Indian Army and Public Works Department: Difference between pages

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Also includes '''Engineers''' generally.


The official (British) '''Indian Army''' was formed in 1895.  Prior to this date there were three separate [[East India Company Army|Presidency armies]] (which after 1861 were sometimes unofficially referred to as the Indian Army).
The '''Public Works Department''' was a government department that was responsible for buildings, roads, irrigation and railways.


Indian Army '''regiments''' can be viewed '''[[:Category:Indian Army|here]]'''.
Public Works in India, such as the construction of roads, water tank, etc. was originally conducted by the military. This started with the Pioneers and then by the Public Works Department of the [[Town Major's List]] ([[Bengal]] & [[Bombay]]) or the Effective Supernumeraries  ([[Madras]]). Much of the responsibility for public works was then passed over to a special section of the [[Indian Civil Service]] in the mid-19th century. Later, the military once more took responsibility for much of the public works.


==See also==
Drawing attention of the Government to the unsatisfactory management and state of affairs in public works, the Court of Directors of the East India Company, in early 1850, instituted a Commission in each Presidency for investigation. The members of the Commission were unanimous on the inability of the Military Board in the management of public works. Lord Dalhousie founded the Public Works Department (PWD) through which roads, railways, bridges, irrigation and other public utility works were undertaken <ref name=pwd>[http://www.pwdwb.in/home/page/history "Public Works Department of West Bengal History"]; Retrieved on 22 Jun2016</ref>.
*[[Armies in India]] - an overview
*[[Auxiliary Regiments]] (Volunteer Regiments)
*[[Chronological list of Wars and Campaigns]]
*[[:Category:Indian Army Artillery|Indian Army Artillery]]
*[[:Category:Indian Army Images| Indian Army Images]]
*[[British Army#Indians in the British Army|Indians in the British Army]]
*[[Medals]]
*[[Medal Rolls]]
*[[Unattached List]]
*[[:Category:Organisations]] has links to a number of military historical societies which publish journals containing  articles about  India, including the [[Indian Military Historical Society]]
*[[Postal Service]]  for some details during  Military Campaigns.
*[[5th Regiment of Bengal (Light) Infantry|5th Light Infantry]] for 1915 Singapore Mutiny
*[[Indian Army Educational and Training Establishments c 1945‎]]


==FIBIS resources==
The Commission proposal, which was implemented in 1854, set out the following basic features <ref name=pwd/>: -
*[http://www.fibis.org/shop/researching-ancestors-indian-army-1858-1947/ ''FIBIS research guide No. 3: Researching ancestors in the Indian Army, 1858-1947''] by Peter A Bailey 2014.
*The Control of PWD was removed from under the Military Board and placed under the Chief Engineers.
:The book guides the reader through the various stages of the development of the Indian Army and covers aspects including the structure of the army, campaigns, the various regiments, as well as details of how to find information on officers, NCOs and other ranks; attestation, training, service history, leave, pensions, wills, etc.  There is also a soldier’s detailed career path illustrating what can be found in the various records cited in the book. Available from the FIBIS Store.
*The PWD came under the control of respective provincial Government
*FIBIS database: [http://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=679&s_id=137  Soldiers’ and Widows’ Pension details -1896] IOR/L/MIL/14/214 & 215. Includes  previous members of the [[Bengal Army|Bengal]], [[Madras Army|Madras]] and  [[Bombay Army|Bombay Armies]], including men from the [[Unattached List]]. May also include a few members of the Indian Army which officially was formed in 1895.  These records are available on LDS microfilm 2029979 Items 1-2 with [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/show?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog-search-api%3A8080%2Fwww-catalogapi-webservice%2Fitem%2F774116 catalogue entry], however the FIBIS database record contains all the information available in the microfilm.
*Chief Engineers to be assisted by the Superintending Engineer & Executive Engineer.
*Review by Richard Morgan of ''A Soldier’s Story'' in ''FIBIS Journal Number 26 Autumn 2011'', page 52. For details of how to access this article, see [[FIBIS Journals]]. The review may also be read in this [http://www.newhavenpublishing.co.uk/review.html link], along with other reviews.
:[http://www.newhavenpublishing.co.uk/publishing.html Details] of the book ''A Soldier’s Story-From the Khyber Pass to the Jungles of Burma: The Memoir of a British Officer in the Indian Army 1933-1947'' by John Archibald Hislop, edited by Penny Kocher 2010.  


== British  Indian Army Cavalry==
==Departmental Structure==
The British Indian Army maintained about forty regiments of cavalry,  officered by British and manned by Indian sowars (cavalrymen). The  legendary exploits of this branch lives on in literature and early  films. Among the more famous regiments in the lineages of modern Indian  and Pakistani Armies are:
The PWD was headed by the PWD Secretary to the Government of India – a Consultant Engineer and advisor to [[Viceroy]] and Council Deputy Secretaries were responsible for the each branch
*[[Governor General's Bodyguard]] (now President's Bodyguard)
*[[Skinner's Horse]]  (now India's 1st Horse (Skinner's)
*[[Gardner's Horse]]  (now India's 2nd Lancers (Gardner's)
*[[Hodson's Horse]]  (now India's 4th Horse (Hodson's) of the Bengal Lancers fame
*[[6th Bengal Cavalry]] (later amalgamated with 7th  Hariana Lancers to form 18th King Edward's Own Cavalry) now 18th Cavalry  of the *Indian Army
*[[Probyn's Horse]] (now Pakistani)
*Royal Deccan  Horse (now India's The Deccan Horse)
*[[Poona Horse]] (now India's The Poona Horse)
*Queen's Own  Guides Cavalry (now partitioned between Pakistan and India).
*Several of  these formations are still active, though they now are armoured  formations, for example Guides Cavalry in Pakistan.


[http://www.usiofindia.org/Publications/Books/View/?bid=9 Details] of the book ''Izzat: Historical Records and Iconography of Indian Cavalry Regiments 1750-2007'' by Ashok Nath 2009, published by the United Service Institution of India.  It includes information about uniforms, badges and emblems.  See [[Military reading list]].  Further details about the book are available in the [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090412/spectrum/book1.htm Tribune India review] and the review by [http://www.sasnet.lu.se/sites/default/files/pdf/izzatnew.pdf SASNET] - Swedish South Asian Studies Network, Lund University. This book is available at the [[British Library]].
In 1866-68  the PWD was divided into three branches namely<ref name=pwd/>:-
*'''Civil Branch - PWD''' (Roads, Building & Irrigation),  
*'''[[Railway Branch - PWD]]''' ''(see seperate page)'' - which was disolved in 1905 on the creation of the [[Railway Board]]  
*'''Military Works Branch''' - which detatched from the PWD and became the Military Works Service under the [[Indian Army]] in 1899.


==Reserve of Officers==
Local Government  had its PWD Secretary who was
The official title was Army in India Reserve of Officers or A.I.R.O, but it was also known as the Indian Army Reserve of Officers, or I.A.R.O. Applications to the I.A.R.O are held in the British Library and itemised online in the [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do Catalogue] Browse by searching under term IARO or by entering name of soldier (surname first!)
*Advisor to [[Lieutenant Governor]] or [[Chief Commissioner]]
*Chief Engineer for his Province


Some, or perhaps all, appointments were promulgated in the ''[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/ London Gazette]'', which may be searched online.
Under him, Superintending Engineers were responsible for District, or a major project ie: a railway line.


There are India Office Records at the British Library called Collection 397 Reserve of Officers [http://hviewer.bl.uk/IamsHViewer/Default.aspx?mdark=ark:/81055/vdc_100000000028.0x0000f8 '''IOR/L/MIL/7/16215-16279'''] 1886-1940  .Another item is the publication ''Regulations for the Army in India Reserve of Officers 1939''. Delhi: Defence Dept, 1939. [http://hviewer.bl.uk/IamsHViewer/Default.aspx?mdark=ark:/81055/vdc_100000001395.0x00035b '''IOR/L/MIL/17/5/654''']  1939
Executive Engineers reported to the Superintending Engineers and were project managers for the single project. they would control:  
*2 or 3 Assistant Engineers,   
*5 or 6 European Overseer (NCO’s) 
*8/10 Native overseers and
*Office staff


The British Library has the book, in five volumes, covering the [[First World War]], ''Alphabetical list giving particulars of officers of the Indian Army Reserve of Officers / [issued by] Army Headquarters, India, Military Secretary’s Branch''. The catalogue entry states
== Training==
"Contents: [v.1]. 26th June 1916 _ v.2. 24th January 1917 _ v.3. 31st December 1917 _ v.4. 30th June 1918 _ v.5. 31st December 1918". The shelfmark is OIR 355.37 Open Access
*School of Military Engineering at Chatham, UK (1812) Colonial expansion resulted in a centralised establishment to teach civil engineering and architecture to officers destined for the colonies.
:[http://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=1039&s_id=176# FIBIS database: A List of Officers (I.A.R.O.) recruited to or Re-engaged during the Year 1916 and up to the middle of January 1917]
*The [[Royal Indian Engineering College]] at Cooper’s Hill, UK (1871) specifically trained [[Civil Engineers]] heading out to [[India]] to join the PWD.
*Thomason College, [[Roorkee]]. From around 1870 Assistant Engineers are drawn from civilian staff or the [[Corps of Royal Engineers|Royal Engineers]], Artillery or line Officers were trained at Roorkee. New Engineering Officers to India spent a year at Roorkee serving with the Bengal Sappers and Miners, to acclimatise and become linguistically fluent.


