Medal Rolls and Opium trade: Difference between pages

Revision as of 14:17, 12 September 2020

A lucrative opium trade existed between China and Britain in the 19th century. British sales of opium in large amounts began in 1781 and between 1821 and 1837 sales increased fivefold. Two 'Opium Wars' punctuated the period, their outcomes redefining the trade.

History

The East India Company held the monopoly of the opium trade in Bengal and supplied large quantities of the drug to China. One of the main commodities that Britain had wanted from China was tea as this had become a fashionable drink in Europe and although there was some tea grown in India, tea planting was not yet on a large scale. As demand for tea increased, the East India Company realised that a good revenue could be obtained if it was able to entice China to supply directly to them . The inducement was to be the Indian grown opium.

It was not until the 1820s that the potential of an Indian tea trade was considered and, therefore, continuing trade with China, which operated via Canton, was important to the EIC. When the Chinese government became worried about the effects of opium addiction and took steps to prevent the importation of opium, the EIC agreed not to carry the drugs on their ships but, in reality deals were done with the owners of Country Ships who continued to smuggle the drug into China on their vessels. As the country ships were under licence to the East India Company this meant the company still had control of the sale of opium. This practice continued until 1833 when the trading monopoly of the East India company was abolished - but by then the first Tea Plantation in Assam had been established.

Opium Wars

1st China War 1839-42

Opium addiction in China had become such a problem that to prevent imports the Qing Dynasty closed the waterway up to Canton and seized over 1 million kilograms of opium, requiring merchants to enter into a bond not to deal in the drug. The Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China tried to negotiate with the Chinese but was continually rebuffed. Naval confrontations took place and Britain sent an expeditionary force from Singapore, capturing Canton and Shanghai. The war ended in August 1842 with the Treaty of Nanking which opened five treaty ports to trade, ceded Hong Kong and granted an indemnity to Britain.

2nd China War 1856-60

The Western Powers sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. The British wanted all of China open to merchants, legalization of the opium trade and exemption of import tariffs. The Qing Government refused and relations deteriorated. The French, Russians and Americans also became involved. In the First Campaign British and French forces captured Canton and took the Taku Forts outside Tianjin. There was a temporary end to hostilities with the Treaty of Tianjin (giving extensive rights to the Western Powers) but the Qing Government rejected the treaty and this led to a Second Campaign. In June 1859 Anglo-French forces failed to take the Taku Forts but later captured Tianjin. In September the Chinese were defeated and the Summer Palace in Peking destroyed. The Convention of Peking ratified the Treaty of Tianjin, the opium trade was legalized, China was opened to western merchants and Britain and France were paid a huge indemnity.

FIBIS resources

Review by Peter Bailey of the book Indigo and Opium: Two Remarkable Families and Fortunes Won and Lost by Miles Macnair (2013). The review is in FIBIS Journal Number 32 (Autumn 2014), pages 50-51. For details of how to access the review, see FIBIS Journals.

External links

"The Victorian Scots who brought opium to China" by Alison Campsie 25 July 2016 The Scotsman
The opium godown or store within its compound at Patna An interior view. Watercolours from British Library Online Gallery
Opium: A "morally indefensible trade in a "horrible drug" Cambridge University Library
The Opium Trade Maritime Heritage Project
"The Global Career of Indian Opium and Local Destinies" by Amar Farooqui SciELO Almanack no.14 Guarulhos Sept./Dec. 2016. scielo.br. This paper looks at the historical circumstances in which the western and central regions of the Indian subcontinent became part of the global opium enterprise during the early nineteenth century. The state of Gwalior, located in central India, ruled by the Sindia dynasty, emerged as the largest supplier of the drug to private exporters operating on the West Coast. This was known as the Malwa opium trade, (the Malwa Agency being a a division of Central India Agency.) Farooqui was the author of the earlier book Smuggling as subversion : colonialism, Indian merchants, and the politics of opium, 1790-1843 by Amar Farooqui c 1998. Available at the British Library UIN: BLL01009242814 Sample pages 2005 edition Google Books.
“The manufacture and sale of opium and opium alkaloids at the Ghazipur factory” by S. K. Vardhan Manager, Government Opium and Alkaloids Factory, Ghazipur (U.P.). written in 1956
This link (business-standard.com) states between 1870 and 1900 the opium trade protected the people from taxation, due to the amount the government was earning
A brief historiography of the opium trade with a new evaluation of Dr. William H. Park’s Opinions of over 100 physicians on the use of opium in China by Kimberly A. Gasparini 2014 Master of Arts Thesis, University of North Dakota.
"Opium 1793 – 1838" in three parts from "A Peoples' History 1793 – 1844 from the newspapers" houghton.hk. From Chinese region newspapers.

