Australia

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This article details connections between British India and Australia, particularly emigration and immigration.

Early Connections with India

Links between Australia and India were established from an early date. The first Anglican chaplains, appointed from 1788 at the time when the first shipment of convicts were sent from Britain, were British Government officials. Then from 1825 - 1836 the Australian Continent formed part of the Diocese of Calcutta. This appears to have been for administrative purposes only as Church records for this period do not appear in the India Office Series. It is probable that any original intention to make regular visitations of New South Wales (as it was then called) from Calcutta proved impractical bearing in mind the huge distances involved. This is reflected in The inefficiency of the ecclesiastical establishment of India by Henry Shepherd in 1829.

FIBIS Resources

• Article entitled Links with India: Records in the New South Wales State Archives relating to settlers and others. by Christine Yeats, Manager, Public Access, State Records Authority of New South Wales. This appeared in FIBIS journal no 16 – pages 28 to 39. For details of how this journal can be accessed online FIBIS members or purchased (non members) see FIBIS Journals

Historical background

• Details of the book India, China, Australia: Trade and Society 1788-1850 by James Broadbent, Suzanne Rickard and Margaret Steven 2003 The chapter on Indian connections is titled "Lifelines from Calcutta" by Suzanne Rickard, pages 65-93 and footnotes pages 194-196. Review of the book by William Dalrymple
• Colonial Cousins. A surprising history of connections between India and Australia by Joyce Westrip and Peggy Holroyde Wakefield Press 2010. Extract from Colonial Cousins Wakefieldpress.com which includes Contents, Foreword and Preface.
• A Brief History of the Anglo Indians by Dr. Gloria J. Moore. An article written for inclusion in a publication in 1988, The Australian People: an Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and Their Origins. A second edition of this book by James Jupp, Cambridge University Press, 2001 is available in a Limited View Google Book, page 435.

The second part of the article mentions the many connections between India and Australia. Included in these is that a major shipment of settlers was organised by Sir William Burton, a judge in Madras in 1844. Burton was president of the Madras East India Society and sought relief for those who "are Christians and look to England as the land of their origin". The society sent two groups from Madras to Sydney in the William Prowse (1853) and the Palmyra (1854). (A similar scheme for Albany in Western Australia ended with a shipwreck.) Many of these men were compositors in the printing trade. Those settled by Burton were surveyed by the author Henry Cornish in 1875 and the results were published in 1879 in his Under the Southern Cross (republished by Penguin in 1975). The original version of this book is available on the free website archive.org, page 269 gives details.

• The Australian Dictionary of Biography contains details of many people who had connections with India including Andrew Crawford who promoted a settlement scheme at Castra, near Ulverstone, Tasmania in the 1870’s, mentioned in the above article.
• India Australian Connection by Owen Clement
• Postcolonial migrations: Anglo-Indians in ‘White Australia’ by Alison Blunt. The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies Vol. 5, No. 2, 2000. Also by Alison Blunt, Domicile and Diaspora: Anglo-Indian Women and the Spatial Politics of HomeWiley-Blackwell, 2005. This Limited View Google Book mentions the voyage of HMAS Manoora in 1947 on page 147.
• There is a book called Brother Officers on the Sheep's Back : an Account of the Indian Army Officers Settlement in Victoria in the 1920s by Jean G. ("Gerry") Kristiansen. [Camperdown, Vic.] : J.G. Kristiansen, 1993. Search for a Library in Australia which has this book.
• Chapter 59 - I Call Australia Home by Stan Blackford The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies Volume 6, Number 1, 2001.
• The Curious Exclusion Of Anglo-Indians From Mass Slaughter During The Partition Of India Experiences in India During 1947 of some who went to New Zealand by Dorothy McMenamin. The International Journal of Anglo-Indian Studies Volume 9, Number 1, 2006

