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*[[Commissariat]], or Army Supply. This Department was responsible for elephants.
*[[Commissariat]], or Army Supply. This Department was responsible for elephants.
==Photographs and drawings==
==Photographs and drawings==
*[http://collections.royalarmouries.org/index.php?a=wordsearch&s=gallery&w=elephant+armour&go=GO Photographs of elephant armour from 1600] with a [http://www.royalarmouries.org/visit-us/leeds/leeds-galleries/oriental/visit-us/leeds/leeds-galleries/oriental/india/single-object/2 description] Royal Armouries, Leeds, UK
*[https://collections.royalarmouries.org/object/rac-object-1761.html Elephant armour (bargustavan-i-pil) (17th century - 18th century)] Click on Media for additional photographs. Royal Armouries, Leeds, UK
*[http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/exhibits/e-exhibits/india/px2d10.jpg "An Artillery Elephant on Duty"], hand-coloured lithograph by Captain C. Gold; 1799 from [http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/exhibits/e-exhibits/india/chap2.htm British Voices from South Asia] Louisiana State University
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150319050741/http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/exhibits/e-exhibits/india/px2d10.jpg "An Artillery Elephant on Duty"], hand-coloured lithograph by Captain C. Gold; 1799 from [https://web.archive.org/web/20150128013125/http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/exhibits/e-exhibits/india/chap2.htm British Voices from South Asia] Louisiana State University, now archived webpages.
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=6eoFnaqQ0MQC&pg=PA26  Photograph of  a Royal Artillery elephant battery at Lucknow 1858]  ''Victoria's Wars'', page 26 by Ian Frederick William Beckett 1998 Google Books. The same [http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/images/480/105000-105999/105876.jpg photograph] is also available at the National Army Museum with these [http://www.nam.ac.uk/online-collection/detail.php?q=searchType%3Dsimple%26simpleText%3Dindian%2520mutiny%26themeID%3D%26resultsDisplay%3Dlist%26page%3D6&pos=17&total=299&page=6&acc=1956-08-6-17 details]
*[https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1956-08-6-17 An elephant pulling a field gun, 1858] Photograph by Felice Beato NAM. 1956-08-6-17. National Army Museum. Previously elsewhere identified as a Royal Artillery elephant battery at Lucknow<ref>''Victoria's Wars'', page 26 by Ian Frederick William Beckett 1998 previously available online on Google Books, now unavailable online.</ref>
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/13305961@N00/3907822106/in/photostream    Drawing of "Peshawur Mountain train in the line of March 1877"], showing guns loaded on the elephants' backs. flickr.com
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/13305961@N00/3907822106/in/photostream    Drawing of "Peshawur Mountain train in the line of March 1877"], showing guns loaded on the elephants' backs. flickr.com  
*[http://www.britishbattles.com/second-afghan-war/charasiab.htm Drawing of "An elephant battery advances through the mountains"]  from The Battle of Charasiab 6th October 1879, [[2nd Afghan War]] (scroll down) Britishbattles.com
*[https://www.britishbattles.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/16-Elephant-battery.jpg Drawing: Royal Artillery Elephant Battery: Battle of Charasiab] from [http://www.britishbattles.com/second-afghan-war/charasiab.htm   "The Battle of Charasiab"] 6th October 1879, [[2nd Afghan War]] (scroll down) Britishbattles.com
*[http://www.harappa.com/hawkshaw/11.html Photograph of "Elephant Battery 12/9 R.A. in action - Morar Gwalior, 1881"] from Major Hawkshaw’s [http://www.harappa.com/hawkshaw/intro.html  India Album]  Harappa.com
*[http://www.harappa.com/hawkshaw/11.html Photograph of "Elephant Battery 12/9 R.A. in action - Morar Gwalior, 1881"] from Major Hawkshaw’s [http://www.harappa.com/hawkshaw/intro.html  India Album]  Harappa.com
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924000918486#page/n65/mode/2up Drawing of a "Shaft Elephant of Heavy Field Battery Gun (from the Artillery Manual)"] , between pages lii and liii of the Introduction in ''A manual of the diseases of the elephant and of his management and uses'' by John Henry Steel 1885 Archive.org  
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924000918486#page/n65/mode/2up Drawing of a "Shaft Elephant of Heavy Field Battery Gun (from the Artillery Manual)"] , between pages lii and liii of the Introduction in ''A manual of the diseases of the elephant and of his management and uses'' by John Henry Steel 1885 Archive.org  
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*[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/elephants1880s.jpg Photograph of "The Elephant Battery, Artillery Lines, Peshawar"  c.1880's] from [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/troops.html this page] of Prof Fran Pritchett’s Indian Routes website
*[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/elephants1880s.jpg Photograph of "The Elephant Battery, Artillery Lines, Peshawar"  c.1880's] from [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1800_1899/britishrule/troops/troops.html this page] of Prof Fran Pritchett’s Indian Routes website
*[http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b25942/ Photograph of "Elephant battery of heavy artillery along the Khyber Pass at Campbellpur, 1895"] with [http://lccn.loc.gov/2004707363  details] Library of Congress
*[http://loc.gov/pictures/resource/cph.3b25942/ Photograph of "Elephant battery of heavy artillery along the Khyber Pass at Campbellpur, 1895"] with [http://lccn.loc.gov/2004707363  details] Library of Congress
*[http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/16854/lot/339 Photograph Elephant Battery Tirah Campaign 1897] bonhams.com. Click on the small picture to enlarge. From an album of views of the Tirah Campaign. Probably taken at the same time as the following photograph.
*[http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/16854/lot/339 Photograph Elephant Battery Tirah Campaign 1897] bonhams.com. Click on the small picture to enlarge. From an album of views of the Tirah Campaign.  
*[http://books.google.com/books?id=6QXYfAi0FUsC&pg=PA18 Photograph of an elephant battery during the Pathan Revolt 1897], with guns loaded on the elephant backs.  ''The British Army on Campaign 4 1882-1902'', page 18 by Michael Barthorp 1988 Google Books
*[http://www.search.staffspasttrack.org.uk/Details.aspx?&ResourceID=6145 Photograph of "Elephant Battery on Parade, Jhansi, India c 1899"] Staffordshire Past-Track
*[http://www.search.staffspasttrack.org.uk/Details.aspx?&ResourceID=6145 Photograph of "Elephant Battery on Parade, Jhansi, India c 1899"] Staffordshire Past-Track
*[http://www.corbisimages.com/Enlargement/HU052533.html Photograph of  "Elephant Battery Gwalior c 1935"] Heavy artillery is transported to a hill station by a team of Indian elephants. Corbis Images. Gwalior was a [[Princely states|Princely State]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150925230931/http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/HU052533/elephant-battery Photograph of  "Elephant Battery Gwalior c 1935"] Heavy artillery is transported to a hill station by a team of Indian elephants. Corbis Images, now an archived webpage, Gwalior was a [[Princely states|Princely State]]
* An elephant battery: [http://imgzoom.cdlib.org/Fullscreen.ics?ark=ark:/13030/kt2n39r2zq/z1&order=2&brand=calisphere Photograph 1] and  [http://imgzoom.cdlib.org/Fullscreen.ics?ark=ark:/13030/kt6199r6rv/z1&order=2&brand=calisphere photograph 2]  from [http://content.cdlib.org/search?facet=type-tab&relation=calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu&style=cui&keyword=Military+elephants+india&x=35&y=12 a group of photographs, University of California]. Identified as a British Heavy Battery of around 1895, refer [[Artillery elephants#External links|External links]] below.
* An elephant battery: [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt158026wp  Photograph 1] and  [http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt2n39r2zq  photograph 2]  from [http://content.cdlib.org/search?facet=type-tab&relation=calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu&style=cui&keyword=Military+elephants+india&x=35&y=12 a group of photographs, University of California]. Identified as a British Heavy Battery of around 1895, refer [[Artillery elephants#External links|External links]] below.
*[http://www.superstock.com/stock-photos-images/1899-24712  Photograph: Battery division elephant c 1895]. superstock.com. An Indian mahout (elephant handler) dressed in military uniform and turban sits on the shoulders of an elephant working in the Heavy Battery division of the Royal Artillery.
 