Historical books online

Foreign Mud: being an account of the opium imbroglio at Canton in the 1830s & the Anglo-Chinese War that followed‎ by Maurice Collis 1946. Archive.org mirror version from Digital Library of India.
British Parliamentary Papers:Appendix to the Report on the Affairs of the East India Company. Volume 4: Administration of Monopolies. Opium and Salt: 11 October 1831 Google Books
The opium trade: including a sketch of its history, extent, effects, etc., as carried on in India and China by Nathan Allen M.D. 2nd Edition 1853 (first published 1850)
“Report no.1: On the Poppy Cultivation, and the Benares Opium Agency” by WCB Eatwell MD ‘First Asst. and Opium Examiner. Board of Customs, Salt and Opium’ from Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal (1851) Google Books
The rise and progress of British opium smuggling: the illegality of the East India Company's monopoly of the drug, and its injurious effects upon India, China, and the commerce of Great Britain. Five letters addressed to the Earl of Shaftesbury by Major-General R Alexander, Madras Army 3rd edition revised and enlarged 1856 Google Books
‪Indian revenue from Indian opium ; Chinese money at the expense of Chinese life ; British honour or British disgrace: questions which should be considered in the treaty to be concluded with China‬ by Captain Tyler R E 1857 Google Books
The opium trade in China, by an eyewitness [J. Johnston]: to which is added, A voice from India on the opium question [extr. from 'Notes on the opium question', by McL. Wylie] by James Johnston, Macleod Wylie 1858 (Google Books)
A Cruise in an Opium Clipper by Captain Lindsay Anderson 1891 Archive.org. He joined the opium clipper 1859 at Shanghai.
‪Papers Relating to the Opium Question‬ Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing 1870 Google Books
British opium policy and its results to India and China by F. S. Turner 1876 Archive.org
The opium question: a review of the opium policy of Great Britain, and its results to India and China by the Rev. Arthur E. Moule 1877 Archive.org
Manual of Opium Husbandry: For the use of Officers in the Government of Behar and Benares by John Scott, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens , Calcutta, (on special duty) attached to the Opium Department 1877. Archive.org, Digital Library of India Collection.
Report of the Opium Department India 1881 abuse-drug.com
In an Opium Factory by Rudyard Kipling, page 311 From Sea To Sea and Other Sketches Volume II 1938, originally published 1888. Archive.org. "In an Opium Factory" from the Kipling Society with comments on the text.
A Short history of the lives of Bombay opium smokers by Rustom Pestanji Jehangir 1893 Archive.org
- Page viii and page 44-45. Details and a comment about the use of opium by Sikh soldiers in the Indian Army.
First report of the Royal Commission on Opium with Minutes of evidence and appendices Archive.org Volume 1 Evidence taken in London September 1893 1894. Evidence taken in India:Volume 2, in 1893. Volume 3, in January 1894, Volume 4, 29 January-22 Feb 1894, Volume 5 Appendices 1894
- Volume 6 Final Report 1895.
- The report of the Royal Commission on Opium compared with the evidence from China that was submitted to the Commission : an examination and an appeal by Arnold Foster 1899 Archive.org
The Opium Manual Vol. 5: Bihar: Factory Procedure Forms For The Guidance Of The Officers Of The Patna Opium Factory 1905. Archive.org, Public Library of India Collection.
The opium trade is included inThe International Relations of the Chinese Empire by Hosea Ballou Morse. I The Period of Conflict, 1834-1860. (II. The Period of Submission, 1861-1893. III. The period of Subjection, 1894-1911). Published 1910 to 1918.

Volume I (probably 2nd edition), Vol. I, 2nd file, but missing title page (appears to have been author/publishing decision); (Volume II; Volume III) All Archive.org.

The truth about Indian opium by G. Graham Dixon. Printed for and issued by the Industries and Overseas Department, India Office 1922 Archive.org
Drug smuggling and taking in India and Burma by Roy K Anderson 1922 Archive.org
British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-42 by Michael Greenberg 1951. [1979] reprint edition. Both Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
Flowers in the Blood : the Story of Opium by Dean Latimer and Jeff Goldberg 1981. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
Survivor Library: Opium Links to pdf downloads, mainly written mid to late 1800s. survivorlibrary.com. Note: it is possible some of these books may be available to read online on alternative sites such as Archive.org

