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{{Battlemap|war=1st China War 1839-42|link=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.00046e589c8983b5267ea&ll=28.825425,112.456055&spn=14.658427,15.205078&t=p&z=6}}
{{Battlemap|war=1st China War 1839-42|link=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps/ms?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=101241150585833319689.00046e589c8983b5267ea&ll=28.825425,112.456055&spn=14.658427,15.205078&t=p&z=6}}
Also known as the '''1st Opium War''' and the '''1st Anglo-Chinese War'''.
Also known as the '''1st Opium War''' and the '''1st Anglo-Chinese War'''.
 
==Also see==
*[[Opium trade]]
== Summary ==
== Summary ==
The lucrative trade between China and Britain in the 19th century comprised mainly [[tea]] and [[opium trade|opium]]. Opium addiction became such a problem that the Qing Dynasty tried to prevent the import. They closed the waterway up to [[Canton]] and seized over 1 million kilograms of opium  requiring merchants to enter into a bond not to deal in the drug. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FzPZcyAGzT0C&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=Captain+Charles+Elliot,+R.N.,+Chief+Superintendent+of+British+Trade+in+China&source=bl&ots=7FspVCNamQ&sig=8DyezNem9h7hDcZkIiTjhCwyQcs&hl=en&ei=7NzeSr3RK4me4QahlLUS&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Captain%20Charles%20Elliot%2C%20R.N.%2C%20Chief%20Superintendent%20of%20British%20Trade%20in%20China&f=false Captain Charles Elliot RN], Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China, tried to negotiate with the Chinese but was continually rebuffed. There were naval confrontations on the Pearl River and Britain sent an expeditionary force from [[Singapore]]. The Bogue Forts at the mouth of the river and subsequently [[Canton]] were captured. The Chinese were also defeated at the mouth of the Yangtse River  and [[Shanghai]] was occupied. The war ended in August 1842 with the Treaty of Nanking which opened five treaty ports to trade, ceded [[Hong Kong]] and granted an indemnity to Britain.  
The lucrative trade between China and Britain in the 19th century comprised mainly [[tea]] and [[opium trade|opium]]. Opium addiction became such a problem that the Qing Dynasty tried to prevent the import. They closed the waterway up to [[Canton]] and seized over 1 million kilograms of opium  requiring merchants to enter into a bond not to deal in the drug. [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FzPZcyAGzT0C&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=Captain+Charles+Elliot,+R.N.,+Chief+Superintendent+of+British+Trade+in+China&source=bl&ots=7FspVCNamQ&sig=8DyezNem9h7hDcZkIiTjhCwyQcs&hl=en&ei=7NzeSr3RK4me4QahlLUS&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Captain%20Charles%20Elliot%2C%20R.N.%2C%20Chief%20Superintendent%20of%20British%20Trade%20in%20China&f=false Captain Charles Elliot RN], Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China, tried to negotiate with the Chinese but was continually rebuffed. There were naval confrontations on the Pearl River and Britain sent an expeditionary force from [[Singapore]]. The Bogue Forts at the mouth of the river and subsequently [[Canton]] were captured. The Chinese were also defeated at the mouth of the Yangtse River  and [[Shanghai]] was occupied. The war ended in August 1842 with the Treaty of Nanking which opened five treaty ports to trade: Shanghai, Canton (Guangzhou), Foochow (Fuzhou), Ningpo (Ningbo) & Amoy (Xiamen). China also ceded [[Hong Kong]] and granted an indemnity to Britain.  


== Expeditionary Force ==
== Expeditionary Force ==
Line 44: Line 45:


==FIBIS resources==
==FIBIS resources==
*[http://www.search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=141&s_id=67 China Campaign, 1842 (Madras Artillery & Staff only)] - Medal roll transcription listing 495 recipients of the medal
*[http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=141&s_id=67 China Campaign, 1842 (Madras Artillery & Staff only)] - Medal roll transcription listing 495 recipients of the medal


== Biographies ==
== Biographies ==
Line 51: Line 52:
[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/340/mode/2up Henry Pottinger (1789-1856)]<br>
[http://www.archive.org/stream/dictionaryofindi00buckuoft#page/340/mode/2up Henry Pottinger (1789-1856)]<br>


