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The Western Powers sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. The British wanted all of China open to merchants, legalization of the opium trade and exemption of import tariffs. The process of [http://www.marvelousessays.com essay writing] will be much easier with MarvelousEssays.Com as there are a lot of highly professional and talented writers who are always eager to help you out with any sort of academic assignments regardless of the complexity levels. I do know what I�m talking about! The Qing Government refused and relations deteriorated. The French, Russians and Americans also became involved. In the First Campaign British and French forces captured Canton and took the [[Taku Forts]] outside [[Tientsin|Tianjin]]. There was a temporary end to hostilities with the Treaty of Tianjin (giving extensive rights to the Western Powers) but the Qing Government rejected the treaty and this led to a Second Campaign. In June 1859 Anglo-French forces failed to take the Taku Forts but later captured Tianjin. In September the Chinese were defeated and the Summer Palace in [[Peking]] destroyed. The Convention of Peking ratified the Treaty of Tianjin, the opium trade was legalized, China was opened to western merchants and Britain and France were paid a huge indemnity.

*[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0004701u00000000.html The opium godown or store within its compound at Patna] [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0004702u00000000.html An interior view]. Watercolours from British Library Online Gallery*[http://www.drugtext.org/Table/The-Opium-Department-Report-India/ Report of the Opium Department India 1881] Drugtext.org*[http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/deptserv/rcs/opium/Captions.html Opium: A "morally indefensible trade in a "horrible drug"] Cambridge University Library*[http://www.maritimeheritage.org/news/opium.html The Opium Trade] Maritime Heritage Project*[http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2310/stories/20060602000307600.htm “Narcotics and empire”] from Frontline-The Hindu. A review of the book ''Opium City, The Making of Early Victorian Bombay'' by Amar Farooqui*[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1956-01-01_2_page009.html “The manufacture and sale of opium and opium alkaloids at the Ghazipur factory”] by S. K. Vardhan Manager, Government Opium and Alkaloids Factory, Ghazipur (U.P.). written in 1956

*[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZNT3ohiMQaMC&printsec=frontcover ''The opium trade: including a sketch of its history, extent, effects, etc., as carried on in India and China''] by Nathan Allen M.D. 2nd Edition 1853 (first published 1850)*[http://books.google.com/books?id=fiYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 “Report no.1: On the Poppy Cultivation, and the Benares Opium Agency”] by WCB Eatwell MD ‘First Asst. and Opium Examiner. Board of Customs, Salt and Opium’ from ''Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal'' (1851) Google Books*[http://books.google.com/books?id=fbZGAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 ''The rise and progress of British opium smuggling: the illegality of the East India Company's monopoly of the drug, and its injurious effects upon India, China, and the commerce of Great Britain. Five letters addressed to the Earl of Shaftesbury''] by Major-General R Alexander, Madras Army 3rd edition revised and enlarged 1856 Google Books*[http://www.archive.org/stream/britishopiumpol01turngoog#page/n3/mode/2up ''British opium policy and its results to India and China''] by F. S. Turner 1876 Archive.org*[http://www.archive.org/stream/opiumquestionrev00moul#page/n3/mode/2up ''The opium question: a review of the opium policy of Great Britain, and its results to India and China''] by the Rev. Arthur E. Moule 1877 Archive.org

*''First report of the Royal Commission on Opium with Minutes of evidence and appendices'' Archive.org [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023451234#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 Evidence taken in London September 1893] 1894. Evidence taken in India:[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053849#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 2, in 1893]. [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053856#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 3, in January 1894], [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053864#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 4, 29 January-22 Feb 1894], [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053872#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 5 Appendices] 1894**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053872#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 6 Final Report] 1895. **[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023283280#page/n9/mode/2up The report of the Royal Commission on Opium compared with the evidence from China that was submitted to the Commission : an examination and an appeal] by Arnold Foster 1899 Archive.org*[http://www.archive.org/stream/truthaboutindian00grearich#page/n1/mode/2up ''The truth about Indian opium''] by G. Graham Dixon. Printed for and issued by the Industries and Overseas Department, India Office 1922 Archive.org*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023283546#page/n7/mode/2up ''Drug smuggling and taking in India and Burma''] by Roy K Anderson 1922 Archive.org

[http://books.google.com/books?id=DK78eANlr-AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=foreign+mud&as_brr=3&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Limited Preview] Google Books. The full book is available to read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website.