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-The [[medals]] article has details of medals awarded for various military campaigns.  '''Most of the nominal medal rolls for these awards are at the [[British Library]].  Many of the rolls are reprinted in books on the open access shelves'''.  Details of the [[India Office Records]]' reference numbers can be found at [http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Medal_Rolls_in_the_India_Office_Library Your Archives - '''Medal Rolls in the India Office Library'''].
+A lucrative '''opium trade''' existed between [[China]] and Britain in the 19th century.  British sales of opium in large amounts began in 1781 and between 1821 and 1837 sales increased fivefold.  Two 'Opium Wars' punctuated the period, their outcomes redefining the trade.
-==FIBIS resources==
+==History==
-*Medal roll transcriptions:
-**[http://www.search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=141&s_id=67 China Campaign, 1842 (Madras Artillery & Staff only)] - 495 recipients of the medal for the [[1st China War]].
-**[http://www.search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=169&s_id=67 Indian Mutiny Medal Roll (British Forces) 1857-1859] Over 50,000 names of [[British Army]] soldiers awarded medals after the [[Indian Mutiny]], transcribed by Kevin Asplin.
-*Online books
-**''Deeds of Valour Performed by Indian Officers and Soldiers during the period from 1860 to 1925''  by P P Hypher, Army Department 1927 printed at Simla, is available to read on the [http://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=708&s_id=213   FIBIS database] as pdf files.  Pages to 228 are available. These appear to  cover the period to 1913.  The years 1914-1925 are not available on the FIBIS database. Total pages c 500. Available at the [[National Army Museum]], but currently does not appear in the [[British Library]] catalogue.
-==See also==
+The [[East India Company]] held the monopoly of the opium trade in Bengal and supplied large quantities of the drug to China. One of the main commodities that Britain had wanted from China was tea as this had become a fashionable drink in Europe and although there was some tea grown in India, tea planting was not yet on a large scale. As demand for tea increased, the East India Company realised that a good revenue could be obtained if  it was able to entice China to supply  directly to them . The inducement was to be the Indian grown opium.
-*[[Victoria Cross]]
-*[[First World War#Medals|First World War - Medals]]
-==The National Archives==
+It was not until the 1820s that the potential of  an Indian tea trade was considered and, therefore, continuing trade with China, which operated via [[Canton]], was important to the EIC.  When the Chinese government became worried about the effects of opium addiction and took steps  to prevent the importation of opium, the EIC agreed not to carry the drugs on their ships but, in reality deals were done with the owners of [[Country Sea Service|Country Ships]] who continued to smuggle the drug into China on their vessels. As the country ships were under licence to the East India Company this meant the company still had control of the sale of opium. This practice continued until 1833 when the trading monopoly of the East India company was abolished - but by then the first [[Tea Plantation]] in Assam had been established.
-===Research Guides===
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/medals-british-armed-services-campaign-service.htm Medals, British armed services: campaign medals and other service medals. (Guide reference: Military Records Information 76)]
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/medals-british-armed-services-gallantry.htm Medals, British armed services: gallantry medals. (Guide reference: Military Records Information 77)]
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/medals-british-armed-services-gallantry-further.htm  Medals, British armed services: gallantry medals, further information. (Guide reference: Military Records Information 78)]
-===WO 100 Medal Rolls===
+===Opium Wars===
-The National Archives records '''WO 100 Medal Rolls''' are available to '''download free of charge''' as pdfs. These records are available on the pay site Ancestry, (refer below) but those do not have access to Ancestry  may find the downloads useful. They are large pdfs, which require a broadband connection . For full details refer the National Archives advice page [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/digital-microfilm.htm Digital microfilm]
+*[[1st China War]] 1839-42
+Opium addiction in China had become such a problem that to prevent imports the Qing Dynasty closed the waterway up to [[Canton]] and seized over 1 million kilograms of opium, requiring [[merchant]]s to enter into a bond not to deal in the drug. The Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China tried to negotiate with the Chinese but was continually rebuffed. Naval confrontations took place and Britain sent an expeditionary force from [[Singapore]], capturing Canton and [[Shanghai]]. The war ended in August 1842 with the Treaty of Nanking which opened five treaty ports to trade, ceded [[Hong Kong]] and granted an indemnity to Britain.
-The records are mainly in respect of British Army regiments, although there are some in respect of the Indian Army. Some medals do not appear to have rolls in the WO 100 records, and appear to be only available in the India Office records at the British Library, refer above.
+*[[2nd China War]] 1856-60
-The catalogue entry is [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C14308?v=r WO 100 Campaign Medal and Award Rolls (General Series)] The following subseries have been noted , following the order of the National Archive’s  Discovery [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763763?v=r   catalogue]
+The Western Powers sought to renegotiate their commercial treaties with China. The British wanted all of China open to merchants, legalization of the opium trade and exemption of import tariffs. The Qing Government refused and relations deteriorated.  The French, Russians and Americans also became involved. In the First Campaign British and French forces captured Canton and took the [[Taku Forts]] outside [[Tientsin|Tianjin]]. There was a temporary end to hostilities with the Treaty of Tianjin (giving extensive rights to the Western Powers) but the Qing Government rejected the treaty and this led to a Second Campaign. In June 1859 Anglo-French forces failed to take the Taku Forts but later captured Tianjin. In September the Chinese were defeated and the Summer Palace in [[Peking]] destroyed. The Convention of Peking ratified the Treaty of Tianjin, the opium trade was legalized, China was opened to western merchants and Britain and France were paid a huge indemnity.
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763775?v=r  WO 100/13. Includes India Medal, 1803-26 and Punjab, 1848-49] in the one download.
+==FIBIS resources==
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763782?v=r WO 100/19 1845-1879 Includes India. Possibly Royal Artillery]
+*Review by Peter Bailey of the book ''Indigo and Opium: Two Remarkable Families and Fortunes Won and Lost'' by Miles Macnair (2013).  The review is in ''FIBIS Journal'' Number 32 (Autumn 2014), pages 50-51. For details of how to access the review, see [[FIBIS Journals]].
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763783?v=r   WO 100/20. India, N.W. Frontier 1849-1863]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763784?v=r  WO 100/21A  India 1849-1866]  for "Staff, 7th Hussars"
