Maritime Service

The East India Company Maritime Services could be divided into three main categories:

• EIC Mercantile Marine. The Mercantile Marine was the principal merchant shipping service supporting the company's trade with India and the Far East. It was in operation from 1600 to 1834.
• Bombay Marine. The Bombay Marine was the fighting navy of the EIC. In the later nineteenth century and twentieth century it was renamed several times, ultimately becoming the Royal Indian Navy in 1935.
• Bengal Marine. The best known part was the Bengal Pilot Service which was responsible for guiding shipping between along the Hooghly River between Calcutta and the Bay of Bengal. Bengal Marine also included War Steamers, also called Sea Steamers, which were ships fitted with guns and river boats which were used to transport troops and other passengers, and cargo. In (at least) the 1840s-1850s the river boats were part of Inland Steam, or the Inland Steam Service and were described as Iron Steam Vessels appropriated to Inland Navigation, consisting of Steamers, Accomodation Boats and Cargo Boats. It seems likely that once private riverboat companies were established they took over the services of Inland Steam.

In 1877 the Bombay Marine and the Bengal Marine were combined to form HM Indian Marine, which became the Royal Indian Marine in 1892 and the Royal Indian Navy in 1935.

Old postcard showing shipping on the River Hooghly, Calcutta

FIBIS Resources

FIBIS Research Guide No. 2 An Introduction to British Ships in Indian Waters : Their Owners, Crew and Passengers by Richard Morgan with a Foreword by Lawrie Butler, 68 pages, published 2012, with Bibliography and Index

• Part I – the East India Company’s Maritime Service
• Part II – Country Ships
• Part III – A note on Interlopers
• Part IV – The Marine Service
• Part V – Independently owned commercial (steam) Ships
• Appendix 1: Summary of information on Free Mariners and Passengers in Directories
• Appendix 2: The Indian Marine Service in the IOR L/F/10 and other Series.

Available from the FIBIS Shop

"HEIC Maritime Holdings at the National Maritime Museum", an article by Geraldine Charles, can be found in the FIBIS Journal.

• "Part 1" FIBIS Journal Number 4 (Autumn 2000)
• "Part 2" FIBIS Journal Number 6 (Autumn 2001)

"Gahan, Eaton & Co" by Nigel Penny FIBIS Journal Number 21 (Spring 2009) pages 11-19. A family history of sea Captains, Master Attendants and Merchants.

"Wrecked or Captured, the East India Company Ships that Failed to Arrive", a fascinating talk given by Andrea Cordani, writer and researcher on East India Company Ships, at FIBIS's Spring lecture meeting in May 2009, is available to download or listento. The presentation that accompanied this talk and a book list for further reading can be found in the FIBIS Social Network, previously known as the Member's Area..

An edited edition of this talk is available in FIBIS Journal, No 22 (Autumn 2009), page 15. This edition also contains an article "The Loss of an East Indiaman in 1807 : account by Samuel Rolleston" on page 23. For details of how to access these articles, see FIBIS Journals.

The FIBIS Database has

• a category Maritime including
  • Bombay Marine-Indian Army Provides details of Officers, Ships, etc. of the Bombay Marine (1613-1830). In 1830 it was re-named the Indian Navy. This was abolished in 1863 and re-placed by a non-combatant Bombay Marine
• a category Military records: Pensions and Funds including
  • India Navy Pension Fund & Family Details
• a category Miscellaneous including
  • Lists of Free Merchants, Seafaring Men and Other Inhabitants of Bombay and Surrounds 1720-1780. Some data is restricted to logged in FIBIS members.

Other related articles

• Sailor
• Ships and Sailing images

Books

See also, Ships and sailing reading list.

A biographical index of East India Company Maritime Service officers, 1600-1834, by Anthony Farrington London: British Library, 1999
A companion volume to the "Catalogue", see below, the biographical index provides summaries of the sea careers of some 12,000 individuals who made the voyage to Asia as commanders, mates, surgeons, or pursers in the service of the EIC. The information has been compiled from the surviving ships' journals, logs, paying-off books and associated sources in the Company's archives at the British Library. Available at the British Library.