==Records==
Thomason College was a small training college, with a staff of five. It offered a two year Engineering Course for potential Assistant Engineers.
===British Library ===
*[http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=BLVU1 Explore the British Library] for book titles relating to Indian Army in British Library catalogue.
*[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=IAMS_VU2 The British Library’s "Search our Catalogue Archives and Manuscripts"] Search by name.
*British Library’s Help for Researchers: [http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/europeanofficers/euroofficers.html European Officers];    [http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelpregion/asia/india/indiaofficerecordsfamilyhistory/occupations/indianofficersandotherranks/indianofficers.html Indian Officers and Other Ranks]
There are India Office records in the British Library, reference [http://hviewer.bl.uk/IamsHViewer/Default.aspx?mdark=ark:/81055/vdc_100000000015.0x0002fc '''IOR L/MIL/14''']. The records include  Indian Army Records of Service  [http://hviewer.bl.uk/IamsHViewer/Default.aspx?mdark=ark:/81055/vdc_100000000026.0x000010  '''IOR/L/MIL/14/239-72481''']  c 1901-1947.  It appears unlikely that these records contain men  in the Volunteer or [[Auxiliary Regiments]]. Previously the catalogue entry advised that the closure period for these files has been set at 75 years from the date of entry of the serviceman/woman into the service. The files are opened on an annual basis.  On 1 January 2010, files relating to persons joining the service in 1934 were opened. However, this wording does not now appear. A complete alphabetical index to the opened files is now available on open access in the Asian & African Studies Reading Room  at the [[British Library]] or it can be searched by name on [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=IAMS_VU2 British Library archive search].  '''Note''' <nowiki>*</nowiki>The majority of files date from the 1930s. '''<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''Generally there will not be files for officers who retired, as officer papers were presented to them on retirement.<ref>Matthew B [http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=226713&p=2251459  Major CAK Johnson, 1st Bengal Lancers (Skinner's Horse) Great War?] ''Great War Forum'' 15 April 2015.Retrieved 15 April 2015</ref> '''<nowiki>*</nowiki>'''It is not known whether the search facility  only locates names where there is an open file.  


Additionally, there are publications from the Military Department Library in respect of the Indian Army, catalogue entry [http://hviewer.bl.uk/IamsHViewer/Default.aspx?mdark=ark:/81055/vdc_100000000026.0x00006f  '''IOR/L/MIL/17/5'''] 1854-1947  including
Graduates from Cooper’s Hill joined the imperial service, while those from Thomason College were destined for provincial service. Those specialising in Military Building including [[architecture]] would be based in a town, while those choosing the Irrigation, or the Railways would find themselves in a remote rural hinterland. Some students became members of the Survey Dept.
*''Indian Army List''  [http://hviewer.bl.uk/IamsHViewer/Default.aspx?mdark=ark:/81055/vdc_100000000047.0x0001bd  '''IOR/L/MIL/17/5/1-219'''] 1889-1947 These are readily available on the open shelves. War Services are a particularly valuable feature of the List and the volumes in which they appear or with which they were issued separately are marked within the link with an asterisk. After 1892 the war services of Indian Officers are included in January issues only. A few editions have been reprinted. See [[Indian Army#Other|below]].
*Stations of the Army in India Distribution Lists/Lists of Units  [http://hviewer.bl.uk/IamsHViewer/Default.aspx?mdark=ark:/81055/vdc_100000000047.0x0001d2  '''IOR/L/MIL/17/5/771-1132''']  1908-1947


Earlier Indian Army Lists may be found in India Office Serials [http://hviewer.bl.uk/IamsHViewer/Default.aspx?mdark=ark:/81055/vdc_100000000015.0x000131 '''IOR/V/6''']  1768-1948 including
Those students with a particular interest in architecture were encouraged to specialise, as there was a great demand for [[architect]]s.  
*''Indian Army and Civil Service'' List'', from  January, 1861  '''IOR/V/6/125-156'''  1861-1876
*''India List Civil and Military, from January, 1877  '''IOR/V/6/157-191''  1877-1895


For online editions see '''[[Indian Army List online]]'''.
At the time Indian Universities were formed (1860 onwards) they took inspiation from home, where Universities taught Engineering (full-time architectural education did not begin in England until 1892 at King’s College) so they copied the existing educational model.  


The book ''Index of Indian Army Regimental Titles'' by Anthony Farrington, published 1982 is on the open shelves at the British Library
English trained PWD engineers endorsed the training of Indian engineers at local colleges. Architectural critics (echoing the UK's Design Reform Movement suggested that engineers had insufficient design education - allowing them to copy European styles, but not innovate designs for Indian conditions. This was voiced in the 1868 Bombay Builder magazine - arguing that it was only in India that engineers were employed to design landmark buildings (Law Courts, Government buildings etc). 


''India’s Army'' by Major D. Jackson 1940  contains a "potted history" of every Regiment & Corps (including the auxiliary & princely state forces). With 70 chapters, over 100 B & W photos & illustrations, 14 full Colour plates.  
Arguably, Engineers adversely stagnated the training of Indian technicians, and this continued until Indian Universities, captivated with Modernism, offered Architecture Courses - in the run up to Independence. A result was several generations  had not studied India’s rich architectural history. Accepting this the JJ School of Art [[Bombay]] looked forward, visioning the use of concrete a new material that would in time house India's masses.


A good source of military information is the annual publication of [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/2245a61e-db5d-4ed7-a900-7e41e407bfaa Indian Army Orders '''IOR/L/MIL/17/5/245-299'''] 1903-1947, issued by the Adjutant General's Department and Army Headquarters India. Volumes 245-85  (to 1942, and partially 1943)  contain annual indexes.
As well as Thomason College, Roorkee housed:  
This publication includes at least some information from the official Gazettes (see  the following item). Some editions of ''Indian Army Orders'' are available online, see '''[[Military periodicals online#Indian Army Orders|Military periodicals online -Indian Army Orders]]'''.
*Headquarters for the Bengal Sappers and Royal Engineers in Bengal
*Foundry
*Quarter Master Course - seven month course


The India Office Records at the British Library include [http://hviewer.bl.uk/IamsHViewer/Default.aspx?mdark=ark:/81055/vdc_100000000015.0x000136 Government Gazettes '''IOR/V/11''']  1831-1947 which contain much military information.<br>
==FIBIS Resources==
The Government Gazettes were the official newspapers of the Government of India and its provincial governments. The series held are: ''Gazettes of India'' 1865-1947, ''Calcutta'' 1832-1947, ''Assam'' 1874-1947, ''Bihar and Orissa'' 1912-1947, ''United Provinces'', 1850-1947, ''Fort St George'' 1832-1947, ''Bombay 1831-1947'', ''Punjab'' 1872-1947, ''North-West Frontier Province'' 1932-1947, ''Central Provinces'' 1875-1947, ''Coorg 1885-1947'', ''Sind'' 1869-1947, ''Burma'' 1875-1947. Summaries of the contents of each series are to be found in the handlists in the Reading Room of the British Library
*Hugh Wilding,  "M.I.C.E. in the branches: a family history work in progress" ''FIBIS Journal'' No 23 (Spring 2010), pages 28-38. M.I.C.E. stands for Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. An account of researching  a civil engineer in the Public Works Department. For details of how to access this article, see [[FIBIS Journals]]
: Some editions of the ''Gazette of India'' are available as pdf downloads, Digital Library of India, see [[Gazette of India online]]. Editions of the ''Calcutta Gazette'' are also available as pdf downloads from the Digital Library of India.
*Hugh Wilding, "Building the Beas Bridge" ''FIBIS Journa''l No 24 (Autumn 2010), pages 50-53. For details of how to access this article, see [[FIBIS Journals]].
: Some editions of the ''Gazette of India'' and the ''Calcutta Gazette'' are available as pdf downloads from [http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/ DSpace at West Bengal State Central Library]


===National Archives of India===
== Records ==
Indian armed forces personnel records are held at the National Archives of India <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/familyhistory/next_steps/researchplaces_01.shtml Tracing your Asian roots on the Indian subcontinent] by Abi Husainy 
(Last updated 2011-02-17) BBC</ref> with the  contact email address given as:  <nowiki>archives@nic.in</nowiki>
*The following [[India Office Records]] held at the [[British Library]] may help researchers:
**PWD Civil Lists 1861-1940 [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorv_5&cid=1-2#1-2 '''IOR: V/13/195-226]'''
**Once the whereabouts of your ancestor in a given year has been established, a useful next step is the [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorv_5&cid=1-1#1-1 '''IOR  V/12''' Service Histories].There are an alarming 434 volumes of Service Histories, and as well as whole sequences of volumes for the 3 Presidencies, there are more sequences for India, Assam, Bihar & Orissa, United Provinces, Punjab, North West Frontier, Central Provinces, Burma and  Hyderabad!  The earliest date from 1879 and the latest 1948, though dates for particular regions vary.  The later you can get in your ancestor’s career the better, as the information appears to be cumulative.
** Records of Staff and Students of Cooper's Hill Engineering College 1871-1906 are held in series IOR/L/PWD/8 with those of students also  on [http://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=913 FIBIS database]. [http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2014/05/engineering-a-career-in-india.html "Engineering a career in India"] 20 May 2014 British Library untold lives blog.
*The publication ''Indian Engineering'' is held by the [[British Library]].  For comments about this publication, refer the online editions, below. The British Library catalogue shows the following issues are held: UIN: BLL01013927488 "vol.3.no.[1], etc (7 Jan.1888 - Jan.1952)". However, for  the catalogue entry UIN: BLL01012090738 it is advised Deficient: vol.64, no.17 - vol.67, 1918-20.
*The publication ''Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland'' is held by the [[British Library]]. Published by ICE Publishing 2002-2014, currently (March 2016) in three volumes: Volume 1. 1500-1830. Volume 2: 1830–1890. Volume 3: 1890–1920. [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/bdoceigbai.58347.114 Sample page, Volume 3] with entry for Harold Edward Byrne, Federated Malay States. For more sample pages, see Individuals below.
* From c June 2013 the following records have been availble on the pay site Ancestry.com
**[http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=3585 UK, Civil Engineer Records, 1820-1930] source UK: Institution of Civil Engineers.
**[http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=3777 UK, Civil Engineer Photographs, 1829-1923] source UK: Institution of Civil Engineers.
**[http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=3149 UK, Mechanical Engineer Records, 1870-1930] souce UK: Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
*[https://www.ice.org.uk/disciplines-and-resources/ice-library-and-digital-resources ICE Library] Institution of Civil Engineers, London. Includes an Archive service. [https://www.ice.org.uk/ICEDevelopmentWebPortal/media/Documents/About%20Us/guide-to-ice-historical-archives.pdf Guide to the ICE Archives 2010]. Previously the  [http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/?myhome=true ICE Virtual Library] could  be searched for an  obituary of an ICE member, which often gives details of a person's work history, but it is unclear if this facility is now only available to ICE members.
*[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Main_Page Grace’s Guide to British Industrial History]. The website advises “Grace's Guide is the leading source of historical information on industry and manufacturing in the UK”. Includes Biographies of selected Engineers.
*See also '''[[L/F/10 Records of Service 1702-1928]]'''