Archives and other records

• CoraWeb Cora Num’s Australian gateway site for tracing family history includes shipping links.
• National Archives of Australia Index to passenger arrivals by ship in Fremantle, and outports Western Australia and Perth Airport between 1 January 1921 - 15 January 1950. Dates are those available at July 2009, new data may be added. Includes passengers proceeding to ports further east, including New Zealand.
• Michael Quin Conroy’s website includes passengers lists for the SS Orient in 1907 and the HMAS Manoora in 1947
• Public Record Office Victoria (PROV) Guide to passenger lists for voyages to and from Victoria up to 1923.
• New South Wales State Records:
  • India and NSW-Migration and Trade.
  • NRS 5317, Persons on bounty ships to Sydney, Newcastle and Moreton Bay ('Board's Immigrant Lists'), 1848-91 The William Prowse (see above) arrived 21 February 1853, and the Palmyra (see above) arrived 7 or 8 November 1854. At 3/2010 this list is not available online, but it may possibly become so, check 'Online' microfilm of shipping lists available.
  • Hay, Bob 1995, Burton, J. and the 'Eurasian experiment' B. Hay, (Newtown, N.S.W) The full text of an article published in abbreviated form in Descent, the journal of the Society of Australian Genealogists.
• Rootsweb India Mailing List A list of the Palmyra’s passengers.
• Tasmanian Archives:
  • Guide to Free Immigration and Guide to the Colonial Secretary’s Office Records may be searched for “India”
• National Library of Australia - Trove Search books, photographs, newspapers etc.
• Historic Australian Newspapers, 1803 to 1954 is searchable and has many items which mention India.
• State Library of South Australia - Immigration lists a number of newspaper references concerning emigration from India.
• The National Archives of Australia - Jewish child migration Admission of Polish Refugee Children in India to Australia 1946-49. Catalogue reference: A445, 255/1/8.

Walers

From around the mid nineteenth century there was a demand from India for stock horses from New South Wales (Australia). These were particularly popular with the Indian Cavalry as the horses were thought to be able to stand the climate of India better than horses from England. The Australian horses were known as Walers

• A book has been written called Walers : Australian Horses Abroad by Yarwood, A. T. (Alexander Turnbull), 1927-2002. Melbourne University Press at the Miegunyah Press, 1989.: ISBN: 0522843859 Search for a Library in Australia which has this book.
  
• Waler horse Wikipedia.
• International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds by Bonnie L. Hendricks, Anthony A. Dent page 434 Google Books
• Some Recollections in the Life of Lieut.-Col. P.P. Nevill, late Major 63rd Regiment 1864 Archive.org. In 1834 Captain Nevill was in Sydney and was asked to take charge of a shipment of horses which were to travel on the same ship to India page 87. Page 105 states that this was the first batch, on trial, that had succeeded in reaching India.
• Landing Waler Horses at Madras c 1834 Watercolour drawing at NSW State Library. Details. This is another drawing in the same album
• "Thomas Hagger An Indian Army Veterinary Surgeon in Australia" by John Fisher commences page 5 of this Australian Veterinary History Society 1995 Newsletter pdf and mentions the trade in Australian horses to India c early 1840's.

• An article 'European Orphans and Vagrants in India in the Nineteenth Century' by David Arnold in Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History , Volume 7,January 1979, number 2, pages 117 and 121 says

A primary source of vagrants in the 1860s and 1870s, involved horse grooms from Australia. In order to get men to accompany the horses shipped to India, mainly from Melbourne, shippers spread fabulous reports of the abundance of well paid jobs and the easy living to be had in India. The grooms signed up only for the voyage and once the horses had been landed at Calcutta, Madras or Colombo they were discharged. For most of them jobs proved impossible to find, their pay was soon exhausted and they were left destitute.....The 1869 Act specified that those vagrants who could not find work “after a reasonable period of time ‘could be deported, subject to their own consent .The costs of deportation were to be borne by the state, and the deported vagrant was prohibited from returning to India for at least five years. An attempt was made to charge Australian horse shippers and their agents for the cost of deporting grooms left destitute in Indian ports, but a few test cases were sufficient to show the impossibility of making shippers pay. The threat of prosecution and fines did, however, contribute to the decline in the numbers of grooms left stranded in India.

The end notes of this article refer to a reference: 'In Charge of Horses from Melbourne to Madras' by ‘An Amateur Groom’, reprinted from Englishman’s Weekly Journal, 15 July 1871, in India Legislative Procs., no 44, 10 April 1874. Both these publications appear to be available at the British Library, although its holding of the first publication also known as Englishman's Saturday Evening Journal 'lacks scattered issues'

Orphans

• Boys
  

In 1838 the government of New South Wales agreed to take seven boys (of not less than twelve years of age and of ‘pure European descent ‘) from the Madras Military Male Orphan Asylum. The seven boys arrived on the 'Sesostris' in February 1841, their passage arranged and paid for by the East India Company’s Marine Board. The seven boys were Samuel Hobart, James Marlow, John Harris, Christopher Connor, William Bird, James Barry and James MacKin.