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763785?v=r  WO 100/21B  India - Chin and Kachin Hills clasp 1892-1893]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763799?v=r WO 100/35-39 Indian Mutiny 1857-1858]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763804?v=r  WO 100/40-41 China 1842-1860]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763807?v=r WO 100/43 Abyssinia 1867-1868]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763815?v=r   WO 100/51-53 Afghanistan 1878-1880]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763818?v=r WO 100/54  Includes Afghanistan 1878-1890]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763833?v=r WO 100/69-70 Burma 1885-1887]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763837?v=r  WO 100/73   Burma 1887-1889]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763838?v=r  WO 100/74 Hazara 1888, Sikkim 1888, Chin-Lughai 1888-1890]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763839?v=r WO 100/75 India - Burma and Lushai 1889-92, Hazara 1891, Manpur 1891, Miranzai 1891, Waziristan 1894-1902]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763842?v=r WO 100/78 Chitral 1895]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763848?v=r  WO 100/84-89 India 1897-1898]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763858?v=r WO 100/94-99 China 1900]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3763875?v=r WO 100/111 1897-1902  Includes Delhi Durbar]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3764060?v=r WO 100/296-298  Queen's South Africa: Indian Army 1899-1902]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3764133?v=r WO 100/369 King's South Africa: Indian Army 1899-1902]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3764150?v=r WO 100/386 China 1900]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3764159?v=r WO 100/395 Tibet 1903-1904]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3764161?v=r WO 100/397 India General Service Medal Rolls 1909-1912 Clasp North West Frontier 1908 Clasp Abor 1911-1912]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3764163?v=r WO 100/399 Delhi Durbar 1903]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3764164?v=r WO 100/400 Delhi Durbar 1911]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C3764165?v=r WO 100/401 India General Service Medal with Clasp Waziristan 1921-1924]. Medal roll for medals and clasps issued in India
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C11200018?v=r  WO 100/422-466 General Service Medals (Indian Army)]  1920-1935
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C11200063?v=r  WO 100/467-493 India General Service Medals] 1920-1935. May possibly include Afghanistan/NWF Clasp 1919
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C11476892?v=r WO 100/494-497 India General Service Medal 1930-1935 Clasps NWF 1930-31, Burma 1930-32 Mohmand 1933, NWF 1935]
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C11476896?v=r  WO 100/498-499 India General Service Medal  1936-1939 Clasp NWF 1936-37 Clasp NWF 1937-39]
-===WO 102 Medal Rolls ===
-The National Archives records Long Service and Good Conduct Awards, Registers: [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C14310?v=r '''WO 102'''] are available to '''download free of charge''' as pdfs.  The records are Registers of candidates noted for, and recipients of, the Long Service and Good Conduct awards between 1831 and 1953. They are large pdfs, which require a broadband connection . For full details refer the National Archives advice page [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/digital-microfilm.htm Digital microfilm]
-*[http://www.britishmedals.us/files/lsgcra.htm Transcription of the Long Service & Good Conduct medal register for the Royal Artillery (including RA, RFA, RGA & RHA) for 1902-12] . The List includes name, year of issue, rank and regimental number. The Asplin Military History Resources
-===ADM 171 Naval Medal Rolls===
-The National Archives records [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C1880?v=r ADM 171  Admiralty, and Ministry of Defence, Navy Department: Medal Rolls] 1793-1995 are available to '''download free of charge''' as pdfs.  These records are available on the pay site Ancestry, (refer below) but those do not have access to Ancestry  may find the downloads useful. They are large pdfs which require a broadband connection. For full details refer the National Archives advice page [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/digital-microfilm.htm Digital microfilm]
-===First World War===
-====Medal Index Cards====
-*The National Archives research guide [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/medal-index-cards-ww1.htm British Army medal index cards 1914-1920].  Includes a Search facility, information about the medals and how to read the cards, and reference to the Indian Army Medal Index Cards, catalogue references [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C11437822?v=r WO 372/25 to WO 372/29], for the period to 31 December 1918. Note however, there are some Medal Index Cards relating to men in the Mesopotamian Railways which are not specifically classified as Indian Army, and are catalogued outside this range.
-*[http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=1262 Images of the medal index cards] are also available on the commercial site Ancestry. The Ancestry database also includes the back of the cards which  sometimes  contain information.  Additionally the Ancestry cards are in colour, whereas the National Archives images are in black and white. The Ancestry website advises some records including '''Indian Army cards are not''' included. However some Mesopotamian Railways (and perhaps other) entries which are not classified Indian Army may be included on the Ancestry database.
-*[http://www.1914-1918.net/soldiers/interpretmic.html  How to interpret a campaign medal index card] The Long, Long Trail
-'''Note''': The Medal Index Cards appear to only contain some of the medal entitlements for soldiers in the Indian Army. It appears that some of the medals may have been issued in India but these are not included in the Medal Index Cards.
-====Medal Rolls====
-*WO 329. The Medal Rolls for some records may contain information additional to that in the Medal Index Cards.
-:Catalogue reference: [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C14533?v=r WO 329 War Office and Air Ministry: Service Medal and Award Rolls, First World War] includes a free download  [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details?Uri=C4435219 Index and Key to War of 1914-1918 medal rolls]. This guide was written prior to the current catalogue, and the relationship between the original index references and the modern WO 329 are described [http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=196717&p=2133756 here] <ref> aussienoel [http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=196717&p=2133756 WO 329 Medal Rolls - Index Download]  Great War Forum 6 August 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014</ref>
-:The medal rolls for the Indian Army in this series include British War Medal and Victory Medal: officers and other ranks [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C4437602?v=r WO 329/2384-2391], Officers [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/r/C7246716   WO 329/2303 - Described at item level], [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/r/C4437522 WO 329/2304],[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/r/C4437565 W0 329/2347-2352]; 1914-15 Star: [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/C4438158 WO 329/2940], [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/r/C7247347 WO 329/2941]; Territorial Force War Medal: Officers: [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/C7248012   WO 329/3272- Described at item level.]