"I enquired at the National Archives in Delhi and received 150 pages of my grandfather's service record. An enquiry doesn't cost any money until they copy documents for you. The process is slow but well worth the wait". D. Fielder 14 April 2011.<ref> WW2Talk Forum thread [http://ww2talk.com/forums/topic/18823-british-indian-army-records-where-are-they/?p=360157 British Indian Army records - where are they?] by D. Fielder dated 14 April 2011.</ref> Subsequently he advised "My grandfather was in the IMS… I received it [the record] within 3-4 months".<ref>Fielder, David.
==Related Articles==
[http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/india/2016-06/1466544649 IAMC Records] ''Rootsweb India Mailing List'' 21 June 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.</ref> Some earlier advice is contained in “How to Retrieve Indian War Records”  a WW2Talk Forum post dated 2 July 2009.<ref>[http://ww2talk.com/forums/topic/15940-how-to-retrieve-indian-war-records How to Retrieve Indian War Records ],  a WW2Talk Forum post dated 2 July 2009  by 'Elven6'</ref>
*[[Civil Engineers]]
*[[Royal Indian Engineering College]]
*[[Chappar Rift]]


The writer of this section sent an email request in October 2013, using the email address previously quoted. A reply was received seven weeks later, but unfortunately no record is available, (nor is there a record at the British Library).
==Individuals==
*[http://archive.org/stream/incidentsandane00sprogoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Incidents and Anecdotes in the Life of '''Lieut.-General Sprot'''  Volume 1''] 1906 Archive.org. The author spent 12 years in India, from 1849, [http://archive.org/stream/incidentsandane00sprogoog#page/n34/mode/2up page 13], with the British Army [[83rd Regiment of Foot]] but much of this time was attached to the Public Works Department, Bombay Presidency.
*[https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/621999-memoir-of-general-sir-william-erskine-baker-k-c-b-royal-engineers-bengal ''Memoir of General Sir '''William Erskine Baker''', K.C.B., Royal Engineers (Bengal)''] 1882. Born 1808, he arrived in India in 1828 and worked on the canals of Upper India where he became involved with fossil discoveries. Papers about these were written in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He worked mainly with Canals and latterly the Railways, and in 1855 became the first Secretary of the Public Works Department. He left India in 1857 and in 1858 became Military Secretary at the India Office. FamilySearch Digital Library. You need to sign in to FS to view the book.
*'''Lieutenant John C Harris''' of the [[Bengal Sappers and Miners|Bengal Engineers]] was involved in flood mitigation work following a major flood at Cuttack in 1855. See [[Cuttack]] for details.
*[http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/genealogy/dibblee/index.htm  '''Frederick Lewis Dibblee''']. Railway engineer. Worked in India 1864-1888
* ''Life of '''Lieut.-General the Hon. Sir Andrew Clarke''', Colonel-Commandant of Royal Engineers'' edited by Col. RH Vetch 1905 Archive.org. [https://archive.org/details/lifeoflieutgener00vetc/page/n239 "Member of Council of the Viceroy of India 1875-1880"] page 193-221. He was head of the Indian Public Works Administration.
*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022898211 ''Village, Town, and Jungle life in India''] 
by '''A.C. Newcombe''' 1905 Archive.org He was in India 1874-1902 as a Civil Engineer in the Public Works Department
*'''Tom Salkield''' , was Engineer to the Municipality of Delhi 1905-1922.  He was awarded the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaisar-i-Hind Kaiser-i-Hind] decoration for public service in India .He was also in the Punjab Volunteer Rifles for 16 years. There are further details in his  obituary  ''ICE Proceedings Volume 16, Issue 3, 01 July 1960'' , pages 348 –349. <ref>[http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/issue/iicep/16/3  ''ICE Proceedings Volume 16, Issue 3, 01 July 1960'' , pages 348 –349] </ref> Details of [http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY3022YY Tom Salkield Delhi Photograph Album 1905-1916] Janus (Archives in Cambridge)
*"East African Campaign 1914 – 1918: Faridkot Sappers & Miners" by Richard Sneyd [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fgweaa.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F02%2FCampaign-East-Africa-Copy-for-GWAA-site.pdf  html version], [http://gweaa.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Campaign-East-Africa-Copy-for-GWAA-site.pdf  pdf] gweaa.com. '''Robert (Robin) Thomas Stuart Sneyd''' was working as a civil engineer in Madras Presidency when he joined the Indian Army Reserve of Officers in March 1915 and joined the Faridkots at Voi in British East Africa in October 1915 as a Lieutenant.
*'''Charles Spedding''', Engineer, of the road making  contacting company Spedding & Co, making the road  from Gilgit to Kashmir c 1891, and '''W.P. Appleford''', an engineer employee - refer [[Punjab Rifles]]
*[http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/iicep.1957.1944  '''Colonel Frederick Charles Temple''', C.I.E., C.B.E., V.D., 1879-1957]  Obituary ICE Virtual Library. He came to India c 1905 and served in various capacities with the Military Works Services and with the Public Works Department. In 1919 he was appointed Chief Town Engineer and later Administrator, for the Tata Iron and Steel Co., being responsible for the design and building of the town of [[Jamshedpur]]. Later, he became Relief Engineer and Supply Officer to the Government of Bihar and Orissa after the January 1934 earthquake and was responsible for the reconstruction of the towns, roads and bridges destroyed.
* Sample pages from ''Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Volume 3: 1890–1920'', published 2014 by ICE Publishing. icevirtuallibrary.com
**[http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/bdoceigbai.58347.163 '''John Edwin Dallas''' 1855-1938] Indian PWD, Railway Branch c late 1870s Bombay etc, Assam, Burma.  Retired 1910.
**[http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/bdoceigbai.58347.457 '''Sir Francis Langford O’Callaghan''' (1839-1909)]. Indian PWD, Railways 1862-1894, including north-west frontier.
**[http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/doi/abs/10.1680/bdoceigbai.58347.626 '''Brigadier-General Sir William Danvers Waghorn''' (1867-1936)]. Commissioned as a Royal Engineer 1887, joined the Public Works Department, Railways. Served in the Boer War as Deputy Assistant Director of Railways, and the Western Front, WW1 as Chief Engineer of XVII Corps. Retired 1924 India.