External links

• The British Library IOR Maritime Service page.
  • There is a set of records called Ships' Journals IOR/L/MAR/A-B 1605-1856. Read about these records . The various ships are listed alphabetically, following the order in Catalogue of East India Company Ships' Journals and Logs 1600-1834 by Anthony J.Farrington (London, 1999).
    Browse the ships names A-Dav, Daw-Han, Hap-Mas, Mat-Sat, Sc-Z plus extra ships names from 1834.
  • A description of Marine Miscellaneous Records IOR/L/MAR/C 1600-1879.(Access to Archives) "The collection is in process of re-arrangement and listing in separate series L/MAR/1-9 according to type and provenance". Included in these records are "personnel records of the Company's maritime service (at all levels of employment, but including particularly the appointment and services of commanders and mates of East Indiamen), the Bombay Marine, the Indian Navy, and the Bengal Pilot Service" but no further details are given.
  • For microfilms available in the LDS (Mormon) library catalogue, see IOR Marine records on LDS films
• Andrea Cordani's EIC Ships website which includes a glossary of Ship roles defining terms such as 'Regular Ship' , 'Extra Ship' and 'Country Ship.'
• National Maritime Museum Research Guides
  • Maritime Memorials in respect of ships’ crews’ deaths, in the Location category “Rest of World” has some entries for India, and other countries such as China, Singapore etc. National Maritime Museum website.
• British Maritime History - Realistic genealogical guides to surviving records and more, Len Barnett’s site, has sections on:

• EIC- A realistic guide to what is available to those looking into the careers of seagoing servants (1600-1834)
• Bombay Marine
• Bengal Marine

• East India Company Mariners including information on the Society of East India Commanders and a list of Commanders from 1828 from Mariners - Researching the mariners and ships of the merchant marine and the world's navies. This website also contains the Mariners Mailing List, Search the Mariners Mailing List Archives; Index of Ships' Official Numbers below 99,999, Official Numbers: Ships over 300 g.t. built 1876 – 1949
• Merchant Vessels in the Service of the East India Company, 1601-1832 on the Mariners website. Lists ship details.
• Maritime Resources 'Articles of Agreement' by Chris Wood dated 30 August 2013
• A Journal of a voyage to the Cape of Good Hope and Bombay in the Ship Sesostris by James Smith, 1829-1831
• Henry Alfred Coggan’s Diary 1865. London to Calcutta. The author, aged 19, worked his passage to India as a crew member on board the Staffordshire
• Arthur David Linklater, Master Mariner - Duncan Linklater's excellent site contains information on shipping and navigation in the early twentieth century, including details of Linklater's employment by the British India Steam Navigation Company, the Royal Naval Reserve and the Calcutta Port Commission. It is located in the section of the Quivis site called Dum. With scans and transcripts of original documents and many pages containing facts useful to those with an ancestor in sailing and shipping, exploring the site is recommended (note also the biographical section contents page).
• Chapter 24: "Working Along Mighty Rivers of the East" from his autobiography Lest I Forget by Khwaja Sayeed Shahabuddin (born 1923). Mentions the "India General Navigation Company Limited (an English company) and River Steamers Navigation Company Limited (a Scottish company). Originally competitors, they later merged to become known as the Joint Steamer Companies and together played a vital role in the development of inland water transport in Bengal and Assam.” The author joined I.G.N. Company, the British Inland Water Transport Company, in 1947. Chapter 26: "Working with the Joint Steamer Companies"
• A Short History of British India Steam Navigation 1856-1956 from B I Ship. Contains details of the establishment of The Calcutta & Burmah Steam Navigation Co Ltd which became the British India Steam Navigation Co. British India Steam Navigation Company from the Ships’ List
• Asiatic Steam Navigation Company from the Ships’ List.
• Private trading by sea captains is mentioned in "Routes into Networks: The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601-1833" by Emily Erikson and Peter Bearman 2004. Columbia University Working Papers Series
• The occupation of Master Attendant, equivalent to Harbour Master. Initially it appears these men were part of EIC Marine, and later the Royal Indian Marine
• History of Development of Maritime Regulations/Acts and Changing body of Controlling Authorities Mercantile Marine Department, Mumbai
• Troopships and Trooping by R G Robertson movcon.org.uk. Includes mention of troopships to India
• The trooping season between India and the United Kingdom lasted for about seven months each year, with the full programme being published some months in advance. The gap, April-October/November in India was the same each year – to avoid the worst of the heat in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. adenairways.com. Also see Deolali