==Historical books online==
==Historical books online==
*This [http://books.google.com/books?id=V50bAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA451 extract] includes wording from  a 1784 book<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=YncIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA239 ''The History of Ayder Ali Khan, Nabob-Bahader: or, New Memoirs Concerning the East Indies. Volume 1''], page 239 by M. M. D. L. T. 1784 Google Books</ref> and refers to the skill of the elephants in the Army of Hyder Ali. "It can hardly be imagined how  useful these elephants are, nor with what skill and intelligence they do their work". "Baggage of the Indian Army" ''Calcutta Review, Volume 11 January-June 1849'', page 445
*This [http://books.google.com/books?id=V50bAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA451 extract] includes wording from  a 1784 book<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=YncIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA239 ''The History of Ayder Ali Khan, Nabob-Bahader: or, New Memoirs Concerning the East Indies. Volume 1''], page 239 by M. M. D. L. T. 1784 Google Books</ref> and refers to the skill of the elephants in the Army of Hyder Ali. "It can hardly be imagined how  useful these elephants are, nor with what skill and intelligence they do their work". "Baggage of the Indian Army" ''Calcutta Review, Volume 11 January-June 1849'', page 445
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*[http://7fd-regt-raa-association.com/Documents/UK%20Artlillery%20terms%20and%20abbreviations.doc  Glossary of Royal Artillery. Terms and Abbreviations (Historical and Modern) by Philip Jobson]. Includes the entry 'Bail Battery'. These were Heavy Batteries in India in the 1890's comprised of Elephant drawn guns.  "At the beginning ot the 20th Century, with the introduction of Breech-Loading guns for the Heavy Batteries, the Elephants and Bullocks were replaced with teams of eight heavy horses" 7fd-regt-raa-association.com. Note, this is a download, and depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder.
*[http://7fd-regt-raa-association.com/Documents/UK%20Artlillery%20terms%20and%20abbreviations.doc  Glossary of Royal Artillery. Terms and Abbreviations (Historical and Modern) by Philip Jobson]. Includes the entry 'Bail Battery'. These were Heavy Batteries in India in the 1890's comprised of Elephant drawn guns.  "At the beginning ot the 20th Century, with the introduction of Breech-Loading guns for the Heavy Batteries, the Elephants and Bullocks were replaced with teams of eight heavy horses" 7fd-regt-raa-association.com. Note, this is a download, and depending on your browser, you may need to locate in your downloads folder.
*[https://sites.google.com/site/elephantartillery/ Elephant Artillery] sites.google.com "The Elephant Batteries were also known as Bail Batteries, Bail being the Hindustani for oxen"
*[https://sites.google.com/site/elephantartillery/ Elephant Artillery] sites.google.com "The Elephant Batteries were also known as Bail Batteries, Bail being the Hindustani for oxen"
*Victorian Wars Forum  thread<ref>Frogsmile. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131114125457/http://www.victorianwars.com/viewtopic.php?f=19&t=6181 Identify details: photos of artillery elephants, India]  ''Victorian Wars Forum''  29 October 2011, now archived. </ref> by Frogsmile which dates  and identifies two photographs (refer [[Artillery elephants#Photographs and drawings|above]]) and  provides much additional information about elephant batteries.
*[http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_majservants_heavies.htm "Heavy Batteries in India"] by Lt-Col Roger Ayers www.kipling.org.uk
*[http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_majservants_heavies.htm "Heavy Batteries in India"] by Lt-Col Roger Ayers www.kipling.org.uk
*[http://theminiaturespage.com/boards/msg.mv?id=267290 Thread] about guns carried on elephants' backs. theminiaturespage.com
*[http://theminiaturespage.com/boards/msg.mv?id=267290 Thread] about guns carried on elephants' backs. theminiaturespage.com