-:'''Note''': The WO 329 medal rolls available at the National Archives  appear to only contain some of the medal entitlements for soldiers in the Indian Army. It appears that some of the medals may have been issued in India but although the the British Library appears to have a medal roll for the 1914-1915 Star, it is unclear what  rolls for other medals are available. Refer "British Library records" below.
-:The medal rolls are available on the pay site Ancestry. Transcription of some/all of the WO 329 medal rolls are available on the pay site "Naval and Military Archive". See  [[Medal Rolls#External links| External links below]].
-*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/browse/C14592?v=r WO 388 War Office: Military Secretary's Honours and Awards Branch: Exchange of Army Decorations between Britain and the Allies Registers].This series of records contains medal rolls for awards from Allied  foreign governments. Some of the records may be downloaded for free.
-==British Library records==
-As stated above, many of the medal rolls are reprinted in books on the open access shelves at the British Library.
-Catalogue references are
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_2-2&cid=1-2-2#1-2-2 Medal Rolls IOR/L/MIL/5/42-141] 1799-1911 with links to the [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_2-2&cid=1-2-2-2#1-2-2-2  sub categories].  (These records are those covered in the "Your Archives" link above, but the catalogue references are given again, as the accompanying information may be slightly different)
-Additional to the catalogue references for Medal Rolls IOR/L/MIL/5/42-141 the following  list contains both medal roll catalogue references and some catalogue references which do not specifically mention rolls but which may '''possibly''' contain medal rolls, listed (approximately) according to date of the military action.
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-4&cid=1-1-35-4&kw=Medal#1-1-35-4 Collection 257/4 Medal rolls of men of Tennasserim or Suakin 1884 operations. IOR/L/MIL/7/11202] 1888-1889
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-4&cid=1-1-53-25&kw=Medal#1-1-53-25 Collection 274/25 Egyptian Medal granted by Khedive: medal rolls. IOR/L/MIL/7/12730] 1897-1901
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-4&cid=1-1-53-30#1-1-53-30   Collection 274/31 Soudan Medal 1898: grant of to Indian contingent at Suakin 1896. IOR/L/MIL/7/12735] 1899-1900
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-6&cid=1-1-38-9&kw=Medal#1-1-38-9 Collection 322/9 Grant of medal for operations in British Central Africa 1894-1898, Army Order 135 of 1899. IOR/L/MIL/7/14412] 1899
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-3&cid=1-1-13-101 Collection 132/101 Delhi Durbar 1911 medal rolls: replacement of lost medals, claims for issue of medal. IOR/L/MIL/7/5864 ]1911-1922
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-7&cid=1-1-25-1688#1-1-25-1688   Collection 425/1596 Medal rolls for 1914-1915 Star. IOR/L/MIL/7/18841] 1919-1920
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-7&cid=1-1-3-69#1-1-3-69 Collection 403/68 Minor operations on North West Frontier 1914-1915: operations on or beyond frontiers of India to be regarded as part of First World War for award of 1914-1915 Star. IOR/L/MIL/7/16888] 1915-1919
-*[http://apps.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlps_7-1&cid=1-1-8-69#1-1-8-69  IOR/L/PS/20/H143] 1917.  Roll of rewards and promotions of officers and men of the Indian Army and departments, and of Royal Artillery and Royal Engineer officers and men attached to Indian units, serving in the undermentioned forces:- France (A) East Africa, including Cameroons (B) Mesopotamia (D) Egypt, including Sudan (E) Gallipoli, including Salonica (G) Indian Frontier Indian area, including Aden, Perim, Somaliland, Gulf of Oman, and China Up to and including "London Gazette" dated 11th May 1917 and "Indian Gazette" dated 3rd February 1917 [?London: India Office, 8th edn, 1917]. It is not known whether there are later publications of this roll.
-*Records of the British Administration in Aden, 1839-1967: [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/rd/c4cda5b5-1e2b-4680-ab94-51587d8f680a IOR/R/20/A/5014 - File 73 British War Medal & Mercantile Marine War Medal]. It is not known whether this is general correspondence or includes a list of names.
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-7&cid=1-1-25-1778#1-1-25-1778  Collection 425/1683 Report on operations of Bushire Field Force April 1918 to March 1919, and recommendations for rewards. IOR/L/MIL/7/18931] 1919-1920
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-7&cid=1-1-25-1694#1-1-25-1694  Collection 425/1602 Honours and rewards for minor operations May 1919 to April 1920 (North West Frontier, Persia, Aden). IOR/L/MIL/7/18847] 1919-1921
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-2&cid=1-1-24-103#1-1-24-103  Collection 89/97 Grant of India General Service Medal with Waziristan 1919-21 or Mahsud 1919-20 clasps to Royal Air Force personnel. IOR/L/MIL/7/4052] 1922
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-2&cid=1-1-24-102#1-1-24-102  Collection 89/96 Rewards for services in connection with Malabar operations (Moplah) of 1921-1922. IOR/L/MIL/7/4051] 1921-1927
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-2&cid=1-1-24-107#1-1-24-107  Collection 89/102 Grant of India General Service Medal with Waziristan 1921-24 clasp to Royal Air Force personnel. IOR/L/MIL/7/4056] 1925-1926
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-2&cid=1-1-24-125&kw=Medal#1-1-24-125  Collection 89/119 General Service Medal rolls. IOR/L/MIL/7/4074] 1923-1928
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-2&cid=1-1-24-99#1-1-24-99   Collection 89/94 Part 1 Award of India General Service Medal for Afghan operations. IOR/L/MIL/7/4048] 1920-1925
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-2&cid=1-1-24-100&kw=Medal#1-1-24-100  Collection 89/94 Part 2 Award of India General Service Medal for Afghan operations. IOR/L/MIL/7/4049] 1922-1927
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-2&cid=1-1-24-115#1-1-24-115  Collection 89/109 Grant of medal for operations ("disturbances") on North West Frontier 1930-31 and Burma 1930-31. IOR/L/MIL/7/4064] 1930-1945
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-2&cid=1-1-24-118#1-1-24-118  Collection 89/112 Grant of war medal and clasp for Mohmand (Peshawar) operations of 1933. IOR/L/MIL/7/4067] 1933-1935
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-7&cid=1-1-3-155#1-1-3-155 Collection 403/146 Part 1 Waziristan operations 1936-1937: recommendations for awards. IOR/L/MIL/7/16974] 1937-1938
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_3-2_1-7&cid=1-1-3-156#1-1-3-156   Collection 403/146 Part 2 Waziristan operations 1937-1938: recommendations for awards. IOR/L/MIL/7/16975] 1939-1940
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-r20_3&cid=1-1-1-2-946&kw=Medal#1-1-1-2-946 File 201/40 Con. General Service Medal for operations in the Aden Protectorate IOR/R/20/C/953] Jan 1940-Feb 1940
-*[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorv_9-1&cid=1-1-4-2&kw=Medal#1-1-4-2 List of recipients in India of the Imperial Service Medal, 1924-1941. Calcutta, Delhi, 1925-41 IOR/V/25/72/2] 1925-1941 Annual. Lacking 1936, 1940
-===Medal Rolls for Indian Native Troops===
-The information in respect of [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=059-iorlmil_2-2&cid=1-2-2#1-2-2 Medal Rolls '''IOR/L/MIL/5/42-141'''] 1799-1911 states that  the names of Indian recipients rarely appear (except, however, in '''L/MIL/5/87-103)'''. These latter records are detailed [http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=Medal_Rolls_in_the_India_Office_Library Your Archives - Medal Rolls in the India Office Library], which also lists a few entries such as '''L/MIL/5/60''' 	Nominal rolls of Indian Army native troops. 1870-1878. These entries may possibly be included in the Ancestry website, refer below, but it is not known whether they are or not.