Historical books online

• "Return to an order of the Honourable House of Commons, dated 26 June 1833 for: Lists of all pensions granted by the Company to Commanders, Officers, Seamen, Widows and Orphans, of the East India Company’s Commercial Marine Service. since the year 1793 to the present time; specifying the grounds upon which such pension was granted, the amount of each, and the source whence the pensions are derived". House of Commons Accounts and Papers: Session 29 January-29 August 1833 Volume XXVI Google Books
• Journal or Narrative of the Boscawen's Voyage to Bombay 1749, by a young gentleman Google Books
• A Register of Ships, Employed in the Service of the Honorable the United East India Company 1760-1810 by Charles Hardy and Horatio Charles Hardy 1811 Google Books
• Volume I, Part II The Bengal and Agra Annual Guide and Gazetteer for 1842 Google Books
  • "Vessels attached to the Bengal Presidency", page 21. Includes Steam Vessels, and Iron Steam Vessels appropriated to Inland Navigation, the latter consisting of Steamers, Accomodation Boats and Cargo Boats.
  • "Inland Steam Traveller’s Guide" page 26
• "On the Advantages of Extending Inland Steam Navigation in India" page 381 The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal 1843. Mentions steam boats "belonging to the Bengal Government"
• The India Directory: or, Directions for Sailing to and from the East Indies, China, Australia, and the Interjacent Ports of Africa and South America by James Horsburgh Sixth Edition 1852 Google Books Volume 1, Volume 2
• "Appendix in respect of War Steamers, also called Sea Steamers, belonging to the Presidency of Bengal, for a ten year period from 1841" page 390 First Report from the Select Committee on Indian Territories May 1853 Google Books. Same page 390, Hathi Trust where the pages may be rotated.
• The Golden Dagon, or, Up and Down the Irrawaddi: being Passages of Adventure in the Burman Empire by John Williamson Palmer 1856 Google Books. The author was an American doctor, appointed, in Hong Kong, surgeon on the EIC war steamer Phlegethon (Bengal Marine) which took part in the 2nd Burma War, 1852-1853
• There is a brief mention of the river boats sent from India to China in the war of 1860 on page 55 The British Arms in North China and Japan: Peking 1860; Kagosima 1862 
by D.F. Rennie MD, Senior Medical Officer of the Force in the North of China 1864 Google Books
• "Marine Report" page 92 Annual Report on Administration of the Bengal Presidency, 1860-61 Google Books
• Commerce by river in the Punjab (1861-62 to 1871-72) or a Survey of the Marine Department of the Government of the Punjab by Faqir Chand Arrora 1930. GIPE Pune
• On the preservation of the health of seamen, especially of those frequenting Calcutta and the other Indian ports by Norman Chevers MD, Surgeon, Bengal Army 1864 Google Books
• The old East Indiamen by E. Keble Chatterton, 1914 Archive.org
• Merchant Adventurers, 1914-1918 by F. A. Hook 1920 Archive.org. A "compilation of the war records of the P. and O., British India and associated lines." Unfortunately the file is lacking the illustrations which should be in the book
• The Blackwall Frigates by Basil Lubbock 1922 Archive.org. The Blackwall frigates formed a link betrween the the East Indiaman of the Honourable East India Company and the P&O and Orient liners
• Reminiscences of a Blackwall Midshipman by W I Downie 1912 Archive.org. Page 100 commences a section on India and Indian waters. The author was born c 1848 , so was probably writing of the 1860s
• Chapter III: "History and Reasons for Decline of Gangetic Navigation" page 27 Inland Navigation On The Gangetic Rivers by J Johnston, ICS 1947 Archive.org