== External Links ==
== External links ==
[http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=wars&FileName=wars_opium.php Opium Wars] Heritage History<br>
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars Opium Wars] Wikipedia<br>
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_Wars Opium Wars] Wikipedia<br>
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War 1st Opium War 1839-42] Wikipedia<br>
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War 1st Opium War 1839-42] Wikipedia<br>
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[http://www.pdavis.nl/China_Ships.htm Royal Navy and HEIC vessels engaged in operations] www.pdavis.nl
[http://www.pdavis.nl/China_Ships.htm Royal Navy and HEIC vessels engaged in operations] www.pdavis.nl


==== Historical Books on-line ====
==== Historical books online ====
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=gzdDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Opium Trade: A copy of all papers and despatches at the India House on the subject of hostilities between the Chinese and British Subjects engaged in the Opium Trade from 1830 – 1833''] : Ordered ... to be printed 24 March 1840 (Google Books)
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=gzdDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Opium Trade: A copy of all papers and despatches at the India House on the subject of hostilities between the Chinese and British Subjects engaged in the Opium Trade from 1830 – 1833''] : Ordered ... to be printed 24 March 1840 (Google Books)
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4ytDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Correspondence Relating to China''], presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, 1840 (Google Books)
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209009 ''Foreign Mud: being an account of the opium imbroglio at Canton in the 1830s & the Anglo-Chinese War that followed''‎] by Maurice Collis 1946. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India. 
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=fDdDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Additional Correspondence Relating to China''], presented to both Houses of Parliament by command of Her Majesty, 1840 (Google Books)
*[https://archive.org/details/morningofmylifei00nyegrich ''The Morning of My Life in China: comprising an outline of the history of foreign intercourse from the last year of the regime of honorable East India Company, 1833, to the imprisonment of the foreign community in 1839''] by Gideon Nye 1873 Archive.org. Events prior to the War.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=StpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 ''China'']   ''Sessional Papers printed by Order of the House of Lords in the Session 1840 Volume VIII Accounts and Papers'' [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=StpbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP7 Contents]. There are also additional Contents pages for the sub sections.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/frontieroverseas06indi#page/356/mode/2up Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Vol VI - Events leading up to hostilities] www.archive.org<br>
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/frontieroverseas06indi#page/356/mode/2up Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Vol VI - Events leading up to hostilities] www.archive.org<br>
*Medical Account of the C Troop of the [[Madras Horse Artillery]] in China in 1842 from the [http://books.google.com/books?id=KQUHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Madras Quarterly Medical Journal'' January 1844] Google Books<br>
*Medical Account of the C Troop of the [[Madras Horse Artillery]] in China in 1842 from the [http://books.google.com/books?id=KQUHAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Madras Quarterly Medical Journal'' January 1844] Google Books<br>
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=R-IvAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 ''Two Years in China: Narrative of the Chinese Expedition, from its formation in April, 1840, till April, 1842 : with an appendix, containing the most important of the general orders & despatches published during the above period''] by Duncan McPherson, MD, Madras Army
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=R-IvAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 ''Two Years in China: Narrative of the Chinese Expedition, from its formation in April, 1840, till April, 1842 : with an appendix, containing the most important of the general orders & despatches published during the above period''] by Duncan McPherson, MD, Madras Army with the [[37th Regiment of Madras Native Infantry|37th Grenadier Regiment]] in China.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pn9CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 ''The Chinese War: an Account of all the Operations of the British Forces from the Commencement to the Treaty of Nanking''] by Lieutenant John Ouchterlony of the Madras Engineers. With Illustrations by the author.1844 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pn9CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 ''The Chinese War: an Account of all the Operations of the British Forces from the Commencement to the Treaty of Nanking''] by Lieutenant John Ouchterlony of the Madras Engineers. With Illustrations by the author.1844 Google Books
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Ia9FAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 ''The Closing Events of the Campaign in China: The Operations in the Yang-tze-kiang and Treaty of Nanking‬''] by Capt. Granville G Loch, Royal Navy 1843 Google Books.
