Difference between revisions of "Prisoners of the Turks (First World War)"

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*[https://www.awm.gov.au/blog/2010/10/20/experiences-of-a-prisoner-of-war-in-turkey-the-captain-white-story/ "Experiences of a Prisoner of War in Turkey : the Captain White story"] by Amanda Rebbeck 20 October 2010. awm.gov.au . White wrote of his experiences in  ''Guests of the unspeakable : the odessey of an Australian airman - being a record of captivity and escape in Turkey''  by T.W. White (1928).
 
*[https://www.awm.gov.au/blog/2010/10/20/experiences-of-a-prisoner-of-war-in-turkey-the-captain-white-story/ "Experiences of a Prisoner of War in Turkey : the Captain White story"] by Amanda Rebbeck 20 October 2010. awm.gov.au . White wrote of his experiences in  ''Guests of the unspeakable : the odessey of an Australian airman - being a record of captivity and escape in Turkey''  by T.W. White (1928).
 
*[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-26/gallipoli-anzac-offered-job-by-turkish-captors-after-wwi/6349574  "Homesick Anzac POW offered full-time job by Turkish captors after WWI"] by Mazoe Ford. 25 April 2015. abc.net.au. Australian soldier George Kerr, ((AIF) 14th Battalion), wounded and captured at Gallipoli, became the paymaster at Belemedik POW camp.
 
*[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-26/gallipoli-anzac-offered-job-by-turkish-captors-after-wwi/6349574  "Homesick Anzac POW offered full-time job by Turkish captors after WWI"] by Mazoe Ford. 25 April 2015. abc.net.au. Australian soldier George Kerr, ((AIF) 14th Battalion), wounded and captured at Gallipoli, became the paymaster at Belemedik POW camp.
−
*[http://empirecall.pbworks.com/w/page/61592428/McPherson-J-C-Pte-2309  John Charles McPherson 2309 AIF 3rd Bn].  Contains a newspaper report of his time as a POW, from capture near Beersheba, in 1917, to working on railway construction in the Taurus Mountains.
+
*[http://empirecall.pbworks.com/w/page/61592428/McPherson-J-C-Pte-2309  John Charles McPherson 2309 AIF 3rd Bn], 11th Coy., Imperial Camel Corps.  Contains a newspaper report of his time as a POW, from capture near Beersheba, in 1917, to working on railway construction in the Taurus Mountains.
 
*[http://www.naa.gov.au National Archives of Australia] contains a digitized service record for Chapman Mathers, Service Number-919, a POW who  died and was buried in the Armenian Cemetery at Angora.  This file contains some general information, and includes a copy of what appears to be a Turkish death certificate.<ref>Canberra et al. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/230228-ankara-municipal-cemetery-baghdad-north-gate/?do=findComment&comment=2352583 Ankara Municipal cemetery / Baghdad North gate] ''Great War Forum'' 13 January 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</ref>
 
*[http://www.naa.gov.au National Archives of Australia] contains a digitized service record for Chapman Mathers, Service Number-919, a POW who  died and was buried in the Armenian Cemetery at Angora.  This file contains some general information, and includes a copy of what appears to be a Turkish death certificate.<ref>Canberra et al. [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/230228-ankara-municipal-cemetery-baghdad-north-gate/?do=findComment&comment=2352583 Ankara Municipal cemetery / Baghdad North gate] ''Great War Forum'' 13 January 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2018.</ref>
 
*[http://www.ramc-ww1.com/profile.php?cPath=274_443_157&profile_id=11658&osCsid=29 RAMC profile of: Valentine Michael Flood [Service No:  46780<nowiki>]</nowiki>] He  was moved in early 1916 to the camp at Bilemedik-Pouzantri where he'd have been put to work on the Berlin - Baghdad railway. He appears to have died in the POW Hospital at Angora (Ankara) and was buried in the hospital cemetery.
 
*[http://www.ramc-ww1.com/profile.php?cPath=274_443_157&profile_id=11658&osCsid=29 RAMC profile of: Valentine Michael Flood [Service No:  46780<nowiki>]</nowiki>] He  was moved in early 1916 to the camp at Bilemedik-Pouzantri where he'd have been put to work on the Berlin - Baghdad railway. He appears to have died in the POW Hospital at Angora (Ankara) and was buried in the hospital cemetery.