A researcher visiting India was advised to contact the Adjutant General's Office in Delhi. Eventually she found the actual address to be Adjutant General's Office, Indian Headquarters of the Ministry of Defense (Army), Room No. 280, South Block , New Delhi 110011. Email address <nowiki>agbrancharmyhq@gmail.com</nowiki>. The files in Delhi are filed by the service record numbers, so it is necessary to have this information.<ref>India List Post [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA/2014-03/1393710362 Address for Adjutant General's Office in Delhi] by Shirley Barbur dated 1 March 2014</ref>
== External links ==
*[http://www.indianetzone.com/36/developments_public_works_british_india.htm Developments in Public Works, British India] from History of India, Indianetzone
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131231025838/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-openpage/article2443690.ece "How our British rulers 'legalised' bribery"] by M B Lal September 11, 2011. The Hindu.com, now an archived webpage.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104121836/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120901/j&k.htm#2 Heritage tag for 110-yr-old power project] by Majid Jahangir. The  second oldest power project, the Mohura [Mohra] Power House located in the  Uri area of north Kashmir’s Baramulla district, was commissioned in 1902. This article also mentions the first power house set up in 1901 by the Maharaja of Mysore. ''The Tribune'' Saturday, September 1, 2012, Chandigarh, now an archived webpage. The  Mohura Power House was situated  midway between Uri and Baramulla.
*[http://www.angloburmeselibrary.com/public-works-department.html The Public Works Department of Burma 1910 – 1947]  A Project by Vivian Rodrigues. Includes transcriptions from the book ''History of Services of Gazetted and other Officers serving under the Government of Burma July 1931 Vol I Part II'' . This Volume is titled ''Officers of Public Works Department'', and is available online, refer below.  The Anglo –Burmese Library. Retrieved 11 September 2014
====Historical books online====
*Also see [[Corps of Royal Engineers‎#Historical books online|Corps of Royal Engineers‎-Historical books online]]
*Also see Individuals, above
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=sOILAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Reports Correspondence and Original Papers on Various Professional Subjects Connected with the Duties of the Corps of Engineers Madras Presidency'' Volume 1 1839] by Captain J. T. Smith, F. R. S.  Google Books
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Hz5pAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP1 ''The theory and practice in the construction of suspension bridges, and the origin of the "resultant tension" principle, having reference to the project for bridging the Hooghly. A lecture delivered at the Town Hall 27th October, 1853''] by Lieut. Col. H. Goodwyn, Bengal Engineers. 1854 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=l4YIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Public Works Department). No. XIII: Progress Reports of the Public Works Department, for the Year 1854-55''] (Google Books)
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=WBYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA483  "Public Works in the Bengal Presidency"] by Major General George Borlase Tremenheere, of the Bengal Engineers from ''Minutes of Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers'' (Great Britain) 1858 page 483 (Google Books). He also gave evidence in 1858 to a House Of Commons Select Committe on Colonisation and Settlement in India, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=wrASAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Parliamentary Papers'' 1858 (Google Books)].
*''Engineer's Journal and Railway, Public Works and Mining Gazette of India and the Colonies‬''  (‪Volume I title: ''Engineer's Journal and Railway and Public Works Chronicle of India and the Colonies'') Google Books‬ [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=j88yAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR1 ‪ Volume 1]  Published Calcutta 1858 [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=j88yAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 Contents]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=NtEzAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 Volume II]  1859 [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=NtEzAQAAIAAJ&pg=PP9 Contents]; [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E9wzAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume IV ] 1861 [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E9wzAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 Contents]
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=SJ4EAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''The Bombay Builder: an illustrated journal of engineering architecture, science & art Volume 1''] 1865 Google Books
*[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5YteAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1  '' ‪Memorandum on the Employment of the Corps of Royal Engineers in India‬''] by  Major G Chesney R E 1868 Google Books
*''Index Scholasticus: Sons and daughters. A guide to parents in the choice of educational institutions, preparatory to professional or other occupation of their children'' by R. Kemp Philp 1872 Archive.org includes
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924101205643#page/n171/mode/2up Entrance requirements c 1872  Civil Engineering Service in India] page 162 
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924101205643#page/n173/mode/2up  Entrance requirements c 1872, Indian Civil Engineering College, Cooper’s Hill, Surrey] page 164
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924101205643#page/n175/mode/2up The Engineer Establishment of the Indian Public Works Department], page 166
*''Indian Engineering''  (Archive.org). This Calcutta publication, "An Illustrated Weekly Journal" appears to covers all aspects of engineering- railways, buildings, bridges etc. It also has sections where it mentions people, their jobs, their deaths, promotions etc.
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianengineerin01calcuoft#page/n3/mode/2up    Volume 1 January-June 1887], [http://www.archive.org/stream/indianengineerin01calcuoft#page/n5/mode/2up General Index],[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianengineerin01calcuoft#page/74/mode/2up Poem-Died On The Line] (page 75); [http://www.archive.org/stream/indianengineerin02calcuoft#page/n3/mode/2up Volume 2 July-December 1887] , [http://www.archive.org/stream/indianengineerin02calcuoft#page/n5/mode/2up  General Index]
**[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianengineerin03calcuoft#page/n3/mode/2up  Volume 3 January-June 1888], [http://www.archive.org/stream/indianengineerin03calcuoft#page/n5/mode/2up General Index]; [http://www.archive.org/stream/indianengineerin04calcuoft#page/n3/mode/2up Volume 4 July-December 1888] (lacks General Index)
*''Professional papers on Indian engineering''
:[http://books.google.com/books?id=N1POAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 1 1863-64], [http://books.google.com/books?id=g1POAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 2 1865], [http://books.google.com/books?id=wVPOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR4 Volume 3 1866], [http://books.google.com/books?id=_FPOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR6 Volume 4 1867], [http://books.google.com/books?id=OVTOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 5 1868], [http://books.google.com/books?id=a1TOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP5 Volume 6 1869], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZHItAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP25 Volume 7 1870] Google Books.
:[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.515145 Second Series Volume 1, 1872] Archive.org. Public Library of India Collection.  [http://www.archive.org/stream/professionalpap00regoog#page/n9/mode/1up Second Series Volume 2, 1873]-([https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PaEEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP9 1873 Google Books]),  [http://www.archive.org/stream/professionalpap01regoog#page/n9/mode/1up Second Series Volume 5, 1876], [http://www.archive.org/stream/professionalpap00regoog#page/n9/mode/1up  Second Series Volume 7, 1878], [http://www.archive.org/stream/professionalpap02brangoog Second Series Volume 8, 1879] Archive.org
:Volume 9, 1880 is available to download as a pdf from [http://panhwar.com/rare_books.htm Rare Books on Sindh] (scroll down)
*[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&lr=#PPP24,M1 India List & India Office List 1905] Your railway ancestor may be here.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indiaindianengin00medlrich#page/38/mode/2up  ''India and Indian Engineering''] by J G Medley 1873 ex Principal of Tomason College, Rorkee. Good description of the life and work of engineers in India. Archive.org
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=buINAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Indian Civil Engineering College, Coopers Hill Calendar 1873-74''] Prospectus for 1873 with details of the course, Indian Public Works Department etc. Google Books
*[https://archive.org/details/b20395590 ''Sanitary Engineering in India: for the use of Municipalities and Engineers''] by John Wallace, C E, Bombay  1893 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/waysandworksini02macggoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Ways and works in India being an account of the public works in that country from the earliest times up to the present day''] by G. W. Macgeorge 1894 Archive.org
*''The Engineering Works Of The Godavari Delta: A Descriptive and Historical Account'' by  George Turner Walch, Chief Engineer for Irrigation, Madras (Retired). 1896. Compiled for the Madras Government. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari Volume I], with [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari/The_engineering_works_of_the_Godavari#page/n34/mode/1up Map of the Godarari Delta: Left side] and [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari/The_engineering_works_of_the_Godavari#page/n35/mode/1up Map: Right side], [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheGodavari1 Volume II] Archive.org
*''The Engineering Works Of The Kistna Delta: A Descriptive and Historical Account'' by  George Turner Walch, Chief Engineer for Irrigation, Madras (Retired). 1899. Compiled for the Madras Government. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt Volume I] with [https://archive.org/stream/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt/The_engineering_works_of_the_Kistna_delt#page/n19/mode/2up  Map of the Kistna River Basin], now known as the Krishna River. [https://archive.org/details/TheEngineeringWorksOfTheKistnaDelt1 Volume II] Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/electricityinind00bomb#page/n7/mode/2up ''Electricity in India , being a history of the Tata Hydro- Electric Project with notes on the Mill Industry in Bombay''], edited by SM Rutnagur 1912 Archive.org.  Contains a [http://www.archive.org/stream/electricityinind00bomb#page/76/mode/2up List of Engineers]
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.3385 ''Indian Engineering''] by William Lumisden Strange 1923. Full title:  ''Indian engineering, relating to irrigation, water supply of towns, roads and buildings''.  Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
*[http://bhagirathi.iitr.ac.in/dspace/ Bhagirathi - The Institute Repository of IIT Roorkee] in the [http://bhagirathi.iitr.ac.in/dspace/handle/123456789/158  Archives collection of the Central Library] has books and documents relating to Rourkee and Engineering which may be downloaded as pdfs.  As an example searching for Roorkee gives the following [http://bhagirathi.iitr.ac.in/dspace/handle/123456789/158/simple-search?query=Roorkee  publications]
*[https://archive.org/details/roorkeetreatiseo030592mbp ''Roorkee Treatise On Civil Engineering Section IX: Railways''] revised by W R Horn, Assistant Secretary, Railway Board 7th Edition  1929 Archive.org
*''Proceedings of the Punjab Engineering Congress'' from 1913 are available on the website of [http://pecongress.org.pk Pakistan Engineering Congress]  which was established in 1912 as the Punjab Engineering Congress, located under Publications/Proceedings.
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.91147 ''History of Services of Gazetted and other Officers serving under the Government of Burma July 1931 Vol I Part II''] . The title page also states ''Officers of Public Works Department''.  Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection. For transcriptions from this book, refer above.


It seems probable that the files accessible through the National Archives of India and the Adjutant General's Office, both located in Delhi,  are the same files, but this is not yet known.
== References ==
 
<references />
'''Note''': Refer comment under British Library records above that generally there will not be files for officers who retired, as officer papers were presented to them on retirement.
 
===British Army records after January 1921/April 1922===
If you are looking records for British personnel who served in the Indian Army ,  either officers whose service ended after April 1922 or soldiers whose service ended after January 1921, and there is no record in the series "Indian Army Records of Service IOR/L/MIL/14/239/1-72481", or at the National Archives of India, (refer above for both these sources), you could try contacting the Army Personnel Centre Historical Disclosures Section, whose details are set out in the article [[British Army#Army personnel serving after January 1921|British Army-Army personnel serving after January 1921]]. This is not a confirmed source, but some other British Army records include British officers from the Indian Army. '''Note''': Refer comment under British Library records above that generally there will not be files for officers who retired, as officer papers were presented to them on retirement.
 
===LDS Microfilms===
 
''Indian Army List''s are available as LDS microfilms, possibly for the period only to 1888 and appear in the [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=778871 LDS catalogue] as ''An East-India register and directory''. It is possible that the publications from 1889 only contain the Civil Service List, and not the Army List, but this is not known. (The LDS catalogue also has an  [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=578082&disp=The+India+Office+list%2C+1886%2D1940&columns=*,0,0 military records entry] for "The India Office list, 1886-1940 : containing an account of the services of the officers in the Indian service and other information" available on microfiche.  It seems likely that that these are in fact catalogued incorrectly and are not military records, as the ''India Office Lists'' for 1924 and 1929, (see [[Directories online]]) do not appear to contain an ''Indian  Army List'')
 
A limited number of  additional [[LDS]] (Mormon) microfilms are available in respect of the Indian Army:  [https://familysearch.org/catalog/search Search the  LDS Library catalogue] using keywords  “Indian Army” and “India Office” ([[FamilySearch Centres#Ordering microfilms|Ordering microfilms]]).
 
===The National Archives (TNA)  (UK)===
[[The National Archives]]  at Kew house a good run of Indian Army Lists available on open shelves. There is a full run from 1902-1939 but also some earlier volumes dating from 1860s.
 
===Online records===
*Refer [[Directories online]] and [[Military periodicals online]] for Army Lists available online.
 
*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk ''The <nowiki>[</nowiki>London<nowiki>]</nowiki> Gazette'']  contains details of (some/all?) appointments and  promotions for officers
 
*Some issues of the ''Gazette of India'' and the ''Calcutta Gazette'' (refer [[Indian Army#British Library|British Library above]]) are available online, refer [[Newspapers and journals online]]
 
*For Prisoner of War records from the [[First World War]] which include members of the Indian Army, see [[British Army#Prisoners of War|Prisoners of War]] on the British Army page.
 
*"British" [http://www.unithistories.com/officers/IndianArmy_officers_A01.html Indian Army Officers 1939-1945] from World War II Unit Histories & Officers
 
===National Army Museum===
The [[National Army Museum]] in London has the following guide on its website:
*[http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/oldResearch/files/tscInfo1.pdf Information Sheet No 1: Researching soldiers of the East India Company’s Armies and the Indian Army].
 
The collection at the NAM includes the card index by Hodson and Percy Smith which includes details of officers who joined the Indian Army from Sandhurst, warrant officers and some Emergency Commissioned Officers of the Second World War.  The NAM collection also includes 3,400 questionnaires completed in the 1960’s, 70s and 80s by former India Army Officers about their careers and families.
 