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=iZhJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 ''Six Months with the Chinese Expedition: or, Leaves from a Soldier's Note-book'']  by Lord Jocelyn, late Military Secretary to the China Mission 1841 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=iZhJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR3 ''Six Months with the Chinese Expedition: or, Leaves from a Soldier's Note-book'']  by Lord Jocelyn, late Military Secretary to the China Mission 1841 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GBhCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Narrative of the Second Campaign in China''] by Keith Stewart Mackenzie 1842 Google Books
*[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GBhCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 ''Narrative of the Second Campaign in China''] by Keith Stewart Mackenzie 1842 Google Books. [https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.40450/page/n3/mode/2up Archive.org version] with map, however map is upside down.
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=-fSSmAEACAAJ&pg=PR1 ''The Last Year in China, to the Peace of Nanking: as Sketched in Letters to His Friends, by a Field Officer, Actively Employed in that Country: With a Few Concluding Remarks on Our Past and Future Policy in China''] 2nd edition, revised 1843 Google Books. [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=I3rgHp7A0sEC&pg=PR3 Original edition 1843] Google Books
*''Narrative of the Expedition to China from the Commencement of the War to its Termination in 1842: with sketches of the manners and customs of that singular and hitherto almost unknown country'' by J Elliot Bingham RN 1843 Google Books [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QGY_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR5-IA2 Volume 1, 2nd Edition with Additions], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Dmg_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1  Volume 2, 2nd Edition with Additions]
*''Narrative of the Expedition to China from the Commencement of the War to its Termination in 1842: with sketches of the manners and customs of that singular and hitherto almost unknown country'' by J Elliot Bingham RN 1843 Google Books [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=QGY_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR5-IA2 Volume 1, 2nd Edition with Additions], [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Dmg_AAAAMAAJ&pg=PR1  Volume 2, 2nd Edition with Additions]
*''Narrative of a voyage round the world : performed in Her Majesty's ship Sulphur, during the years 1836-1842, including details of the naval operations in China, from Dec. 1840, to Nov. 1841'' by Captain Sir Edward Belcher RN 1843. ([https://archive.org/details/narrativeofvoyag01belc Volume I],) [https://archive.org/details/narrativeofvoyag02belc/page/n3/mode/2up Volume II] including [https://archive.org/details/narrativeofvoyag02belc/page/128/mode/2up Orders to proceed to China] page 129, Volume II. Archive.org.
*''Narrative of the Voyages and Services of the Nemesis, from 1840 to 1843; and of the Combined Naval and Military Operations in China: Comprising a Complete Account of the Colony of Hong Kong, and Remarks on the Character and Habits of the Chinese'' from Notes of W[illiam] H[enry] Hall, R N and W D Bernard 1844 [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=nX1CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR1 Volume I], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=9HZCAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9  Volume II] Google Books
*[https://archive.org/details/b21298051/page/n5 ''Medical Notes on China''] by John Wilson, Inspector of Naval Hospitals and Fleets. 1846 Archive.org. The "Minden", a seventy-two-gun ship was fitted out as a floating hospital and despatched to China in 1842.
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=baNDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23 ''The Opium War: Being Recollections of Service in China''] by Captain Arthur Cunynghame,  Aide-de Camp to Major-General Lord Saltoun, Commanding Her Majesty’s and the Hon. East India Company’s Troops in China. 1845 Google Books.
*"The Marines at Canton, The Peiho, and Pekin" ''The United Service Magazine 1876 Part 1'' [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=HtsRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA92  pages 92-103], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=HtsRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA197 pages 197-202]
*"Journal During the Chinese Expedition in 1841 and 1842" by an Officer of the Royal Artillery. [Most likely the Officer was then part of the Madras Artillery]. ''Colburn’s United Service Magazine'' 1877 and 1878. ''1877 Part III'' [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=jNoRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA511 p 511-516] Google Books; ''1878  Part I'': [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081656500?urlappend=%3Bseq=115 p 105], [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081656500?urlappend=%3Bseq=232 p 224-36], [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081656500?urlappend=%3Bseq=492 p 506-11] HathiTrust Digital Library; ''Part II'': [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=LtoRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA99 p 99-105], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=LtoRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA352 p 352-58], [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=LtoRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA502 p 502-8] Google Books;  ''Part III'': [https://archive.org/stream/unitedservicema05unkngoog#page/n112/mode/2up page 102]  Archive.org.
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/chineseaccountof00parkrich#page/n11/mode/2up ''Chinese Account of the Opium War''] by E.H. Parker 1888 Archive.org
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/chineseaccountof00parkrich#page/n11/mode/2up ''Chinese Account of the Opium War''] by E.H. Parker 1888 Archive.org
 
*''The International Relations of the Chinese Empire'' by Hosea Ballou Morse. ''I The Period of Conflict, 1834-1860.  (II. The Period of Submission, 1861-1893. III. The period of Subjection, 1894-1911''). Published 1910 to 1918.
 