Revision as of 03:41, 26 June 2018

Officers who were captured were generally treated better than “other ranks”, who almost always experienced terrible conditions, often leading to death.

Of approximately 2,962 white British officers and other ranks captured at Kut, 1,782 would go on to die in Ottoman captivity. Indian prisoners along with their white comrades, experienced a horrific death march from Kut-al-Amara to the northern railhead at Ras-el-Ain (in modern day Syria).[1] Some died in captivity while still in Mesopotamia, including at a camp at Mosul.

Officers were not required to work, but other soldiers were. The horrible truth appears to have been that only those men fit enough to work survived. Those who were unfit to work died due many reasons, but including the policy that only working prisoners were provided with food.

Afyonkarahisar was used as a prison camp from early 1915 both officers and men being kept in houses, rather than in a proper camp with barbed wire around it. The first prisoners there were Russians, joined in early 1915 by officers and men from the French navy. From late April onwards, there was a small but steady flow of sailors and soldiers captured during the Gallipoli Campaign. Later, there were some prisoner captured at Kut in Iraq sent to the camp and other officers captured in Egypt, Syria and Jordan.[2]

Most subsequent camps were associated with the construction, or running, of the Baghdad Railway, including related roadworks.

There were camps in Kastamonu, Eskisehir, Capadoccia, Cankiri, Afion, Sivas, Yozgat, Hacikiri, Belemedik.[3]

A listing [4] provides the following work camps in the Amanus (now Nur) and Taurus Mountains:
Amanus Mountains: Baghtche with associated camps at Amanus, Airan, Entelli, Tasch Durmas, Yarbaschi.
Taurus Mountains: Bozanti wirh associated camps at Bilemedik, Gelebek, Hadji-Kiri, Kouchdjoula.
Taurus Mountains, South Sector : Boudjak with associated camps at Adana, Dorak, Tarsus (H). (Another source suggests Dorak was the major camp)

These railway work camps were under control of the German construction company.

A map additionally mentions camps in the Taurus Mountains at Tchekerdere, Iola and Karapunar.[5] The railway line extended to Karapunar before the war. Karapunar appears to be near to Belemedik, or one source advises it was the earlier name for Belemedik.[6]

The section between Bagtsche and Airan –Entilli was at kilometres “485,800-502,800”[7]. William Fratel of the Indian Subordinate Medical Department, who had been captured at Kut, was court-martialled in England in 1919 for his actions at Bagtsche.[8]

In 1917 Angora (Ankara) became the centre of the working groups engaged in laying the narrow-gauge line towards Yozgad. [9]

Gedos was a parole camp on the shore of the Black Sea established late in 1917, where officers who gave their word that they would not escape were well treated.[10] Eskichehir and Konia were camps for Indian officers only. [11]

There was a camp at Smyrna, which was used as an repatriation camp c September-October 1918.[12]

Transfers between different camps were common.[13]

Treatment of prisoners appears to have varied considerably, depending on who was in charge of the camps.

A POW Museum has now been established at Afionkarahissar in the main (namazgah-chapel) section of the Madrasa[14]

Spelling variants

  • Afyonkarahisar (modern name), Afyon Karahisar, Afyon Kara Hisar, Afyon, Afion, Afionkarahissar, Afion-Kara-Hissar, Afion Karahissar, Afioun Karahissar, Afium-Kara-hissar.
  • Amanus, Giaur Dagh
  • Ankara, Angora
  • Bagtche, Bagche, Baghche, Bahçe (Amanus Mountains)
  • Belemedik, Bilemedik, Bedernadik (Taurus Mountains)
  • Bor, Bora, Bore (north of the Taurus Mountains)
  • Brousse
  • Bozanti, Pozanti, Boganti (Taurus Mountains)
  • Eskichehir
  • Karapunar, Karapinar (Taurus Mountains).
  • Kastamuni, Kastamouni, Kastamonu, Castamuni , Castamouni, Castamonu, Castamoni, Castamowni
  • Kiangri, Kangri, Changri, Çankırı, Cankiri, Cangara. Situated approximately mid-way between Ankara and the internment centre at Kastamuni (Kastamonu)[15]
  • Konia
  • Entelli, Entilli, Intilli, Intille, Intaley. A work camp in the Amanus Mountains.
  • Gedis, Gediz, Gadiz. Appears to have been established late 1917, about 60 miles north-west of Afion.[15]
  • Gelebek, Kelebek (Taurus Mountains)
  • Hacikiri, Hadji Keri, Hadschkiri, (the latter may be the German name), Hacýkýrý . A work camp in the Taurus Mountains.
  • Ngde, Nigdeh, Niğde (north of the Taurus Mountains). Nigdeh was located near Bor.
  • Sheher Dere, Shehr Dere. A work camp in the Amanus Mountains.
  • Tasch Durmas,Tasch Dumas. A work camp in the Amanus Mountains.
  • Yarbashi, Yarbachi, Yarbaschi, Zarbaschi. A work camp in the Amanus Mountains.