The NAM also holds some Indian Army regimental histories.
 
===Prince Consort's Library===
The [[Prince Consort's Library]],  Aldershot, Hampshire contains a large number of pre Independence Indian Army regimental histories.
 
==Uniform items==
Also refer Externals links, Uniforms below.
===The turban===
The turban provided protection from sun, wind, cold and minor blows to the head.<ref>
[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA328 Page 328] ''East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab'' by Gurnam Singh Sidhu Brard 2007 Google Books</ref> When it was windy, with sand being blown around, an end of the turban could be used to cover face, nose, ears and beard.<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=UUdYFH9skIkC&pg=PA145 Page 145] ''East of Indus: My Memories of Old Punjab'' by Gurnam Singh Sidhu Brard 2007 Google Books</ref>
 
''Dress Regulations 1913'' refer to the lungi and the pagri. 
<br>''British Officers serving with Indian units are permitted to wear a lungi in place of a helmet with khaki dress…All officers of a unit must be dressed alike.'' (Page 7)
 
The Pashtu language word is lungi, (lungee,<ref>[http://blogs.transparent.com/pashto/afghan-turbans/ Afghan Turbans] by najib 06. Sep, 2011 Pashto Language Blog </ref>) while the Hindi/Punjabi word is pagri, (pugri, puggaree,  pagree, pagg, pagh, pagari).
 
The '''lungi''' was often wrapped around a '''kullah''', (kulla, khulla), a dome shaped scull cup, which however is not worn by Sikhs. Sikhs in the Army, as part of their uniform,  were issued  a 5 metre turban, and a half size, smaller, under turban called a "fifty" which was usually in a contrasting colour. <ref> [http://www.sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?cat=6&id=3060 What Is The Fifty?] by Jagdeep Singh Sahota June 25, 2015 (scroll down page). sikhchic.com</ref> The smaller cloth was also known as a '''pag''', (pakta), (which could also be a bandana type cloth) and shows as a small triangle of contrasting colour in the centre of the forehead under the lungi.
 
In Army terminology, the term lungi was usually used for the cloth the turban was constructed from, and a '''pagri''' usually referred to the cloth  which was wound around a sun helmet, the latter worn both by British in the Indian Army, and in the British Army. However, in some contexts, a lungi and kullah together formed a pagri, and in other contexts the words lungi and pagri  have the same meaning.
 
The lungis were of “regimental pattern” which often differed between officers and O.R.s, and also could  differ from one decade to the next. <ref>‪PhilinYuma‪.  [http://www.victorianwars.com/viewtopic.php?f=19&t=3500&start=15#p13441 ID question, Indian Army] ''Victorian Wars Forum'' 17 June 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2016.</ref>. This means it may be difficult to identify the regiment from the pattern.