-For details of some medals awarded to Indian troops in the Boer War, see [[Boer War]]
-==Publications containing Medal Rolls==
-*[http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/medal_collecting_books/bibliography.htm Published works: British & Commonwealth Orders Decorations and Medals] northeastmedals.co.uk
-*[http://www.openisbn.com/download/190073401X.pdf ''The Delhi Durbar 1903: A Complete Roll and Index of Recipients''] by Peter Duckers and  Ian McInnes, was published in  2002
-*[http://isbndb.com/d/book/the_delhi_durbar_medal_1911_to_the_british_army.html ''The Delhi Durbar Medal 1911 to the British Army''] compiled by Peter Duckers was published c 1999 and is available at the [[British Library]]
-*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060512165731/http://www.jadepublishing.com/Infoshts/pdf/reward.pdf ''Reward of Valor: The Indian Order of Merit, 1914-1918''] by Peter Duckers was published in 2004 (first published 1999). The 1999 edition is available at the Imperial War Museum, London
-*''The Indian Distinguished Service Medal'' by Rana Chhina. Details: Hardcover: 359 pages Publisher: InvictaIndia (2001) ISBN-10: 8187642009 ISBN-13: 978-8187642008 "The definitive study …which contains a detailed list of all those who were awarded the medal". <ref>Moreman, Tim [http://1914-1918.invisionzone.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=206661&p=2035418 Indian DSM] ''Great War Forum'' 12 February 2014 Retrieved  28 September 2014</ref> Available at the [[British Library]].
-===Books currently available===
-Books currently available (November 2012) which have been noted:
-*[http://www.naval-military-press.com/army-of-the-sutlej-1845-6-casualty-roll..html  ''Army Of The Sutlej 1845-6 Casualty Roll''] is published by Naval and Military Press. This Casualty Roll has been compiled from the Sutlej Medal Rolls held at the British Library.
-*[http://www.tomdonovaneditions.com/tde_iom_vol_1.html  ''Indian Order Of Merit Historical Records 1837 - 1947 Volume One 1837 – 1860''] by Cliff Parrett and Sqn Ldr Rana TS Chhina (Retd) is published in India.  "There are two substantial nominal indexes. The first lists 2,700 Indian officers and other ranks of the H.E.I.C. Army, the majority of these being recipients of the I.O.M. The second lists over 900 British officers and other ranks, and civilians, who were somehow or other involved in I.O.M. actions" This book is available at the [[British Library]]
-*Three companion volumes by K.J. Asplin [http://www.savannahpublications.com/info.php?itemid=121  ''China Medal Roll 1856-60: British Army''], [http://www.savannahpublications.com/info.php?itemid=120 ''China Medal Roll 1856-60: Royal Navy''], [http://www.savannahpublications.com/info.php?itemid=119  ''Despatches of the China War 1856-60'']  These books are published by Savannah Publications
-*[http://www.naval-military-press.com/second-afghan-war-1878-1880.-casualty-roll..html ''Second Afghan War 1878-1880 Casualty Roll''] by Anthony Farrington is published by Naval and Military Press.  A description of the 1986 original edition says "3,000 British and Indian officers and men, arranged by regiment and giving the precise nature of the casualty, where details available. Bibliography of sources, which are also indicated under each regimental section. Facsimiles of despatches for Ali Musjid, Peiwar Kotal, Charasiah, Kabul-Kandahar March and Battle of Kandahar. Full citations for gallantry awards (VC, DCM and IOM)." The 1986 edition is available at the [[British Library]]
-*[https://www.dixonsmedals.co.uk/product_info.php?products_id=1007844 ''Egypt 1882''] by Peter Duckers dixonsmedals.co.uk
-*[https://www.dixonsmedals.co.uk/product_info.php?products_id=1001747 ''The Whitewash Brigade: The Hong Kong Plague of 1894''] by J.J.Platt, M.E. Jones and A. R. Kay dixonsmedals.co.uk
-*[http://www.naval-military-press.com/india-general-service-medal-1895-casualty-roll..html ''India General Service Medal 1895 Casualty Roll''] compiled by Anthony Farrington is published by Naval and Military Press. A 1987 edition of this book is available at the [[British Library]]. The book is available to purchase through Amazon.co.uk from the FIBIS Shop
-*[https://www.dixonsmedals.co.uk/product_info.php?products_id=1009537 ''Taku Forts 1900''] by Colin Narbeth dixonsmedals.co.uk
-*[http://www.naval-military-press.com/china-war-medal-1900-to-the-royal-navy-and-the-royal-marines.html ''China War Medal 1900: to the Royal Navy and the Royal Marines''] is published by Naval and Military Press
-*[https://www.dixonsmedals.co.uk/product_info.php?products_id=1008100 ''North West Frontier 1908: The Zakka Khel and Mohmand Campaigns''] by Peter Duckers dixonsmedals.co.uk
-*[http://www.savannahpublications.com/info.php?itemid=153 ''Taming the Tiger: The Story of the India General Service Medal 1908–1935''] by Richard G.M.L. Stiles is published by Savannah Publications. Includes Medal Rolls and Rolls of Honour. This edition is either a reprint or more likely a revised, possibly expanded  edition of a book printed in 1992.
-*[http://www.naval-military-press.com/india-general-service-medal-roll-1908-1935-to-the-raf..html ''India General Service Medal Roll 1908-1935 to the RAF''] is published by Naval and Military Press
-*[http://www.naval-military-press.com/naval-general-service-medal-roll-1793-1840.html ''Naval General Service Medal Roll 1793-1840''] is published by Naval and Military Press
-*[http://www.naval-military-press.com/naval-general-service-medal-1915-1962-to-the-royal-navy-and-royal-marines-for-the-bars_persian-gulf-1909-1914-iraq-1919-1920-nw_persia-1920..html ''Naval General Service Medal 1915-1962 To The Royal Navy And Royal Marines For The Bars Persian Gulf 1909-1914, Iraq 1919-1920, NW Persia 1920''] compiled and edited by WH Fevyer and JW Wilson is published by Naval and Military Press. The description of the book includes a reference to the Royal Indian Marine Service.
 ==External links==
-*Iain Stewart’s [http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/vcross.htm The Victoria Cross] has the following pages in relation to India:
+*[http://www.scotsman.com/heritage/people-places/the-victorian-scots-who-brought-opium-to-china-1-4186123 "The Victorian Scots who brought opium to China"] by Alison Campsie 25 July 2016 ''The Scotsman''
-:*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ccinarvc.htm Honorable East India Company and Indian Army Holders of the Victoria Cross]
+*[http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0004701u00000000.html  The opium godown or store within its compound at Patna] [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0004702u00000000.html An interior view].  Watercolours from British Library Online Gallery
-:*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ggwwbur.htm Burial Locations in India of Victoria Cross holders]
+*[http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/deptserv/rcs/opium/Captions.html Opium: A "morally indefensible trade in a "horrible drug"] Cambridge University Library
-* Kevin Asplin’s excellent [http://www.britishmedals.us/index.html British Medals Website] contains transcriptions of the following Medal Rolls
+*[http://www.maritimeheritage.org/news/opium.html The Opium Trade] Maritime Heritage Project
-:*[http://www.britishmedals.us/resources/sutlejrolls.html Sutlej Campaign Medal Rolls 1845-1846] for four regiments