Exhumation from graves and reburial, after the War

After the War, c 1927, bodies from those POW graves from across Turkey which could be identified, were exhumed and reburied in the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Baghdad (North Gate) War Cemetery.[16] The website of the CWGC may contain a 'concentration' record if this has occurred, or if there is no 'concentration' record, there should be details in the grave registration reports. For graves which could not be identified, the names of the soldiers generally appear on a Memorial at Baghdad.

It is possible that only British soldiers, and not soldiers from the Indian Army, were exhumed and reburied.

Prisoners who died in captivity in Mosul, Mesopotamia are commemorated on the Memorial at Basra. It seems likely that none of the individual graves could be identified.[17]

Mesopotamia

For many accounts of members of the allied forces taken prisoner in Mesopotamia, especially after the fall of Kut, see Mesopotamia Campaign-External links and Historical books online

It appears there were many deaths of prisoners in Mesopotamia. There are records of deaths at a Prisoners Camp at Mosul.

Additional information

External links

  • Map: place names in East and South East of Ottoman Domain with Latin alphabet, before 1915: Sivas region. From website Mavi Boncuk, (page 4, 08/15/13 scroll down). This is only one of a series maps which may be downloaded from the 08/15/13 post on page 4, or direct pdf link, 16 pages, including the Adana region.
  • British Prisoners Of War House of Commons 12 October 1916. Lists the location of where British prisoners are detained in Turley. hansard.millbanksystems.com
  • Imperial War Museums Catalogue entry: Private Papers of Colonel W C Spackman: Ts memoir (331pp) covering his service as Regimental Medical Officer to the 48th Pioneers, 6th Indian Division in Mesopotamia, 1914 - 1915, at Kut during the siege, December 1915 - April 1916, and as a prisoner of war in Anatolia, 1916 – 1918. An edited version has been published, Captured at Kut, Prisoner of the Turks. The Great War Diaries of Colonel William Spackman. In August 1916 he was a prisoner in Mosul, Mesopotamia, where there were many deaths.[17]
  • The Liddle Collection at the University of Leeds has a number of books, manuscripts and tapes, including transcripts in its collection, relating to Prisoners of War in Turkey. For catalogue references, use terms such as prisoner, Turkey in the Search. Includes a photocopy of the book The Sufferings of the Kut Garrison during their March into Turkey as Prisoners of War, 1916-1917 by F A Harvey, Lt & Q-Mr, published 1922. (The author was in the 2nd Battalion, Dorsetshire Regiment, and this book was privately printed after his death in 1921, as a memorial. Another photocopy is available at the Imperial War Museums). Note, the actual items do not appear to be available online.
  • Foreign Office Files (FO 383) at the National Archives:
    • Finding Aid: Foreign Office Files (FO 383) at the National Archives: Regarding Military & Civilian Prisoners of War: List of Files and Contents: 1915-1919. Compiled September 2014 by seaforths.[18] Contains a FIND (Search) function. This link now requires a Microsoft sign in. Current status unclear. onedrive.live.com. Contains references such as "FO 383/090 1915 Description: Turkey: Prisoners, including…"
    • Catalogue entry FO 383/231 Turkey. Prisoners... includes mention of camps at Magnesia, Smyrna, Tchoroum, and transfer of British and French prisoners from camps at Kiangri and Afion Kara Hissar to Bosanti for employment on railway construction.
    • Other records from FO 383 include FO 383/456 File 117571 (03/09/1918) Various lists: Nominal role of British Officers, Warrant Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers, Men and Indian military personnel held at Afrion Kara Hissar, Kedos, Konia, and Magnesia in Turkey providing rank, name and unit/ship… 2. List of Assistant Surgeons of the Indian Medical Service: PoWs in Turkey. 3. List of Sub Assistant Surgeons of the Indian Medical Service; PoWs inTurkey…[19]
Note 1: findmypast has a dataset of records "Prisoners Of War 1715-1945" and a similar Browse dataset (both located in Armed forces & conflict/Regimental & service records) which contain selected records from FO 383, including some for Indian Army soldiers, together with some other records from The National Archives. Includes at least parts from FO 383/336, POWs in Turkey, 1917; FO 383/456, POWs in Turkey, 1918.
Note 2: FamilySearch has selected FO 383 images, catalogue entry viewable on a FamilySearch computer at a FamilySearch Centre.
  • International Committee of the Red Cross Historical Archives contains online records, searchable by name, the record series including:
    • R 50410-R 50508. Also from this link scroll forward to the beginning of the file, which advises "C G1 E01-3.03 R 14246-14426 and R 50353 –R 50508. PG britanniques en mains turques". The first series R 14246-14426 seem to be largely in respect of deaths, while the latter series are mainly Lists of Prisoners at Camps, from Croissant Rouge Ottoman. Includes Indian Army soldiers. Note: there appear to be some unrelated records included.