• Girls
  

The following case study might help researchers.

Heather Hall has advised: I'd been searching for ages for a Caroline Sarah Chantry b. 1828, daughter of John and Mary Davey and stepdaughter of Sgt William Chantry of the 45th Regiment. We knew from research at the British Library that she was orphaned in 1832 when there was an outbreak of cholera, but couldn't find how she came to Australia and was married at the Clarence settlement in 1846. To cut a very long story short, from FIBIS I discovered that she was admitted to the Madras Military Girls Orphan School in 1834 as Caroline Davey and was still there in 1839 with her sister Ann Chantry. I found in an 1843 newspaper shipping list into Sydney were five orphan girls and their Matron from Madras and then three days later the only girls to be admitted to the Sydney NSW Orphanage were five girls aged 14 to 16, one of whom was my Caroline Davey. I found the shipping information on a film of the Sydney Morning Herald dated 4 January 1843 at the NLA as it is not yet part of the online newspaper project. The names of the girls and Matron were not listed, but I found the names on the NSW State records site. We then went to State Records at Kingswood and found information to confirm my online searching.

The ship was 'Duchess of Kent', Captain Brittan, which arrived in Sydney on 3rd Jan 1843 from Calcutta, Madras and Hobart Town, having left Calcutta on 24th September 1842, Madras 18th Oct and Hobart Town on 24th December. Passengers leaving the ship in Hobart Town were Dr Baikie and Mr Desaunt along with five prisoners (unnamed). Arriving Sydney were Captain Gunton of 50th Regt and Mrs Gunton, Dr Owen, B.C. and Mr White. I presume that Captain Gunton must have been in charge of the prisoners.

Because the behaviour of the girls once in Sydney was most unsatisfactory the Colonial Secretary advised Madras that they would only consider taking girls aged 10 or 11 in future, however I don't know if any more girls came to Sydney.

Sydney Orphan School records - COD 506

Transcribed 13.5.2009 by Heather Hall at State Records NSW, Kingswood.

• Page 10, CARDWELL Mary Ann, 16, Arr 7.1.1843. Left 18.7.1843. This girl came from the Madras Military Asylum. To Mrs B Minders. (See note 1 below)
• Page 12, DAVEY Caroline, 14, Arr 7.1.1843. Left 7.8.1843. This girl came from the Madras Military Asylum. To Mrs Hallen of Prospect, 7.8.1843. Returned 25.8.1843. Sent to Mrs Pearce of Surry Hills Sydney, September 1843. (See note 2 below)
• Page 56, SMITH Caroline, 14, Arr 1.7.1843. This girl came from the Madras Military Asylum. Returned from Mrs Mills of Parramatta and afterwards given to Mrs Buchanan of Sydney. Returned to the school by Mrs Buchanan and given to Mrs Mills of South Head. Returned to School again for very disgraceful conduct on 26.3.1845. (No other dates were written on this record. HH) (See note 3 below)
• Page 58, TOONER Ellen, 14, Arr 7.1.1843. Left 8.6.1847. This girl came from the Madras Military Asylum. Apprenticed to the Rev’d D Mackenzie of Albury and ??? River, 8th June 1847. (See note 4 below)
• Page 63, WATTS Mary, 15, Arr 7.1.1843. This girl came from the Madras Military Asylum. Given to Dr Smythe but returned and sent to Mrs Fletcher of Lower George St Sydney. (No dates given) (See note 5 below)
• Also listed in documents relating to the orphan girls was the Matron, MRS WOOLLER, who was employed in Madras to accompany the girls to Sydney. For her efforts she was paid £17/10/- before departure with another £17/10/- to be paid once she had discharged her duty to the girls on arrival in Sydney.

Notes by HH:

1. There was a marriage of an Ann Cardwell to Philip Gunning at St Matthew’s C of E, Windsor in 1847.
2. Caroline Davey, aka Sarah Chantry, married Thomas Collins at the Clarence River District, June 1846.
3. A Caroline Smith married Evan Richards at the Garrison Church Sydney in 1851.
4. A Helen Tooner married Walter W J Pearce at Albury 1854.
5. There were three marriages for a Mary Watts in Sydney in 1850, 1851 and 1852.

A newspaper item from the Bombay Times & Journal of Commerce, 2nd April 1851 states 5 girls had been sent to New South Wales, indicating no further girls had been sent from Madras to that date. Refer Orphan newspaper items

Convicts

See the FiBiwiki article on Convicts