Changes

[[Lucknow]] was one of the major centres of the [[Indian Mutiny]]. [[Henry Lawrence|Sir Henry Lawrence ]] became Chief Commissioner of the Province of [[Oudh]] (Awadh) on March 20th 1857. The garrison at the time consisted of HM [[32nd Regiment of Foot]], the [[7th Bengal Lancers|7th Native Cavalry]], the [[13th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry]], the [[48th Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry]] and the [[71st Regiment of Bengal Native Infantry]], with Indian soldiers outnumbering Europeans 10 to 1. Unrest was evident in the city for several months and when the mutiny reached the province, Lawrence fortified the Residency at Lucknow and took the British inhabitants into the compound. The rebellion broke out on the 30th May and a 87 day siege of the Residency ensued, with Lawrence killed in the first few days.

Forces led by [[Henry Havelock|Sir Henry Havelock ]] (see [[Havelock's Campaign]] and [[James Outram|Sir James Outram ]] reached Lucknow in September (the [[First Lucknow Relief]]). After taking the [[Alambagh]], this became the headquarters for subsequent actions at Lucknow. Under heavy assault from the rebels, they were unable to evacuate the Residency as intended and instead bolstered the garrison there, a second siege ensuing for six weeks. The [[Second Lucknow Relief]] came in November when Sir Colin Campbell reached Lucknow. On the 16th November, 2000 rebel [[sepoy]]s besieged at the Secundrabagh villa were massacred when the [[93rd Regiment of Foot|93rd Highlanders]] and the [[4th Regiment of Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force|4th Punjabi Infantry]] took the estate. Campbell managed to evacuate the besieged Europeans at the Residency, but Havelock died before he was able to leave the city. Outram stayed and defended Lucknow until the following March, when Campbell retook the city. During this action Major Hodson (Commander of [[Hodson's Horse]]) was killed and buried in the grounds of La Martiniere College.

*[http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armycampaigns/indiancampaigns/mutiny/mutiny.htm Indian Mutiny 1857-58] www.britishempire.co.uk<br>*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lucknow Siege of Lucknow] Wikipedia<br>*''1857: A Brief Political and Military Analysis'' by Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin defencejournal.com (Pakistan), now archived webpages. Issues March and May 2000:[https://web.archive.org/web/20170218052445/http://www.defencejournal.com:80/2000/mar/lucknow.htm Chapter Eight "The Lucknow Campaign-1857-58 The Siege of Lucknow Residency" and Chapter Nine "Havelock's First Relief of Lucknow-June-September 1857"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170505082850/http://www.defencejournal.com:80/2000/may/chapter-10.htm Chapter Ten "Sir Colin Campbell’s Final Relief and Evacuation of Lucknow Residency Garrison-November 1857" and Chapter Eleven "The Final Capture of Lucknow-March-1858"] *[http://www.colonialfilm.org.uk/node/1836 Film: The Relief of Lucknow] (15 minutes duration) 1912 Colonial Film. Transcript of an [http://www.abroadintheyard.com/veterans-of-1857-indian-mutiny-relive-it-55-years-later-through-film-1912/ article] published in the ''Penny Illustrated Paper, 14 September 1912'' about four old veterans of the Relief of Lucknow viewing the film. Abroadintheyard.com==== Historical books on-line online ====