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Many '''botanists and naturalists''' were also [[Doctor|doctors/surgeons]].
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==Individuals==
====Samuel Browne====
Samuel Browne was listed as a Principal Surgeon in Madras 1688-1697 when he was discharged. Samuel Brown died 21 December 1698 at Madras, according to this [http://www.archive.org/stream/fortstgeorgemad02penngoog#page/n254/mode/1up cemetery record]. After his death the following articles were published in the ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' (London):
:*[http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/579.full.pdf+html "An Account of part of a Collection of Curious Plants and Drugs"] gathered by Mr Samuel Brown , a Physician at Fort St George in the East Indies There is a subsequent title "Mr.Sam Brown His First Book Of East India Plants" ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 579-594 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/699.full.pdf+html "Second Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 699-721 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/843.full.pdf+html 'Third Book'] page 859 (page 18 of the pdf) describes some animals sent by Mr Edward Bulkley, Surgeon from Fort St George Phil. ''Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 843-862 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/927.full.pdf+html "Fourth Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 843-862 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/1007.full.pdf+html "Fifth Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 1007-1029 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/23/277-288/1055.full.pdf+html "Sixth Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288'' 1055-1068 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/23/277-288/1251.full.pdf+html "Seventh Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288'' 1251-1566 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/23/277-288/1450.full.pdf+html "Eighth Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288'' 1450-1460. However, there is no mention of Mr Sam.Brown for the final volume.
In 1693 Dr Samuel Browne was tried and aquitted by a Grand Jury:
:“When Mr. Wheeler, Member of Council, Sea Customer and Chief Justice of Choultry in Chennai, died on August 28, 1693, Dr. Samuel Browne, accepted in writing that due to his fateful mistake, pearl was powdered in a stone mortar wherein arsenic had been beaten before and the mixture was given to Mr. Wheeler as physic who showed the symptom of poison before death. Dr. Samuel Browne and his servant were committed to custody. Dr. Edward Bulkley, the surgeon of the hospital was asked to conduct an autopsy on the body of Mr. Wheeler opined that the suddenness of his death, and the severe symptoms he had laboured under before he died, were greater arguments of poison received, than anything he could trace out by dissection. Dr. Samuel Browne was tried and acquitted by the Grand Jury when the Bill of Ignoramus was brought in. There was dissatisfaction at this result and many thought that a case of criminal negligence had been made out.” From [http://www.maduraimedicos1973.netfirms.com/dr_mathiharan/state_control_of_medical_malprac.htm "State Control of Medical Malpractice"] by Dr. K. Mathiharan (Published in ''Law & Medicine, (An Annual Publication of the Institute of Law and Ethics in Medicine, National Law School of India University, Bangalore) Volume 4, 1998'' at 88-92)
====Edward Bulkley====
Dr Edward Bulkley was a Principal Surgeon 1692-1709 when he transferred to the Civil Service as Member of Council. He resigned in 1713 and died August 1714 at Madras according to this [http://www.archive.org/stream/fortstgeorgemad02penngoog#page/n257/mode/1up cemetery record]. He is mentioned in the "Third Book of Samuel Brown" (see above) and also on this [http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=422 page] from the Linnean Society of London website, collecting plants in Bengal and Burma 1702-8, (where the spelling Bulkeley is used). He is probably the Mr Buckly, Chief Surgeon at Fort St George who sent a collection of Chinese medical instruments to the Royal Society, mentioned in this [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/20/236-247/390.full.pdf+html article] ''Phil. Trans. 1 January 1698 vol. 20 no. 236-247'' 390-392. The autopsy mentioned above is the first recorded medico-legal autopsy performed in India.
====Johann Gerhard Koenig====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gerard_Koenig Johann Gerhard Koenig] 1728-1785 (Wikipedia) worked as a surgeon at the Danish colony at [[Tranquebar]] from 1768, as naturalist to the Nawab of Arcot from 1774 and as naturalist with the East India Company at Madras from 1778, according to this [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1251641 link] about [[Tranquebar]].
====Patrick Russell====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Russell_(herpetologist) Patrick Russell] 1726-1805 (Wikipedia) came to India in 1781 and in 1785 was appointed as the East India Company's 'Botanist and Naturalist' at Madras. Russell's viper the venomous snake, whose toxicity is second only to the cobra, is named after him. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=h6xSzhlmNdoC&pg=PA331 Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860] by Richard H Grove page 331, including the footnote gives more details including that he was initially an assistant surgeon. [http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/23/stories/2006012300070500.htm “The first snakeman of India”] The Hindu [http://www.cmj.slma.lk/cmj4602/39.htm “Russell of Russell's viper fame”] by R L Jayakody ''The Ceylon Medical Journal Volume 46, No 2, 2001 June''
====Francis Day====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Day Francis Day] (Wikipedia) is detailed in this [http://www.antiquariaatjunk.com/download/abudhabi2009.pdf pdf], having joined the Madras Medical Service in 1852. He wrote a 1863 book on Cochin, [http://www.google.com/books?id=awsIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''The land of the Permauls, or, Cochin, its past and its present'']. He became the most important writer on Indian fish, with his first book on the subject being [http://www.archive.org/details/fishesofmalabar00dayf ''Fishes of Malabar''] (archive.org) in 1865.
