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The '''Indus Flotilla''', also named as the '''Indus Steam Flotilla''' was a freight and passenger steamship service operating initially between [[Karachi]] and [[Multan|Multan(Mooltan)]].


With the opening of the [[Scinde Railway]] from [[Karachi]] to [[Kotri]] in 1858 the Flotilla service operated upstream from [[Kotri|Kotri (Kotree]] on the Indus River and then the Chenab River to [Multan]], which by the River was 700 miles(1100km). These steamers were intended to accommodate the traffic between the ‘[[Scinde Railway]]’ and the ‘[[Pujaub Railway]]’ until the ‘[[Indus Valley State Railway]]’(IVSR) was built <ref name=Memoirp108>[https://books.google.fr/books?id=gl0QCAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+Brunton&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjL0bKR5b7ZAhVO6qQKHbCFDYUQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=John%20Brunton&f=false Google Books “Memories of John Brunton, engineer, from a manuscript in his own hand written for his grandchildren” by  John Brunton. Publisher, The University press, 1939, page 108];  Retrieved  23 Jan 2016</ref>.  In the event the IVSR was not operational until 1878
==Background==
[[File:Scinde Railway Company - Lines.png|thumb|File:Scinde Railway Company - Lines]]The '''[[Scinde Railway Company]]'''  was first established by deed of settlement in March 1855 and incorporated by the ‘Scinde Railway Act’ of Parliament in July 1855 after which a  contract was entered  with the [[East India Company]] in December 1855 for the construction of the ‘[[Scinde Railway]]’ for a line from [[Karachi]] to [[Kotri]]. This was followed by further concessions granted to the [[Scinde Railway Company]]’ which included the establishment of the [[Indus Flotilla|’Indus Flotilla’]] steamers to connect [[Kotri]] to [[Multan]] with the onward  ‘[[Punjaub Railway]]’ to [[Amritsar]] and the  ‘[[Delhi Railway]]’. These all to provide a complete connection from the port of  [[Karachi]] to [[Delhi]] and opened in stages, finally in place by 1870 ''- see individual pages for further information ''
The ‘Indus Flotilla’ was formed in 1856 by the ‘[[Scinde Railway Company]]’ to provide "the navigation of the [[Indus]], etc, by means of steam vessels [sic], between [[Kotri|Kotree(Kotri)]] and  [[Multan|Moultan(Multan)]] , to be worked in connection with the railways. Capital - £ 250,000. Rate of Interest Guaranteed - 5 per cent."
<ref>"Money Market and City Intelligence", ''The Times'', Wednesday, 15 June 1859, #23333, 7a</ref>.  The terms negotiated were the same guaranteed rate of return as the original [[:Category:Guaranteed Railways|guaranteed railways]].
==History of Steam Navigation on the River Indus==
The first steam boat on the River Indus was the ‘Indus’ in 1835, followed by ‘Planet’ and ‘Satellite’ in 1843. They took part in the [[Sindh Campaign]] in 1842-43 and were maintained at [[Kotri]] under the command of the Indian Navy. From 1852 these three vessels operated a fortnightly postal mail service between [[Karachi]] and [[Multan]] <ref name=Muhal>[http://web.archive.org/web/20130116040814/http://pakistaniat.com/2009/10/02/indus-flotilla-company/ "The Indus Flotilla Company “ by Owais Mughal"; 2 Oct 2009]; Retrieved  24 Feb 2018</ref>
The  '''Oriental Inland Steam Company ''' was established in 1856 and obtained an annual subsidy of Rs50,000 from the Government for the purpose of navigating main rivers of India with “steam trains” consisting of trains of barges drawn by powerful steamers  but this company collapsed due to mismanagement and all its fleet was sold by 1869. It was reported that the current in the Indus River proved too strong for the lightly built steamers <ref name=Muhal/> .
Cargo coming into Indian subcontinent was first unloaded at [[Karachi|Karachi’s]] Kimari harbour and then loaded onto small boats. These boats then used to take a circuitous route through several channels of Indus River Delta to a terminal  on the banks of Indus at Jhirk (Jerruck)  - about 18 miles downstream from [[Kotri]]) and transported to Indus Flotilla steamers, which took it upstream to [[Multan]] and [[Kalabagh]] in Northern Punjab<ref name=Muhal/> .
The '''Indus Flotilla''' was formed in 1856 and was based on shallow-draft steam vessels supplied from England (''see section below''). The Engineer-in-charge  was [[John Brunton]], who was also the Chief Engineer of the ‘[[ Scinde Railway]]’ from [[Karachi]] to [[Kotri]] 
The river journey between [[Karachi]] and [[Multan]] used to take up to 40 days  <ref name=Grace>[https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Indus_Flotilla_Co Grace’s Guide “Indus Flotilla Co” ]; Retrieved  24 Feb 2018</ref>
With the opening of the ‘[[Scinde Railway]]’ from [[Karachi]] to [[Kotri]] in 1858, the steamer service operated upstream from [[Kotri]] , where the operating base of the ‘Indus Flotilla’ was established.  In 1861 the  [[Karachi]]-[[Kotri]] railway link opened and cargo was brought by train to the bank of the Indus at [[Kotri]] for shipment upstream.  By 1862 the steamer service was running up the Indus to [[Makhad]], about 750miles(1200km) upstream from [[Kotri]]. The northern portion of the line was often referred to as the ‘Punjab Flotilla’ <ref name=Grace/>
