Mule Corps

Mules formed part of the supply and transport section of armies and were particularly popular with expeditionary forces which had to travel over rougher terrain. A mule driver is called a muleteer.

Punjab Mountain Battery showing swivel gun barrel on mule

Mule Corps of the Indian Army

Prior to 1884 no permanent transport department was established in the Indian Army and animals, carts and drivers were hired locally when required. Between 1884 and 1887 a separate transport corps existed. This became known as the Commissariat Transport Department and was under the control of the Military Department.

However by 1905 a further reorganisation had witnessed the emergence of a regular corps and cadres of mules, camels and cart transport. "This now consists of 21 mule corps, 9 silladar camel cadres and 2 pony cart train cadres. A mule corps is commanded by a British officer and is divided into two subdivisions, each in charge of a warrant officer. Those for cavalry brigades are divided into six draught and four pack troops , each under a daffadar and have a total strength of 552 all ranks, with 936 mules. Those for use wih other arms are divided into nine pack troops, each under a daffadar, and have a total strength of 388 of all ranks with 840 mules. Cadres of mule corps are commanded by a British Officer and maintain practically the full number of supervising and artificer establishments. They have, however, a much smaller number of mules."

Fibiwiki article on Mountain Guns describes the artillery that could be carried by mules

The mule corps played an integral part in the various theatres of war during the First World War such as France, Gallipoli, Egypt and Basra.

Records

page from 1905 Indian Army List showing entries for Mule corps

Details of where the individual sections of the Mule Corps were based each year are included in the annual Indian Army Lists under the section entitled "Supply and Transport Corps". (An example page from 1905 is shown).

External links

• British Army Transport Animals Excellent article by Clive Elliott containing lots of background information about the roles played by army mules with accompanying photos and diagrams.
• The History Of The Screw Gun By Colonel J.R.M. Hubel, CD AdeC BA M Ed limbergunners.ca. Includes a section on mules (scroll down)
• At Gallipoli dring the First World War there were Four Mule Cart Corps, each comprising 650 men and 1086 mules.
• Photograph of Indian troops [7 Indian Mounted [Mountain?] Artillery Bde with mules, waiting to embark transport ship at Alexandria, Egypt. No 2278. 1916 from a collection of official photographs of the Dardanelles Expedition, 1915-1916. The Serving Soldier King’s College London
• About Mules c 1937 Extracts from the Manual of Horsemastership, Equitation, and Animal Transport 1937 - Published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office: London.
• British India Steam Navigation Company Ltd. Trooping with Richard Douglas Crow includes a short account of transporting a Mule Corps from Bombay to Marseilles in WW2
• "Force K6: Indian troops in France" by Mandeep Singh Bajwa, Hindustan Times May 19, 2013. Consisted of 22, 25, 29 and 32 Mule Companies and a supply depot, a reinforcement unit, part of an Indian General Hospital, and a remount section sent to France, reaching there in December 1939. The men were subsequently evacuated from Dunkirk and then spent time in Britain.
  • In Wales: BBC North West Wales The 22nd company got captured by the Germans just before Dunkirk
  • In Scotland
    • From the Historylinks Museum, Dornoch in the Highlands of Scotland
      • Article from the Northern Times 15/11/2002, concerning Muslim Indian Army WW2 soldiers buried at Proncynain Cemetery, Dornoch. Click on the “Open Document” at the bottom for a larger version.
      • Information about the Regiments in Scotland by Hamish Johnston. Click on the "Open Document” at the bottom for page 2.
      • Image of the first page of an 28 page article “A Corner of Pakistan in Scotland” by Hamish Johnston, told in two articles in the Highland Family History Society Journal 2012. It may be possible to apply to the museum (enquiries@historylinks.org.uk) for a copy in terms of the following: "pdf files of larger size may be made available, copyright permitting, for a reasonable donation to cover administrative costs”.
    • The Indian Army at Loch Ewe, Scottish Highlands: russianarcticconvoymuseum.co.uk and scotsman.com
• Listen to the 1991 interview with Francis William Geoffrey Turner British officer served as brigade animal [mule] transport officer with 111 Indian Infantry Bde during First and Second Chindit Expeditions in Burma, 1943-1944. Imperial War Museums.
• The Stubborn but Courageous Mule in Burma WW2. 14usaaf27tcs.4mg.com.
• The Mules of Mars by 1st Lt. Don L. Thrapp, Q.M.C.The Quartermaster Review May-June 1946. The Mars Task Force in Burma, 1944, USA Army. (Cached URL)
• Mules for China by Captain John A. Rand. Some were selected from other elements of the Mars Task Force. (Cached URL)
• Obituary of Major Victor Warren 16 Jul 2009 The Telegraph. In 1943 he commanded an Indian mule company which journeyed by train from the foot of the Khyber Pass to Karachi, sailed to Iraq and then made a 600-mile march through northern Syria to Tripoli in Lebanon; finally, it landed in Italy in 1944 to play a vital role in supplying forward infantry units with ammunition and blankets at the battle of Monte Cassino.
• Obituary of Brigadier Hector Wilkins 1916-2005 10 Oct 2005 The Telegraph. In 1944 He was a supervising veterinary officer of "A" Group Indian Pack Transport consisting of nearly 1,000 animals in Italy.
• WW2Talk Forum thread on mules, in Italy, where Sikh muleteers are mentioned, and Burma. (Images only available to logged in members of WW2Talk Forum)
• Video: Evacuation of "special force" mules and men by waterborne craft made especially for the occasion Burma WW2 contains some images of mules. Imperial War Museums
• Details of a reprint edition by DP&G Publications of Handbook for the Q.F. 3.7-Inch Mark 1 Howitzer On Marks 1 and II & III Carriages, Land Service 1930 (Scroll down). "With detailed instruction and photographs of Mule carrying & Packsaddlery... Covers and shows in photographic form the full packing and transport of this gun by Mule. With good quality close up photographs of the saddlery , loads on the Mules, method of harness & pulling of assembled load plus all the Gun parts & its assembly".
• Details of a reprint edition by DP&G Publications of The Military Mule in the British Army and Indian Army PartI I. Over two hundred years of invaluable service by Brian Nicholls. Part II. Indian army animal transport mule by Philip Malins Part III. Mountain artillery mule by Charles Macfetridge. Available at the Imperial War Museums.

Historic books online

• On Two Fronts - Being the adventures of an Indian Mule Corps in France and Gallipoliby Major H M Alexander DCO 1917 archive.org
• On the road to Kut: a soldier's story of the Mesopotamian campaign with 56 illustrations and a map. 1917 Archive.org. The author appears to be an officer from India in a Mule Corps.
• "Mule Transport in Persia" by C E Biddulph page 407 The United Service Magazine Volume 8 New Series October 1893 to April 1894 Archive.org. Mules were purchased in Persia by the Indian Transport Department.