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== Summary ==
{{Battlemap|war=2nd China War 1856-60<br>Northern First Campaign|link=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.00046ed520b0561348179&ll=3923.334297640121,117113.086792308868&spn=30.288382503845,50.037231366669&t=p&z=811}}
In the 1850s the Western Powers sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. The British wanted opening of all China to merchants, legalization of the opium trade and exemption of import tariffs. The Qing Government refused and relations deteriorated when a Hong Kong vessel 'Arrow" was boarded by the Chinese and there was an attempt to poison Europeans in Hong Kong. The French were drawn in following the execution of a missionary and the Russians and Americans also made representations.
