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{{War|name=Mesopotamia Campaign |dates=6 November 1914-14 November 1918 |image=Mesopotamia_-_Troops_entrenching.jpg|location=Mesopotamia|combatant1=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland United Kingdom] |combatant2=[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire Ottoman Empire]| |result=<br>
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Campaign#Armistice_of_Mudros.2C_October Armistice of Mudros]<br>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire] |medal=<br>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uS-fOGwehuUC&pg=PA14&lpg=PA14&dq=Mesopotamian+campaign+medals&source=bl&ots=r8f4MMfcwh&sig=JEt5IYEYLwLnc_ubntysNqwRU7k&hl=en&ei=qoAYTIGUIOWM4gbdg8mdDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false The 1914-15 Star]<br>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uS-fOGwehuUC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA14&dq=Mesopotamian+campaign+medals&source=bl&ots=r8f4MMfcwh&sig=JEt5IYEYLwLnc_ubntysNqwRU7k&hl=en&ei=qoAYTIGUIOWM4gbdg8mdDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false The British War Medal 1914-18] |category=[[:Category:Mesopotamia Campaign|Mesopotamia Campaign]] |link1=}}
{{Battlemap|war=Mesopotamia Campaign|link=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Ramadi,+Al+Anbar,+Iraq&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000488ec0dd1e4e675276&ll=33.183537,45.53833&spn=7.159621,8.602295&t=p&z=7}}
[[Image:Assistant Surgeon G E Ferguson IMD.jpg |thumb|right|200px| Mesopotamia 1917 Assistant Surgeon G E Ferguson, IMD]]
This event is part of the [[First World War]]
This event is part of the [[First World War]]


== Synopsis ==
== Synopsis ==
The '''Mesopotamian Campaign''' was fought from November 1914 to November 1918 between the Allies represented by the British Empire, mostly troops from the Indian Empire, and the Central Powers, mostly of the Ottoman Empire.
The '''Mesopotamia Campaign''' was fought from November 1914 to November 1918 between the Allies represented by the British Empire, mostly troops from the Indian Empire, and the Central Powers, mostly of the Ottoman Empire.
 
However the country actually remained a theatre of warfare until a peace treaty was ratified in 1924. Large numbers of troops from India were sent to deal with a revolt in 1920<ref>[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/401601.html Mesopotamia 1920-21] from [http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/home.html Harry’s Sideshows] by Harry Fecitt  kaiserscross.com</ref>
== Related articles ==
For further details of events during this period see the following articles<br>
*[[Fao Landing]] 6 November 1914
*[[Battle of Basra]] 21-22 November 1914
*[[Battle of Qurna]] 3-9 December 1914
*[[Battle of Shaiba]] 12-14 April 1915
*[[Capture of Amara]] 3 June 1915
*[[Battle of Nasiriyeh]] 24 July 1915
*[[Battle of Es Sinn]] 28 September 1915
*[[Battle of Ctesiphon]] 22-24 November 1915
*[[Siege of Kut]] 7 December 1915- 29 April 1916
*[[Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad]] 6-9 January 1916
*[[Battle of Wadi]] 13 January 1916
*[[Battle of Hanna]] 21 January 1916
*[[Battle of Dujaila]] 8 March 1916
*[[First Battle of Kut]] 5-22 April 1916
*[[Second Battle of Kut]] 23 February 1917
*[[Fall of Baghdad]] 11 March 1917
*[[Samarra Offensive]] 13 March-23 April 1917
*[[Battle of Ramadi]] 28 September 1917
*[[Capture of Tikrit]] 5 November 1917
*[[Action at Khan Baghdadi]] 26-28 March 1918
*[[Battle of Sharqat]] 23-30 October 1918
 
== Biographies ==
Details of some of the protagonists in the campaign
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Fenton_Aylmer,_13th_Baronet General Sir Fenton Aylmer] (1862-1935)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Barrett_(Indian_Army_officer) Maj-Gen Sir Arthur Barrett] (1857–1926)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Cobbe General Alexander Cobbe] (1870-1931)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Sinclair_Delamain Brig- Gen Walter Delamain] (1862-1932)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmar_Freiherr_von_der_Goltz Baron Wilhelm von der Goltz] (1843–1916)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._F._Gorringe Lieut-Gen Sir George Gorringe] (1868–1945)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_Kut Halil Pasha] (1882-1957)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kâzım_Karabekir Kâzım Karabekir] (1882–1948)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Stanley_Maude Lieut-Gen Sir Frederick Maude]  (1864-1917)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshall_(British_Army_officer) Gen Sir William Marshall] (1865–1939)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_John_Melliss Maj-Gen Sir Charles Melliss VC] (1862-1936)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nixon_(general) Lieut-Gen John Nixon] (1857–1921)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nureddin_Pasha Colonel Nureddin Pasha] (1873-1932)
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Vere_Ferrers_Townshend Maj-Gen Sir Charles Townshend] (1861–1924)
 
==Also see==
*[[Indian Divisions in Mesopotamia]]
*[[First World War#Anglo-Indians| The Anglo Indian Force]]
*[[Prisoners of the Turks (First World War)]]
*[[Railways in the Middle Eastern Theatre]]
*[[Burma Mechanical Transport Companies, RASC]]
 
==British Library holdings==
*[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=IAMS_VU2 British Library Catalogue Link: Explore Archives and Manuscripts] and [http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=1&dstmp=1452928171364&vid=BLVU1 British Library Main Catalogue]
*''An account of the operations of the 18th (Indian) Division in Mesopotamia, December 1917 to December 1918, with the names of all the units which served with the division and a nominal roll of all the officers'' by Walter Edward Wilson-Johnston 1919. UIN: BLL01012503831 . [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gUe-BAAAQBAJ Sample pages from a reprint edition] Google Books.
*''Iraq Administration Reports 1914–1932'' in ten volumes (5, 500 pages):  Contents: 1. 1914-1918 -- 2. 1918 -- 3-4. 1919 -- 5-6. 1920 -- 7. 1920-1924 -- 8. 1925-1927 -- 9. 1928-1930 -- 10. 1931-1932, with contents outline.<ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20190422134233/http://www.archiveeditions.co.uk/titledetails.asp?tid=51 Iraq Administration Reports 1914–1932], archived link.</ref> UIN: BLL01006696261
===Regimental and Corps Histories===
*''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery : the Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914-18'' by Sir Martin Farndale 1988. Available at the [[British Library]] UIN: BLL01008145796
*''The Railway Gazette Special War Transportation Number'', originally published in September 1920, as part of  ''The Railway Gazette and Railway News''. Described at the time as ‘the first connected account’ of the role of railways and inland water transport in supporting the British military campaign during the Great War of 1914-18. Contains a wealth of detail on operations on most Fronts inc. the organisation of wartime transportation; statistics and Fronts, including Railway Operations in Macedonia, Mesopotamia, Palestine & East Africa.  Available at the British Library as part of UIN: BLL01013904893 or in a 2013 reprint edition UIN: BLL01016871224. Also available in a reprint edition<ref> [https://www.naval-military-press.com/product/railway-gazette-special-great-war-transportation-number/ ''Railway Gazette – Special Great War Transportation Number''] Naval & Military Press.</ref>.
 
==Volunteer Regiments==
*See  [[Volunteer Artillery Battery]] .  Detachments of the Battery were captured at Kut. The majority of the men were from Burma. E H Jones, (refer External links, and Historical books online, below), previously a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]] in Burma, was a gunner and subsequently an officer in this Battery.
*See [[First World War#Anglo-Indians| The Anglo Indian Force]]
 
==FIBIS resources==
*"Trumpeter Inwood, an Anglo-Indian hero of the Kut Garrison" by Rosemary Reardon  ''FIBIS Journal Number 32 (Autumn 2014)'' pages 18-29. For details of how to access this article, see [[FIBIS Journals]].
 
==Wounded and sick soldiers==
Wounded  and other ill soldiers from  Mesopotamia were sent to India for treatment and convalescence. Some of these sadly became part of the group of soldiers who died in India.<ref> Khyber Pass [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/225793-15th-royal-west-surrey-murree-aug-1916/?do=findComment&comment=2301225 1/5th Royal West Surrey, Murree, Aug 1916] ''Great War Forum'' 28 August 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2019.</ref>
 
A description of some of the hospital ship voyages and the hospitals in India may be found in the chapter "Australian Nurses in India 1916-1919" page 124 ''With Horse and Morse in Mesopotamia'', see [[Mesopotamia Campaign#Historical books online| Historical books online]] below.
 
==Persia and Transcaucasia==
Troops under the control of the Army in Mesopotamia took part in actions in Persia, and later Transcaucasia.
See [[Norperforce]].
==Temporary holding section==
Temporary holding section due to technical problems.


== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Campaign Mesopotamian Campaign] Wikipedia
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Campaign Mesopotamian Campaign] Wikipedia
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kut Siege of Kut] Wikipedia
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kut Siege of Kut] Wikipedia
*[http://www.1914-1918.net/mespot.htm Mesopotamia] 1914-1918.net
*[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/battles/the-campaign-in-mesopotamia/ The campaign in Mesopotamia] The Long, Long Trail: Researching Soldiers of the British Army in the Great War of 1914-1918.
*[http://www.scotsatwar.org.uk/AZ/Iraq%201917.htm "Iraq 1917 - A 90th Anniversary"] by Dr D M Henderson 2007. The Scots at War Trust. A review of the war in Mesopotamia
**[http://www.longlongtrail.co.uk/battles/the-campaign-in-mesopotamia/early-battles-in-mesopotamia-basra-and-qurna-1914/ Early battles in Mesopotamia (Basra and Qurna, 1914)]
*The [https://www.greatwarforum.org Great War Forum], a message board for the First World War, has  a subcategory  [https://www.greatwarforum.org/forum/209-middle-east-north-africa/  Middle East and North Africa] where archived threads may be read. To view images, place a post, reply to a post or search, you need to have registered. See [[Mailing lists#Military|Mailing lists-Military]] for more details.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110623134645/http://scotsatwar.org.uk/AZ/Iraq%201917.htm "Iraq 1917 - A 90th Anniversary"] by Dr D M Henderson 2007. (archive.org) The Scots at War Trust. A review of the war in Mesopotamia  
*[https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/mesopotamia-campaign Mesopotamia campaign] nam.ac.uk
*[http://www.firstworldwar.com/maps/graphics/maps_52_mesop_kut_(1600).jpg Maps of operations] firstworldwar.com
*[http://www.mespot.net  Mesopotamia Campaign: 300 photographs taken by Captain Charles Henry Weaver]. Captain Weaver worked with The Red Cross, but was under military command. He was mentioned in dispatches and was awarded the MBE for his wartime service. Includes Hospital Ships, nurses. mespot.net
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131118084117/http://www.tankmuseum.org/ixbin/indexplus?record=ART4048&_IXMENU_=news_and_events The Battle of Ctesiphon]  by David Fletcher archive.org  The battle took place in Mesopotamia, 23/24th November 1915. The [[76th Punjab Regiment|76th Punjabis]]  fought in the battle which included two armoured cars, possibly sent from India
*Anthony Langley’s [https://web.archive.org/web/20120922025835/http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Copy_index.htm  The Great War in a Different Light], section "Fighting Johnny Turk in the Ottoman Empire", now an archived website, includes
**[http://web.archive.org/web/20120306022127/http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Mesopotamia/Truth_of_Kut_01.htm "What Really Happened at Kut"] by Lovat Fraser from ''The War Illustrated'' 12th January, 1918
**[http://web.archive.org/web/20120819164259/http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/River_Warfare_in_Mesopotamia/River_Warfare_01.htm "Flood Warfare in Mesopotamia"] from ''The War Illustrated'', 29th June, 1918
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20120819163534/http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Water_Mesopotamia/Water_Mesopotamia_01.htm "Watering the Regiment"] from ''The War Illustrated'', 6th July, 1918.  "Here, in Mesopotamia, water is life".
**[http://web.archive.org/web/20120721002443/http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Mesopotamia/Eden_01.htm "The Fight for the Garden of Eden"] from the book ''Many Fronts''
**[http://web.archive.org/web/20120203001248/http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Mesopotamia/Wounded_01.htm  "Wounded in Mesopotamia"] from  an official report by [[List of doctors and surgeons#Bombay|Major R Markham Carter]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230922183339/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/battles/p_meso_commission.htm Further information] The First World War, The National Archives [https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/+/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/index.htm online exhibition], archived.
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/podcasts/voices-of-the-first-world-war/podcast-18-mesopotamia Mesopotamia] Imperial War Museums. Podcast 18 in the  series ''Voices of the First World War''. Extracts from soldiers accounts, with a transcript of the podcast.
*Transcribed [https://www.tcd.ie/library/fitasfiddles/the-memoirs/beresford/    Diary of Stanley Cyril Beresford Mundey] Captain Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry ([[43rd Regiment of Foot|43rd]]). He went from India to Mesopotamia to rejoin his regiment in May 1915, flew with the RFC as an observing officer from 7th September 1915 (page The Union Jack Was Hoisted) and took part in the Siege of Kut, although there is no account of this period. The account for 1916 covers his time as a POW until December 1916. Trinity College Dublin tcd.ie
*[https://ww1.nam.ac.uk/stories/lieutenant-henry-gallup/ Soldiers’ Stories: [Diary extracts<nowiki>]</nowiki> Lieutenant Henry Gallup of 1/5th Hampshire Howitzer Battery, Royal Field Artillery] was present at the siege of Kut. ww1.nam.ac.uk
*[https://ww1.nam.ac.uk/stories/private-william-jay Soldiers’ Stories: [Account extracts<nowiki>]</nowiki> Private William Jay of 1/5th Battalion The Buffs (East Kent Regiment]. An account of the attempt to relieve the besieged British-Indian forces at Kut. Includes details of the dreadful conditions the wounded endured due to lack of medical facilities. ww1.nam.ac.uk 
*[http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/158634493 "Bombardier Pearse. How He Died. Unwholesome Turkish Biscuits"].  ''National Advocate'' (Bathurst, NSW)    27 Nov 1917  Page 3  trove.nla.gov.au. Bombardier Pearse of the [[Volunteer Artillery Battery]] died soon after the fall of Kut.
*[http://ww1.nam.ac.uk/stories/major-george-campbell-wheeler  Soldiers' Stories: Major George Campbell Wheeler] 9th Gurkha Rifles, won the Victoria Cross while crossing the River Tigris during the Second Battle of Kut on 23 February 1917. nam.ac.uk.
*Listen to the [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/80008523 1985 interview with Henry Edward Shortt] Imperial War Museums. British officer who enlisted at the onset of war and  served as Medical Officer with the  Indian Medical Service attached to [[33rd Queen Victoria's Own Light Cavalry|33rd Cavalry Regt]] in India and Mesopotamia, 1914-1918.
*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/home.html Harry’s Sideshows] by Harry Fecitt  kaiserscross.com includes
**[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/304522.html The Battle of Ramadi: Mesopotamia, 27-29 September 1917]
**[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/527922.html Kurdistan 1919: Military Operations in Mesopotamian Kurdistan: South Kurdistan, May–June 1919]. Includes information about many Indian Army Regiments.
**[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/401601.html Mesopotamia 1920-21]    Large numbers of troops from India were sent to deal with a revolt in 1920
**[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/481622.html  The fight to relieve Rumaithah: A close run thing: Mesopotamia, July 1920]
*[http://www.25thlondon.com/mesopotamia.htm Mesopotamia 1917-1918] from [http://www.25thlondon.com/index.htm 25th County of London Cyclist Battalion: The London Regiment]
*"The Mesopotamian Front! As Observed by Lieutenant Colonel Edward Davis, U.S. Cavalry, 1918" edited by Leo J Daugherty III  ''Armor'' March-April 2003, pages 25-  35.  [http://ciar.org/ttk/mbt/armor/armor-magazine/armor-mag.2003.ma/2daughtery03.pdf pdf] ciar.org. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=BxkttmsEs44C&pg=PA25 Google Books version]. Page 35 states " For the best overall account of the Mesopotamian Campaign, see A J Barker ''The Bastard War''", available online, see below.
*[http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254640 ''British-Indian strategy and policy in Mesopotamia : November 1914 - April 1916''] by P K. Davis, Phd Thesis King's College London (University of London) 1981. EthOS British Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA236690 ''The Mesopotamian Campaign: The British Experience in Iraq in the First World War''] by Donald P Carr , Major, US Marine Corps, 11 February 1991. A paper presented to the  Faculty of the Naval War College. Archive.org,  Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) collection.
*[http://fundforfallenallies.org/sites/fundforfallenallies.org/files/library/British%20COIN%20in%20Iraq%201920.docx "‘Only by the sword’: British counter‐insurgency in Iraq, 1920"] by Mark Jacobsen pages 323-363 ''Small Wars & Insurgencies'' Volume 2, Issue 2, August 1991. This version is a Word Document download which, depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder. fundforfallenallies.org
*[https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA423816  ''Iraq, 2003-4 and Mesopotamia, 1914-18: A Comparative Analysis in Ends and Means''] by Lieutenant Colonel James D Scuderi. 19 March 2004. US Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA. Archive.org,  Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Collection.
*[http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll2/id/188/rec/1    ''The British Experience in Iraq from 1914-1926: What Wisdom Can The United States Draw From Its Experience?''] by Matthew W. Williams. A thesis presented to the Faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 17 June 2004.                                                                      Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library.  [http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA429024 pdf download] dtic.mil [https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA429024 Archive.org version],  Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) Collection.
*[http://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/11083/aboul-eneinJun05.pdf "The First World War Mesopotamian Campaigns: Military Lessons on Iraqi Ground Warfare"] by Youssef Aboul-Enein, ''Strategic Insights'', v. 6, issue 6 (June 2005). Calhoun, the Naval Postgraduate School. Monterey, California, USA, an official U.S. Navy website. 
*[http://www.academia.edu/164342/The_British_Occupation_of_Mesopotamia_1914-1922 "The British Occupation of Mesopotamia, 1914-1922"] by Kristian Coates Ulrichsen.  ''The Journal of Strategic Studies'' Vol 30. No 2, 349-377, April 2007. academia.edu
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20140508054910/http://www.bcmh.org.uk/archive/conferences/2012MespotUlrichsen.pdf  "Learning The Hard Way: The Indian Army In Mesopotamia, 1914-1918"] by Dr Kristian Coates Ulrichsen, BCMH Summer Conference 2012 – Indian Armies (The British Commission for Military History  bcmh.org.uk, now an archived webpage.)
:[https://orientxxi.info/l-orient-dans-la-guerre-1914-1918/british-policy-in-mesopotamia-april-1916-march-1917,1021 "British Policy in Mesopotamia (April 1916-March 1917)"] by Kristian Coates Ulrichsen  11 November 2019. orientxxi.info. During this period, Indian Expeditionary Force D was transformed into the '''Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force (MEF)''', re-equipped, and reorganised.
*[https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA523248/mode/2up ''Middle Eastern Geographies of World War I''] by Maj James G Riely, United States Army 2010. Archive.org Defense Technical Information Archive Collection. DTIC ADA523248 . Contrasts the operations which led to the fall of Kut, with the successes of the British-sponsored Arab Revolt of 1916-18.
*[http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/10092/2085/1/Thesis_fulltext.pdf  ''Cavalry of the Clouds: Aspects of the Air War in the Eastern Theatre,1914-1918''] by  C H. Whitley 1997. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History in the University of Canterbury, New Zealand.  A  pdf download, which depending on your browser, you may need  to locate in your downloads folder.
*[http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p4013coll2/id/77/rec/68 ''Forgotten Airwar: Airpower in the Mesopotamian Campaign''] by Peter J Lambert, 2003 Master of Military Art and Science Thesis, Command and General Staff College (CGSC) Fort Leavenworth, KS. Combined Arms Research Library [CARL] Digital Library. [https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA416938 Archive.org version],  Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) collection.
*''Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 48'' 2010. [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafmuseum.org.uk%2Fdocuments%2FResearch%2FRAF-Historical-Society-Journals/Journal_48_Seminar_the_ME_Mespot_Iraq_NW_Frontier_4_FTS.pdf html version], [http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/Research/RAF-Historical-Society-Journals/Journal_48_Seminar_the_ME_Mespot_Iraq_NW_Frontier_4_FTS.pdf pdf] rafmuseum.org.uk. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170228083017/http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F1840A3A_5056_A318_A802860440CD93A9.pdf  raf.mod.uk version], now archived. Includes "Only A Sideshow? The RFC And RAF In Mesopotamia 1914-1918" by Guy Warner pages 9-19 and "The RAF Armoured Car Companies In Iraq (Mostly) 1921-1947" by Dr Christopher Morris  pages 20-38.
*[http://mhhv.org.au/wp-content/uploads/The-AFC-in-Hotter-Climes-The-Air-War-Over-the-Desert-Dr-Mark-Lax-OAM-Air-Commodore-RAAF-Rtd-Former-Director-General-of-Strategic-Policy.pdf‪ "The AFC  In Hotter Climes: The Air War Over The Mesopotamian Desert"]  by Air Commodore Mark Lax. Part of the conference ''By The Seat Of Their Pants'' The Proceedings of the Conference held 12 November 2012 at the RAAF Museum, Point Cook by Military History And Heritage Victoria.
*[http://past.oxfordjournals.org/content/197/1/211.full#fn-112 "Developing Iraq: Britain, India and the Redemption of Empire and Technology in the First World War"] by Priya Satia ''Past & Present'' (2007) Volume 197, Issue 1, pages 211-255
*''En-Dor Unveiled : The Story behind The Road to En-dor'' by Tony Craven Walker February 2014.  [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hesperuspress.com%2Fthe-road-to-en-dor%2Fdownloads%2FEndorUnveiled.pdf html version], [https://www.hesperuspress.com/the-road-to-en-dor/downloads/EndorUnveiled.pdf pdf], [http://www.hesperuspress.com/the-road-to-en-dor/download-free-ebook.htm  link to other downloads] hesperuspress.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014. Contains correspondence from E H Jones, refer "Historical books online" below. He was a member of the Volunteer Artillery Battery (Rangoon Contingent). Very likely this was , or was connected with, the [[Rangoon Port Defence Volunteer Corps]], which had an Artillery section.
*Articles by Amitav Ghosh: "Shared Sorrows: Indians and Armenians in the prison camps of Ras al-‘Ain, 1916-18". It is based on an account written by an  Indian member of the Bengal Ambulance Corps (BAC), who became a prisoner after the fall of Kut. and ended up in the prison camps of Ras al-'Ain, in northern Syria, in 1916.  “The reason the story has survived is that one of the Indian prisoners happened to write about about his war experiences  forty years later. His name was Sisir Sarbadhikari and his book Abhi Le Baghdad (or On To Baghdad) appeared in 1958”  It is in 18 parts, in reverse order, consisting of two pages. Scroll to the bottom of [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?cat=23&paged=2 this page] for part 1. Scroll to the bottom of [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?cat=23 this page] to continue. ( archive.org links [https://web.archive.org/web/20130509003716/http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?cat=23&paged=2  1] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20130509040810/http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?cat=23  2])  The earlier part of the memoir, from joining up in Calcutta to the fall of Kut is described in [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?cat=12 "On to Baghdad"].  Scroll to the bottom of the page for part 1, or [https://www.amitavghosh.com/docs/On%20to%20Baghdad.pdf "On to Baghdad", alternative format].
*Accounts by  Captain Kalyan Kumar Mukherji , a member of the Indian Medical Service, originally written in Bengali. After the fall of Kut he was sent to a prisoner-of-war camp at Ras al-‘Ain, Syria where he died in 1917. He  was posthumously awarded the Military Cross.  His accounts, in Bengali, are available online, refer below. Some excerpts have been translated into English by Amitav Ghosh. Scroll down to the entry [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?m=201207 The ‘Home and the World’ in Iraq 1915-17: Part 1] to commence. For the final posts,  [http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?m=201208 scroll down to the bottom three posts]. Written July- August 2012 amitavghosh.com (retrieved 10 May 2014).
*[http://amitavghosh.com/blog/?p=5004  “Yet another Indian First World War memoir found!”]  Article about the ''War Memoirs'' of Captain Limaye, Indian Medical Service, written in Marathi. He was with the 87th Punjabis  1918-1921. He saw action in Mesopotamia and was involved in operations against the Kurdistanis in 1919 and in quelling the Arab Rebellion in 1920.  amitavghosh.com. This book may be viewed online,  refer Historical books online below.
*[http://www.ottomanhistorypodcast.com/2012/12/world-war-indian-soldiers-prisoners.html "Indian Soldiers and POWs in the Middle East during World War I"] by Vedica Kant, Robert Upton, and Chris Gratien, Ottoman History Podcast, No. 86 (December 21, 2012) “ In this podcast, Vedica Kant talks about the experience of Indian POWs in the Ottoman Empire as well as that of Ottoman soldiers captured by the British army and brought to India and Burma, with additional commentary by Robert Upton regarding military recruitment in British India...” Webpage contains images.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140327035305/http://www.turkishreview.org/tr/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=223337 The history hidden in Haydarpaşa Cemetery] by Vedika Kant 01 August 2013. turkishreview.org, now an archived webpage. Holds the graves of some 400 soldiers from what are now the Commonwealth realms who died in Turkey, mostly as POWs, in World War I.
*[http://www.reubique.com/IWT.htm Inland Water Transport and Docks] Reubique.com. The article mentions that this section of the Royal Engineers was founded in 1914 and was later responsible for alternate transportation during World War One in various theatres of war - including Mesopotamia where personnel from India and China were deployed.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20181228150313/http://mespot.co.uk/ Grandpa’s Journal], now archived. Harry James Goulter Pearman was with the Army Audit Staff in Mesopotamia.  The following entries contain items relating to issues of fraud by members of the IWT  (Inland Water Transport), including the court martial of an officer. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140726042329/http://www.mespot.co.uk/journal/21.04.18.shtml 18 April 1921], [https://web.archive.org/web/20140726042355/http://www.mespot.co.uk/journal/21.04.26.shtml 26 April 1921], [https://web.archive.org/web/20140726042420/http://www.mespot.co.uk/journal/21.05.16.shtml 16 May 1921], [https://web.archive.org/web/20140726042448/http://www.mespot.co.uk/journal/21.05.27.shtml 27 May 1921], [https://web.archive.org/web/20140726042518/http://www.mespot.co.uk/journal/21.06.27.shtml 27 June 1921], [https://web.archive.org/web/20140726042543/http://www.mespot.co.uk/journal/21.07.04.shtml 4 July 1921], [https://web.archive.org/web/20140726042611/http://www.mespot.co.uk/journal/21.07.09.shtml 9 July 1921]. All are now archived webpages.
:Most of the diary entries are for 1921. It is difficult for some/all browsers to  navigate this website, see hints below if you want to read additional entries.<ref>The dates of the entries are in the top LH corner of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20181228150313/http://mespot.co.uk/ Home webpage] now archived, from 21 December 1920 to 1 February 1922.  Before being archived, the entries from the journal were in the format
<nowiki>http://www.mespot.co.uk/journal/ab.cd.ef.shtml</nowiki> , where, for a particular entry,  ab is the year, cd is the month, ef is the first mentioned day in the month  (all two digits). A typical example is <nowiki>http://www.mespot.co.uk/journal/21.04.18.shtml</nowiki> , and most entries are similarly from 1921. Construct your own URL, using the relevant date,  then use "Browse History" in the [https://archive.org/web/web.php#forum Internet Archive Wayback Machine] to obtain the archived URL. Alternatively using the Internet Archive (archive.org) link [https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.mespot.co.uk/*  mespot.co.uk] scroll down to entries containing the word journal, and then click on the link. However, these links are not all in date order.</ref>
*[http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Battle1408Mesopotamia.htm  World War 1 at Sea - Naval Battles in outline: Mesopotamian (Iraq) Campaign, 1914-1918] naval-history.net
*[http://www.gwpda.org/naval/euphgb.htm RN's Tigris + Euphrates River Gunboats] with a link to The Tigris Flotilla. gwpda.org
*[http://frankstaylorfamilyandroyalnavyhistory.net/InsectClassRiverGunboats.html Royal Navy Insect Class River Gunboats]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140726104656/http://www.merchantnavyofficers.com/Troopships.html Troopships, including Hospital Ships 1902-1922] MerchantNavyOfficers.com, now archived.
*[http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324303 ''The History of the Iraq Levies, 1915-1932''] by Robert Vernon Joseph Young, PhD Thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 1997. British Library- EthOS
*[http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_mesopotamia_moore.htm  "Mesopotamia"]. An article about Kipling’s poem ''Mesopotamia'' from Kipling.org.uk
*[http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Overseas/KutWarCemetery.html  "Kut War Graves - Iraq"]  [http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Overseas/IraqWW1GravesRecovery.html  "Basra"] roll-of-honour.com.  Free photographs of Basra Memorial may be requested from [http://britishwargraves.co.uk/index.htm British War Graves: War Grave Photographs]. Includes category "Memorials to the Missing" which includes Basra Memorial. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151005134213/http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/memorials/basra-memorial.php The Basra Memorial] cwgc.org, now an archived webpage.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.da.mod.uk/wwi/learning-from-war/reading-lists/wwi-readers-guides-1914/middle-east-and-other-theatres/* Mesopotamia Campaign  1914-1918] Bilbliography by Joint Services Command and Staff College Library, U K. (Now archived).  A pdf download - depending on your browser, you may need to locate it in your downloads folder.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131204181612/http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/uk/ops1919-39.html British Military Operations 1919-1939] by Graham Watson  is a selection of orders of battle of various operations carried out by the British Army. Scroll to the section  "Mesopotamia/Iraq 1919-1922" (British Army troops only).  orbat.com, now archived.
*Videos: ''World War One Through Arab Eyes''  by Tunisian writer and broadcaster Malek Triki.<ref>[https://passtheknowledge.wordpress.com/2014/11/29/documentary-world-war-one-through-arab-eyes-episode-one-the-arabs-video/ PassTHE knowledge] by Akhi Soufyan</ref> ‪Al Jazeera English. YouTube videos. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuzhZkvbbHc ‪ Episode One: The Arabs]‬ . They fought as conscripts for the European colonial powers occupying Egypt, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia – and for the Ottomans on the side of Germany and the Central Powers. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WvNAH1YA-g Episode two: The Ottomans]. Includes the history of the Ottoman-Germany relationship. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CLOzdYAMEkU Episode three: The New Middle East]. Includes the way Britain and France divided the former Ottoman Empire between them.
 
====Maps====
*[https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023193665.0x000001 ''Critical Study of the Campaign in Mesopotamia up to April 1917: Part II-Maps''] IOR/L/MIL/17/15/72/2. Qatar Digital Library
*[http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-233516266 Map of City of Baghdad] from ''A Handbook on Mesopotamia''  prepared on behalf of the Admiralty and the War Office [by] Admiralty War Staff, Intelligence Division 1916-1918.  National Library of Australia. Includes Liquor Shops and Brothels.
* Catalogued as [http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_100022522753.0x000002 [A collection of military maps of Mesopotamia ... and the River Euphrates, on various scales<nowiki>]</nowiki>] 1916-1918. Consists of  3 maps including Baghdad and surrounds; Sketch map of Kirkuk; Sketch map of Tikrit. British Library Digital. These maps are titled with a TC (=Tigris Corps) number, and were produced by the Survey of India, see item further in this section.
*[http://www.dlir.org/archive/orc-exhibit/items/browse/collection/11 Maps of the Ottoman Empire] from [http://www.dlir.org Digital Library for International Research]. Some topographical maps compiled at the British Intelligence Division War Office in 1915 derived from map and survey data collected during multiple expeditions 1839-1906.
* Also see Historical books online, following, particularly the first item.
*About Maps
:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1925-records-of-survey-of-india-vol-20-the-war-record-s-pdf/ ''Records of the Survey of India, Volume 20. The War Record 1914-1920''] 1925. If the download button does not display, locate in Books/Survey Of India, or [https://pahar.in/?wpfb_dl=21751 Direct link] PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=jAFEAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR3  Google Books version] (now full view). [https://archive.org/details/records-survey-india-vol.-20 Archive.org version]. Work of Royal Engineers and other staff  of the Survey of India mapping in various theatres of war, in Mesopotamia, Kurdistan, Macedonia, Arabia, Persia, Palestine, East Africa and Afghanistan.
:Maps for  Mesopotamia, not  generally available online, are to be found in The National Archives[UK] series [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C14506 WO 302]


