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*[https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2236-46332016000300052 "The Global Career of Indian Opium and Local Destinies"] by Amar Farooqui ''SciELO Almanack no.14 Guarulhos Sept./Dec. 2016''. scielo.br. This paper looks at the historical circumstances in which the western and central regions of the Indian subcontinent became part of the global opium enterprise during the early nineteenth century. The state of Gwalior, located in central India, ruled by the Sindia dynasty, emerged as the largest supplier of the drug to private exporters operating on the West Coast. This was known as the '''Malwa opium''' trade, (the Malwa Agency being a a division of [[Central India|Central India Agency]].) Farooqui was the author of the earlier book ''Smuggling as subversion : colonialism, Indian merchants, and the politics of opium, 1790-1843'' by Amar Farooqui c 1998. Available at the [[British Library]] UIN: BLL01009242814 [https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Smuggling_as_Subversion/pAJDrdP6sikC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover Sample pages 2005 edition] Google Books. :Bombay became the commercial centre of the Malwa opium trade, and opium became the basis for the prosperity of Bombay.<ref> [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727093134/http://www.hinduonnet.com:80/fline/fl2310/stories/20060602000307600.htm “Narcotics and empire”] from Frontline-''The Hindu'' Volume 23 - Issue 10: 20 May - 2 June 2006, now archived. A discussion of the book ''Opium City, The Making of Early Victorian Bombay'' by Amar Farooqui 2006, available at the [[British Library]] UIN: BLL01013423658 .</ref>