:02nd Nov Arrived Bombay; 13th Nov Sailed Bombay for Portsmouth via Suez:08th Dec Arrived Portsmouth; 22nd Dec Sailed Portsmouth for Egypt; '''1887''', 08th Jan Sailed Suez for Bombay;:14th Feb Sailed Bombay for Portsmouth;:11th Mar Arrived Portsmouth; 17th Mar Capt. Richard Evans assumed Command. End of trooping season.:07th Sep Sailed Portsmouth for Bombay via Queenstown. Commencement of trooping season.:05th Oct Arrived Bombay; 15th Oct Sailed Bombay;:10th Nov Arrived Portsmouth; 23rd Nov Sailed Portsmouth for Bombay;:20th Dec Arrived Bombay; 31st Dec Sailed Bombay:'''1888''', 25th Jan Arrived Portsmouth; 08th Feb Sailed Portsmouth for Bombay via Plymouth;:07th Mar Arrived Bombay; 17th Mar Sailed Bombay:12th Apr Arrived Portsmouth:07th Sep Sailed Portsmouth for Bombay<ref>qprdave [http://www.worldnavalships.com/forums/showthread.php?t=8957 HMS Crocodile] ''World Naval Ships Forum'' 09 January 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2015</ref>
==1904-05 Trooping Season==
:10. January 28, 1905-March 28
:11. February 7, 1905- April 5
:12. February 18, 1905-April 13" <ref>[http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/20th-august-1904/15/chaplains-for-troopships "Chaplains for Troopships"] page 15 ''The Tablet'', 20th August 1904</ref></blockquote>
==External links==
*[http://www.peterpickering.com/aden/page282/page303/page336/page336.html Troopships] from "Aden in Days of Empire". peterpickering.com/aden
*The Diary of Job Shepherd Waterhouse, 1864 - 1870 Pte. [[19th Regiment of Foot|19th Foot Regiment]] No.1691: [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fgreenhowards.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FJob-Waterhouse1.pdf html version], [http://greenhowards.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Job-Waterhouse1.pdf pdf]. There are descriptions of the voyage to India in 1865 and the return to England in 1870.
*[http://www.garenewing.co.uk/angloafghanwar/resources/troopship_crocodile.php Troopship movements: The Crocodile 1878-1881] during the [[2nd Afghan War]]. garenewing.co.uk
*[http://www.lookandlearn.com/history-images/U187019/The-Indian-Relief-Trooping-Season-passing-through-the-Suez-Canal?img=3&search=delight&bool=phrase The Indian Relief Trooping Season, passing through the Suez Canal] Illustration for The Graphic, 12 September 1891.
*[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1894/jan/01/indian-troopships Indian Troopships] Hansard 01 January 1894. Crocodile is about to be paid off after a serious breakdown near Aden. Serapis and Euphrates shall be withdrawn from service at the end of the present season.
*[http://longwaytotipperary.ul.ie/the-military/10th-royal-hussars/service-british-india/p6a_1372_7/ Image: HM Transport "Rewa" No.4 Mail List (Trooping Season 1909-1910)]. The "Rewa" travelled Southampton to Karachi, and return. University of Limerick WW1 Online Exhibition
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/76/a8543676.shtml The King's Shilling — Part 2a – India] by Neil Walker .bbc.co.uk..Contains a mention of the Trooping season c 1937
*"Death Of Territorials In India". House of Lords. Hansard [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1916/jul/25/death-of-territorials-in-india 25 July 1916] vol 22 cc911-6, [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1916/aug/01/death-of-territorials-in-india 01 August 1916] vol 22 cc1037-42. "Karachi Troop Train Incident". House of Lords. Hansard [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1920/may/18/karachi-troop-train-incident 18 May 1920] vol 40 cc390-404, [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1920/jul/21/karachi-troop-train-incident 21 July 1920] vol 41 cc413-20. [http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1920/aug/10/karachi-troop-train-incident 10 August 1920] vol 41 cc1169-79
*[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3011881/ 'Perceptions of, and reactions to, environmental heat: a brief note on issues of concern in relation to occupational health"] by Delia Rizpah Hollowell ''Global Health Action'' December 29, 2010. (scroll down) Includes the statement “In 1884 Major-General MacGregor, Quarter Master General in India, wrote of the ‘risk incurred by the prolongation of the trooping season so far into the hot weather,’ arguing that the last British vessel should leave India no later than the 1st of April (14)". Footnote 14 states "14. MacGregor CM. Letter from Major-General Sir CM MacGregor, K.C.B., C.S.I., C.I.E., Quarter Master of India to the Secretary to the Government of India, Military (Marine) Department No. 3515-A. 1884 Indian troop service: general arrangements 1884–85. The British Library File No. 12861 IOR:L/MIL/7/10235".
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates-class_troopship Euphrates-class troopship] Wikipedia
**[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Euphrates_(1866) HMS Euphrates (1866)], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Jumna_(1866) HMS Jumna (1866)], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Malabar_(1866) HMS Malabar (1866)], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Serapis_(1866) HMS Serapis (1866)], [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Crocodile_(1867) HMS Crocodile (1867)] Wikipedia
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/126652127@N07/15111064472/ Photograph: HMS Malabar c 1870] flickr.com
*[http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1965-05-73-1 The Last of the Indian Troopships, HM Indian Troopship Malabar], painting 1881. nam.ac.uk
*[http://www.kingsownmuseum.plus.com/galleryship003.htm Troopships - HMT Malabar the last of the Indian Troopships] kingsownmuseum
*[http://nelsonlambert.blogspot.com/2011/10/hms-serapis.html HMS Serapis] nelsonlambert.com
*[http://www.mid-day.com/photos/independence-day-special-reliving-history-in-pictures/5861/56226 Photograph: August 17, 1947, soldiers from The Royal Norfolk Regiment embark on the S.S. Georgic bound for Britain] on the quayside in Mumbai, the first British Army unit to leave Indian soil after the country achieved independence. mid-day.com
*[https://500px.com/photo/23071721/troopship-otranto-1947-by-scott-mcculloch Photograph: Troopship HMS Otranto. Voyage home from India to UK in 1947], from the collection of James Wilson, Royal Artillery
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