===The kurta===
The kurta was a kaftan like garment  which could be knee length or longer.
==Indian Military Academy and other Training Schools==
===Indian Military Academy===
The Indian Military Academy was established at [[Dehra Dun]] in 1932. The course was designed to be parallel to the course at Sandhurst, UK.
<br>During WW2 it provided an eight month training course for soldiers from the rank, or for civilians who had graduated from a prior eight week program at Datta Officers Training School, Lahore. The successful participants were graduated as Second Lieutenants.
===Other Officer Training Schools===
*To meet the urgent needs for officers, the Daly College at [[Indore]] was converted to an Officer Training School in 1918. <ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=3YBNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 Page 123] ''Short Stories from the British Indian Army'' by J Francis Google Books</ref> There was one batch of graduates.
*C 1943, there were  Officer Training Schools at [[Bangalore]], [[Belgaum]] , [[Mhow]] and Datta, (Dutta) [[Lahore]]. Dutta O.T.S was situated in one wing of the Foreman Christian College campus on the bank of the canal which ran through the suburbs of Lahore.<ref>[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=b5GcvYse7vYC&pg=PA129 Page 129] ''One Hell of a Life: An Anglo-Indian Wallah's Memoir from the Last Decades of the Raj''‬ by Stan Blackford. Google Books</ref><ref>[http://auhomias.blogspot.com/2000/01/from-air-force-to-army-dutta-ots.html From Air Force to the Army- Dutta OTS]. From the handwritten diary of Abu Taher Khairul Haque (Ansari) born in Perozpur, Barisal January 1923 , see [http://auhomias.blogspot.com/2000_01_01_archive.html January 2000 archives, sidebar]. The Auhomias Bangladesh Online Photo Album.</ref>
===Staff College===
The Army Staff College moved to [[Quetta]] in 1907. Established in 1905, it was a training college for existing officers to become eligible for Staff appointments.
==Officers trained in countries other than UK or India==
Top officer cadets in both Australia and Canada could opt for service in the Indian Army. The Australians liked the cavalry and the Canadians liked the infantry.<ref>bushfighter [http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=213939&p=2144952 Indian Army Officers] ''Great War Forum'' 25 August 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2016.</ref>
== External Links ==
'''Wikipedia''':
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army British Indian Army (1895-1947)]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regiments_of_the_Indian_Army_(1903) List of Indian Army Regiments 1903]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_regiments_of_the_Indian_Army_(1922) List of Indian Army Regiments 1922]
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II Indian Army during World War II]
'''Other'''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140508065016/http://www.bcmh.org.uk/archive/conferences/2012IndianArmyJohnson.pdf "Making A Virture Out Of Necessity: The Indian Army 1746-1947"] by  Dr Rob Johnson  BCMH Summer Conference 2012 – Indian Armies (The British Commission for Military History  bcmh.org.uk. now an archived webpage.)
:[http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/60703 Foreword, Introduction and Chapter 1 of ''The British Indian Army: Virtue and Necessity''] Edited by Rob Johnson cambridgescholars.com
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111130053326/http://orbat.com/site/history/1900-38/index.html  Historical Orders of Battle and TOEs 1900-1938]. Includes Indian Army.  orbat.com, now archived.
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20080831052956/http://orbat.com/site/history/1939-45/index.html Historical Orders of Battle and TOEs 1939-1945]. Includes Indian Army.  orbat.com, now archived.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141012132009/http://www.ordersofbattle.darkscape.net/site/cimh/british%20india/indian_army_1914.pdf The Army In India – July 1914] by Prof Charles Tustin Kamps  Orders of Battle, now archived.
*[http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?q=searchType%3Dsimple%26simpleText%3Dindian%2520mutiny%26themeID%3D%26resultsDisplay%3Dlist%26page%3D9&pos=5&total=299&page=9&acc=1963-08-176-1 East and Central Africa Medal 1897-99 with clasp: Uganda 1897-98], awarded to Sepoy Ahmad Khan, 27th (1st Baluch Battalion), Regiment of Bombay Light Infantry. The 27th (1st Baluch Battalion), Regiment of Bombay Light Infantry were one of three Indian Army regiments that took part in the suppression of a mutiny by the Sudanese troops used by the Colonial Government in Uganda. National Army Museum.
*This [http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol141jb.html article]<ref>[http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol141jb.html "Lieutenant-Colonel Seton Churchill and the financial lessons of the African campaigns, 1879-1902"] by J Black ''Military History Journal Volume 14 No 1 - June 2007'' South African Military History Society. ([https://web.archive.org/web/20130726010522/http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol141jb.html archive.org] link)</ref> briefly states that "in South Africa [2nd Anglo-Boer War, 1899–1902] there were a large number of officers and natives lent by India" and favourably mentions the Indian Military Accounts Department. [http://www.ladysmithhistory.com/a-to-z/indians/indians-in-the-boer-war/ Indian Army units in the Boer War] from  "Ladysmith History & The Boer War".  ([https://web.archive.org/web/20131127090736/http://www.ladysmithhistory.com/a-to-z/indians/indians-in-the-boer-war/ archive.org] link).  Also see [[Boer War]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141224003551/http://www.indianmilitaryhistory.org/ Center for Indian Military History] from Orders of Battle (orbat.com). now archived,  is an index page which has links to articles such as “British-Indian Army: Imperial Service Troops 1888-1918”, “Indian Infantry Regiments of World War I: 1st Brahmans through 30th Punjabis “, “Indian Army, 1939” and the “British Indian Army”. The page [https://web.archive.org/web/20141030135904/http://www.orbat.com/site/history/index.html History] also has some links about the Indian Army pre 1947 which do not appear to be included in the previous index page. As this site is now archived, some articles may not be available.
*[http://www.king-emperor.com/index.html For the King-Emperor] The Indian Army during 1901-1939.  Photos, histories, profiles etc.
*[http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll3&CISOPTR=384&CISOBOX=1&REC=1 "British colonial experience in Waziristan and its applicability to current operations"] by Matthew W Williams, 2005 from Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library
*[http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll3&CISOPTR=1209&CISOBOX=1&REC=1#metajump "The Indian Army in Africa and Asia 1940-1942 Implications for the planning and execution of two nearly- simultaneous campaigns"] by Major James Scudieri, 1995 from Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library
*[http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/indiancavalry/indiancavalrypre1857.htm  Indian Cavalry] British Empire website
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=eJ-avmU6o80C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bengal+Cavalry+Regiments+1857-1914&ei=-nDGSZukMpHaMbqWvOwN  Bengal Cavalry Regiments 1857-1914]  Google Books
*''A register of titles of the units of the H.E.I.C. & Indian armies, 1666-1947''  by Chris Kempton published by the  British Empire and Commonwealth Museum, c1997. Copy can be found via the [http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=1&fromLogin=true&dstmp=1385490835487&vid=BLVU1&fromLogin=true British Library catalogue]
*The [http://www.usiofindia.org United Service Institution of India] was founded in 1870 . It was founded for 'furtherance of interest and knowledge ...of the Defence Services.'  It has published a Journal since that time, with the following  (pdf) indexes which may be searched. [http://www.usiofindia.org/publications/Journal/Archives/Index/Part1.pdf Index Part 1: 1871-1921], [http://www.usiofindia.org/publications/Journal/Archives/Index/Part2.pdf Index Part 2: 1922-1970]. The Journals are available at the [[British Library]] from 1883 (Volume 12)
*[http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2014/09/finding-indian-soldiers-who-served-in-world-war-one.html "Finding Indian soldiers who served in World War One": Casualty Appendices to the War Diaries]  by Dorota Walker  09 September 2014. British Library Untold lives blog. Retrieved 11 September 2014
*This [http://tribune.com.pk/story/204911/treasure-trove-awesome-/  article dated  8 July  2011, ''The Tribune'', Pakistan]  by Sonia Malik gives details of records held at the Lahore Museum in respect of over 100,000 Indian soldiers who served in the British Army during the [[First World War]].
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/britishlibrary/albums/72157644008850194 Photographs: World War I: Indian Army by H D Girdwood] British Library on flickr.com. Mainly taken in France on the [[Western Front]].  Also available through the BL [http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/Default.aspx Digitised Manuscripts Search] using  keyword Girdwood.
*[http://www.indian-tales.com/pages0-9.asp ''Indian Tales''] by Patrick O‘Meara (born 1930) describes his childhood in India, spent in Army cantonments. His father was in the Royal Indian Army Service Corps (RIASC). Indian-tales.com
*Obituary of [https://web.archive.org/web/20100924063518/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1448007/Charles-Chenevix-Trench.html  Charles Chenevix Trench], c 1914 -2003 (telegraph.co.uk, archive.org link) He served as an Indian Army officer in the 1930s, commissioned into [[Hodson's Horse]], and winning an MC during the Second World War . In 1946 he retired from the Army to follow his father into the Indian Political Service for the 18 months until Partition.  His 19 books included three classic accounts of British India: ''The Indian Army and the King's Enemies, 1900-1947''; ''The Frontier Scouts''; and ''The Viceroy's Agent'', all published in the 1980s and available at the  [[British Library]]
*[http://www.defencejournal.com/2001/feb/ethnicity.htm "Ethnicity, Religion, Military Performance and Political Reliability - British Recruitment Policy and The Indian Army - 1757-1947"] by Maj (Retd) Agha Humayun Amin ''Defence Journal'' [Pakistan] February 2001
*[http://www.csas.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/48674/WP24_Shaheed_Hussain.pdf  "'Punjabisation' in the British Indian Army 1857-1947 and the Advent of Military Rule in Pakistan"] by  Syed Hussain Shaheed Soherwordi, School of History & Classics, University of Edinburgh. ''Edinburgh Papers In South Asian Studies Number 24 (2010)''.
*[http://recruitmenthistory.blogspot.com/2010/06/history-of-recruitment-in-indian-army.html "Recruitment History of Indian Army: Historical Perspective"] by Col Deepak Joshi (Retd) June 7, 2010 recruitmenthistory.com
*[http://www.nam.ac.uk/events/daytime-talks/video-archive/martial-races-india Video and transcript: "The Martial Races of India: Recruitment by Ethnicity in the British Indian Army"]  by Jasdeep Singh,  recorded on 22 February 2016. nam.ac.uk, including YouTube video.
*Pay to view British Pathe Film, [http://www.britishpathe.com/video/good-news-from-china/query/good+news+from+china Good News From China 1927], an indication that Indian troops were leaving China in 1927  "owing to marked improvement of situation in Shanghai."
*[http://books.stonebooks.com/subject/1003209/ India: Regimental histories] stonebooks.com (retrieved 23 April 2014)
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2381/8635  ''Swords trembling in their scabbards': A study of Indian officers in the Indian Cavalry, 1858 – 1918''] by Michael John Creese  2007 PhD thesis University of Leicester (retrieved 27 April 2014)
*[https://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Indian_Army_1939_47_Intro.pdf  "Introduction" from ''The Indian Army 1939-1947: Experience & Development''] edited by Alan Jeffreys and Patrick Rose.
'''Uniforms'''
*Illustrations: [http://www.soldierssoldiers.com/sales_military_prints_section.php?section=OurArmies2  Indian Native Cavalry]  and [http://www.soldierssoldiers.com/sales_military_prints_section.php?section=OurArmies3 Indian Native Artillery and Infantry],  originally from ''Our Armies'' by Richard Simkin 1891 soldierssoldiers.com
*[https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/search/?q=Lyall+Charles+%22suite+of+136+%22&utf8=✓&page=1 Watercolours of members of the Indian Army] by  Charles James Lyall  c 1903. Brown Digital Repository, Brown University Library. Also includes some pre 1857 illustrations,  perhaps based on  historical sources. The artist was a member of the Bengal Civil Service, and an Arabic scholar. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Lyall Wikipedia entry]. Includes
**[https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:250966/ 1896. 18th Bengal Lancers. The Commandant, Lieu. Col. Richardson]
*[https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:233976/ 35th Scinde Horse: British officer, c. 1903] Gouache drawing by Jack Challenor. Brown Digital Repository, Brown University Library.
*Illustrations: [http://www.soldierssoldiers.com/sales_military_prints_section.php?section=ArmiesOfIndia Armies of India] originally from ''The Armies of India'' painted by Major A. C. Lovett 1911 soldierssoldiers.com. This book is available to read online, refer below
*[http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1956-02-882-1Photograph:  Officer's full dress uniform worn by Major J A C May-Somerville, 11th King Edward's Own Lancers (Probyn's Horse), 1913 (c)] includes a separate image of a kurta. National Army Museum.
*[http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1957-10-18-0 Photograph: Full dress kurta, 1st Duke of York's Own Lancers (Skinner's Horse), 1902-1914]. National Army Museum.
*[http://www.militarysunhelmets.com/2013/turbans-of-the-indian-army#more-13633 "Turbans of the Indian Army"] by Peter Suciu MilitarySunHelmets.com. Provides details of the various styles.
*[http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1956-02-882-11 Photograph: Pugri, 11th King Edward's Own Lancers (Probyn's Horse), 1913 (c)] Also known as a lungi. Additional photograph shows a kullah. National Army Museum
*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30100086 Photograph: Pagri (Turban): O/Rs, 36th Sikhs, Indian Army]. First World War. Imperial War Museums.
*[http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?acc=1978-11-17-1 Photograph: Kullah, other ranks' (Sepoys'), Field Service Order, Universal pattern, Indian Army, 13th Frontier Force Rifles, 1937 (c)].  National Army Museum
*[http://www.europeana1914-1918.eu/en/europeana/record/9200176/BibliographicResource_3000047052622 Photograph: Officers of the 4th Cavalry [Neuf Berguin, France, WW1<nowiki>]</nowiki>].  Photographer: H. D. Girdwood . To enlarge photograph, click on "View item at: The British Library"
*[http://www.king-emperor.com/12th%20Cavalry-%20Lt.Col.H.W.Grace%20MC%20Probyns%20Horse-ke.jpg  Photograph: Lt.Col.H.W.Grace M.C., Probyn’s Horse] king-emperor.com
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gW5-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92-IA6 Photograph: Francis Ingall when commanding the bodyguard to H E the Governor of the Punjab, Governor’s Cup Day, 1934 [Lahore Racecourse<nowiki>]</nowiki>]  and [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gW5-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92-IA1 Photograph:  Francis Ingall at Miri Khel Camp, October 1930] ([[6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers‎|6th Lancers]])  page 92 ''The Last of the Bengal Lancers'' by Francis Ingall Google Books.
*[http://www.militarysunhelmets.com/2012/british-puggarees-2-3-4-and-6-folds "British Puggarees 2, 3, 4 and 6 Folds"] by Stuart Bates. MilitarySunHelmets.com
===Historical books online===
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=nDRYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP4 ''Articles of War for the Government of the Native Officers and Soldiers in Her Majesty's Indian Army''] Revised third edition 1863 Google Books
*[http://books.google.co.nz/books?id=WgYTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11 ''East India  Military and Budget Estimates.  Session 5 February-21 August 1867'']  ''House of Commons Accounts and Papers, Volume 15'' Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=xSNYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Abolition of the bonus system in the Indian Army'']  compiled by Lt.-Col. J.C. Phillips, retired list, late Bengal Army.  1869 Google Books
*[https://archive.org/stream/armybookforbrit00daltgoog#page/n472/mode/2up "Part III The Army in India and Colonial Forces"] page 442 ''The Army Book for the British Empire: A Record of the Development and Present Composition of the Military Forces and their Duties in Peace and War'' by William Howley Goodenough R A and  James Cecil Dalton R A. 1893. HMSO. Archive.org.  Includes Indian Army
*''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India''. Compiled in the Intelligence Branch, Army Headquarters, India. c 1907-11. ''Volumes 1-3'', see [[North West Frontier Campaigns]]. ''Volumes 4 and 7'', see [[Assam]]. [https://archive.org/details/frontieroverseas05indi ''Volume 5: Burma''] 1907 Archive.org. [https://archive.org/details/frontieroverseas06indi ''Volume 6: Expeditions Overseas'']. 1911 Archive.org.  Africa and the Mediterranean. Persia and Arabia. Ceylon and the Islands of the Indian Ocean. The Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. China.
*[http://archive.org/stream/cu31924023004264#page/n7/mode/2up ''My Service Days: India, Afghanistan, Suakim '85, and China''] by Maj.-Gen. Sir Norman Stewart 1908 Archive.org The author initially came to India in 1872 with the [[68th Regiment of Foot]] and subsequently joined the Indian Army where he held many positions, retiring in 1904
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/reminiscencesofi00westuoft#page/n3/mode/2up ''Reminiscences of an Indian Cavalry Officer''] by Colonel John Sutton Edward Western 1922 Archive.org. Born in India in 1857, he returned after schooling in England in 1876 , the greater part of his service being with the Punjab Frontier Force.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/undertenviceroys00woodiala#page/n7/mode/2up ''Under Ten Viceroys: the Reminiscences of a Gurkha''] by Major-General Nigel Woodyatt  1922 Archive.org . The author, who was in  a British Army regiment,  arrived in India c 1883, and was subsequently appointed to the Indian Army where he held many positions.
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=b5GcvYse7vYC&pg=PA133 Training to be an officer at the  Indian Military Academy at Dehra Dunn c 1943] page 133 ‪''One Hell of a Life: An Anglo-Indian Wallah's Memoir from the Last Decades of the Raj''‬ by Stan Blackford. Google Books
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/armiesofindia00macmuoft#page/n11/mode/2up ''The Armies of India''] painted by Major A. C. Lovett, described by Major G. F. MacMunn  With 72 coloured illustrations  1911 Archive.org
:[https://archive.org/details/martialracesofin030605mbp ''The Martial Races Of India''] by Lieut-General Sir George MacMunn, Colonel Commandant, the Royal Artillery. c1932 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/catalogueofbooks00cockrich#page/n1/mode/2up ''A catalogue of books relating to the military history of India''] drawn up by Maurice J.D. Cockle 1901 Archive.org
*''Indian Army Orders''.    Pdf downloads, Digital Library of India. Based on catalogue details unless otherwise specified.
:[http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/116147  1908] (catalogued Jan,vi Th, 1945), [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/72282  1910] (catalogued  Jan,thired 1855), [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/72288  1912], [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/108847  1922], [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/108844 1923], [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/108855 November 1924], [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/117224  1927], [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/108848  1929], [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/72293 1931], [http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/117202  1932],  [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/117213  1933]
*''Armaments Year-Book : General and Statistical Information''.  Published by the League of Nations at Geneva from 1924. These books have been digitised  separately in [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/otcgi/digilib/llscgi60-4a08.html Chapters]. Links to pdf downloads,  Northwestern Univerity Library Evanston, IL, USA. Chapters relating to British Empire/ India or India, which contain details about the structure of the Army, training schools etc:
:[http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/otcgi/digilib/llscgi60-c818.html Vol. 1 (1924)], [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/otcgi/digilib/llscgi60-6c8a.html  Vol. 2 (1925/1926)], [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/otcgi/digilib/llscgi60-e583.html  Vol. 3 (1927)], [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/otcgi/digilib/llscgi60-f7a9-2.html  Vol. 4 (1928)], [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/otcgi/digilib/llscgi60-3101.html  Vol. 5 (1928/1929)], [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/otcgi/digilib/llscgi60-d7c4.html  Vol. 6 (1929/1930)], [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/otcgi/digilib/llscgi60-0dcd.html  Vol. 7 (1930/1931)], [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/otcgi/digilib/llscgi60-ff0c.html  Vol. 8 (1931/1932], [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/otcgi/digilib/llscgi60-8bd4.html Vol. 9 (1933)], [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/otcgi/digilib/llscgi60-32f6.html  Vol. 10 (1934)], [http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/league/otcgi/digilib/llscgi60-6c74.html  Vol. 11 (1935)]
*[http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/lsidyv3912a187#ark:/81055/vdc_000000035459.0x000005 ''Handbook on Sikhs for the use of Regimental Officers''] by Captain R W Falcon 4th Sikh Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force (lately Officiating District Recruiting Officer, Sikh District) 1896. British Library itemViewer. Also available as a pdf download through the [http://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?vid=BLVU1 Main Catalogue] Search using keyword lsidyv3912a187 then click on 'I want this'
*''Handbooks for the Indian Army''
**[https://archive.org/stream/Sikhs#page/n137/mode/2up  "Recruiting"] , Chapter V, page 106 ''Handbooks for the Indian Army: Sikhs'' by Captain A H Bingley, 7th  (Duke of Connaught’s Own) Bengal Infantry.  Compiled under the orders of the Government of India. 1899 Archive.org
**[http://www.scribd.com/doc/36732392/SIKHS-A-Handbook-for-the-Indian-Army-1899  ''Handbooks for the Indian Army: Sikhs'' 1928 edition, reprint 1940] by A E Barstow 2/11th Sikh Regiment (late  15th Ludhiana Sikhs) Scribd.com. This edition is also available to read  on line on  the [http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=2673&page=1&CategoryID=1&Searched= Panjab Digital Library]
**''Handbooks For The Indian Army: Hindustan Musalmans and Musalmans of the Eastern Punjab'' by W. Fitz G. Bourne 1914 is available as a [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/499098 pdf download]  Digital Library of India.
**''Handbooks for the Indian Army: Gurkhas'' Compiled under the orders of the Government by Lieut- Colonel Eden Vansittart 2nd Bn 10th Gurkha Rifles. revised by Major B U Nicolay 1st Bn, 4th Gurkha Rifles 1915 (Reprint 1918), is available to read  as a [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/237136  pdf download] on the Digital Library of India, catalogued as Gurkhas (1915).
*:''Handbooks for the Indian Army: Gurkhas'' Compiled under the orders of the Government by Major C J Morris, late 2nd Bn, 3rd QAO Gurkha Rifles Second edition 1936, revised by the author, first published 1933, is available to read as a [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/238360  pdf download] on the  Digital Library of India website, catalogued as Gurkhas (1936).
**[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1924-garhwalis-handbook-for-the-indian-army-by-henderson-s-pdf ''Handbooks for the Indian Army:  Garhwalis''] revised by Lt.-Col. K. Henderson 1924, original text by  John Thorold Evatt. Pdf download PAHAR- Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset.
**''Handbooks For The Indian Army: Kumaonis'' 1933 by A Latham is available to read  online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website. Link to a [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/278759 pdf download]
*[https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistoryofl00jeha#page/n15/mode/2up/search/Sikh Page viii] and [https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistoryofl00jeha#page/44/mode/2up/search/Sikh page 44] ''A Short history of the lives of Bombay opium smokers'' by Rustom Pestanji Jehangir 1893 Archive.org. Details and a comment  about the use of opium by Sikh soldiers.
*[http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/131698 ''Indian Army Uniforms''] by W Y  Carman 1969. Full title: ''Indian Army Uniforms under the British from the 18th century to 1947 : Artillery, Engineers and Infantry''. Pdf download, Digital Library of India.  There is also a volume by this author with a similar title on Cavalry published in 1961, not available online, but available at the [[British Library]].
*''Army Regulations (India) 1913. Volume VII. Dress''. [Dress Regulations are in respect of Officers]. This book is available to read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website. There are two copies available, however both copies  appear to be incomplete.  The better copy is catalogued as ''army regulations, india'', 1913  barcode 99999990265902, but is missing the rear index, pages 91-96. [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/505458  Pdf download]. [http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/72252  Second pdf download].  Also available  to read online on [http://www.scribd.com/doc/270813385/Army-Regulations-India-Vol-VII#scribd Scribd]
:''Dress Regulations India'' 1926 is available to read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website, barcode 4990010028437. Print quality is poor for most pages. The text commences digital file page 8. Index, digital file page 106. It seems likely that pages are missing from the digital file.
:[http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/206295 ''Dress Regulations For The Army(1934)''] is available as a pdf download, Digital Library of India.
*[http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/72253 ''Army Regulations India Clothing Vol XI''] 1916 is available as a pdf download, Digital Library of India. [Clothing Regulations are in respect of soldiers who are not officers]
*[http://dli.serc.iisc.ernet.in/handle/2015/72244 ''Army Regulations India Barrack Synopsis India''] 1930 is available as a pdf download, Digital Library of India.
*[https://archive.org/stream/indiandefencepro031317mbp#page/n7/mode/2up'' Indian Defence Problem: A Study''] by Capt G V Modak 1933 Archive.org. The author “spent many years in active military service in an important Indian State”.  [https://archive.org/stream/indiandefencepro031317mbp#page/n27/mode/2up Contents], [https://archive.org/stream/indiandefencepro031317mbp#page/n29/mode/2up Statistical Contents]
*''The Indian Engineers 1939-1947'' by  Lieut Colonel E. W. C Sandes,  published 1956, is available to read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website.
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015022447810?urlappend=%3Bseq=3  ''History of the Indian Army''] by Brigadier Rajendra Singh, Colonel, The Grenadiers 1963 Hathi Trust Digital Library
*[https://archive.org/stream/horsebreedingi00gilb#page/52/mode/2up "Horse-Breeding in India"], page 52 ''Horse-Breeding in England and India: and Army Horses Abroad'' by Sir Walter Gilbey 1906 Archive.org
== Recommended Reading ==
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Military_reading_list  ''A Matter of honour : an account of the Indian Army, its officers and men. By Philip Mason (London: Cape, 1974)'']  Review in FIBIS [[Military reading list]]
*[http://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Military_reading_list ''India’s Army by Donovan Jackson (pub 1940)'']  Review in FIBIS [[Military reading list]]
*''A Soldier’s Story-From the Khyber Pass to the Jungles of Burma: The Memoir of a British Officer in the Indian Army 1933-1947'' by John Archibald Hislop, edited by Penny Kocher 2010. See [[Indian Army#FIBIS resources|FIBIS resources]] above.
==References==
<references />


