Massacre at Amritsar
The Amritsar Massacre or Jallianwallah Bagh Massacre occured on 13 April 1919, when over 5,000 unarmed locals, who had gathered at Jallianwala Bagh (garden), Amritsar were fired upon by British Indian Army troops. The crowd was protesting the recently passed Rowlatt Act.
Around 90 troops under the command of Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer fired upon the gathering without giving any warning. Once the firing started, there was no escape from the garden as the main exit was blocked by the troops. The troops only stopped firing once they ran out of ammunition. Estimated casualties were 379 killed and 1,200 injured.
Spelling Variants
Modern name:Amritsar
Variants: Amritsir/Umritsar
External links
- Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Wikipedia
- Amritsar Massacre Google Books
- The Hunter Committee Google Books
- The Butcher of Amritsar Google Books
- Reginald Dyer Wikipedia
- Michael O'Dwyer Wikipedia
- Udham Singh Wikipedia
- "Udham Singh: Avenger of the Amritsar Massacre" southasia.ucla.edu
- Amritsar uprising 1919 & the 1/25th London Battalion including a detailed account from 25th County of London Cyclist Battalion, The London Regiment
- "Jallianwala Bagh: A Landmark in the Struggle for Freedom" by Tim Russell 20 March 2013 Readex blog.
- "I had to fire well: Jallianwala Bagh butcher Gen Dyer's testimony" by Abhishek Saha, April 13, 2015 Hindustan Times
- "The Amritsar Massacre: Myth and Reality" by Dr Nick Lloyd 13 February 2008. Defence Academy of the United Kingdom YouTube video, 42 minutes duration.
Historical books online
- Punjab disturbances, April 1919; compiled from the Civil and military gazette 1919 Archive.org
- Army. Disturbances in the Punjab. Statement by Brig.-General R E H Dyer Presented to Parliament HMSO 1920. HathiTrust Digital Library
- Report: Disorders Inquiry Committee 1919-1920 Published in Calcutta 1920. Archive.org. Also published 1920 by HMSO under the title East India (disturbances in the Punjab, etc.) : report of the committee appointed by the Government of India to investigate the disturbances in the Punjab HathiTrust Digital Library. Appears to contain additional Annexures.
- Evidence taken before the Disorders Inquiry Committee: Vol. V- Gujranwala, Gujrat, Lyallpur and Punjab Provincial Vol. VI - Punjab Government and Sir Umar Hayat Khan Archive.org.
- Vol.1 - Delhi; Vol.2 - Bombay Presidency; Vol.3 - Amritsar; Vol.4 Lahore and Kasur; - Vol.5 HathiTrust Digital Library accessible by those in regions such as North America. Volumes 6 and 7 (confidential, 1920 British Library IOR/V/26/262/8-9) were first unrestrictedly published in 1975.
- Open Rebellion in the Punjab : with special reference to Amritsar by K.D. (Kapil Deva) Malaviya. [1919] Archive.org
- Punjab Unrest Before And After by H N Mittra 1920 edition, 2nd edition 1921 Archive.org
- Amritsar and our Duty to India by B.G. Horniman 1920. Republished in 1980 in India under the title British Oppression in Punjab. Archive.org mirror version, originally from Digital Library of India.
- An Account of the Punjab Disorders and the Working of Martial Law by Pandit Pearay Mohan, Vakil, High Court Lahore. 1920 Archive.org (where the author is incorrectly catalogued). Originally from Digital Library of India.
- India As I Knew It, 1885–1925 by Sir Michael Francis O’Dwyer 1925 Archive.org mirror version, originally from Digital Library of India. In 1885 the author was posted to Shahpur in the Punjab and retired as lieutenant-governor of the Punjab in 1919. His actions during 1919 were controversial.
- Massacre at Amritsar by Rupert Furneaux 1963. Archive.org mirror version, originally from Digital Library of India.
- The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre by Raja Ram 1969. Full title: The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. A Premeditated Plan. Panjab University Publication Bureau. Archive.org mirror version, originally from Digital Library of India.
- Imperial Crime and Punishment : the Massacre at Jallianwala Bagh and British Judgment, 1919-1920 by Helen Fein 1977. A revision of the author's thesis, Columbia University, 1971. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
- "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919-1920" by Derek Sayer Past & Present No. 131 (May, 1991), pp. 130-164. Archive.org
- Not at Amritsar but a civil disturbance
- Unofficial History by Field Marshal Sir William Slim 1962, first published 1959. Archive.org Lending Library.
- "Aid to the Civil" page 75. “This narrative…is a composite one, made up from the events on three occasions on which the military aided the civil power” (footnote, page 75). Probably c 1919. He was based at Gurampur Fort which is probably a fictional name.