+*[https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2236-46332016000300052 "The Global Career of Indian Opium and Local Destinies"] by  Amar Farooqui  ''SciELO Almanack  no.14 Guarulhos Sept./Dec. 2016''. scielo.br. This paper looks at the historical circumstances in which the western and central regions of the Indian subcontinent became part of the global opium enterprise during the early nineteenth century. The state of Gwalior, located in central India, ruled by the Sindia dynasty, emerged as the largest supplier of the drug to private exporters operating on the West Coast. This was known as the  '''Malwa opium''' trade, (the Malwa  Agency being a a division of [[Central India|Central India Agency]].)  Farooqui was the author of the earlier book ''Smuggling as subversion : colonialism, Indian merchants, and the politics of opium, 1790-1843'' by Amar Farooqui c 1998. Available at the [[British Library]] UIN: BLL01009242814 [https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Smuggling_as_Subversion/pAJDrdP6sikC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP1&printsec=frontcover  Sample pages 2005 edition] Google Books.
-:*[http://www.britishmedals.us/kevin/medals/burma8789.html Burma 1887-1889 ] - Transcribed from WO 100/73 series at [[The National  Archives]]
+*[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1956-01-01_2_page009.html “The manufacture and sale of opium and opium alkaloids at the Ghazipur factory”] by S. K. Vardhan Manager, Government Opium and Alkaloids Factory, Ghazipur (U.P.). written in 1956
-:*[http://www.britishmedals.us/kevin/igs.html India General Service Medal Rolls]  Punjab Campaigns 1895-1902 and 1897-1898
+*This [http://www.business-standard.com/india/news//in-british-timesopium-trade-protected-peopletaxes//369029 link] (business-standard.com) states between 1870 and 1900 the opium trade protected the people from taxation, due to the amount the government was earning
-:*[http://www.britishmedals.us/files/9lafghan.htm 9th Lancers Afghan Medal Roll]1879-1881
+*[https://commons.und.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2535&context=theses ''A brief historiography of the opium trade with a new evaluation of Dr. William H. Park’s Opinions of over 100 physicians on the use of opium in China''] by Kimberly A. Gasparini 2014  Master of Arts  Thesis, University of North Dakota.
-:*[http://www.britishmedals.us/files/armind.htm Army of India – Royal Scots Medal Roll]
+*[https://www.houghton.hk/?p=84 "Opium 1793 – 1838"] in three parts from "A Peoples' History 1793 – 1844 from the newspapers" houghton.hk. From Chinese region newspapers.
-*[http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/british_regiment/main/reg_index.htm Medals of the Regiments]  from northeastmedals.co.uk contains a number of medal rolls for particular regiments including
-**[http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/india_1895_rolls/gordon_highlanders_relief_chitral_1.htm  Medal Roll 1st Battalion, Gordon Highlanders: Relief of Chitral 1895]
-*[http://web.archive.org/web/20041013075433/http://www.yesteryearsgen.com/1st_Foot---army_of_india_medal_roll_1799.htm Army of India Medal Roll 1799-1826 for the 1st Regiment of Foot] from the archived website [http://web.archive.org/web/20040830235235/http:/www.yesteryearsgen.com YesterYears]
-*[http://web.archive.org/web/20040811035937/http://www.yesteryearsgen.com/10th_Foot_sutlej_roll.htm Sutlej Medal 1845/6 Roll for the 10th Regiment of Foot, with clasp "Sobraon"] from the archived website [http://web.archive.org/web/20040830235235/http:/www.yesteryearsgen.com YesterYears]
-*[http://www.dnw.co.uk/medals/resources/medalrolls/ Dix Noonan Webb Medals] have a (free) Medal Rolls search facility for
-:*[http://www.dnw.co.uk/medals/resources/medalrolls/armyofindia  Army of India Medal Roll (1799-1826)] compiled by Colin Message
-:*[http://www.dnw.co.uk/medals/resources/medalrolls/indianmutiny/ Indian Mutiny Medal Roll - British Forces (1857-1859)] compiled by Kevin Asplin
-*The Fee Paying Website "Ancestry" (allows a free search) now hosts
-**[http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=1686 UK, Military Campaign Medal and Award Rolls, 1793-1949], based on the National Archives records WO 100 "This database contains lists of more than 2.3 million officers, enlisted personnel and other individuals entitled to medals and awards commemorating their service in campaigns and battles for the British Army between 1793 and 1949"  Campaigns in India are included - but not WWI or WWII medal and award rolls. WWI medal information is available in the following collections.
-**[http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=1262 British Army WWI Medal Rolls Index Cards, 1914-1920] Based on records from the Army Medal Office ''WWI Medal Index Cards''.  "The Medal Index Cards collection is the most complete listing of individuals who fought in the British Army in WWI, containing approximately 90% of soldiers’ names"
-**[http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=5119 UK, WWI Service Medal and Award Rolls, 1914-1920]. Based on the National Archives records WO 329. "The volumes in this series record the entitlement to medals and awards of men and women serving in some capacity during the First World War. Most pieces concern those serving in the Army". However there are other categories.
-**[http://search.ancestry.co.uk/search/db.aspx?dbid=1687 UK, Naval Medal and Award Rolls, 1793-1972] Based on the National Archives records ADM 171. "The rolls include medals awarded for British campaigns and service in Europe, India, Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and elsewhere during the height of the British Empire and into the 20th century. This database also includes medal rolls from the First and Second World Wars".
-*[http://www.nmarchive.com Naval and Military Archive]. A pay website  associated with Naval and Military Press. Includes "Campaign Medal Rolls of the Great War", transcribed from National Archives Medal Rolls, for 1914 Star, 1914-15 Star, British War Medal 1914-20, Victory Medal 1914-19, Territorial Force War Medal 1914-19. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
-*Medal Roll for India General Service Medal with clasps 1919-1935: RAF personnel. Surnames A-Brymer only. Includes the Squadrons present. [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-military-press.com%2Fpdf%2F1843420155.pdf html version] [http://www.naval-military-press.com/pdf/1843420155.pdf pdf version] naval-military-press.com. Retrieved 9 August 2014
-*Geoff Sullivan’s [http://www.hut-six.co.uk/WW2data/awardindex.html Geoff's WO 373 Lists: Recommendations for Honours and Awards], [[Second World War]] includes
-**[http://www.hut-six.co.uk/WW2data/WO373-Burma%20and%20India.html Burma and India]
-**[http://www.hut-six.co.uk/WW2data/WO373-Malaya%20Singapore%20Java%20Hong%20Kong.html  Malaya And Singapore, Java, Hong Kong]
 ===Historical books online===
-*The first part of ''Deeds of Valour Performed by Indian Officers and Soldiers during the period from 1860 to 1925''  by P P Hypher, Army Department 1927 printed at Simla, is available to read on the [http://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=708&s_id=213   FIBIS database] as pdf files.  Pages to 228 are available. These appear to  cover the period to 1913.  The years 1914-1925 are not available on the FIBIS database. Total pages c 500. Available at  the [[National Army Museum]], but does not currently appear in the [[British Library]] catalogue. There is a previous book ''Deeds of Valour of the Indian Soldier which won the Indian Order of Merit, during the period from 1837 to 1859'' by PP Hypher 1925. Available at the [[ British Library]] and the [[National Army Museum]]
+* ''Foreign Mud: being an account of the opium imbroglio at Canton in the 1830s & the Anglo-Chinese War that followed''‎ by Maurice Collis 1946. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209009 Archive.org mirror version] from Digital Library of India.