====Historical books online====
====Historical books online====
*''History Of The Great War: The Campaign In Mesopotamia 1914-1918 Volumes I-IV'' by F J Moberly. 1923-1927 are available to read online on the Digital Library of India websiteThe Contents pages of Volume IV are computer pages 15-20. Titles of Indian Cavalry, Infantry and Pioneer Units who served in Mesopotamia 1914-1918 may be found on pages 402-404 (computer pages 463-465). Refer [[Online books#Digital Library of India|Online books-Digital Library of India]]  for more details about this site.
=====Official histories, despatches, reports etc=====
*[http://ia341319.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.php?file=1/items/ABriefOutlineOfTheCampaignInMesopotamia19141918/ABriefOutlineOfTheCampaignInMesopotamia19141918.djvu ''A brief outline of the campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914-1918''] by Roger Evans, 1926 Archive.org (You will need a [http://djvu.org/resources/ Djvu plug-in], see our article [[Online books#Archive.org|Online books-Archive.org]])
*Official Despatches from ''The London Gazette'' and details of some Official Documents digitised by the British Library, and other digitised material,  are linked from  [http://warletters.net/battles/mesopotamia/  Mesopotamia In The First World War] warletters.net. For despatches from  ''The London Gazette'' from 1919, see further below.
*''History Of The Great War: The Campaign In Mesopotamia 1914-1918 Volumes I-IV'' by F J Moberly. 1923-1927.
:The titles are ''Volume I: To October 1915 : Outbreak of Hostilities, Campaign in Lower Mesopotamia'',  published 1923; ''Volume II: To April 1916:  The Attempt on Baghdad, the Battle of Ctesiphon, the Siege and the Fall of Kut-al-Amara'', published 1924; ''Volume III:  To April 1917: The Capture and Consolidation of Baghdad'', published 1926; ''Volume IV: The Campaign in Upper Mesopotamia to the Armistice'', published 1927.
:HathiTrust Digital Library editions. Note: Missing all/most Maps. Maps are available in the Qatar Digital Library versions (best for expansion of maps) or Archive.org versions.
:{|cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" border="1"
|[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746001?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 Volume I]
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746001?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Contents]
 
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746001?urlappend=%3Bseq=18 Bibliography]
 
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746001?urlappend=%3Bseq=385  Index]
 
|[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746002?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 Volume II]
 
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746002?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Contents]
 
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746002?urlappend=%3Bseq=22 Bibliography]
 
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746002?urlappend=%3Bseq=583 Index]
 
|[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746028?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 Volume III]
   
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746028?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 Contents]
 
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746028?urlappend=%3Bseq=18 Bibliography]
 
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746028?urlappend=%3Bseq=463 Index]
 
|[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746029?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 Volume IV]
 
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746029?urlappend=%3Bseq=16 Contents]
 
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746029?urlappend=%3Bseq=24 Bibliography]
 
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746029?urlappend=%3Bseq=465 Index]
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746029?urlappend=%3Bseq=13 Chronological Summary of the Campaign in Mesopotamia 1914-1918]
 
[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746029?urlappend=%3Bseq=462 Titles of Indian Cavalry, Infantry and Pioneer Units who served in Mesopotamia 1914-1918]
|-
|}
 
:Volume II is also available on Archive.org [http://archive.org/stream/campaigninmesopo02mobe#page/n3/mode/2up Volume II],  [http://archive.org/stream/campaigninmesopo02mobe#page/n7/mode/2up Contents], [http://archive.org/stream/campaigninmesopo02mobe#page/538/mode/2up Index]. [https://archive.org/stream/campaigninmesopo02mobe#page/n3/mode/1up  '''Map''': Middle East] and [https://archive.org/stream/campaigninmesopo02mobe#page/n627/mode/1up '''Maps''' 8-9, 11, 13-17, 19-20]. [https://archive.org/stream/campaigninmesopo02mobe#page/n18/mode/1up List of Maps]
:Archive.org  versions, mirrors from the Digital Library of India: [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210666 Vol I], [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.210666/2015.210666.History-Of#page/n7/mode/1up List of Maps], [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.210666/2015.210666.History-Of#page/n424/mode/1up Maps]  at  back of book displayed out of order; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210668  Vol III], [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.210668/2015.210668.The-Campaign#page/n13/mode/2up List of Maps], [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.210668/2015.210668.The-Campaign#page/n516/mode/1up Maps]  at  back of book displayed in reverse order; [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210669 Vol IV], [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.210669/2015.210669.The-Campaign#page/n20/mode/1up  List of Maps], [https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.210669/2015.210669.The-Campaign#page/n510/mode/1up Maps]  at  back of book displayed out of order.
:Qatar Digital Library versions, best for expansion of maps. From British Library IOR/L/MIL/17/15/66/1-4 . [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100025551844.0x000001 Vol I]; [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100025551852.0x000001 Vol II]; [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100025551857.0x000001  Vol III]; [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100025551863.0x000001  Vol IV]. To '''access the maps''', open the volume links, then expand the heading  "About this record", and scroll down for links to the maps.
:Also available in Naval & Military Press reprint editions which in turn are available online on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3 as one digital book [https://www.fold3.com/browse/310/hTGb85NZ807HO4jJ8fYHZVXDO ''The Campaign in Mesopotamia''] (located in Military Books-located by the Search/Iraq).
*War Diaries, Army Headquarters India for I. E F "D", held at the British Library IOR/L/MIL/17/5/3223 through to IOR/L/MIL/17/5/3328A  have been digitised on the Qatar Digital Library.
:British Library catalogue record [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/permalink/f/79qrt5/IAMS040-000795917 IOR/L/MIL/17/5/3223] Click on Browse this collection to access details of other records, and click through to Qatar Digital Library for the digitised items.
:The final item in this series is British Library catalogue record [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/permalink/f/1r5koim/IAMS040-000796023 IOR/L/MIL/17/5/3328A General Routine Orders (incomplete)] by the Commander of Indian Expeditionary Force D between  28 December 1915 and 10 July 1918.
*''History of the Great War based on official documents. Order of Battle of Divisions Parts 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B and 4'' all by Major A.F. Becke RFA (Retired) (London: HMSO, 1935-1945)
**''Part 1 - The Regular British Divisions''  pub. 1935.  [https://archive.org/details/order-battle-divisions-p-1 Archive.org]
**''Part 2A. The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42-56)''  pub. 1936.  [https://archive.org/details/order-battle-divisions-p-2-a Archive.org]
**''Part 2B. The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th-69th) with the Home-Service Divisions (71st-73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions''  pub. 1937.        [https://archive.org/details/order-battle-divisions-p-2-b Archive.org],
**''Part 3A New Army Divisions (9-26)'' pub. 1938. [https://archive.org/details/order-battle-divisions-p-3-a Archive.org]
*:[https://archive.org/details/order-battle-divisions-pt3b ''Part 3B New Army divisions (30-41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division''] pub. HMSO 1945 Archive.org.
**''Part 4. The Army Council, G.H.Q.s, Armies and Corps 1914-1918'' pub. 1945. [https://archive.org/details/order-battle-divisions-p-4 Archive.org]
: Includes some details about Mesopotamia, (perhaps limited?) but note these books appear to be in respect of the British Army only, (not Indian Army).
: There were subsequent publications  ''Order of Battle of Divisions  Part 5A, Divisions of Australia, Canada and New Zealand and those in East Africa'', compiled by F.W. Perry c 1992. Available at the British Library UIN: BLL01006378898 and    ''Order of Battle of Divisions. Part 5B, Indian Army Divisions'' compiled by F. W. Perry c 1993 available at the B.L. UIN: BLL01008151437 .  The latter is also catalogued with the additional title ''History of the Great War : based on official documents''.
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101048260184?urlappend=%3Bseq=3 ''Report of the Commission appointed by Act of Parliament to enquire into the Operations of War in Mesopotamia. Together with a separate report by Commander J. Wedgwood and Appendices'']. Presented to Parliament. HMSO 1917. HathiTrust Digital Library. [http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/landau/content/structure/188193 Menadoc at Bibliothek.uni-halle.de version]. [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100000000912.0x0000b2 Qatar Digital Library version]. [https://archive.org/details/mesopotamia-comm-report1917/page/n1/mode/2up Archive.org version].
:Note, this report also contains the Vincent Bingley report into the medical situation as Appendix I.  In addition, separately [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206243 ''Appendices To The Report Of The Commission For Medical Arrangements In Mesopotamia Vol-II (July 1916)'']. Archive.org. Volume 1 of these Appendices does not appear to be available online, (National Archives reference CAB19/27).
:''Report of the Committee on the Lessons of the Great War'' 13 Oct  1932 includes "Appendix V  Mesopotamia"  (Details<ref>Greenwoodman. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/54329-official-inquiry-into-conduct-of-ww1/?do=findComment&comment=467922 Official Inquiry into Conduct of WW1] ''Great War Forum'' 19 June 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2020.</ref>.) Also known as the ''Kirke Report''  it is  available in a reprint edition,<ref>[https://www.naval-military-press.com/product/report-of-the-committee-on-the-lessons-of-the-great-war/ ''Report of the Committee on the Lessons of the Great War''] Naval & Military Press reprint edition.</ref> which in turn is available  [https://www.fold3.com/browse/310/hTGb85NZ8wIfXXI19l7X7Fb8A online  on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3], located in Military Books-located by the Search/Britain.
*[http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/landau/content/titleinfo/189330  ''East India (Military): Despatches regarding operations in the Persian Gulf and in Mesopotamia''] [in respect of Indian Expeditionary Force D] presented to both Houses of Parliament  HMSO London 1915. Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt.
*''A Handbook of Mesopotamia'' by Admiralty War Staff Intelligence Division. 1916-1917. In four volumes, (plus a supplementary volume), the first contains matters of a general nature, the other volumes contain a description of the river and land routes, with a map,  and a “Gazetteer of Towns”. See [[Iraq#Historical books online|  Iraq - Historical books online]]. Includes a [http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-233516266/view Map of City of Baghdad] nla.gov.au.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206598/page/n777 "Australians in Mesopotamia"] Appendix No.5 ''The Australian Imperial Force In France During the Main German Offensive. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, Volume V''  by C W Bean, pages 703-784.  1937 Archive.org.
*[http://www.qdl.qa/en/ Qatar Digital Library] Digitisation of content from the British Library’s India Office Records Collection. When looking at a book file, to select a particular page, click on “View all items”.  Downloads also available.
**[http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100000000239.0x00019c  ''Report by Brigadier W. S. Delamain, C.B., D.S.O., on the operations of the Indian Expeditionary Force "D" up to 14th November 1914'']  published by the General Staff, India (Government Central Branch Press, Simla: 1916) IOR/L/MIL/17/15/88
**[http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100000000239.0x0001a3  ''Report on the Operations in the Vicinity of Shaiba 12th-14th April 1915''] Simla: General Staff India, 1915. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/95
**[https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100000000239.0x0001a5  ''Report from Gen Sir John Eccles Nixon, Commanding I.E.F. 'D', on the Operations on the Euphrates 26th June-25th July 1915 (including the battle of Nasiriyah)''] IOR/L/MIL/17/15/97. Click on "About this record" to see List of Maps
**[http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100000000239.0x0001ad ''Report from Lieut-General Sir P. H. N. Lake K.C.B., K.C.M.G. Commanding I.E.F. "D" on the Defence of Kut-Al-Amarah under Major-General C. V. F. Townshend, C.B., D.S.O., 3 December 1915-29 April 1916''] IOR/L/MIL/17/15/105 . Also available [https://archive.org/details/report-on-major-general-townshends-defence-of-kut-al-amarah Archive.org].
**[http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023442330.0x000002 ''Short memorandum on the inception, difficulties and results of the Mesopotamian Campaign''] printed by the General Staff, India (Simla, 1916) IOR/L/MIL/17/15/76
**[https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100000000912.0x000019 ''Where's Where in Arabia, Mesopotamia and Persia''] by General Staff, India 1916 IOR/L/PS/20/84 .  The catalogue description states "The volume serves as an index of places featured on Survey of India degree sheets 2C, 2D, 2G, 2H, 2K, 1L, 2O, 2P, 3A, 3E, 3I, 3J, 3M, 3N, 10A, 10B, and 10C. The places are arranged alphabetically and give the degree sheet reference".  Note: Maps [degree sheets] are not included, however the following less detailed maps may '''possibly''' give an indication of location if  numbering was consistent over different series.  [http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/india_1m/index_map.jpg Index to the Sheets of the India and Adjacent Countries Series] [http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/india_1m/Sheet-2-baghdad-1917.jpg Sheet 2], [http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/india_1m/sheet-10-bushire-persia_arabia_and_turkey_in_asia-1915.jpg  Sheet 10]. From [http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/topo/ Topographic maps],  lib.utexas.edu.
*:[https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100040685807.0x000002 1915 edition] IOR/R/15/5/383
**[http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023464681.0x000002 ''Mesopotamian Transport Commission. Report of the Commission appointed by the Government of India... to enquire into questions connected with the organisation and administration of the Railway and River Transport in Mesopotamia'']  1918. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/125/1. This book is  also available  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206468 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
***[http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023203943.0x000001  2 Maps] issued with the report including  "Railway Map of Basra and Magil". IOR/L/MIL/17/15/125/2. Qatar Digital Library.
**[https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100000000884.0x0003a5 ''Report for the Army Council on Mesopotamia''] by Sir John P Hewett 1919. IOR/L/PS/20/35. The report mainly concerns agricultural development, with a section on infrastructure such as ports, railways etc. Qatar Digital Library.
*:[https://archive.org/details/someimpressionso00hewerich ''Some impressions of Mesopotamia in 1919''] by Sir John P Hewett HMSO 1920 Archive.org.
*[http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx The British Library digitised manuscripts] include
**IOR/L/PS/11/121 [http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=IOR/L/PS/11/121  1917 Political and Secret Annual Files] which includes “Indian Journalists Tour of Mesopotamia” Newspaper articles written in Indian newspapers June 1917
**IOR/L/PS/11/129 [http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Ior/l/ps/11/129 1917 Political and Secret Annual Files]  includes P 4640/1917 The Turkish campaigns in Mesopotamia, Palestine and Hedjaz; P 4700/1917 The War: arrest in Persia of certain Indian Army deserters, case of one Abdul Manun; P 4973/1917 The War: military situation in Turkey.
*Records from National Archives of India. Mainly day to day short [https://archive.org/details/reports-by-the-general-officer-commanding/mode/1up  ''Reports by The General Officer Commanding, Force “ D”, on the Military Situation In Mesopotamia''] late Dec 1915-Jan 1916. Document title  "Govt of India Foreign and Political Dept. Secret-War. Proceedings February 1916, Nos 426-467". Archive.org
*''Field Notes Mesopotamia'' by General Staff India 1915 (Poor quality print)  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108689 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India. Also  available [https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100035495108.0x000002 Qatar Digital Library]  better quality file, British Library reference IOR/L/MIL/17/15/49.
:[http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100000000239.0x00016a ''Field Notes Mesopotamia''] by General Staff India February 1917 Qatar Digital Library. BL reference IOR/L/MIL/17/15/50.
* Turkish  Official Histories [https://www.msb.gov.tr/ArsivAskeriTarih/icerik/birinci-dunya-harbi-serisi Birinci Dünya Harbi Serisi / World War I Series]  from Ministry of National Defence, Republic of Turkey. Includes maps.  Includes Item 20 ''Birinci Dünya Harbinde Türk Harbi, Irak-İran Cephesi (1914-1918) III Cilt'' and Item 6 ''Birinci Dünya Harbi’nde Türk Harbi İran - Irak Cephesi 1914 - 1918, C 3, Ks. 2''. Using [https://translate.google.com.au/#view=home&op=translate&sl=tr&tl=en Google Translate] Item 20 ''Turkish War in the First World War, Iraqi-Iran Front (1914-1918) III Volume'' and Item 6 ''Turkish War in the First World War Iran - Iraq Front 1914 - 1918, C 3, Ks. 2nd''. There is also item 15 ''Birinci Dünya Harbi, Türk Hava Harekatı C.9'' ''Air Operations'', and item 16 ''Birinci Dünya Harbinde Türk Harbi, Deniz Harekâtı C.8'' ''Naval Operations''. Histories are in the Turkish language.
 
