First Campaign 1856: Difference between revisions
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== Summary == | == Summary == | ||
{{Battlemap|war=2nd China War 1856-60<br>First Campaign|link=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000472882d5dee7fc8ee2&ll=33.614619,116.982422&spn=28.953303,44.912109&t=p&z=5}} | {{Battlemap|war=2nd China War 1856-60<br>First Campaign|link=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.000472882d5dee7fc8ee2&ll=33.614619,116.982422&spn=28.953303,44.912109&t=p&z=5}} | ||
In the 1850s the Western Powers sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. The British wanted opening of all China to merchants, legalization of the opium trade and exemption of import tariffs. The Qing Government refused and relations deteriorated when a Hong Kong vessel | In the 1850s the Western Powers sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. The British wanted opening of all China to merchants, legalization of the [[opium trade]] and exemption of import tariffs. The Qing Government refused and relations deteriorated when a Hong Kong vessel "Arrow" was boarded by the Chinese and there was an attempt to poison Europeans in Hong Kong. The French were drawn in following the execution of a missionary and the Russians and Americans also made representations. | ||
A combined British and French force under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Seymour_(Royal_Navy_officer) Admiral Sir Michael Seymour] was despatched and the British army led by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin Lord Elgin] and the French army led by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Louis_Gros Gros], attacked and occupied [[Canton]] (Guangzhou) in late 1857. The combined force then sailed north to capture the Taku Forts outside Tianjin. There was a temporary end to hostilities in June 1858 with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Tianjin Treaty of Tianjin] which gave extensive rights to the Western Powers but was rejected by the Qing Government. The outbreak of the [[Indian Mutiny]] prevented forces being deployed to pursue the campaign. | A combined British and French force under [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Seymour_(Royal_Navy_officer) Admiral Sir Michael Seymour] was despatched and the British army led by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin Lord Elgin] and the French army led by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Louis_Gros Baron Gros], attacked and occupied [[Canton]] (Guangzhou) in late 1857. The combined force then sailed north to capture the Taku Forts outside Tianjin. There was a temporary end to hostilities in June 1858 with the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaties_of_Tianjin Treaty of Tianjin] which gave extensive rights to the Western Powers but was rejected by the Qing Government. The outbreak of the [[Indian Mutiny]] prevented forces being deployed to pursue the campaign. | ||
== External Links == | == External Links == | ||
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars Opium Wars] Wikipedia<br>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Opium_War 2nd Opium War 1856-60] Wikipedia<br>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VfgdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA628&dq=Seymour+Canton+1858&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=Seymour%20Canton%201858&f=false Chronology] Google Books<br>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Bh0bAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Narrative+of+the+Earl+of+Elgin%27s+mission+to+China+and+Japan&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and Japan] Google Books | [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars Opium Wars] Wikipedia<br>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Opium_War 2nd Opium War 1856-60] Wikipedia<br>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VfgdAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA628&dq=Seymour+Canton+1858&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=Seymour%20Canton%201858&f=false Chronology] Google Books<br>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Bh0bAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Narrative+of+the+Earl+of+Elgin%27s+mission+to+China+and+Japan&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and Japan] Google Books | ||
==== Historical Books on-line ==== | |||
[http://www.archive.org/stream/frontieroverseas06indi#page/400/mode/2up Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India - Events in China from 1842-60] www.archive.org<br> | |||
[[Category:2nd China War 1856-60| 2nd China War]] | [[Category:2nd China War 1856-60| 2nd China War]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:59, 12 February 2010
The first phase of the 2nd China War.
Summary
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See our interactive map of 2nd China War 1856-60 First Campaign locations and routes on Google Maps | |
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In the 1850s the Western Powers sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. The British wanted opening of all China to merchants, legalization of the opium trade and exemption of import tariffs. The Qing Government refused and relations deteriorated when a Hong Kong vessel "Arrow" was boarded by the Chinese and there was an attempt to poison Europeans in Hong Kong. The French were drawn in following the execution of a missionary and the Russians and Americans also made representations.
A combined British and French force under Admiral Sir Michael Seymour was despatched and the British army led by Lord Elgin and the French army led by Baron Gros, attacked and occupied Canton (Guangzhou) in late 1857. The combined force then sailed north to capture the Taku Forts outside Tianjin. There was a temporary end to hostilities in June 1858 with the Treaty of Tianjin which gave extensive rights to the Western Powers but was rejected by the Qing Government. The outbreak of the Indian Mutiny prevented forces being deployed to pursue the campaign.
External Links
Opium Wars Wikipedia
2nd Opium War 1856-60 Wikipedia
Chronology Google Books
Narrative of the Earl of Elgin's Mission to China and Japan Google Books
Historical Books on-line
Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India - Events in China from 1842-60 www.archive.org