    • R 50509-R 50840. Further List of Prisoners from Croissant Rouge Ottoman. Includes some Lists of deaths, with causes of death. Includes Indian Army soldiers. Note: there appear to be some unrelated records included.
    • R 51794, R 51795 is a two page list of British Officers repatriated Prisoners of War from Turkey, reported at Alexandria October 1918. This appears to be a British War Office document.
    • There are also additional records available, which appear only able to be found by a name Search. As an example a partial alphabetical list of deaths, letter A includes R 13783-4…13868-71-85-95-13896 Prisoner deaths at Mosul. Also R 13842 show the death at Mosul of Walter Rudge, and is part of a partial alphabetical list of deaths, letter R.
If these links are not permanent, from the ICRC Prisoners of the First World War Home Page select Examples of Index Cards/Cards of a British serviceman, and then enter the record number in the Search.
  • Ancestry (pay website) contains the database "UK, British Officer Prisoners of War, 1914-1918"[20] (located in category Military) consisting of data transcribed from the 1919 publication List of British Officers Taken Prisoner in the Various Theatres of War Aug 1914 to Nov 1918 [21], compiled from records kept by Messrs Cox & Co.'s Enquiry Office.
  • The British Library collection contains the book Çanakkale Muharebeleri'nin esirleri : ifadeler ve mektuplar = Prisoners of war at the Çanakkale Battles : testimonies and letters (in two volumes) by Ahmet Tetik, Y. Serdar Demirtaş, Sema Demirtaş. UIN: BLL01015395994 Search the catalogue. In Turkish and English. Contains Lists of prisoners taken at Gallipoli (Çanakkale) derived from records in Turkish Archives. (Sample pages.[22])
  • Commonwealth War Graves Commission Archive, (archived webpage) located in the Head Office in Maidenhead, England. The Catalogue Records relating to Turkey are available in this link (archived page) then select Archive Catalogue Part 1 Sections 07-08, then scroll down. There is an online CWGC Archive catalogue Search (which includes some digitised items, but not currently (2017/12) any relating to Turkey). The Archive includes a Library.
  • "Prisoners of War (Ottoman Empire/Middle East)" by Yücel Yanıkdağ . Scroll down to the section "Entente Prisoners of War in the Ottoman Empire" encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. The mortality rate of the British and Dominion prisoners in Ottoman captivity was very high.
  • "Prisoners of War" by Heather Jones. encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. "Section 6: Mistreatment" contains information about prisoners in Turkey.
  • "Prisoners of War (Australia)" by Aaron Pegram. encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. Includes references to POWs in Turkey, including books and other accounts in the Bibliography.
  • Pursuit of an 'Unparalleled Opportunity': The American YMCA and Prisoner of War Diplomacy among the Central Power Nations during World War I 1914-1923 by Kenneth Steuer, written as a dissertation in 2008. Website of Gutenberg-e, a program of the American Historical Association and Columbia University Press.
"Appendix A: Prison Camps: Turkey". This alphabetical list, which contains information about location, appears to be from an earlier/different version of the above book, and does not appear to be included in the current version. If you are looking for a particular location which you cannot find, it is suggested you read through all the entries, because some entries mention smaller camps in the vicinity. For Nigdeh, see Bor.
"First World War Central Power Prison Camps" by Kenneth Steuer 1-1-2013 History Faculty Publications, Western Michigan University . Includes Turkish Prison Camps
“Australian Prisoners of the Turks: Negotiating Culture Clash in Captivity” by Kate Ariotti, pages 146-166 ‪Other Fronts, Other Wars?: First World War Studies on the Eve of the Centennial‬. 2014 Google Books
From the Sea of Marmara to the North Gate of Baghdad: The Story of Four HMAS AE2 Crew Members by Colonel Marcus Fielding, Australian Army, written c 2009. The crew was taken into captivity by the Turks. With quotes from the diary of AE2 crew member Able Seaman Albert Knaggs. ae2.org.au
Narrative of John Wheat c 1914-1918, who was a torpedoman on the Australian submarine A.E.2 which was sunk 30 April 1915 in the Sea of Marmora (Gallipoli), taken prisoner by the Germans, and subsequently became a prisoner of war in Turkey, working on the construction of the Baghdad Railway. Transcribed by, and from the collection of the Mitchell Library, State Library of NSW. Photographs and postcards from his album Click on the tab “Online” to display 8 items.
Photo collection: journey along the track of the WW1 POW's allied in Turkey Includes photos of Afion Kara Hissar.