=====General histories etc=====
*[https://archive.org/details/bastardwarmeso00bark/page/n3/mode/2up ''The Bastard War: the Mesopotamian Campaign of 1914-1918''] by A. J Barker (Lieut.-Colonel Arthur James Barker) 1967.  UK title ''The Neglected War:  Mesopotamia, 1914-1918''. Reprinted in 2009 with the title ''The First Iraq War: 1914-1918''. "The best overall account of the Mesopotamian Campaign" (a 2003 opinion).<ref>
[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=BxkttmsEs44C&pg=PA35 Page 35] in an article "The Mesopotamian Front! As observed by Lieutenant Colonel Edward Davis US Cavalry 1918", edited by Leo J Daugherty III ''Armor'', Volume 112, Issue 2 March –April 2003 Google Books.</ref> Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. Barker was also the author of ''Townshend of Kut : a biography of Major-General Sir Charles Townshend'' 1967.
*[https://archive.org/details/warbagdadrailway00jast ''The War and the Bagdad Railway; the story of Asia Minor and its relation to the present conflict''] by Morris Jastrow 1917  Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/stream/cradleofwar00wood#page/n327/mode/2up "The Baghdad Railway and the War"] with [https://archive.org/stream/cradleofwar00wood#page/n326/mode/1up Map]  page 271 ''The Cradle of the War: The Near East and Pan-Germanism'' by Henry Charles Woods 1918 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/warincradleworl01egangoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''The war in the cradle of the world  Mesopotamia'']  by Eleanor Franklin Egan 1918. Archive.org The author was correspondent for the Saturday Evening Post. More details in [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6546/is_51/ai_n29153246/?tag=content;col1 "Writing "Mesopot": Eleanor Franklin Egan on the river to Baghdad, 1917"] by David Hudson.
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t9c54969p?urlappend=%3Bseq=3 ''The Liberator of Mesopotamia''] [Lieut.-General Sir Stanley Maude] by Basil Mathews 1918 HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://archive.org/details/liberatorofmesop00math/mode/2up Archive.org version].
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/warillustratedal09hammuoft#page/3052/mode/2up "Progress in Mesopotamia"] from ''The war illustrated album de luxe; the story of the great European war told by camera, pen and pencil Volume 9 The Fourth Year 1917-1918''  ed by JA Hammerton 1918 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/warillustratedal09hammuoft#page/3052/mode/2up "Progress in Mesopotamia"] from ''The war illustrated album de luxe; the story of the great European war told by camera, pen and pencil Volume 9 The Fourth Year 1917-1918''  ed by JA Hammerton 1918 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/warillustratedal10hammuoft#page/3382/mode/2up "Final Victories over the Turk"]  from ''The war illustrated album de luxe; the story of the great European war told by camera, pen and pencil Volume 10 the Last Phase''  ed by JA Hammerton 1919 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/warillustratedal10hammuoft#page/3382/mode/2up "Final Victories over the Turk"]  from ''The war illustrated album de luxe; the story of the great European war told by camera, pen and pencil Volume 10 the Last Phase''  ed by JA Hammerton 1919 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/warincradleworl01egangoog#page/n9/mode/1up ''The war in the cradle of the world Mesopotamia'']  by Eleanor Franklin Egan 1918. Archive.org The author was correspondent for the Saturday Evening Post. More details in [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6546/is_51/ai_n29153246/?tag=content;col1 "Writing "Mesopot": Eleanor Franklin Egan on the river to Baghdad, 1917"] by David Hudson.  
*''The Long Road to Baghdad'' by Edmund Candler 1919 Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/longroadtobaghda00canduoft  Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/longroadtobaghd02cand  Volume II]
*''British Campaigns in the Nearer East, 1914-1918. From the outbreak of war with Turkey to the Armistice'' by Edmund Dane , Military Correspondent of the ''Westminster Gazette'' 1919 Archive.org. [https://archive.org/details/britishcampaigns01dane  Volume I: ''The Days of Adversity''], [https://archive.org/details/britishcampaigns02dane  Volume II: ''The Tide of Victory'']
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924027820442 ''Mons, Anzac and Kut''] by an MP (stated to be Aubrey Herbert) 1919 Archive.org. At Kut, the author was liaison and Intelligence officer to Admiral Wemyss, Commander-in-Chief of the East India Fleet. He was engaged in attempted negotiations with the Turks at the fall of Kut,  [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924027820442#page/n235/mode/2up  page 229], along with T E Lawrence.
:*[https://archive.org/stream/T.E.Lawrence/T.%20E.%20Lawrence#page/n109/mode/2up/ Page 99] ''T. E. Lawrence: In Arabia and After'' by Liddell Hart 1934 Archive.org.  T E Lawrence accompanied Aubrey Herbert, to negotiate regarding the besieged Kut garrison.  Extracts from Lawrence’s description of these proceedings, in a letter dated 18 May [1916] from the website [https://web.archive.org/web/20160730062411/http://www.acenturyback.com/2016/04/29/lord-dunsany-alarum-and-exeunt-rebelles-aubrey-herbert-and-some-fellow-named-lawrence-at-kut-raymond-asquith-on-depressed-glamor-queens-and-the-pleasures-of-the-breast/  A Century Back]: Writing the Great War, Day by Day. April 29, 2016, now an archived webpage. Scroll down. The letter was written to his family,<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=549468815232522&id=278254875687252&substory_index=0 29 April 2016: On this day in history] T E Lawrence Society on Facebook. Retrieved 4 August 2016.</ref> see more details.
:: For more about Lawrence, see [[T E Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)]].
*[https://archive.org/details/mycampaigninmeso0000sirc/page/n11/mode/2up  ''My Campaign in Mesopotamia'']  by Major General Sir Charles V F Townshend 1920. London edition. Archive.org. Also available [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015030674355?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 HathiTrust Digital Library]. There was also a two volume New York edition 1920.
:''Townshend of Chitral and Kut: Based on the diaries and private papers of Sir Charles Vere Townshend''  by Erroll Sherson 1928.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.525043 Archive.org version], mirror from  Digital Library of India.
*[https://archive.org/details/behindsceneswars/page/205/mode/2up ''Behind the Scenes in Many Wars  being the Military Reminiscences of Lieut.-General Sir George MacMunn''] published 1930 includes chapters on Mesopotamia commencing [https://archive.org/details/behindsceneswars/page/205/mode/2up page 206] Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/details/journalroyalartillery1926oct/page/403/mode/2up "Iraq and Mosul"] by Lieut.-General Sir George MacMunn page 403 ''The Journal of the Royal Artillery Volume 53, No.3 1926 October''. Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/details/armyquarterlyv15-1927/page/42/mode/2up "Lines of Communication in Mesopotamia"] by Lieut.- General Sir George MacMunn, page 42 ''The Army Quarterly Volume 15, 1927 October- 1928 January'' Archive.org.
*[https://archive.org/details/marvellousmesopo00parfrich ''Marvellous Mesopotamia: The World’s Wonderland''] by  Joseph T Parfit, Canon of St George’s Jerusalem 1920 Archive.org. Contains a number of chapters on WW1,  commencing with “The Causes of the War”. Also  [https://archive.org/details/mesopotamiakeyto00parf  ''Mesopotamia : the Key to the Future''] by Canon J T Parfit 1917 Archive.org and  ''Serbia To Kut'' by Joseph T Parfit 1917 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.143207 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.  Full title: ''Serbia to Kut: an account of the War in the Bible Lands'' [Balkans, Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Mesopotamia]. An overview of the conflict.
*[http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023514019.0x00000b ''Critical Study of the Campaign in Mesopotamia up to April 1917: Part I – Report''] Compiled by officers of the Staff College Quetta 1925. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/72/1 Qatar Digital Library
:''Part II- Maps''.  IOR/L/MIL/17/15/72/2. Refer Maps above.
*''An Account of the Operations of the 18th (Indian) Division in Mesopotamia December 1917 to December 1918'' by Lieut. Col WE Wilson-Johnston 1920 is available in a reprint edition,<ref>[https://www.naval-military-press.com/product/account-of-the-operations-of-the-18th-indian-division-in-mesopotamia-december-1917-to-december-1918/ ''An Account of the Operations of the 18th (Indian) Division in Mesopotamia December 1917 to December 1918''] by Lieut. Col WE Wilson-Johnston.  Naval & Military Press reprint edition.</ref> which in turn is available [https://www.fold3.com/browse/251/hTGb85NZ8EamDdOvsqUYaJ6Gh online on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3] (located in Military Books-located by the Search/India).
*''The “D” Force (Mesopotamia) in the Great War'' by J Fitzgerald Lee 1927  is available in a reprint edition,<ref>[https://www.naval-military-press.com/product/d-force-mesopotamia-in-the-great-war/ ''The “D” Force (Mesopotamia) in the Great War''] by J Fitzgerald Lee. Naval & Military Press reprint edition.</ref> which in turn is available [https://www.fold3.com/browse/251/hTGb85NZ8wIfXXI191uqJWSzz  online on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3]  (located in Military Books-located by the Search/Britain).
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b42328?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 ''A Chapter of Misfortunes : the Battles of Ctesiphon and of the Dujailah in Mesopotamia, with a summary of the events which preceded them'']  by Major-General W. D. Bird 1923 HathiTrust Digital Library
* ''A Brief Outline of the Campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914-1918'' by Roger Evans, 1926 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.81412 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://cgsc.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll7/id/706 ''Mesopotamia Campaign in the World War''] by George B Hunter. From a lecture delivered at the Army War College in Washington, D.C., 1 April, 1930. Link to pdf download (24 pages) Combined Arms Research Library [CARL] Digital Library [USA].
*[https://archive.org/details/32882019291049-loyaltiesmesopo/page/n5  ''Loyalties Mesopotamia 1914-1917: A personal and Historical Record. From the Outbreak of War to the Death of General Maude''] by Arnold T Wilson 1930. Archive.org.  It is also available  as a  download from [http://www.kurdipedia.org/?lng=8&q=2013110409322492553 Kurdipedia.org] 1936 edition.
:[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/inu.32000009934342?urlappend=%3Bseq=7 ''Loyalties: Mesopotamia; a personal and historical record, Volume II 1917-1920''] by Sir Arnold Talbot Wilson 1931. HathiTrust Digital Library. Possibly not accessible in USA etc. Also available as a download from [http://www.kurdipedia.org/?lng=8&q=2013110409340592554 Kurdipedia.org] 1936 edition.  Also published under the title ''Mesopotamia, 1917-1920; a Clash of Loyalties''.
*[https://archive.org/details/mesopotamia031379mbp ''Mesopotamia: The Last Phase''] by Lieut.-Colonel A H Burne Second Edition 1938 (First edition 1936?) Archive.org. From March 1917.
*[https://archive.org/stream/memoirsofsirrona001290mbp#page/n251/mode/2up Page 219] ''The Memoirs Of Sir Ronald Storrs'' 1937 Archive.org. The author, working for the Foreign Office in Egypt, was appointed Political Officer in Mesopotamia in 1917 to represent the Egyptian Expeditionary Force in Mesopotamia.
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b746003?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 ''The Tragedy of Mesopotamia''] by Sir George Buchanan 1938. HathiTrust Digital Library.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59319 Archive.org version],  mirror from Digital Library of India. The author was Director-General of Port Administration and River Conservancy at Basra. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan_(engineer_born_1865)  George Buchanan] Wikipedia entry
*[https://archive.org/details/kutdeathofarmy0000mill/page/n3/mode/2up ''Kut, the death of an Army''] by Ronald  Millar 1969. Also published under the title [https://archive.org/details/deathofarmysiege0000mill/page/n5/mode/2up ''Death of an Army: the Siege of Kut, 1915-1916''] by Ronald  Millar 1970. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/siege00brad ''The Siege''] by Russell Braddon 1970. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. Extra wording on cover ''The Forgotten Siege of Kut El Amarah, Mesopotamia, 1916 - A saga of heroism and military blunder, the greatest humiliation suffered by  British Arms between Balaclava and Singapore''.
*[https://archive.org/details/nationalarmymuse0000carv/mode/2up ''The National Army Museum book of the Turkish Front 1914-1918 : the Campaigns at Gallipoli, in Mesopotamia and in Palestine''] by Field Marshal Lord Carver 2004, first published 2003. The Mesopotamia campaign commences [https://archive.org/details/nationalarmymuse0000carv/page/102/mode/2up Chapter 6, page 102]. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/spiesinarabiathegreatwarandtheculturalfoundationsofbritainscovertempireinthemiddleeastbypriyasatia/mode/2up ''Spies in Arabia: The Great War and the Cultural Foundations of Britain's Covert Empire in the Middle East''] by Priya Satia 2008. Archive.org.
*[https://archive.org/details/deserthellbritis0000town/mode/2up ''Desert Hell : the British invasion of Mesopotamia''] by Charles Townshend 2011. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. This is the USA title. Published 2010 in UK as ''When God made Hell: the British invasion of Mesopotamia and the Creation of Iraq 1914-1921''. (The author is not related to Major General Sir Charles V F Townshend)
*[https://archive.org/details/edentoarmageddon0000ford ''Eden to Armageddon : World War I in the Middle East''] by Roger Ford 2010. Includes [https://archive.org/details/edentoarmageddon0000ford/page/18/mode/2up  Part I "Mesopotamia"] page 19. Covers the period to the armistice. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/the-fall-of-the-ottomans-the-great-war-in-the-middle-east_202012/mode/2up ''The Fall of The Ottomans: The Great War In The Middle East''] by Eugene Rogan 2015. [https://archive.org/details/the-fall-of-the-ottomans-the-great-war-in-the-middle-east_202012/page/n7/mode/2up  Contents]. Archive.org.
* ''When’s When In Mesopotamia'' by  General Staff, Mes. Ex. Force Printed at the Government Press Baghdad 1919.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284792 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India. Conversion tables  showing the European style dates from August 1914 to December 1919 and the equivalent dates under various other systems: Arabic - Old Style - Turkish Official - Jewish - Persian Zodiacal. Also details of Arabic time, where the day commences at sunset.
* ''The Spoken Arabic of Mesopotamia'' by John Van Ess, first published 1917. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284503 Archive.org], mirror from Digital Library of India.
 
=====Medical=====
*[http://archive.org/stream/medicalservicesg04macp#page/n3/mode/2up ''History of the Great War: Medical Services: General History Volume 4''] by  Sir William Grant Macpherson and Thomas John Mitchell. Includes Mesopotamia. 1924 Archive.org
:[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b744277?urlappend=%3Bseq=242  "Casualties in the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force, November 1914 to December 1918"] page 218 ''History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: Medical Services: Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War'' by Major T. J. Mitchell and Miss G. M. Smith. 1931 HathiTrust Digital Library
*[https://archive.org/stream/reviewofappliede51917comm#page/22/mode/2up "The Control of Flies and Vermin in Mesopotamia"] page 23 ''The Review of Applied Entomology Volume V 1917'' Archive.org.
*[http://archive.org/stream/inmesopotamia00swayuoft#page/n5/mode/2up ''In Mesopotamia''] by Martin Swayne  (real name [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Nicoll Maurice Nicoll]), illustrated by the author. 1917 Archive.org. The author was a doctor in the British Army working in a mobile hospital.
**[https://archive.org/stream/inmesopotamia00nico#page/50/mode/2up/ "Heat-Stroke"] Chapter IV page  51  ''In Mesopotamia'' by Martin Swayne  (real name Maurice Nicoll) 3rd edition 1918 Archive.org. Heatstroke was also known as sunstroke, and occasionally as  insolation or siriasis.
*[https://archive.org/details/messagefrommesop00lawl  ''A Message from Mesopotamia''] by the Hon. Sir Arthur Lawley 1917 Archive.org . The author was a Red Cross Commissioner investigating [medical] conditions.
* See next section for an account of the 33rd Motor Ambulance Convoy.
*''Kalyan Pradeep: Captain Kalyan Kumar Mukhopadhadhaya, I.M.S.-er Jiboni'', by Mokkhoda ['Mokshada'] Debi (1928) [''Kalyan Pradeep: The Life of Captain Kalyan Kumar Mukherji, I.M.S.''] in Bengali.  The catalogue entry is ''Kalyan-Pradip'' by  Mokshada  Debi.  There are two book files,  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.477826 Archive.org version 1], mirror from Digital Library of India;  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.336494 Archive.org version 2], mirror from Digital Library of India.
:Also see External links above for some translated excerpts from this book.
* ''Sainyaan'tiila Aat'havand-ii'' by Limaye Go Gan' published 1939.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.366403 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India. ''Sainyatil Athavani'', or ''War Memoirs'' of Captain Gopal Gangadhar Limaye.  Marathi language with an English Introduction. The author was in the Indian Medical Service IMS,  1918-1921. As part of the 87th Punjabis, he saw action in Mesopotamia and was involved in operations against the Kurdistanis in 1919 and in quelling the Arab Rebellion in 1920.
:Also see External links above for an article about this book.
=====Corps histories and accounts=====
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044076903947?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 ''With the M. T. in Mesopotamia''] by Brevet Lt.-Col F W Leland RASC 1920 HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://archive.org/details/MTMesopotamia/page/n9/mode/2up Archive.org version]. (M.T.= Mechanical Transport, part of the Royal Army Service Corps)
:[https://find.slv.vic.gov.au/permalink/61SLV_INST/s6pvau/alma992413393607636 ''From the Gulf to the Caspian : being the souvenir booklet of the 33rd. Motor Ambulance Convoy which served in Mesopotamia and North Persia, 1916 to 1919'']  written by various members of the unit who remain anonymous. [1920?] State Library of Victoria. This Unit consisted of Army Service Corps personnel, together with Royal Army Medical Corps personnel.
:''The Royal Army Service Corps: A History of Transport and Supply in the British Army, Volume II''  by Colonel R H Beadon 1931.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284463 Archive.org version], mirror from  Digital Library of India. Includes the First World War period, with  a chapter on Mesopotamia.
* ''A History of the Army Ordnance Services, Volume III: The Great War'' by Major General Arthur Forbes 2nd edition 1932, first published 1929.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.274726 Archive.org version], mirror from  Digital Library of India. Includes a chapter on Mesopotamia.
*[https://www.nzsappers.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Corps-History-Vol-07.pdf ''History of the Corps of Royal Engineers, Volume VII: Campaigns in Mesopotamia and East Africa, and the inter-war period, 1918-38''] edited by H.L. Pritchard, published 1952.  nzsappers.org.nz
:[https://archive.org/stream/inlandwatertrans00hall#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Inland Water Transport in Mesopotamia''] compiled by Lieut.-Col. L. J. Hall, RE. 1921 Archive.org
:[http://hdl.handle.net/11343/24628 "Inland Waterways and Docks, Royal Engineers in War Time, with special reference to the mystery port of Richborough (Lecture & Discussion)"] by Captain  A E Battle, RE  ''Proceedings of the Victorian Institute of Engineers'' 1923-1924, pages 104-116.  Includes  Inland Water Transport in Mesopotamia, and brief mention of other theatres of war.    Melbourne University Digital Collection.
*''With Horse and Morse in Mesopotamia: The Story of Anzacs in Asia'' edited by Keast Burke 1927. Includes Pack Wireless Signal Troops from Australia and New Zealand.  NZsappers.org.nz has two digital files/series, the first contains some digital pages  which  are of very poor quality. The second series of files from nzsappers.org.nz [https://www.nzsappers.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Pages-1-70.pdf Pages 1-70], [https://www.nzsappers.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Pages-71-132.pdf pages 71-132]; [https://www.nzsappers.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Pages-133-206.pdf pages 133-206] .
*[https://archive.org/details/waringardenofede00roosuoft  ''War in the Garden of Eden''] by Kermit Roosevelt, Captain, Motor Machine Gun Corps 1919 Archive.org. The author was an American, the son of (pre WW1) US President Theodore Roosevelt, who was appointed an honorary Captain in the British Army in August 1917. Page 66 indicates the author was in the 14th Battery, Light-armoured motor-cars (14th L. A. M. B.). The fighting cars were Rolls-Royce.
*''The Post Office of India in the Great War'' edited by H.A. Sams 1922 Archive.org [http://archive.org/stream/cu31924012679548#page/n129/mode/2up "Mesopotamia"] commences page 111.
 