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Also see

  • Commissariat, or Army Supply. This Department was responsible for elephants.

Photographs and drawings

Historical books online

  • This extract includes wording from a 1784 book[2] and refers to the skill of the elephants in the Army of Hyder Ali. "It can hardly be imagined how useful these elephants are, nor with what skill and intelligence they do their work". "Baggage of the Indian Army" Calcutta Review, Volume 11 January-June 1849, page 445
  • This extract is about the pushing power of an elephant The Calcutta Review, Volume 8, July-December 1847 page 222
  • "Elephant" Aide-mémoire to the military sciences: Framed from contributions of officers of the different services, Volume 1, page 404 Edited by a Committee of the Corps of Royal Engineers 1853 Google Books
  • "Elephant Battery" The Musical World, Volumes 19-20 1858, page 392 originally appeared in the Illustrated London News. Google Books
  • An account of how a reluctant elephant is made to swim across a river: page 452 Camp and Cantonment‬: ‪A Journal of Life in India in 1857-1859 to which is added A Short Account of the Pursuit of the Rebels in Central India by Majot Paget, RHA by Mrs Leopold Paget 1865 Google Books
  • An elephant tale, 1858 Round-about Rambles in Lands of Fact and Fancy by Frank Richard Stockton, page 9, first published 1872 Google Books
  • "Notes on elephant carriage and steel mountain batteries employed in Abyssinia", page 191 an Appendix to "The Abyssinian Expedition" pages 167-202 Minutes of proceedings of the Royal artillery institution, Volume 6 1870 Google Books
  • "Notes on Elephants and their Transport by Railway" by Capt H Wilberforce Clarke RE from Professional Papers on Indian Engineering Second Series Volume 8 1879 "Notes on Elephants", page 243 "Report on the Transportation of Elephants by Railway", page 289
  • "The Elephant as used in modern Armies", page xxvi (Introduction) A manual of the diseases of the elephant and of his management and uses by John Henry Steel 1885 Archive.org
  • This link advises an elephant battery at Jhansi was abolished c 1903, and the elephants sold. Chota Nagpur, a little-known province of the empire, page 200 by Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt, first published 1903, Google Books.
  • "Chapter XII Elephants" page 157 Army Veterinary Service in War by Major-General Sir John Moore AVS 1921 Archive.org
  • An elephant story Toomai of the Elephants from The Jungle Book may be read online from the page Rudyard Kipling. The story is set at the conclusion of the annual hunt for wild elephants, for the Government of India.

External links

References

  1. Victoria's Wars, page 26 by Ian Frederick William Beckett 1998 previously available online on Google Books, now unavailable online.
  2. The History of Ayder Ali Khan, Nabob-Bahader: or, New Memoirs Concerning the East Indies. Volume 1, page 239 by M. M. D. L. T. 1784 Google Books
  3. Frogsmile. Identify details: photos of artillery elephants, India Victorian Wars Forum 29 October 2011, now archived.