Historical books online

"The Tale of the Tara" page 253 True Stories of the Great War, Volume II. Editor in Chief Francis Trevelyan Miller 1917 Archive.org
  • A Prisoner in Turkey by John Still 1920 Archive.org. The title page contains a handwritten note “Ceylon Civil Service (Forests)”
Poems in Captivity by John Still 1919 Archive.org
  • Eastern Nights--and Flights; a Record of Oriental Adventure by Alan Bott 1920 Archive.org The author was a scout pilot in Palestine, who became, after his plane crashed in 1918 a prisoner of the Turks, eventually in Afion-Kara-Hissar in Turkey. Alan Bott Wikipedia.
  • The Escaping Club: "Part II" [page 241] by A. J. Evans 1922 HathiTrust Digital Library. As a POW the author had escaped from Germany in June 1917. In March 1918, while on a bombing raid in Palestine his plane came down. He was captured by Arabs, along with two others, and subsequently became prisoners of the Turks. Also available as a pdf download, Digital Library of India, Archive.org version.
  • Adventures in Turkey and Russia by E H Keeling, London 1924. Pdf download, Digital Library of India, Archive.org version. The author was captured at Kut, and the initial chapter details the the very poor medical condition of many of those captured. Edward Keeling Wikipedia. He was in the Indian Army Reserve of Officers.
"How British Prisoners Left Turkey" by Lieutenant-Colonel E H Keeling page 682 Blackwood’s Magazine January-June 1919, Volume 205 Archive.org. The practical difficulties associated with the repatriation of prisoners of war.
Part 7, page 10, Part 8, page 10 Part 9 page 10. reveille.dlconsulting.com
  • Sample chapters from Other Ranks of Kut by P. W. Long, M.M. Flight Sergeant R.A.F, 1938. Transcription of the Preface, Author’s Note, Chapter One and Chapter Six only, with details of the titles of the remaining chapters. saradistribution.com. The author was at the time Driver Percy Walter Long, 67528, 63rd Battery, R.F.A.[24] Long’s account starts on 30th April 1916, the day after the surrender of Kut. From the preface by Sir Arnold Wilson, M.P. “Of 2,592 British rank and file taken prisoner at Kut, 70 per cent died in captivity”. More about the book
  • Adventures in the Near East, 1918-1922, by A. Rawlinson 1924 Hathi Trust Digital Library. Pages 272-333 describe the author's imprisonment, when on 18 March 1920, he, and four British soldiers he commanded, were arrested by Turkish Nationalist Troops and confined for 20 months, until exchanged for Turkish prisoners 31 October 1921.
  • Sample of Red Crescent Documents relating to POWs from “Translated Turkish Works on Gallipoli”, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
  • An American Physician in Turkey : a narrative of adventures in peace and in war by Clarence D Ussher and Grace H Knapp 1917 Archive.org. The author was a medical missionary. The chapters from page 213 cover the war period.