=====Regimental histories and accounts=====
*For Indian Army regimental histories, see  [[Corps of Guides, Punjab Frontier Force‎|The Guides, (Cavalry and Infantry)]]; [[Hodson's Horse]]; [[7th (Duke of Connaught's Own) Rajput Regiment of Bengal Infantry|7th (Duke of Connaught's Own) Rajput Infantry]];  [[26th Regiment of Punjab Infantry|26th Punjabis]]; [[41st Regiment of Dogra Infantry‎|41st Dogras]]; [[6th Regiment of Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force|59th Scinde Rifles]]; [[33rd Regiment of Madras Native Infantry|93rd Burma Infantry]]; [[104th Wellesley’s Rifles]]; [[105th Mahratta Light Infantry]];  [[2nd Gurkha Rifles|2nd King Edward's Own Goorkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)]]; [[5th Gurkha Rifles]]; [[2nd Bombay Pioneers]]; [[Bengal Sappers and Miners|Bengal]], [[Madras Sappers and Miners|Madras]], [[Bombay Sappers and Miners]] for years to 1922;
: For other Indian Army regimental histories on fold3 (Ancestry owned pay website), see  [[Bhopal Battalion|9th Bhopal Infantry]];  [[8th Regiment of Punjab Infantry|20th (Cambridge's Own) Infantry, Brownlow's Punjabis]]; [[24th Regiment of Punjab Infantry|24th Punjabis]];    [[45th Regiment of Sikh Infantry|45th Rattray’s Sikhs]];   [[7th Regiment of Madras Native Infantry| 67th Punjabis]];  [[4th Regiment of Madras Native Infantry| 2nd Battalion, Madras Pioneers]];
*[https://archive.org/stream/blackwoodsmagazi198edinuoft#page/356/mode/2up "Desert and Marsh in Arabistan"] by G E H  page 356 ''Blackwood’s Magazine'', no  198  July-December 1915. Archive.org.  Pursuit of the Turkish Army by British and Indian troops.
*[https://archive.org/stream/motorcycle17lond_/motorcycle17lond#page/n131/mode/1up/ "The Motor Cycle in Mesopotamia.  Carrying Despatches Through Deep Mud and Blinding Dust"] page 70  ''The Motor Cycle'', Volume 17, July 27th 1916 with [https://archive.org/stream/motorcycle17lond_/motorcycle17lond#page/n428/mode/1up/ photographs] page 287. Archive.org.
*[https://archive.org/stream/onroadtokutsoldi00blacrich#page/n7/mode/2up ''On the road to Kut: a soldier's story of the Mesopotamian campaign'']  with 56 illustrations and a map. 1917 Archive.org. The author appears to be an officer from India in a Mule Corps.
*[https://archive.org/details/manyfronts0000free/page/n9 "The Fight for the Garden of Eden"],  page 7 ''Many Fronts'' by Lewis R Freeman 1918. Archive.org. From a collection of stories and sketches. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_R._Freeman Lewis R. Freeman] Wikipedia. The author was a war correspondent 1915-1917.
*[https://archive.org/details/fromgallipolitob00ewinuoft ''From Gallipoli to Baghdad''] by William Ewing,  Chaplain to the Forces 1917 Archive.org
*''A History of the British Cavalry, 1816-1919 [https://archive.org/details/historyofbritish0000angl_a6v0 Volume 6 1914-1918 Mesopotamia''] by The Marquess of Anglesey 1995 Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*[https://archive.org/details/thirteenthhussar00dura ''The Thirteenth Hussars in the Great War''] by  Sir H Mortimer Durand 1921 Archive.org. The Regiment served in Mesopotamia  from c July 1916.
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924027811391 ''With a Highland Regiment in Mesopotamia : 1916-1917''] by One of its Officers. 1918 Archive.org. [https://archive.org/details/highlandregiment00blamuoft/page/n7/mode/2up 2nd file] Archive.org. The author is elsewhere stated to be Harold John Blampied,  [[73rd Regiment of Foot|2nd Battalion, Royal Highland Regiment (The Black Watch)]].
: ''A History of the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) in the Great War 1914-1918'' [in three Volumes] Edited by Major General A G  Wauchope 1926. [https://digitalarchive.mcmaster.ca/islandora/object/macrepo%3A69526#page/1/mode/2up ''Volume One''] including 2nd Battalion in [https://digitalarchive.mcmaster.ca/islandora/object/macrepo%3A69526#page/230/mode/2up Mesopotamia] page 203. Digital Archive@McMaster University Library. [https://archive.org/details/historyblackwatch-vol1/page/n9/mode/2up ''Vol. One'', Archive.org version].
*[https://archive.org/stream/scottishhistoric16edinuoft#page/312/mode/2up "The Seaforth Highlanders, August 1914 to April 1916"] by H.H.E. Craster pages 309-324 ''Scottish Historical Review 16'', 1919 Archive.org. Includes a Battalion of the Seaforths in Mesopotamia from the end of 1915, taking part in an unsuccessful attempt to relieve Kut.
*[https://archive.org/details/unofficialhistor00slim/page/n5  ''Unofficial History''] by Field Marshal Sir William Slim 1962, first published 1959.  Archive.org Lending Library. The first 3 chapters are about Mesopotamia. Slim was then with the Royal Warwickshire Regiment.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.156399 ''Mesopotamia, 1914-15 : Extracts from a Regimental Officer's Diary'']  by H. Birch Reynardson 1919  Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.  The author was  an officer in the [[43rd Regiment of Foot|1st Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry]].
*[http://archive.org/stream/mesopotamia00palmuoft#page/n3/mode/2up  ''Letters from Mesopotamia in 1915 and January, 1916''] from Robert Palmer 1916 Archive.org. He went with a draft from the 6th Hants, ([[37th Regiment of Foot|Hampshire Regiment]]) in India since November 1914, to reinforce the 4th Hants.  Both these regiments were part of the Territorial Force. He was killed June 21, 1916, aged 27 years.
*[https://archive.org/details/wreathofmemories00gosciala/page/62 Mesopotamia] page 62 ''A Wreath of Memories: George Joachim Goschen'' (Viscount) 1917. Archive.org. At the end of 1915, he came with his regiment 1/5th Bn. [[3rd Regiment of Foot|East Kent Regiment]] (TF) from India. He died 19 January  1916 of wounds received 7 January at  the [[Battle of Sheikh Sa'ad|battle of Sheikh Saad]].
*[https://archive.org/details/the-connaught-rangers-vol-1/page/n11/mode/2up ''The Connaught Rangers Volume 1, 1st Battalion, formerly 88th Foot''] by Lieut.-Colonel HF N Jourdain and Edward Fraser 1924 Archive.org. During the Great War, the Battalion fought in Mesopotamia, on the Western Front and in Palestine.
*[https://archive.org/details/histeastsurreyregimentvol3/page/n9/mode/2up ''History of the East Surrey Regiment Volume 3 1917-1919''] by Colonel H W Pearse and Brigadier-General H S Sloman 1924 Archive.org. Includes Mesopotamia, including punitive operations in Southern Khurdistan (Kurdistan) in 1919.
*[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.19498/page/n3/mode/2up ''The Queens Own Royal West Kent Regiment 1914 to 1919''] by C T Atkinson 1924. Archive.org. Includes two chapters on Mesopotamia, in 1915 and  1917, and mentions of Mesopotamia in Chapters 31-32. Also available as a [https://web.archive.org/web/20140224123824/http://janetandrichardsgenealogy.co.uk/QORWK%20C%20T%20Atkinson.html transcription]
*[https://archive.org/details/norfolkregimentvol2/page/n9/mode/2up ''The History of the Norfolk Regiment 1685-1918. Volume 2, 4th August 1914 to 31st December 1918''] by F Loraine Petre c 1925 Archive.org. Includes Mesopotamia.
*[https://archive.org/details/manchesterregimentvol2/page/n11/mode/2up ''History of the Manchester Regiment (Late the 63rd and 96th Foot), Volume 2 1883-1922''] by Colonel H C Wylly  1925 Archive.org. Includes Mesopotamia, both in 1916-1917 and during the 1920 Revolt.
*[https://archive.org/details/hist2ndqueensrregv7/page/n9/mode/2up ''History of the Queen’s Royal Regiment Volume 7''] [1905- 1923] by Colonel H C Wylly c 1925 Archive.org. The Queen’s (Royal West Surrey) Regiment. Includes Mesopotamia.
*[https://archive.org/details/the-devonshire-regiment-1914-1918/page/n9/mode/2up ''The Devonshire Regiment 1914-1918''] by C T Atkinson 1926 Archive.org. The various Battalions fought in Mesopotamia, on the Western Front, in  Salonika, Egypt, Palestine, Italy and North Russia, and were in India.
*[https://archive.org/details/greenhowardsgtwar/page/n9/mode/2up ''The Green Howards in the Great War'']  by Colonel H C Wylly (Harold Carmichael) 1926 Archive.org. Includes Mesopotamia.
*[https://archive.org/details/hist1-2batleicestershirereg/page/n9/mode/2up ''History of the 1st & 2nd Battalions, the Leicestershire Regiment in the Great War''] by Colonel H C Wylly (Harold Carmichael) 1928. Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/details/leicestershiresb00thomrich ''The Leicestershires beyond Baghdad''] by Edward J Thompson MC 1919 Archive.org. The author was an Army chaplain, (Methodist), with the 2nd Leicesters, and a scholar & writer.<ref name=TDJ> [https://web.archive.org/web/20190611114923/https://www.turnerdonovan.com/download/currCat.pdf June 2019 catalogue] turnerdonovan.com.</ref>. Also see Fiction below. 
*[https://archive.org/details/worcestershirereggreatwar/page/n15/mode/2up ''The Worcestershire Regiment in the Great War''] by Captain H FitzM Stacke (Henry FitzMaurice) 1928 Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/details/baggingbaghdad00bettgoog ''The Bagging of Baghdad''] by Ernest Betts (late the Worcestershire Regiment) a book in the ''On Active Service'' Series. 1920 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/regimentalrecord04dudl  ''Regimental Records of the Royal Welch Fusiliers (23rd Foot). Volume IV 1915-1918 Turkey-Bulgaria-Austria''] by Major  C H Dudley Ward 1929 Archive.org.
*[https://archive.org/details/loyalnorthlancashirereg/page/n7/mode/2up ''The Loyal North Lancashire Regiment Volume 2 1914-1919'']  by Colonel H C Wylly (Harold Carmichael) 1933. Archive.org. Includes Mesopotamia.
*[https://archive.org/details/gunrunninggulf/page/145/mode/2up "Rifle Thieves of Iraq"] page 146 ''Gun-running in the Gulf and Other Adventures'' by Brig.-Gen. H H Austin (Herbert Henry) 1926 Archive.org
*Articles from ''The Army Quarterly'', all Archive.org.
**[https://archive.org/details/armyquarterlyv3-1921/page/77/mode/2up '"The Memory of a Side-Show"] by H B R page 77 ''The Army Quarterly'' Volume 3, 1921 October- 1922 January. Kurna Mesopotamia, the land of the Marsh Arabs.
**[https://archive.org/details/armyquarterlyv6-1923/page/n33/mode/2up "Kut-Ul-Amarah"] by Major-General J C Rimington page 17 ''The Army Quarterly'' Volume 6, 1923 April- July.
**[https://archive.org/details/armyquarterlyv7-1923/page/329/mode/2up Notes on the Military Geography of Iraq] by Captain R J Wilkinson I A  page 329 ''The Army Quarterly'' Volume 7, 1923 October- 1924 January
**[https://archive.org/details/armyquarterlyv7-1923/page/n377/mode/2up “A Tribal War”] by R H D page 345 ''The Army Quarterly'' Volume 7, 1923 October- 1924 January. The Persian road in Mesopotamia in  1918.
**"Some Aspects of Maude’s Campaign in Mesopotamia" by Major R H Dewing R E.
***[https://archive.org/details/armyquarterlyv13-1926/page/297/mode/2up Part 1] page 297 ''The Army Quarterly'' Volume 13, 1926 October- 1927 January.
***[https://archive.org/details/armyquarterlyv14-1927/page/69/mode/2up Part 2] page 69; [https://archive.org/details/armyquarterlyv14-1927/page/n417/mode/2up Part 3] page 347 ''The Army Quarterly'' Volume 14, 1927 April- July
 
======Siege of Kut and Prisoner of War accounts======
Includes accounts by Medical Officers and Royal Flying Corps members.
*[https://archive.org/stream/besiegedinkutaft00barb#page/n7/mode/2up ''Besieged in Kut, and after''] by Major Charles Harrison Barber I M S [Indian Medical Service] 1918 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/capturedatkutpri0000spac/mode/2up ''Captured at Kut.  Prisoner of the Turks.  The Great War Diaries of Colonel W C Spackman''] edited by Tony Spackman 2008 Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. William Collis Spackman, Indian Medical Service was then a young Regimental Medical Officer with the [[48th Bengal Pioneers|48th Pioneers]], Indian Army.
*[https://archive.org/details/inkutcaptivitywi00sand ''In Kut and Captivity : with the Sixth Indian Division''] by Major E W G Sandes 1919 Archive.org
:[https://www.nzsappers.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/1924-September.pdf ''The Royal Engineers Journal'' Vol. XXXVIII No 3, September 1924] Scroll to "The decision to Defend Kut-El-Amarah" by Major EWC Sandes RE, page 423. nzsappers.org.nz
: ''Tales of Turkey'' by Major E W C Sandes 1924.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284373 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b302550?urlappend=%3Bseq=11 ''Turkey in Travail: the Birth of a New Nation''] by Harold  Armstrong (Lately Assistant and Acting Military Attache to the High Commissioner , Constantinople) 1925 HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61410 Archive.org  version], mirror from Digital Library of India. The initial chapters cover the fall of Kut and the author’s experiences as POW in Turkey. He appears to have then been an officer in an Indian Army regiment.
*[http://archive.org/stream/kutprisoner00bishrich#page/n9/mode/2up ''A Kut Prisoner''] by H. C. W. Bishop, Indian Army Reserve of Officers. 1920  Archive.org
*[http://www.bl.uk/collection-items/report-on-treatment-of-british-prisoners-of-war-in-turkey ''Report on the treatment of British Prisoners of War in Turkey''] Presented to Parliament November 1918. British Library online documents: IOR/L/MIL/7/18737
*[https://archive.org/details/roadtoendor00unkngoog ''The Road to En-Dor; being an account of how two prisoners of war at Yozgad in Turkey won their way to freedom''] by E H Jones Lt. IARO, 1920  Archive.org The author, Elias Henry Jones  was captured at Kut and had previously been in the [[Indian Civil Service]] in Burma.  Biographical details are available below<ref>[http://homefrontmuseum.wordpress.com/2014/01/26/elias-henry-jones/ Elias Henry Jones] homefrontmuseum (accessed 22 July 2014)</ref>
*[https://archive.org/details/secretsofkuttit00mous ''The Secrets of a Kuttite, an Authentic Story of Kut, Adventures in Captivity and Stamboul Intrigue''] by Captain E O Mousley, RFA 1921 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/caughtbyturks00yeatuoft ''Caught by the Turks''] by Francis Yeats-Brown 1919  Archive.org The author was a member of the Royal Flying Corps who was captured near Baghdad in 1915. Also by the same author ''Bengal Lancer'', (1930)  which contains a chapter on his time in Mesopotamia prior to his capture:  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.58995  Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India;   [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208478  Another Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.  ''Golden Horn'' by Francis Yeats-Brown 1932    [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209036 Archive.org  version], mirror from Digital Library of India.  "A sketch of the political activities in Turkey from 1908 to the world war, and an account of the author's experiences as a prisoner of war of Turkey. This latter part (chap. V-XI) is a revision of the author's book published in 1919 under title: ''Caught by the Turks''." [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Yeats-Brown Wikipedia]
*[https://archive.org/details/prisonerinturkey00stiluoft ''A Prisoner in Turkey''] by John Still 1920 Archive.org. Contains some comments concerning the prisoners from Kut. A book in the ''On Active Service'' Series
 