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[[Category:Indian Army| Indian Army]]
[[Category:Occupations]]
[[Category:Armies]]
[[Category:Glossary]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service]]

Revision as of 00:38, 5 December 2019

Also includes Engineers generally.

The Public Works Department was a government department that was responsible for buildings, roads, irrigation and railways.

Public Works in India, such as the construction of roads, water tank, etc. was originally conducted by the military. This started with the Pioneers and then by the Public Works Department of the Town Major's List (Bengal & Bombay) or the Effective Supernumeraries (Madras). Much of the responsibility for public works was then passed over to a special section of the Indian Civil Service in the mid-19th century. Later, the military once more took responsibility for much of the public works.

Drawing attention of the Government to the unsatisfactory management and state of affairs in public works, the Court of Directors of the East India Company, in early 1850, instituted a Commission in each Presidency for investigation. The members of the Commission were unanimous on the inability of the Military Board in the management of public works. Lord Dalhousie founded the Public Works Department (PWD) through which roads, railways, bridges, irrigation and other public utility works were undertaken [1].

The Commission proposal, which was implemented in 1854, set out the following basic features [1]: -

  • The Control of PWD was removed from under the Military Board and placed under the Chief Engineers.
  • The PWD came under the control of respective provincial Government
  • Chief Engineers to be assisted by the Superintending Engineer & Executive Engineer.