==Steam Vessels in use on the River Indus==
A research article “The High Hopes and Sad Demise of the Indus Flotilla”
<ref>[http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/india/76.html  “The high hopes and sad demise of the Indus Flotilla” by Tim Willasey-Wilsey, Senior Visiting Research Fellow at the Centre for Defence Studies, King’s College, London]; Retrieved  24 Feb 2018</ref> provides a very detailed account of many of the steamers in use on the River Indus. The following are listed as playing an helpful role in the [[Sindh Campaign]] in 1842-43 by carrying troops, shelling the enemy on the banks and preventing them from crossing the river :-  ‘Planet’ and ‘Satellite’ , 350 tons; ‘Napier’ and ‘Meteor’; ’Comet’ and’ Meanee’; ‘Conqueror’, ‘Satellite’, ‘Asyria’ and ‘Nimrod’ .
'''Indus Flotilla Steam Vessels'''  The shallow-draft steam vessels were supplied from England , the following have been identified:-
*The ‘Indus Flotilla’ Chief Engineer [[John Brunton]] records that the first vessel as “the ‘Pioneer’ boat was sent out, built by Scott Russell, in pieces – I had to put her together and try her on the River Indus. I laid down ‘ways’ at Kiamari to lauch her ’broadside on’ – a novelty in India ... “<ref name=Memoirp108/>. Scott Russell shipyard was in Millwall, London <ref>[https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/John_Scott_Russell  Grace’s Guide ‘“John Scott Russell’]; Retrieved  24 Feb 2018</ref>. It is not known if this was the only vessel purchased from Scott Russell but certainly Brunton was not impressed with its performance “As to the steamer I had always protested against the ‘lines’ on which she was built, as being anything but correct for a river steamer to make passages against a 3 knot current”.
*‘Richardson, Duck and Co’ of Thornaby-on-Tees and Whitby, shipbuilders,  built six shallow draught steam vessels for the Indus Flotilla Co, established by the Scinde, Punjab and Delhi Railway. The engines were by Kitson and Hewitson <ref<[https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Richardson,_Duck_and_Co Grace’s Guide “Richardson, Duck and Co.” ]; Retrieved  24 Feb 2018</ref>
‘Matthew Pearse and Co’, of North Shore yard, Stockton-on-Tees in 1861 built a troopship for the Indus Flotilla Co. At the time it was the largest vessel to sail on the Indus, at 377 ft long, 46 ft over the paddle boxes, and a draught of just 2 ft. The vessel made 12 mph in trials. It was scrapped after over 20 years service <ref>[https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Matthew_Pearse_and_Co Grace’s Guide “Matthew Pearse and_Co” ]; Retrieved  24 Feb 2018</ref>
==Later Developments==
In 1870 the ‘Indus Flotilla’ was merged with the ‘[[Scinde Railway]]’, the ‘[[Punjaub Railway]]’ and the ‘[[Delhi Railway]]’ to form the ‘[[Scinde, Punjaub & Delhi Railway])’ and its management was transferred to Lahore
In 1878, with the completion of the IVSR [[Karachi]] was connected to [[Lahore]] via railways and Indus Flotilla lost its importance as the essential means of communication. The railway-flotilla was abolished in 1882-83 but the steamers of ‘Indus Flotilla’ continued to work for many years after that with diminished business  <ref name=Muhal/>.
In 1886, the contracts expired and responsibility for the railway was transferred entirely to the Government of India([[Government of India |GoI]]). The GoI merged the ‘[[Scinde, Punjaub & Delhi Railway]]’ with other smaller state-owned railways to create the ‘[[North Western Railway]]’.
== Records ==
Refer to FIBIS Fact File  #4: “Research sources for Indian Railways, 1845-1947” -  available from the [http://www.fibis.org/store/fibis-books-and-publications/bff-0004-research-sources-for-indian-railways-1845-1947/ Fibis shop]. This Fact File contains invaluable advice on 'Researching ancestors in the UK records of Indian Railways' with particular reference to the [[India Office Records]] (IOR) held at the [[British Library]]
An on-line search of the IOR records relating to this railway
<ref>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=IAMS_VU2  “British Library Archives and Manuscripts Catalogue”  - Search];  Retrieved  23 Jan 2016</ref> gives 36 references. The most important being:-
*'''L /AG/46/17/14-18''' “ Indus Steam Flotilla; 1858-1870” ( part of IOR/L/AG/46/17 “Records of the Scinde, Punjab, Delhi Railway Company 1855-1886”)
== Further Information ==
See '''[[Scinde Railway Company]]'''
<br>and '''[[Scinde Railway]]''', '''[[Punjaub Railway]]''' and  '''[[Delhi Railway]]'''
<br>and  '''[[Scinde, Punjaub & Delhi Railway]]''' following amalgamation in 1870 until 1886
==External Links==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20130116040814/http://pakistaniat.com/2009/10/02/indus-flotilla-company/ "The Indus Flotilla Company"; 2 Oct 2009] All Things Pakistan
== References ==
<references />
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[[Category:Train Ferries]]
[[Category:Railways]]
[[Category:Shipping and Ferries]]

Latest revision as of 17:57, 30 December 2020

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