=====Volunteer and other accounts=====
*[https://archive.org/details/tobagdadwithbrit00clar  ''To Bagdad with the British''] by Arthur Tillotson  Clark,  1918 Archive.org. The author, an American undergraduate student, volunteered to work with the YMCA in Mesopotamia, where he ran a YMCA hut in various locations, following the troops.
*[https://archive.org/details/dwellerinmesopot00maxw  ''A Dweller in Mesopotamia being the Adventures of an Official Artist in the Garden of Eden, with sketches'']  by Donald Maxwell 1921 Archive.org. The author/artist went to Mesopotamia for the Imperial War Museum. Also see the book below ''The Naval Front''.
=====Naval=====
*''History of the Great War based on official documents: Naval Operations''.Volumes I-III by Sir Julian Stafford Corbett, Volumes IV-V by Henry Newbolt. Published 1920-1931. Archive.org [https://archive.org/details/navaloperations03corb  Volume III] Includes Mesopotamia. [https://archive.org/details/navaloperations04corb Volume IV], includes Mesopotamia.  [http://www.naval-history.net/index.htm  Naval-History.net] has transcribed editions which additionally contain maps from a separate case for  Volume III.
: A revised second edition was published for  Volume 3 1940, whose dustjacket cover states "Important revisions" including in respect of the Dardanelles and Mesopotamia.<ref>MartH. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/61344-rarest-book/?do=findComment&comment=2829724 Rarest book?]  post 869, page 35 ''Great War Forum'' 12 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.</ref>.  A facsimile reprint of the 2nd edition of Volume  3 was reprinted by  Imperial War Museum/Battery Press in  1995 (available at the British Library UIN: BLL01011725482) and it is possible that the reprints available from Naval & Military Press, which are in turn available on the Ancestry owned pay website [https://www.fold3.com/browse/310/hTGb85NZ8wIfXXI19n_VjuTiC fold.3], (located in Military Books-located by the Search/Britain) contain the revised editions.
*[http://www.navy.gov.au/media-room/publications/world-war-i-naval-staff-monographs  ''World War I Naval Staff Monographs]''.  Select ''Volume 4: Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf'' to download a pdf.  Published London July 1921. Royal Australian Navy website (Select Media Room/Publications/World War I Naval Staff Monographs). This publication is also available to read online at the [http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023813250.0x00000b Qatar Digital Library]. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/73. Click on 'About this record' to see List of Maps.
*[http://archive.org/stream/navyinmesopotami00catouoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Navy in Mesopotamia, 1914 to 1917''] by Conrad Cato [Cyril Cox RNR] 1917 Archive.org. Cox served aboard the sloop Odin, which was able to navigate the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
*[https://archive.org/stream/navalfront00maxwuoft#page/148/mode/2up "The Navy in the East"] page 148 ''The Naval Front''  by Gordon S Maxwell, Lieut. RNVB illustrated by Donald Maxwell, Lieut. RNVB 1920 Archive.org
*[http://www.naval-history.net/WW1Books-Sources-Navy_Records-Naval%20Review.htm  World War 1 at Sea - Contemporary Accounts: ''The Navy Records Society'' and ''The Naval Review''] Scroll down to Part 2, ''Naval Review'' letter M “Mesopotamia & Persian Gulf”, then access the articles mentioned in the ''Naval Review'' Archives. naval-history.net. Includes
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20160803082140/http://www.naval-review.com/issues/1920s/1923-1.pdf  "The Tigris Above Baghdad"] by Lieut-Comr. A S Elwell-Sutton RN. Scroll to item 15 page 153 ''The Naval Review'' February 1923 Vol. XI No. I, produced by The Naval Society. Now an archived webpage. Details of the Caddisfly, one of the 'Fly' class gunboats.
*[https://archive.org/stream/JRNMSVOL4Images/JRNMS_VOL_4#page/n527/mode/2up "The First Commission  of HMS Firefly"] by Staff Surgeon FG Hitch RN ''JRNMS'' Volume 4, 1918 Archive.org. One of the 'Fly' class gunboats.  Also details of other craft on the river Tigris.
*''Tigris Gunboats : a narrative of the Royal Navy's co-operation with the military forces in Mesopotamia from the beginning of the war to the capture of Baghdad (1914-17)'' by Vice-Admiral Wilfrid Nunn 1932 is available in a reprint edition<ref>[https://www.naval-military-press.com/product/tigris-gunboats-a-narrative-of-the-royal-navys-co-operation-with-the-military-forces-in-mesopotamia-from-the-beginning-of-the-war-to-the-capture-of-baghdad-1914-1917/ ''Tigris Gunboats: A Narrative Of The Royal Navy’s Co-Operation With The Military Forces In Mesopotamia From The Beginning Of The War To The Capture Of Baghdad (1914-1917)''] by Vice-Admiral Wilfrid Nunn, first published 1932. Naval & Military Press.</ref> which in turn is available as an online book on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3 as [https://www.fold3.com/browse/251/hTGb85NZ8wIfXXI19j4MlTv7n ''Tigris Gunboats'']  (located in Military Books-located by the Search/Britain).
=====In the Air=====
*''War in the Air: being the story of the part played  in the Great War by the Royal Air Force'', Volumes II-VI by H A Jones. [https://archive.org/details/warinairbeingsto05rale Volume V] 1935, [https://archive.org/details/warinairbeingsto06rale Volume VI] 1937. Part of the series ''History of the Great War based on official documents''. Include Mesopotamia. Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/australianflying00cutluoft ''The Australian Flying Corps in the Western and Eastern Theatres of War, 1914-1918''] by F M Cutlack 1933 (first published 1923)  ''The Official History of Australia in the War: Volume VIII'' Archive.org 
*[https://archive.org/details/incloudsabovebag00tennrich ''In the Clouds above Baghdad, being the Records of an Air Commander''] by Lt-Col J E Tennant 1920 Archive.org
*''History of No.30 Squadron RAF. Egypt and Mesopotamia 1914 to 1919'' [catalogued] by Major J.Everidge, R.A.F. is available as a reprint<ref>[https://www.naval-military-press.com/product/history-of-no-30-squadron-raf-egypt-and-mesopotamia-1914-to-1919/ ''History of No.30 Squadron RAF. Egypt and Mesopotamia 1914 to 1919''] Naval & Military Press.</ref>  of  an original Air Ministry Historical Branch typed document, probably first published as a reprint c 2004, which in turn is available as an online book on the [https://www.fold3.com/browse/310/hTGb85NZ8RjXJU2phiOmLuyYn  Ancestry owned pay website fold3.com] located in Military Books-located by the Search/Egypt.
=====From 1919=====
*Official Despatches
:For earlier Despatches, refer the website Mesopotamia In The First World War, warletters.net, above in this section.
:[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31287/supplement/4739 Despatch by Lieut-General Sir W R Marshall] on the operations of the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force from 1st October 1918 to 31st December 1918,  dated 1st February 1919. Mesopotamia and NW Persia (page 4743) ''The London Gazette''  8 April 1919 Supplement: 31287 Page: 4739
:[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31813/supplement/2877  Despatch from Major General  Sir George F MacMunn], officiating Commander-In Chief, Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force,  describing events since 1st January 1919, including North Persia, and Southern and Cental Kurdistan, for various operations between March and September 1919. ''The London Gazette'' 5 March 1920 Supplement: 31813 Page: 2877. The actual pages  are dated 8 March 1920.
:For a story ''The Kana Burha'' by Sir George MacMunn, set in Mesopotamia, see Fiction, below.
:[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32379/page/5321 Four Despatches from the  Commander-In Chief, Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force]:  Despatch No 1, dated 17th January 1920 from MacMunn, covering the period November 1919 to 17th January 1920. Despatches from Lieutenant-General  Haldane, covering the periods: 18th January 1920 to 30th June 1920 in Mesopotamia and NW Persia. [Despatch No 2 dated 23rd August 1920. Page 5323]; 1st July 1820 to 19th October 1920 [Despatch No 3 dated 8th November 1920, page 5329] Despatch No 4, dated 8th February 1921 (page 5347) ''The London Gazette'' 1 July 1921 Issue: 32379 Page:5321.
*[https://archive.org/details/jramc-1922-vol38vol39/page/353/mode/2up "Narrative of a March into Kurdistan during the Rebellion of 1919"] by Captain J. C. Burns ''Journal of the  Royal  Army Medical Corps'' 1922;39:5  pages 354-371. Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/armyquarterlyv11-1925/page/85/mode/2up "The Campaign in South Kurdistan, 1919"] by the Rev. J Cethin Jones (Chaplain to Fraser’s Force) page 86 ''The Army Quarterly Volume 11, 1925 October- 1926 January''. Archive.org
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t3319zt4k?urlappend=%3Bseq=3 ''Review of the civil administration of Mesopotamia'']  by Gertrude L Bell. Issued by the India Office December 1920. HathiTrust Digital Library. Also available [https://archive.org/details/reviewofciviladm00iraqrich/page/n2 Archive.org].
:''The Letters of Gertrude Bell'' published 1927. Archive.org, Digital Library of India Collection.[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209780 ''Volume I''],  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.70327  ''Volume II'']. Mainly letters sent to her family.  ''Volume II'' is in respect of her time in Baghdad 1917-1926.
:*[http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk Gertrude Bell Archives] Newcastle University, UK. Includes transcribed letters and diaries.
*[https://archive.org/details/twoyearsinkurdis00hayw/page/n9  ''Two Years in Kurdistan : Experiences of a Political Officer, 1918-1920''] by W R Hay, Captain, attached 24th Punjabis, Political Dept, Government of India. 1921 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/insurrection-mesopotamia/page/n11/mode/2up ''The Insurrection in Mesopotamia 1920''] by Lieutenant General Sir Aylmer L. Haldane 1922. Archive.org.
:Also see [[Mesopotamia Campaign#Regimental histories and accounts|Regimental histories and accounts]] above for the Manchester Regiment during the 1920 Revolt.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43529/page/n5/mode/2up ''Alarms and Excursions in Arabia''] by Bertram Thomas 1931 Archive.org. Includes "Adventure 1: A Punative Expedition against Marsh Arabs"  [1918] and "Adventure II: As a District Officer in the Mesopotamian Insurrection of 1920".
*[https://archive.org/details/mesopotamiadaily00phil ''Mesopotamia: the "Daily Mail" inquiry at Baghdad''] by Sir Percival  Phillips 1922 Archive.org
* ''The Truth About Mesopotamia Palestine and Syria'' by John de Vere Loder 1923. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
* ''The Ins and Outs of Mesopotamia'' by Thomas Lyell 1923.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.175176 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
*British Library IOR/L/MIL/17/15/61 [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/permalink/f/1r5koim/IAMS040-000799074 ''Report of the Operations connected with the Occupation of Penjwin between April 18th and May 7th, 1927''] by the Iraq Levies and Iraq Army, with link to online version on Qatar Digital Library
:British Library IOR/L/MIL/17/15/62 [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/permalink/f/1r5koim/IAMS040-000799075 ''Report on the operations carried out in the southern desert in connection with the Iraq-Najd borders, November 1927-May 1928''] with link to online version on Qatar Digital Library. A printed report on air and motorcar operations.
:British Library IOR/L/MIL/17/15/63 [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/permalink/f/1r5koim/IAMS040-000799076 ''Report on the operations carried out in the southern desert in connection with the Iraq-Najd borders, June 1928-May 1929''] with link to online version on Qatar Digital Library. A printed report on air and motorcar operations.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77401/page/n5/mode/2up ''Shifting Sands''] by  Major N N E Bray  (Norman Napier Evelyn) 1934 Archive.org. He was originally with the 18th Bengal Lancers.<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=WXFGDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA23&ots=oMqUy46uiO&dq=Norman%20Napier%20Evelyn%20Bray&pg=PA23 Page 23] ''Behind the Lawrence Legend: The Forgotten Few Who Shaped the Arab Revolt'' by Philip Walker 2018 Google Books.</ref> Initially during WW1 Bray was working under Sir Mark Sykes, and for the Arab Bureau. C October 1917 he returned to France and his regiment. Subsequently he became the Hakim (Governor) of Kerbela, as a part of the British Administration of A. T Wilson in Mesopotamia.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.526657/page/n7/mode/2up ''A Paladin Of Arabia: The Biography of Brevet Lieut.-Colonel  G E Leachman… of the Royal Sussex Regiment''] by Major N N E Bray 1936 Archive.org.  [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Leachman Gerard Leachman] Wikipedia. He was murdered 12 August 1920. A later biography is ''Leachman : 'OC Desert' : the life of Lieutenant-Colonel Gerard Leachman D.S.O.'' by H.V.F. Winstone, 1982. Available at the British Library UIN: BLL01011983983 .
*''Iraq: A Study in Political Development'' by Philip Willard Ireland  1937.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55027 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India. [https://archive.org/details/Iraq Additional file  Archive.org].  Includes chapters on the war period, in addition to the post war years.
*[https://archive.org/details/WarInTheDesertJohnBagotGlubb/mode/2up ''War In The Desert:  An R. A. F. Frontier Campaign''] by John Bagot Glubb 1960.  Archive.org.  Mainly about Iraq in the 1920s.
:[https://archive.org/details/arabianadventure0000glub ''Arabian Adventures : Ten years of joyful service''] by John Glubb (Sir John Bagot Glubb) 1978. The period from 1920, when he was posted as a member of the Royal Engineers. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bagot_Glubb John Bagot Glubb] Wikipedia.
*[https://archive.org/details/kurds-turks-and-arabs-politics-travel-and-research-in-north-eastern-iraq-1919-1925/page/n1/mode/2up ''Kurds Turks and Arabs: Politics, Travel and Research in North-Eastern Iraq 1919-1925''] by C J Edmonds (Cecil John) 1957 Archive.org. Note, text is presented “on its side”, so viewing  may be  difficult on a fixed screen. C J Edmonds was also the author of  ''East and West of Zagros: Travel, War and Politics in Persia and Iraq, 1913-1921'' edited, and with an introduction by Yann Richard 2010.  Available at the British Library UIN: BLL01015362692 . [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=YhewCQAAQBAJ&pg=PR3 Sample pages, Google Books]. [https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/edmonds-c-j Edmonds, C. J] iranicaonline.org
*[https://archive.org/details/the-kurds-and-kurdistan/page/34/mode/1up "Chapter V Iraq between the Wars"] page 35, ''The Kurds And Kurdistan'' by  Derk Kinnane 1964 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/list-of-british-military-forces-in-iraq/mode/2up "List Of British Military Forces In Iraq 1928"] Archive.org. WO 33/1163 from The National Archives, Kew, UK.
*[http://assyrianlevies.info/1915-1932.html  ''Iraq Levies 1915-1932''] by Brigadier J Gilbert Browne CMG. CBE. DSO. 1932 .  A transcription. “Assyrian RAF Levies”. [https://archive.org/details/file1-iraqlevies/File1Iraqlevies/ Archive.org mirror version]. Also available in a reprint edition,<ref>[https://www.naval-military-press.com/product/iraq-levies-1915-1932/ ''Iraq Levies 1915-1932''] Naval & Military Press.</ref> which in turn is available online on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3 as [https://www.fold3.com/browse/251/hTGb85NZ807HO4jJ8DmZCOdYo ''The Iraq Levies'']  (located in Military Books-located by the Search/Iraq).
*[https://archive.org/details/arabbureaubritis0000west ''The Arab Bureau : British policy in the Middle East, 1916-1920''] by Bruce Westrate 1992. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*''A History of Iraq'' by Charles Tripp. [https://archive.org/details/historyofiraq00char 1st edition, 2000]; [https://archive.org/details/historyofiraq0000trip 3rd edition 2007], (2nd edition 2002),  [https://archive.org/details/historyofiraq00trip 2nd file 2007] Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
*Also see [[Norperforce]], for books relating to actions in Persia and Transcaucasia, under control of the Army in Mesopotamia.
 