Departmental Structure

The PWD was headed by the PWD Secretary to the Government of India – a Consultant Engineer and advisor to Viceroy and Council Deputy Secretaries were responsible for the each branch

In 1866-68 the PWD was divided into three branches namely[1]:-

  • Civil Branch - PWD (Roads, Building & Irrigation),
  • Railway Branch - PWD (see seperate page) - which was disolved in 1905 on the creation of the Railway Board
  • Military Works Branch - which detatched from the PWD and became the Military Works Service under the Indian Army in 1899.

Local Government had its PWD Secretary who was

Under him, Superintending Engineers were responsible for District, or a major project ie: a railway line.

Executive Engineers reported to the Superintending Engineers and were project managers for the single project. they would control:

  • 2 or 3 Assistant Engineers,
  • 5 or 6 European Overseer (NCO’s)
  • 8/10 Native overseers and
  • Office staff

Training

  • School of Military Engineering at Chatham, UK (1812) Colonial expansion resulted in a centralised establishment to teach civil engineering and architecture to officers destined for the colonies.
  • The Royal Indian Engineering College at Cooper’s Hill, UK (1871) specifically trained Civil Engineers heading out to India to join the PWD.
  • Thomason College, Roorkee. From around 1870 Assistant Engineers are drawn from civilian staff or the Royal Engineers, Artillery or line Officers were trained at Roorkee. New Engineering Officers to India spent a year at Roorkee serving with the Bengal Sappers and Miners, to acclimatise and become linguistically fluent.

Thomason College was a small training college, with a staff of five. It offered a two year Engineering Course for potential Assistant Engineers.

Graduates from Cooper’s Hill joined the imperial service, while those from Thomason College were destined for provincial service. Those specialising in Military Building including architecture would be based in a town, while those choosing the Irrigation, or the Railways would find themselves in a remote rural hinterland. Some students became members of the Survey Dept.

Those students with a particular interest in architecture were encouraged to specialise, as there was a great demand for architects.

At the time Indian Universities were formed (1860 onwards) they took inspiation from home, where Universities taught Engineering (full-time architectural education did not begin in England until 1892 at King’s College) so they copied the existing educational model.

English trained PWD engineers endorsed the training of Indian engineers at local colleges. Architectural critics (echoing the UK's Design Reform Movement suggested that engineers had insufficient design education - allowing them to copy European styles, but not innovate designs for Indian conditions. This was voiced in the 1868 Bombay Builder magazine - arguing that it was only in India that engineers were employed to design landmark buildings (Law Courts, Government buildings etc).

Arguably, Engineers adversely stagnated the training of Indian technicians, and this continued until Indian Universities, captivated with Modernism, offered Architecture Courses - in the run up to Independence. A result was several generations had not studied India’s rich architectural history. Accepting this the JJ School of Art Bombay looked forward, visioning the use of concrete a new material that would in time house India's masses.

As well as Thomason College, Roorkee housed:

  • Headquarters for the Bengal Sappers and Royal Engineers in Bengal
  • Foundry
  • Quarter Master Course - seven month course

FIBIS Resources

  • Hugh Wilding, "M.I.C.E. in the branches: a family history work in progress" FIBIS Journal No 23 (Spring 2010), pages 28-38. M.I.C.E. stands for Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. An account of researching a civil engineer in the Public Works Department. For details of how to access this article, see FIBIS Journals
  • Hugh Wilding, "Building the Beas Bridge" FIBIS Journal No 24 (Autumn 2010), pages 50-53. For details of how to access this article, see FIBIS Journals.

Records

  • The following India Office Records held at the British Library may help researchers:
    • PWD Civil Lists 1861-1940 IOR: V/13/195-226
    • Once the whereabouts of your ancestor in a given year has been established, a useful next step is the IOR V/12 Service Histories.There are an alarming 434 volumes of Service Histories, and as well as whole sequences of volumes for the 3 Presidencies, there are more sequences for India, Assam, Bihar & Orissa, United Provinces, Punjab, North West Frontier, Central Provinces, Burma and Hyderabad! The earliest date from 1879 and the latest 1948, though dates for particular regions vary. The later you can get in your ancestor’s career the better, as the information appears to be cumulative.
    • Records of Staff and Students of Cooper's Hill Engineering College 1871-1906 are held in series IOR/L/PWD/8 with those of students also on FIBIS database. "Engineering a career in India" 20 May 2014 British Library untold lives blog.
  • The publication Indian Engineering is held by the British Library. For comments about this publication, refer the online editions, below. The British Library catalogue shows the following issues are held: UIN: BLL01013927488 "vol.3.no.[1], etc (7 Jan.1888 - Jan.1952)". However, for the catalogue entry UIN: BLL01012090738 it is advised Deficient: vol.64, no.17 - vol.67, 1918-20.
  • The publication Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland is held by the British Library. Published by ICE Publishing 2002-2014, currently (March 2016) in three volumes: Volume 1. 1500-1830. Volume 2: 1830–1890. Volume 3: 1890–1920. Sample page, Volume 3 with entry for Harold Edward Byrne, Federated Malay States. For more sample pages, see Individuals below.
  • From c June 2013 the following records have been availble on the pay site Ancestry.com
  • ICE Library Institution of Civil Engineers, London. Includes an Archive service. Guide to the ICE Archives 2010. Previously the ICE Virtual Library could be searched for an obituary of an ICE member, which often gives details of a person's work history, but it is unclear if this facility is now only available to ICE members.
  • Grace’s Guide to British Industrial History. The website advises “Grace's Guide is the leading source of historical information on industry and manufacturing in the UK”. Includes Biographies of selected Engineers.
  • See also L/F/10 Records of Service 1702-1928

Related Articles

Individuals

  • Incidents and Anecdotes in the Life of Lieut.-General Sprot Volume 1 1906 Archive.org. The author spent 12 years in India, from 1849, page 13, with the British Army 83rd Regiment of Foot but much of this time was attached to the Public Works Department, Bombay Presidency.
  • Memoir of General Sir William Erskine Baker, K.C.B., Royal Engineers (Bengal) 1882. Born 1808, he arrived in India in 1828 and worked on the canals of Upper India where he became involved with fossil discoveries. Papers about these were written in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. He worked mainly with Canals and latterly the Railways, and in 1855 became the first Secretary of the Public Works Department. He left India in 1857 and in 1858 became Military Secretary at the India Office. FamilySearch Digital Library. You need to sign in to FS to view the book.
  • Lieutenant John C Harris of the Bengal Engineers was involved in flood mitigation work following a major flood at Cuttack in 1855. See Cuttack for details.
  • Frederick Lewis Dibblee. Railway engineer. Worked in India 1864-1888
  • Life of Lieut.-General the Hon. Sir Andrew Clarke, Colonel-Commandant of Royal Engineers edited by Col. RH Vetch 1905 Archive.org. "Member of Council of the Viceroy of India 1875-1880" page 193-221. He was head of the Indian Public Works Administration.
  • Village, Town, and Jungle life in India 
by A.C. Newcombe 1905 Archive.org He was in India 1874-1902 as a Civil Engineer in the Public Works Department
  • Tom Salkield , was Engineer to the Municipality of Delhi 1905-1922. He was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind decoration for public service in India .He was also in the Punjab Volunteer Rifles for 16 years. There are further details in his obituary ICE Proceedings Volume 16, Issue 3, 01 July 1960 , pages 348 –349. [2] Details of Tom Salkield Delhi Photograph Album 1905-1916 Janus (Archives in Cambridge)
  • "East African Campaign 1914 – 1918: Faridkot Sappers & Miners" by Richard Sneyd html version, pdf gweaa.com. Robert (Robin) Thomas Stuart Sneyd was working as a civil engineer in Madras Presidency when he joined the Indian Army Reserve of Officers in March 1915 and joined the Faridkots at Voi in British East Africa in October 1915 as a Lieutenant.
  • Charles Spedding, Engineer, of the road making contacting company Spedding & Co, making the road from Gilgit to Kashmir c 1891, and W.P. Appleford, an engineer employee - refer Punjab Rifles
  • Colonel Frederick Charles Temple, C.I.E., C.B.E., V.D., 1879-1957 Obituary ICE Virtual Library. He came to India c 1905 and served in various capacities with the Military Works Services and with the Public Works Department. In 1919 he was appointed Chief Town Engineer and later Administrator, for the Tata Iron and Steel Co., being responsible for the design and building of the town of Jamshedpur. Later, he became Relief Engineer and Supply Officer to the Government of Bihar and Orissa after the January 1934 earthquake and was responsible for the reconstruction of the towns, roads and bridges destroyed.
  • Sample pages from Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Volume 3: 1890–1920, published 2014 by ICE Publishing. icevirtuallibrary.com

External links

  • Developments in Public Works, British India from History of India, Indianetzone
  • "How our British rulers 'legalised' bribery" by M B Lal September 11, 2011. The Hindu.com, now an archived webpage.
  • Heritage tag for 110-yr-old power project by Majid Jahangir. The second oldest power project, the Mohura [Mohra] Power House located in the Uri area of north Kashmir’s Baramulla district, was commissioned in 1902. This article also mentions the first power house set up in 1901 by the Maharaja of Mysore. The Tribune Saturday, September 1, 2012, Chandigarh, now an archived webpage. The Mohura Power House was situated midway between Uri and Baramulla.
  • The Public Works Department of Burma 1910 – 1947 A Project by Vivian Rodrigues. Includes transcriptions from the book History of Services of Gazetted and other Officers serving under the Government of Burma July 1931 Vol I Part II . This Volume is titled Officers of Public Works Department, and is available online, refer below. The Anglo –Burmese Library. Retrieved 11 September 2014

Historical books online

Volume 1 1863-64, Volume 2 1865, Volume 3 1866, Volume 4 1867, Volume 5 1868, Volume 6 1869, Volume 7 1870 Google Books.
Second Series Volume 1, 1872 Archive.org. Public Library of India Collection. Second Series Volume 2, 1873-(1873 Google Books), Second Series Volume 5, 1876, Second Series Volume 7, 1878, Second Series Volume 8, 1879 Archive.org
Volume 9, 1880 is available to download as a pdf from Rare Books on Sindh (scroll down)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Public Works Department of West Bengal History"; Retrieved on 22 Jun2016
  2. ↑ ICE Proceedings Volume 16, Issue 3, 01 July 1960 , pages 348 –349


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