[[Category:Occupations]]
{{TOC_right}}
==Individuals==
====Samuel Browne====
Samuel Browne was listed as a Principal Surgeon in Madras 1688-1697 when he was discharged. Samuel Brown died 21 December 1698 at Madras, according to this [http://www.archive.org/stream/fortstgeorgemad02penngoog#page/n254/mode/1up cemetery record]. After his death the following articles were published in the ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' (London):
:*[http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/579.full.pdf+html "An Account of part of a Collection of Curious Plants and Drugs"] gathered by Mr Samuel Brown , a Physician at Fort St George in the East Indies There is a subsequent title "Mr.Sam Brown His First Book Of East India Plants" ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 579-594 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/699.full.pdf+html "Second Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 699-721 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/843.full.pdf+html 'Third Book'] page 859 (page 18 of the pdf) describes some animals sent by Mr Edward Bulkley, Surgeon from Fort St George Phil. ''Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 843-862 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/927.full.pdf+html "Fourth Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 843-862 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/22/260-276/1007.full.pdf+html "Fifth Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1700 vol. 22 no. 260-276'' 1007-1029 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/23/277-288/1055.full.pdf+html "Sixth Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288'' 1055-1068 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/23/277-288/1251.full.pdf+html "Seventh Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288'' 1251-1566 [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/23/277-288/1450.full.pdf+html "Eighth Book"] ''Phil. Trans. 1702 vol. 23 no. 277-288'' 1450-1460. However, there is no mention of Mr Sam.Brown for the final volume.
In 1693 Dr Samuel Browne was tried and aquitted by a Grand Jury:
:“When Mr. Wheeler, Member of Council, Sea Customer and Chief Justice of Choultry in Chennai, died on August 28, 1693, Dr. Samuel Browne, accepted in writing that due to his fateful mistake, pearl was powdered in a stone mortar wherein arsenic had been beaten before and the mixture was given to Mr. Wheeler as physic who showed the symptom of poison before death. Dr. Samuel Browne and his servant were committed to custody. Dr. Edward Bulkley, the surgeon of the hospital was asked to conduct an autopsy on the body of Mr. Wheeler opined that the suddenness of his death, and the severe symptoms he had laboured under before he died, were greater arguments of poison received, than anything he could trace out by dissection. Dr. Samuel Browne was tried and acquitted by the Grand Jury when the Bill of Ignoramus was brought in. There was dissatisfaction at this result and many thought that a case of criminal negligence had been made out.” From [http://www.maduraimedicos1973.netfirms.com/dr_mathiharan/state_control_of_medical_malprac.htm "State Control of Medical Malpractice"] by Dr. K. Mathiharan (Published in ''Law & Medicine, (An Annual Publication of the Institute of Law and Ethics in Medicine, National Law School of India University, Bangalore) Volume 4, 1998'' at 88-92)
====Edward Bulkley====
Dr Edward Bulkley was a Principal Surgeon 1692-1709 when he transferred to the Civil Service as Member of Council. He resigned in 1713 and died August 1714 at Madras according to this [http://www.archive.org/stream/fortstgeorgemad02penngoog#page/n257/mode/1up cemetery record]. He is mentioned in the "Third Book of Samuel Brown" (see above) and also on this [http://www.linnean.org/index.php?id=422 page] from the Linnean Society of London website, collecting plants in Bengal and Burma 1702-8, (where the spelling Bulkeley is used). He is probably the Mr Buckly, Chief Surgeon at Fort St George who sent a collection of Chinese medical instruments to the Royal Society, mentioned in this [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/20/236-247/390.full.pdf+html article] ''Phil. Trans. 1 January 1698 vol. 20 no. 236-247'' 390-392. The autopsy mentioned above is the first recorded medico-legal autopsy performed in India.
====Johann Gerhard Koenig====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gerard_Koenig Johann Gerhard Koenig] 1728-1785 (Wikipedia) worked as a surgeon at the Danish colony at [[Tranquebar]] from 1768, as naturalist to the Nawab of Arcot from 1774 and as naturalist with the East India Company at Madras from 1778, according to this [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1251641 link] about [[Tranquebar]].
====Patrick Russell====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Russell_(herpetologist) Patrick Russell] 1726-1805 (Wikipedia) came to India in 1781 and in 1785 was appointed as the East India Company's 'Botanist and Naturalist' at Madras. Russell's viper the venomous snake, whose toxicity is second only to the cobra, is named after him. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=h6xSzhlmNdoC&pg=PA331 Green Imperialism: Colonial Expansion, Tropical Island Edens and the Origins of Environmentalism, 1600-1860] by Richard H Grove page 331, including the footnote gives more details including that he was initially an assistant surgeon. [http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2006/01/23/stories/2006012300070500.htm “The first snakeman of India”] The Hindu [http://www.cmj.slma.lk/cmj4602/39.htm “Russell of Russell's viper fame”] by R L Jayakody ''The Ceylon Medical Journal Volume 46, No 2, 2001 June''
====Francis Day====
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Day Francis Day] (Wikipedia) is detailed in this [http://www.antiquariaatjunk.com/download/abudhabi2009.pdf pdf], having joined the Madras Medical Service in 1852. He wrote a 1863 book on Cochin, [http://www.google.com/books?id=awsIAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''The land of the Permauls, or, Cochin, its past and its present'']. He became the most important writer on Indian fish, with his first book on the subject being [http://www.archive.org/details/fishesofmalabar00dayf ''Fishes of Malabar''] (archive.org) in 1865.
[[Category:Occupations]]