=====Fiction=====
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924013590975 ''On the Road to Bagdad; a Story of Townshend's Gallant Advance on the Tigris''] by Lieut-Col Brereton 1917. Archive.org. An adventure story.
*[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/38714 ''Carry On! A Story of the Fight for Bagdad''] by Herbert Strang 1917 gutenberg.org. An adventure story for younger readers.
*[https://archive.org/details/sim_blackwoods-magazine_1925-10_218_1320/page/558/mode/2up "The Kana Burha"] by Major-General Sir George MacMunn, page 558 ''Blackwood's Magazine  October 1925, Volume 218''. Archive.org.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72840/page/n3 ''These Men, Thy Friends''] by Edward Thompson 2nd edition 1929 Archive.org. He was an Army Chaplain with the 2nd Leicesters, see his account above, and also wrote fictional works with a war background in Palestine.<ref name=TDJ/>
*[https://archive.org/details/legionofmarching00blaciala/page/n7 ''The Legion of Marching Madmen''] by W J Blackledge c 1936 Archive.org. This book is considered to be fiction, although classified by some as a personal narrative, as discussed in a ''Great War Forum'' topic.<ref> MaureenE. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/270727-fictionfactionfact-the-legion-of-marching-madmen-w-j-blackledge-online/ Fiction/faction/fact? The Legion of Marching Madmen/ W J Blackledge: Online] ''Great War Forum'' 15 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.</ref>
 
== References ==
<references />
 
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[[Category:Mesopotamia Campaign| Mesopotamia Campaign]]
[[Category:Mesopotamia Campaign| Mesopotamia Campaign]]
[[Category:First World War| Mesopotamia Campaign]]
[[Category:First World War| Mesopotamia Campaign]]
[[Category:Campaigns with FIBIS Battle Maps|Mesopotamia Campaign]]

Latest revision as of 04:30, 6 June 2024

Mesopotamia Campaign
6 November 1914-14 November 1918
Chronological list of Wars and Campaigns
Location: Mesopotamia
Combatants:
United Kingdom Ottoman Empire
Result:

Armistice of Mudros
Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire

Medals:
The 1914-15 Star
The British War Medal 1914-18
Links:
Category: Mesopotamia Campaign
See our interactive map of
Mesopotamia Campaign
locations and routes on Google Maps
Mesopotamia 1917 Assistant Surgeon G E Ferguson, IMD

This event is part of the First World War

Synopsis

The Mesopotamia Campaign was fought from November 1914 to November 1918 between the Allies represented by the British Empire, mostly troops from the Indian Empire, and the Central Powers, mostly of the Ottoman Empire.

However the country actually remained a theatre of warfare until a peace treaty was ratified in 1924. Large numbers of troops from India were sent to deal with a revolt in 1920[1]

Related articles

For further details of events during this period see the following articles

Biographies

Details of some of the protagonists in the campaign

Also see

British Library holdings

  • British Library Catalogue Link: Explore Archives and Manuscripts and British Library Main Catalogue
  • An account of the operations of the 18th (Indian) Division in Mesopotamia, December 1917 to December 1918, with the names of all the units which served with the division and a nominal roll of all the officers by Walter Edward Wilson-Johnston 1919. UIN: BLL01012503831 . Sample pages from a reprint edition Google Books.
  • Iraq Administration Reports 1914–1932 in ten volumes (5, 500 pages): Contents: 1. 1914-1918 -- 2. 1918 -- 3-4. 1919 -- 5-6. 1920 -- 7. 1920-1924 -- 8. 1925-1927 -- 9. 1928-1930 -- 10. 1931-1932, with contents outline.[2] UIN: BLL01006696261

Regimental and Corps Histories

  • History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery : the Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914-18 by Sir Martin Farndale 1988. Available at the British Library UIN: BLL01008145796
  • The Railway Gazette Special War Transportation Number, originally published in September 1920, as part of The Railway Gazette and Railway News. Described at the time as ‘the first connected account’ of the role of railways and inland water transport in supporting the British military campaign during the Great War of 1914-18. Contains a wealth of detail on operations on most Fronts inc. the organisation of wartime transportation; statistics and Fronts, including Railway Operations in Macedonia, Mesopotamia, Palestine & East Africa. Available at the British Library as part of UIN: BLL01013904893 or in a 2013 reprint edition UIN: BLL01016871224. Also available in a reprint edition[3].

Volunteer Regiments

FIBIS resources

  • "Trumpeter Inwood, an Anglo-Indian hero of the Kut Garrison" by Rosemary Reardon FIBIS Journal Number 32 (Autumn 2014) pages 18-29. For details of how to access this article, see FIBIS Journals.

Wounded and sick soldiers

Wounded and other ill soldiers from Mesopotamia were sent to India for treatment and convalescence. Some of these sadly became part of the group of soldiers who died in India.[4]

A description of some of the hospital ship voyages and the hospitals in India may be found in the chapter "Australian Nurses in India 1916-1919" page 124 With Horse and Morse in Mesopotamia, see Historical books online below.

Persia and Transcaucasia

Troops under the control of the Army in Mesopotamia took part in actions in Persia, and later Transcaucasia. See Norperforce.

Temporary holding section

Temporary holding section due to technical problems.

External links

"Learning The Hard Way: The Indian Army In Mesopotamia, 1914-1918" by Dr Kristian Coates Ulrichsen, BCMH Summer Conference 2012 – Indian Armies (The British Commission for Military History bcmh.org.uk, now an archived webpage.)
"British Policy in Mesopotamia (April 1916-March 1917)" by Kristian Coates Ulrichsen 11 November 2019. orientxxi.info. During this period, Indian Expeditionary Force D was transformed into the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force (MEF), re-equipped, and reorganised.
  • Middle Eastern Geographies of World War I by Maj James G Riely, United States Army 2010. Archive.org Defense Technical Information Archive Collection. DTIC ADA523248 . Contrasts the operations which led to the fall of Kut, with the successes of the British-sponsored Arab Revolt of 1916-18.
  • Cavalry of the Clouds: Aspects of the Air War in the Eastern Theatre,1914-1918 by C H. Whitley 1997. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History in the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. A pdf download, which depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder.
  • Forgotten Airwar: Airpower in the Mesopotamian Campaign by Peter J Lambert, 2003 Master of Military Art and Science Thesis, Command and General Staff College (CGSC) Fort Leavenworth, KS. Combined Arms Research Library [CARL] Digital Library. Archive.org version, Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) collection.
  • Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 48 2010. html version, pdf rafmuseum.org.uk. raf.mod.uk version, now archived. Includes "Only A Sideshow? The RFC And RAF In Mesopotamia 1914-1918" by Guy Warner pages 9-19 and "The RAF Armoured Car Companies In Iraq (Mostly) 1921-1947" by Dr Christopher Morris pages 20-38.
  • "The AFC In Hotter Climes: The Air War Over The Mesopotamian Desert" by Air Commodore Mark Lax. Part of the conference By The Seat Of Their Pants The Proceedings of the Conference held 12 November 2012 at the RAAF Museum, Point Cook by Military History And Heritage Victoria.
  • "Developing Iraq: Britain, India and the Redemption of Empire and Technology in the First World War" by Priya Satia Past & Present (2007) Volume 197, Issue 1, pages 211-255
  • En-Dor Unveiled : The Story behind The Road to En-dor by Tony Craven Walker February 2014. html version, pdf, link to other downloads hesperuspress.com. Retrieved 26 October 2014. Contains correspondence from E H Jones, refer "Historical books online" below. He was a member of the Volunteer Artillery Battery (Rangoon Contingent). Very likely this was , or was connected with, the Rangoon Port Defence Volunteer Corps, which had an Artillery section.
  • Articles by Amitav Ghosh: "Shared Sorrows: Indians and Armenians in the prison camps of Ras al-‘Ain, 1916-18". It is based on an account written by an Indian member of the Bengal Ambulance Corps (BAC), who became a prisoner after the fall of Kut. and ended up in the prison camps of Ras al-'Ain, in northern Syria, in 1916. “The reason the story has survived is that one of the Indian prisoners happened to write about about his war experiences forty years later. His name was Sisir Sarbadhikari and his book Abhi Le Baghdad (or On To Baghdad) appeared in 1958” It is in 18 parts, in reverse order, consisting of two pages. Scroll to the bottom of this page for part 1. Scroll to the bottom of this page to continue. ( archive.org links 1 and 2) The earlier part of the memoir, from joining up in Calcutta to the fall of Kut is described in "On to Baghdad". Scroll to the bottom of the page for part 1, or "On to Baghdad", alternative format.
  • Accounts by Captain Kalyan Kumar Mukherji , a member of the Indian Medical Service, originally written in Bengali. After the fall of Kut he was sent to a prisoner-of-war camp at Ras al-‘Ain, Syria where he died in 1917. He was posthumously awarded the Military Cross. His accounts, in Bengali, are available online, refer below. Some excerpts have been translated into English by Amitav Ghosh. Scroll down to the entry The ‘Home and the World’ in Iraq 1915-17: Part 1 to commence. For the final posts, scroll down to the bottom three posts. Written July- August 2012 amitavghosh.com (retrieved 10 May 2014).
  • “Yet another Indian First World War memoir found!” Article about the War Memoirs of Captain Limaye, Indian Medical Service, written in Marathi. He was with the 87th Punjabis 1918-1921. He saw action in Mesopotamia and was involved in operations against the Kurdistanis in 1919 and in quelling the Arab Rebellion in 1920. amitavghosh.com. This book may be viewed online, refer Historical books online below.
  • "Indian Soldiers and POWs in the Middle East during World War I" by Vedica Kant, Robert Upton, and Chris Gratien, Ottoman History Podcast, No. 86 (December 21, 2012) “ In this podcast, Vedica Kant talks about the experience of Indian POWs in the Ottoman Empire as well as that of Ottoman soldiers captured by the British army and brought to India and Burma, with additional commentary by Robert Upton regarding military recruitment in British India...” Webpage contains images.
  • The history hidden in Haydarpaşa Cemetery by Vedika Kant 01 August 2013. turkishreview.org, now an archived webpage. Holds the graves of some 400 soldiers from what are now the Commonwealth realms who died in Turkey, mostly as POWs, in World War I.
  • Inland Water Transport and Docks Reubique.com. The article mentions that this section of the Royal Engineers was founded in 1914 and was later responsible for alternate transportation during World War One in various theatres of war - including Mesopotamia where personnel from India and China were deployed.
  • Grandpa’s Journal, now archived. Harry James Goulter Pearman was with the Army Audit Staff in Mesopotamia. The following entries contain items relating to issues of fraud by members of the IWT (Inland Water Transport), including the court martial of an officer. 18 April 1921, 26 April 1921, 16 May 1921, 27 May 1921, 27 June 1921, 4 July 1921, 9 July 1921. All are now archived webpages.
Most of the diary entries are for 1921. It is difficult for some/all browsers to navigate this website, see hints below if you want to read additional entries.[5]

Maps

Records of the Survey of India, Volume 20. The War Record 1914-1920 1925. If the download button does not display, locate in Books/Survey Of India, or Direct link PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. Google Books version (now full view). Archive.org version. Work of Royal Engineers and other staff of the Survey of India mapping in various theatres of war, in Mesopotamia, Kurdistan, Macedonia, Arabia, Persia, Palestine, East Africa and Afghanistan.
Maps for Mesopotamia, not generally available online, are to be found in The National Archives[UK] series WO 302

Historical books online

Official histories, despatches, reports etc
  • Official Despatches from The London Gazette and details of some Official Documents digitised by the British Library, and other digitised material, are linked from Mesopotamia In The First World War warletters.net. For despatches from The London Gazette from 1919, see further below.
  • History Of The Great War: The Campaign In Mesopotamia 1914-1918 Volumes I-IV by F J Moberly. 1923-1927.
The titles are Volume I: To October 1915 : Outbreak of Hostilities, Campaign in Lower Mesopotamia, published 1923; Volume II: To April 1916: The Attempt on Baghdad, the Battle of Ctesiphon, the Siege and the Fall of Kut-al-Amara, published 1924; Volume III: To April 1917: The Capture and Consolidation of Baghdad, published 1926; Volume IV: The Campaign in Upper Mesopotamia to the Armistice, published 1927.
HathiTrust Digital Library editions. Note: Missing all/most Maps. Maps are available in the Qatar Digital Library versions (best for expansion of maps) or Archive.org versions.
Volume I

Contents

Bibliography

Index

Volume II

Contents

Bibliography

Index

Volume III

Contents

Bibliography

Index

Volume IV

Contents

Bibliography

Index

Chronological Summary of the Campaign in Mesopotamia 1914-1918

Titles of Indian Cavalry, Infantry and Pioneer Units who served in Mesopotamia 1914-1918