-*[http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=IOR/L/MIL/7/17250  Collection 425/95 Operations in East Africa: reports of engagements, honours and rewards IOR/L/MIL/7/17250 1914-1919] British Library Digitised Manuscripts. Awards to both British and Indian soldiers.
+*British Parliamentary Papers:[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ezFDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Appendix to the Report on the Affairs of the East India Company. Volume 4: Administration of Monopolies. Opium and Salt: 11 October 1831''] Google Books
+*[http://books.google.com/books?id=ZNT3ohiMQaMC&printsec=frontcover ''The opium trade: including a sketch of its history, extent, effects, etc., as carried on in India and China''] by Nathan Allen M.D. 2nd Edition 1853 (first published 1850)
-== References ==
+*[http://books.google.com/books?id=fiYUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1 “Report no.1: On the Poppy Cultivation, and the Benares Opium Agency”] by  WCB Eatwell MD ‘First Asst. and Opium Examiner. Board of Customs, Salt and Opium’  from ''Selections from the Records of the Government of Bengal'' (1851) Google Books
-<references />
+*[http://books.google.com/books?id=fbZGAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP7 ''The rise and progress of British opium smuggling: the illegality of the East India Company's monopoly of the drug, and its injurious effects upon India, China, and the commerce of Great Britain. Five letters addressed to the Earl of Shaftesbury''] by Major-General R Alexander, Madras Army 3rd edition revised and enlarged 1856 Google Books
+*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=sijCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1 ''‪Indian revenue from Indian opium ; Chinese money at the expense of Chinese life ; British honour or British disgrace: questions which should be considered in the treaty to be concluded with China''‬] by Captain Tyler R E  1857 Google Books
-{{#widget:Google PlusOne
+*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=tRNcAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP1 ''The opium trade in China, by an eyewitness <nowiki>[</nowiki>J. Johnston<nowiki>]</nowiki>: to which is added, A voice from India on the opium question <nowiki>[</nowiki>extr. from 'Notes on the opium question', by McL. Wylie<nowiki>]</nowiki>'']  by James Johnston, Macleod Wylie 1858 (Google Books)
-|size=small
+*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023257532 ''A Cruise in an Opium Clipper''] by Captain Lindsay Anderson 1891 Archive.org.  He joined the opium clipper 1859 at Shanghai.
-|count=true
+*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=cPQ2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PP15 ‪''Papers Relating to the Opium Question''‬] Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing 1870 Google Books
-}}
+*[http://www.archive.org/stream/britishopiumpol01turngoog#page/n3/mode/2up ''British opium policy and its results to India and China''] by F. S. Turner 1876 Archive.org
+*[http://www.archive.org/stream/opiumquestionrev00moul#page/n3/mode/2up ''The opium question: a review of the opium policy of Great Britain, and its results to India and China''] by the Rev. Arthur E. Moule 1877 Archive.org
+*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.53305 ''Manual of Opium Husbandry: For the use of Officers in the Government of Behar and Benares''] by John Scott, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens , Calcutta, (on special duty) attached to the Opium Department 1877. Archive.org,  Digital Library of India Collection.
+*[https://abuse-drug.com/lib/Table/The-Opium-Department-Report-India/index.html  ''Report of the Opium Department India 1881''] abuse-drug.com
+*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.3058/page/n323/mode/2up ''In an Opium Factory''] by Rudyard Kipling, page 311 ''From Sea To Sea  and Other Sketches Volume II'' 1938, originally published 1888. Archive.org.    [http://www.kipling.org.uk/rg_opium1.htm "In an Opium Factory"] from the Kipling Society with comments on the text.
+*[https://archive.org/details/ashorthistoryofl00jeha ''A Short history of the lives of Bombay opium smokers''] by Rustom Pestanji Jehangir 1893 Archive.org
+**[https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistoryofl00jeha#page/n15/mode/2up/search/Sikh Page viii] and [https://archive.org/stream/ashorthistoryofl00jeha#page/44/mode/2up/search/Sikh page 44-45]. Details and a comment  about the use of opium by Sikh soldiers in the [[Indian Army]].
+*''First report of the Royal Commission on Opium with Minutes of evidence and appendices'' Archive.org [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023451234#page/n7/mode/2up Volume 1 Evidence taken in London September 1893] 1894. Evidence taken in India:[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053849#page/n5/mode/2up   Volume 2, in 1893]. [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053856#page/n5/mode/2up  Volume 3, in  January 1894], [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053864#page/n5/mode/2up  Volume 4, 29 January-22  Feb 1894], [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053872#page/n5/mode/2up   Volume 5 Appendices] 1894
+**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924073053872#page/n5/mode/2up Volume 6 Final Report] 1895.
+**[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023283280#page/n9/mode/2up  The report of the Royal Commission on Opium compared with the evidence from China that was submitted to the Commission : an examination and an appeal] by Arnold Foster 1899 Archive.org
+*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502800/page/n1  ''The Opium Manual Vol. 5: Bihar: Factory Procedure Forms For The Guidance Of The Officers Of The Patna Opium Factory''] 1905. Archive.org, Public  Library of India Collection.
+* The opium trade is included in''The International Relations of the Chinese Empire'' by Hosea Ballou Morse. ''I The Period of Conflict, 1834-1860.  (II. The Period of Submission, 1861-1893. III. The period of Subjection, 1894-1911''). Published 1910 to 1918.
+:[https://archive.org/details/internationalrel00mors/page/n5/mode/2up Volume I] (probably 2nd edition), [https://archive.org/details/internationalrel01mors/page/n3/mode/2up  Vol. I, 2nd file, but missing title page] (appears to have been author/publishing decision); ([https://archive.org/details/internationalrel02mors Volume II]; [https://archive.org/details/internationalrel03mors/page/n5/mode/2up Volume III]) All Archive.org.
+*[http://www.archive.org/stream/truthaboutindian00grearich#page/n1/mode/2up ''The truth about Indian opium''] by G. Graham Dixon. Printed for and issued by the Industries and Overseas Department, India Office 1922 Archive.org
+*[http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924023283546#page/n7/mode/2up ''Drug smuggling and taking in India and Burma''] by  Roy K Anderson 1922 Archive.org
+*[https://archive.org/details/britishtradeopen0000gree/page/n7/mode/2up ''British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-42''] by Michael Greenberg  1951. [https://archive.org/details/britishtradeope00gree [1979<nowiki>]</nowiki> reprint edition]. Both Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
+*[https://archive.org/details/flowersinbloodst00lati/mode/2up ''Flowers in the Blood : the Story of Opium''] by Dean Latimer and Jeff Goldberg 1981. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
+*[http://www.survivorlibrary.com/?page_id=3542 Survivor Library: Opium] Links to pdf downloads, mainly written mid to late 1800s. survivorlibrary.com. Note: it is possible some of these books may be available to read online  on alternative sites such as Archive.org
-[[Category:Research methods]]
+[[Category:Occupations]]
-[[Category:Medals| ]]
+[[Category:China]]
+[[Category:Commerce and trade]]