:[https://archive.org/details/internationalrel00mors/page/n5/mode/2up Volume I] (probably 2nd edition), [https://archive.org/details/internationalrel01mors/page/n3/mode/2up  Vol. I 2nd file, but missing title page] (appears to have been author/publishing decision); ([https://archive.org/details/internationalrel02mors Volume II];[https://archive.org/details/internationalrel03mors/page/n5/mode/2up Volume III]) All Archive.org.
 
*‪[https://archive.org/details/opiumwarthroughc00wale ''The Opium War through Chinese Eyes''] by Arthur Waley 1958 Archive.org Lending Library.  A transcription is available at [https://web.archive.org/web/20141017092410/http://www.drugtext.org/Table/The-Opium-War-Through-Chinese-Eyes  drugtext.org, now an archived webpage]. Chapters present in reverse order, read items from the bottom of the page.
 
*[https://archive.org/details/creejournalsvoya0000cree ''The Cree journals : the voyages of Edward H. Cree, Surgeon R.N., as related in his private journals, 1837-1856''] edited and with an introduction by Michael Levien 1981 Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. Includes ten years in the Far East including the First Opium War period  and pursuit of a Chinese pirate fleet in 1849.
 
*[https://archive.org/details/opiumwar184018420000fayp/page/n3/mode/2up ''The Opium War, 1840-1842 : Barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the early part of the nineteenth century and the war by which they forced her gates ajar''] by Peter Ward Fay. 1997 reprint originally published 1975. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
 
*[https://archive.org/details/opiumwarsaddicti00hane/mode/2up ''Opium Wars : the addiction of one empire and the corruption of another''] by W Travis Hanes III and Frank Sanello  2002.  Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
 
 
[[Category:Wars and Campaigns|China War, 1st]]
[[Category:Wars and Campaigns|China War, 1st]]
[[Category:1st China War 1839-42| 1st China War]]
[[Category:1st China War 1839-42| 1st China War]]
[[Category:Campaigns with FIBIS Battle Maps|China War, 1st]]
[[Category:Campaigns with FIBIS Battle Maps|China War, 1st]]
[[Category:China]]
[[Category:China]]

Latest revision as of 03:20, 11 July 2022

1st China War
1839-42
Chronological list of Wars and Campaigns
[[Image:|250px| ]]
Location: China
Combatants:
East India Company China
Result: British victory
Medals: 1st China War Medal
Links:
Category: 1st China War
See our interactive map of
1st China War 1839-42
locations and routes on Google Maps

Also known as the 1st Opium War and the 1st Anglo-Chinese War.

Also see

Summary

The lucrative trade between China and Britain in the 19th century comprised mainly tea and opium. Opium addiction became such a problem that the Qing Dynasty tried to prevent the import. They closed the waterway up to Canton and seized over 1 million kilograms of opium requiring merchants to enter into a bond not to deal in the drug. Captain Charles Elliot RN, Chief Superintendent of British Trade in China, tried to negotiate with the Chinese but was continually rebuffed. There were naval confrontations on the Pearl River and Britain sent an expeditionary force from Singapore. The Bogue Forts at the mouth of the river and subsequently Canton were captured. The Chinese were also defeated at the mouth of the Yangtse River and Shanghai was occupied. The war ended in August 1842 with the Treaty of Nanking which opened five treaty ports to trade: Shanghai, Canton (Guangzhou), Foochow (Fuzhou), Ningpo (Ningbo) & Amoy (Xiamen). China also ceded Hong Kong and granted an indemnity to Britain.

Expeditionary Force

Naval Squadron

  • Royal Navy Warships
HMS Wellesley
HMS Alligator
HMS Conway
HMS Larne
HMS Algerine
HMS Rattlesnake
  • HEIC Steamers
Atalanta
Madagascar
  • 26 transports and store ships

Ground forces

Reinforcements 1840

Reinforcements 1841

Reinforcements 1842

FIBIS resources

Biographies

Entries in the Dictionary of Indian Biography 1906:
Hugh Gough (1779-1869)
Henry Pottinger (1789-1856)

External links

Opium Wars Wikipedia
1st Opium War 1839-42 Wikipedia
W.L.Clowes on the Ist Anglo-Chinese War www.pdavis.nl
Chronology Google Books
Royal Navy and HEIC vessels engaged in operations www.pdavis.nl

Historical books online

Volume I (probably 2nd edition), Vol. I 2nd file, but missing title page (appears to have been author/publishing decision); (Volume II;Volume III) All Archive.org.