Volume II is also available on Archive.org Volume II, Contents, Index. Map: Middle East and Maps 8-9, 11, 13-17, 19-20. List of Maps
Archive.org versions, mirrors from the Digital Library of India: Vol I, List of Maps, Maps at back of book displayed out of order; Vol III, List of Maps, Maps at back of book displayed in reverse order; Vol IV, List of Maps, Maps at back of book displayed out of order.
Qatar Digital Library versions, best for expansion of maps. From British Library IOR/L/MIL/17/15/66/1-4 . Vol I; Vol II; Vol III; Vol IV. To access the maps, open the volume links, then expand the heading "About this record", and scroll down for links to the maps.
Also available in Naval & Military Press reprint editions which in turn are available online on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3 as one digital book The Campaign in Mesopotamia (located in Military Books-located by the Search/Iraq).
  • War Diaries, Army Headquarters India for I. E F "D", held at the British Library IOR/L/MIL/17/5/3223 through to IOR/L/MIL/17/5/3328A have been digitised on the Qatar Digital Library.
British Library catalogue record IOR/L/MIL/17/5/3223 Click on Browse this collection to access details of other records, and click through to Qatar Digital Library for the digitised items.
The final item in this series is British Library catalogue record IOR/L/MIL/17/5/3328A General Routine Orders (incomplete) by the Commander of Indian Expeditionary Force D between 28 December 1915 and 10 July 1918.
  • History of the Great War based on official documents. Order of Battle of Divisions Parts 1, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B and 4 all by Major A.F. Becke RFA (Retired) (London: HMSO, 1935-1945)
    • Part 1 - The Regular British Divisions pub. 1935. Archive.org
    • Part 2A. The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42-56) pub. 1936. Archive.org
    • Part 2B. The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th-69th) with the Home-Service Divisions (71st-73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions pub. 1937. Archive.org,
    • Part 3A New Army Divisions (9-26) pub. 1938. Archive.org
    Part 3B New Army divisions (30-41) and 63rd (R.N.) Division pub. HMSO 1945 Archive.org.
    • Part 4. The Army Council, G.H.Q.s, Armies and Corps 1914-1918 pub. 1945. Archive.org
Includes some details about Mesopotamia, (perhaps limited?) but note these books appear to be in respect of the British Army only, (not Indian Army).
There were subsequent publications Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5A, Divisions of Australia, Canada and New Zealand and those in East Africa, compiled by F.W. Perry c 1992. Available at the British Library UIN: BLL01006378898 and Order of Battle of Divisions. Part 5B, Indian Army Divisions compiled by F. W. Perry c 1993 available at the B.L. UIN: BLL01008151437 . The latter is also catalogued with the additional title History of the Great War : based on official documents.
Note, this report also contains the Vincent Bingley report into the medical situation as Appendix I. In addition, separately Appendices To The Report Of The Commission For Medical Arrangements In Mesopotamia Vol-II (July 1916). Archive.org. Volume 1 of these Appendices does not appear to be available online, (National Archives reference CAB19/27).
Report of the Committee on the Lessons of the Great War 13 Oct 1932 includes "Appendix V Mesopotamia" (Details[7].) Also known as the Kirke Report it is available in a reprint edition,[8] which in turn is available online on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3, located in Military Books-located by the Search/Britain.
Field Notes Mesopotamia by General Staff India February 1917 Qatar Digital Library. BL reference IOR/L/MIL/17/15/50.
  • Turkish Official Histories Birinci Dünya Harbi Serisi / World War I Series from Ministry of National Defence, Republic of Turkey. Includes maps. Includes Item 20 Birinci Dünya Harbinde Türk Harbi, Irak-İran Cephesi (1914-1918) III Cilt and Item 6 Birinci Dünya Harbi’nde Türk Harbi İran - Irak Cephesi 1914 - 1918, C 3, Ks. 2. Using Google Translate Item 20 Turkish War in the First World War, Iraqi-Iran Front (1914-1918) III Volume and Item 6 Turkish War in the First World War Iran - Iraq Front 1914 - 1918, C 3, Ks. 2nd. There is also item 15 Birinci Dünya Harbi, Türk Hava Harekatı C.9 Air Operations, and item 16 Birinci Dünya Harbinde Türk Harbi, Deniz Harekâtı C.8 Naval Operations. Histories are in the Turkish language.
General histories etc
  • Page 99 T. E. Lawrence: In Arabia and After by Liddell Hart 1934 Archive.org. T E Lawrence accompanied Aubrey Herbert, to negotiate regarding the besieged Kut garrison. Extracts from Lawrence’s description of these proceedings, in a letter dated 18 May [1916] from the website A Century Back: Writing the Great War, Day by Day. April 29, 2016, now an archived webpage. Scroll down. The letter was written to his family,[10] see more details.
For more about Lawrence, see T E Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia).
Townshend of Chitral and Kut: Based on the diaries and private papers of Sir Charles Vere Townshend by Erroll Sherson 1928. Archive.org version, mirror from Digital Library of India.
"Iraq and Mosul" by Lieut.-General Sir George MacMunn page 403 The Journal of the Royal Artillery Volume 53, No.3 1926 October. Archive.org
"Lines of Communication in Mesopotamia" by Lieut.- General Sir George MacMunn, page 42 The Army Quarterly Volume 15, 1927 October- 1928 January Archive.org.
Part II- Maps. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/72/2. Refer Maps above.
Loyalties: Mesopotamia; a personal and historical record, Volume II 1917-1920 by Sir Arnold Talbot Wilson 1931. HathiTrust Digital Library. Possibly not accessible in USA etc. Also available as a download from Kurdipedia.org 1936 edition. Also published under the title Mesopotamia, 1917-1920; a Clash of Loyalties.
Medical
"Casualties in the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force, November 1914 to December 1918" page 218 History of the Great War Based on Official Documents: Medical Services: Casualties and Medical Statistics of the Great War by Major T. J. Mitchell and Miss G. M. Smith. 1931 HathiTrust Digital Library
  • "The Control of Flies and Vermin in Mesopotamia" page 23 The Review of Applied Entomology Volume V 1917 Archive.org.
  • In Mesopotamia by Martin Swayne (real name Maurice Nicoll), illustrated by the author. 1917 Archive.org. The author was a doctor in the British Army working in a mobile hospital.
    • "Heat-Stroke" Chapter IV page 51 In Mesopotamia by Martin Swayne (real name Maurice Nicoll) 3rd edition 1918 Archive.org. Heatstroke was also known as sunstroke, and occasionally as insolation or siriasis.
  • A Message from Mesopotamia by the Hon. Sir Arthur Lawley 1917 Archive.org . The author was a Red Cross Commissioner investigating [medical] conditions.
  • See next section for an account of the 33rd Motor Ambulance Convoy.
  • Kalyan Pradeep: Captain Kalyan Kumar Mukhopadhadhaya, I.M.S.-er Jiboni, by Mokkhoda ['Mokshada'] Debi (1928) [Kalyan Pradeep: The Life of Captain Kalyan Kumar Mukherji, I.M.S.] in Bengali. The catalogue entry is Kalyan-Pradip by Mokshada Debi. There are two book files, Archive.org version 1, mirror from Digital Library of India; Archive.org version 2, mirror from Digital Library of India.
Also see External links above for some translated excerpts from this book.
  • Sainyaan'tiila Aat'havand-ii by Limaye Go Gan' published 1939. Archive.org version, mirror from Digital Library of India. Sainyatil Athavani, or War Memoirs of Captain Gopal Gangadhar Limaye. Marathi language with an English Introduction. The author was in the Indian Medical Service IMS, 1918-1921. As part of the 87th Punjabis, he saw action in Mesopotamia and was involved in operations against the Kurdistanis in 1919 and in quelling the Arab Rebellion in 1920.
Also see External links above for an article about this book.
Corps histories and accounts
From the Gulf to the Caspian : being the souvenir booklet of the 33rd. Motor Ambulance Convoy which served in Mesopotamia and North Persia, 1916 to 1919 written by various members of the unit who remain anonymous. [1920?] State Library of Victoria. This Unit consisted of Army Service Corps personnel, together with Royal Army Medical Corps personnel.
The Royal Army Service Corps: A History of Transport and Supply in the British Army, Volume II by Colonel R H Beadon 1931. Archive.org version, mirror from Digital Library of India. Includes the First World War period, with a chapter on Mesopotamia.
The Inland Water Transport in Mesopotamia compiled by Lieut.-Col. L. J. Hall, RE. 1921 Archive.org
"Inland Waterways and Docks, Royal Engineers in War Time, with special reference to the mystery port of Richborough (Lecture & Discussion)" by Captain A E Battle, RE Proceedings of the Victorian Institute of Engineers 1923-1924, pages 104-116. Includes Inland Water Transport in Mesopotamia, and brief mention of other theatres of war. Melbourne University Digital Collection.
  • With Horse and Morse in Mesopotamia: The Story of Anzacs in Asia edited by Keast Burke 1927. Includes Pack Wireless Signal Troops from Australia and New Zealand. NZsappers.org.nz has two digital files/series, the first contains some digital pages which are of very poor quality. The second series of files from nzsappers.org.nz Pages 1-70, pages 71-132; pages 133-206 .
  • War in the Garden of Eden by Kermit Roosevelt, Captain, Motor Machine Gun Corps 1919 Archive.org. The author was an American, the son of (pre WW1) US President Theodore Roosevelt, who was appointed an honorary Captain in the British Army in August 1917. Page 66 indicates the author was in the 14th Battery, Light-armoured motor-cars (14th L. A. M. B.). The fighting cars were Rolls-Royce.
  • The Post Office of India in the Great War edited by H.A. Sams 1922 Archive.org "Mesopotamia" commences page 111.
Regimental histories and accounts
For other Indian Army regimental histories on fold3 (Ancestry owned pay website), see 9th Bhopal Infantry; 20th (Cambridge's Own) Infantry, Brownlow's Punjabis; 24th Punjabis; 45th Rattray’s Sikhs; 67th Punjabis; 2nd Battalion, Madras Pioneers;
A History of the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) in the Great War 1914-1918 [in three Volumes] Edited by Major General A G Wauchope 1926. Volume One including 2nd Battalion in Mesopotamia page 203. Digital Archive@McMaster University Library. Vol. One, Archive.org version.
The Leicestershires beyond Baghdad by Edward J Thompson MC 1919 Archive.org. The author was an Army chaplain, (Methodist), with the 2nd Leicesters, and a scholar & writer.[13]. Also see Fiction below.
The Bagging of Baghdad by Ernest Betts (late the Worcestershire Regiment) a book in the On Active Service Series. 1920 Archive.org
Siege of Kut and Prisoner of War accounts

Includes accounts by Medical Officers and Royal Flying Corps members.

The Royal Engineers Journal Vol. XXXVIII No 3, September 1924 Scroll to "The decision to Defend Kut-El-Amarah" by Major EWC Sandes RE, page 423. nzsappers.org.nz
Tales of Turkey by Major E W C Sandes 1924. Archive.org version, mirror from Digital Library of India.
Volunteer and other accounts
Naval
  • History of the Great War based on official documents: Naval Operations.Volumes I-III by Sir Julian Stafford Corbett, Volumes IV-V by Henry Newbolt. Published 1920-1931. Archive.org Volume III Includes Mesopotamia. Volume IV, includes Mesopotamia. Naval-History.net has transcribed editions which additionally contain maps from a separate case for Volume III.
A revised second edition was published for Volume 3 1940, whose dustjacket cover states "Important revisions" including in respect of the Dardanelles and Mesopotamia.[15]. A facsimile reprint of the 2nd edition of Volume 3 was reprinted by Imperial War Museum/Battery Press in 1995 (available at the British Library UIN: BLL01011725482) and it is possible that the reprints available from Naval & Military Press, which are in turn available on the Ancestry owned pay website fold.3, (located in Military Books-located by the Search/Britain) contain the revised editions.
  • World War I Naval Staff Monographs. Select Volume 4: Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf to download a pdf. Published London July 1921. Royal Australian Navy website (Select Media Room/Publications/World War I Naval Staff Monographs). This publication is also available to read online at the Qatar Digital Library. IOR/L/MIL/17/15/73. Click on 'About this record' to see List of Maps.
  • The Navy in Mesopotamia, 1914 to 1917 by Conrad Cato [Cyril Cox RNR] 1917 Archive.org. Cox served aboard the sloop Odin, which was able to navigate the lower reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
  • "The Navy in the East" page 148 The Naval Front by Gordon S Maxwell, Lieut. RNVB illustrated by Donald Maxwell, Lieut. RNVB 1920 Archive.org
  • World War 1 at Sea - Contemporary Accounts: The Navy Records Society and The Naval Review Scroll down to Part 2, Naval Review letter M “Mesopotamia & Persian Gulf”, then access the articles mentioned in the Naval Review Archives. naval-history.net. Includes
    • "The Tigris Above Baghdad" by Lieut-Comr. A S Elwell-Sutton RN. Scroll to item 15 page 153 The Naval Review February 1923 Vol. XI No. I, produced by The Naval Society. Now an archived webpage. Details of the Caddisfly, one of the 'Fly' class gunboats.
  • "The First Commission of HMS Firefly" by Staff Surgeon FG Hitch RN JRNMS Volume 4, 1918 Archive.org. One of the 'Fly' class gunboats. Also details of other craft on the river Tigris.
  • Tigris Gunboats : a narrative of the Royal Navy's co-operation with the military forces in Mesopotamia from the beginning of the war to the capture of Baghdad (1914-17) by Vice-Admiral Wilfrid Nunn 1932 is available in a reprint edition[16] which in turn is available as an online book on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3 as Tigris Gunboats (located in Military Books-located by the Search/Britain).
In the Air
From 1919
  • Official Despatches
For earlier Despatches, refer the website Mesopotamia In The First World War, warletters.net, above in this section.
Despatch by Lieut-General Sir W R Marshall on the operations of the Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force from 1st October 1918 to 31st December 1918, dated 1st February 1919. Mesopotamia and NW Persia (page 4743) The London Gazette 8 April 1919 Supplement: 31287 Page: 4739
Despatch from Major General Sir George F MacMunn, officiating Commander-In Chief, Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force, describing events since 1st January 1919, including North Persia, and Southern and Cental Kurdistan, for various operations between March and September 1919. The London Gazette 5 March 1920 Supplement: 31813 Page: 2877. The actual pages are dated 8 March 1920.
For a story The Kana Burha by Sir George MacMunn, set in Mesopotamia, see Fiction, below.
Four Despatches from the Commander-In Chief, Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force: Despatch No 1, dated 17th January 1920 from MacMunn, covering the period November 1919 to 17th January 1920. Despatches from Lieutenant-General Haldane, covering the periods: 18th January 1920 to 30th June 1920 in Mesopotamia and NW Persia. [Despatch No 2 dated 23rd August 1920. Page 5323]; 1st July 1820 to 19th October 1920 [Despatch No 3 dated 8th November 1920, page 5329] Despatch No 4, dated 8th February 1921 (page 5347) The London Gazette 1 July 1921 Issue: 32379 Page:5321.
The Letters of Gertrude Bell published 1927. Archive.org, Digital Library of India Collection.Volume I, Volume II. Mainly letters sent to her family. Volume II is in respect of her time in Baghdad 1917-1926.
Also see Regimental histories and accounts above for the Manchester Regiment during the 1920 Revolt.
British Library IOR/L/MIL/17/15/62 Report on the operations carried out in the southern desert in connection with the Iraq-Najd borders, November 1927-May 1928 with link to online version on Qatar Digital Library. A printed report on air and motorcar operations.
British Library IOR/L/MIL/17/15/63 Report on the operations carried out in the southern desert in connection with the Iraq-Najd borders, June 1928-May 1929 with link to online version on Qatar Digital Library. A printed report on air and motorcar operations.
  • Shifting Sands by Major N N E Bray (Norman Napier Evelyn) 1934 Archive.org. He was originally with the 18th Bengal Lancers.[18] Initially during WW1 Bray was working under Sir Mark Sykes, and for the Arab Bureau. C October 1917 he returned to France and his regiment. Subsequently he became the Hakim (Governor) of Kerbela, as a part of the British Administration of A. T Wilson in Mesopotamia.
A Paladin Of Arabia: The Biography of Brevet Lieut.-Colonel G E Leachman… of the Royal Sussex Regiment by Major N N E Bray 1936 Archive.org. Gerard Leachman Wikipedia. He was murdered 12 August 1920. A later biography is Leachman : 'OC Desert' : the life of Lieutenant-Colonel Gerard Leachman D.S.O. by H.V.F. Winstone, 1982. Available at the British Library UIN: BLL01011983983 .
Arabian Adventures : Ten years of joyful service by John Glubb (Sir John Bagot Glubb) 1978. The period from 1920, when he was posted as a member of the Royal Engineers. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. John Bagot Glubb Wikipedia.
Fiction

References

  1. Mesopotamia 1920-21 from Harry’s Sideshows by Harry Fecitt kaiserscross.com
  2. Iraq Administration Reports 1914–1932, archived link.
  3. Railway Gazette – Special Great War Transportation Number Naval & Military Press.
  4. Khyber Pass 1/5th Royal West Surrey, Murree, Aug 1916 Great War Forum 28 August 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  5. The dates of the entries are in the top LH corner of the Home webpage now archived, from 21 December 1920 to 1 February 1922. Before being archived, the entries from the journal were in the format http://www.mespot.co.uk/journal/ab.cd.ef.shtml , where, for a particular entry, ab is the year, cd is the month, ef is the first mentioned day in the month (all two digits). A typical example is http://www.mespot.co.uk/journal/21.04.18.shtml , and most entries are similarly from 1921. Construct your own URL, using the relevant date, then use "Browse History" in the Internet Archive Wayback Machine to obtain the archived URL. Alternatively using the Internet Archive (archive.org) link mespot.co.uk scroll down to entries containing the word journal, and then click on the link. However, these links are not all in date order.
  6. PassTHE knowledge by Akhi Soufyan
  7. Greenwoodman. Official Inquiry into Conduct of WW1 Great War Forum 19 June 2006. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  8. Report of the Committee on the Lessons of the Great War Naval & Military Press reprint edition.
  9. Page 35 in an article "The Mesopotamian Front! As observed by Lieutenant Colonel Edward Davis US Cavalry 1918", edited by Leo J Daugherty III Armor, Volume 112, Issue 2 March –April 2003 Google Books.
  10. 29 April 2016: On this day in history T E Lawrence Society on Facebook. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  11. An Account of the Operations of the 18th (Indian) Division in Mesopotamia December 1917 to December 1918 by Lieut. Col WE Wilson-Johnston. Naval & Military Press reprint edition.
  12. The “D” Force (Mesopotamia) in the Great War by J Fitzgerald Lee. Naval & Military Press reprint edition.
  13. 13.0 13.1 June 2019 catalogue turnerdonovan.com.
  14. Elias Henry Jones homefrontmuseum (accessed 22 July 2014)
  15. MartH. Rarest book? post 869, page 35 Great War Forum 12 December 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  16. Tigris Gunboats: A Narrative Of The Royal Navy’s Co-Operation With The Military Forces In Mesopotamia From The Beginning Of The War To The Capture Of Baghdad (1914-1917) by Vice-Admiral Wilfrid Nunn, first published 1932. Naval & Military Press.
  17. History of No.30 Squadron RAF. Egypt and Mesopotamia 1914 to 1919 Naval & Military Press.
  18. Page 23 Behind the Lawrence Legend: The Forgotten Few Who Shaped the Arab Revolt by Philip Walker 2018 Google Books.
  19. Iraq Levies 1915-1932 Naval & Military Press.
  20. MaureenE. Fiction/faction/fact? The Legion of Marching Madmen/ W J Blackledge: Online Great War Forum 15 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.