Baghdad Railway

Baghdad Railway. Note: The German and American spelling is Bagdad.

"The Bagdad Railway" by H. Charles Woods The North American Review Vol. 208, No. 753 (Aug., 1918), pp. 219-228 jstor.org

References

  1. ↑ "Prisoners of War" by Heather Jones. encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net. 'Section 6: Mistreatment' contains information about prisoners in Turkey. See External links, above.
  2. ↑ Eceabat [Bill Sellars] Turkish POW's and POW's in AfyonKarahisar Great War Forum 19 January , 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  3. ↑ Dogan Sahin Kut POW Great War Forum 28 January 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2018..
  4. ↑ Image: “Internment Camps in Turkey”, from an unknown source, perhaps French, from Photograph Collection: Researche about WW1-Eastern Front
  5. ↑ michaldr. Kut Surrender Great War Forum 17 August 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2018. The source of the map is given as index30.jpg from Gallipoli – DVD from Mapping the Front Great War Map DVD Collection by The Western Front Association (in conjunction with the Imperial War Museum}
  6. ↑ Photograph and text: Belemedik, Ruins of the "German city" by Gunter Hartnagel flickr.com. The railway station Karapınar was opened in 1912. Even by then, the site was called Belemedik.
  7. ↑ Page 50 Geologie Kleinasiens im Bereich der Bagdadbahn by Fritz Frech 1916 Archive.org
  8. ↑ IPT Kut Cruelty - William Fratel Great War Forum 5 November 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  9. ↑ Page xv A Prisoner in Turkey by John Still 1920 Archive.org.
  10. ↑ Timbob1001 [Tim] Bombardier A N Christison Indian Volunteer Artillery Great War Forum 26 October 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  11. ↑ Page xx A Prisoner in Turkey by John Still 1920 Archive.org.
  12. ↑ JoMH et al. Smyrna Great War Forum 27 July 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  13. ↑ page 150 “Australian Prisoners of the Turks: Negotiating Culture Clash in Captivity” by Kate Ariotti, ‪Other Fronts, Other Wars?: First World War Studies on the Eve of the Centennial‬. 2014 Google Books
  14. ↑ Sahin, Dogan Henry James Harding POW held by the Turkish Army Great War Forum 23 May 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Captivity in Turkey: from the diaries of Lieutenant Colonel Francis Cecil Lodge Part 2: January-December 1917", refer External links above.
  16. ↑ Baghdad (North Gate) War Cemetery cwgc.org
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 typandy. Taken prisoner relieving Kut and died either in Turkey or at Mosul. Great War Forum 29 December 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  18. ↑ seaforths. "Foreign Office Files on POWs (FO 383)" Great War Forum 30 September 2014. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  19. ↑ themonsstar. POWs Great War Forum 13 January 2009. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  20. ↑ UK, British Officer Prisoners of War, 1914-1918 Ancestry
  21. ↑ List of British Officers Taken Prisoner in the Various Theatres of War Aug 1914 to Nov 1918 Reprint edition, Naval & Military Press
  22. ↑ emrezmen. Allied PoW Great War Forum 6 May 2018. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  23. ↑ Canberra et al. Ankara Municipal cemetery / Baghdad North gate Great War Forum 13 January 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  24. ↑ Driver P. W. Long 63rd Battery, R.F.A. rushdenheritage.co.uk. The London Gazette Supplement 27/30 January 1920, page 1230
  25. ↑ Palestine: Information with Provenance (PIWP database) corkpsc.org
  26. ↑ "On the Baghdad Road: On the Trail of W. J. Childs" by John Fisher Archives Volume 24, No 101 (Oct 1, 1999): 53. First page only. Probably Journal of the British Records Association. Proquest.
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