Attock Bridge: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Attock Bridge 2.jpg|thumb|Attock Bridge]] | |||
[[File:Attock Bridge.jpg|thumb|Attock Bridge]] | |||
The '''Attock Bridge''' is situated between Attock Khurd and Khairabad Kund on Indus river (now in Pakistan.) It is now commonly known as "Old Attock Bridge". This bridge is one of the most important strategic and commercial crossing on the Indus River about 50 miles(80km) south east of Peshawar and between the Punjab and Khyber, hence was heavily fortified. The bridge was opened in 1883 as part of the [[Punjab Northern State Railway]](PNSR) which became [[North Western Railway|North Western State Railway]] in 1886. | The '''Attock Bridge''' is situated between Attock Khurd and Khairabad Kund on Indus river (now in Pakistan.) It is now commonly known as "Old Attock Bridge". This bridge is one of the most important strategic and commercial crossing on the Indus River about 50 miles(80km) south east of Peshawar and between the Punjab and Khyber, hence was heavily fortified. The bridge was opened in 1883 as part of the [[Punjab Northern State Railway]](PNSR) which became [[North Western Railway|North Western State Railway]] in 1886. | ||
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'''Tunnel Proposal 1859''' In 1859, Colonel Robertson proposed the idea of a tunnel and following is an extract from his report <ref name=mughal/>: | '''Tunnel Proposal 1859''' In 1859, Colonel Robertson proposed the idea of a tunnel and following is an extract from his report <ref name=mughal/>: | ||
<blockquote>''The dimensions I propose for the tunnel inside are twenty-four feet wide by twenty feet in height, and a lining under the river of brick masonry two feet thick. This places foundation level of the roadway 82 feet under the low water level, and placing the entrances one hundred feet above this level for safety, we have 182 feet to descend and ascend. The grade I propose is 1 in 20; this is rather steep for railway traffic but offers no difficulties for normal road traffic. The width of the river bed at the point I have selected for the tunnel is 1215 feet.''</blockquote> | <blockquote>''The dimensions I propose for the tunnel inside are twenty-four feet wide by twenty feet in height, and a lining under the river of brick masonry two feet thick. This places foundation level of the roadway 82 feet under the low water level, and placing the entrances one hundred feet above this level for safety, we have 182 feet to descend and ascend. The grade I propose is 1 in 20; this is rather steep for railway traffic but offers no difficulties for normal road traffic. The width of the river bed at the point I have selected for the tunnel is 1215 feet.''</blockquote> | ||
Work started in 1860 but due to water leakage, machinery breakdowns and over expenditure the construction was stopped and project abandoned in 1862 <ref name=mughal/> | Work started in 1860 but due to water leakage, machinery breakdowns and over expenditure the construction was stopped and project abandoned in 1862 <ref name=mughal/> when the two tunnels were only 258 feet(79 metres) apart <ref name =IA21>“Industrial Railways and Locomotives of India and South Asia” compiled by Simon Darvill. Published by ‘The Industrial Railway Society’ 2013. ISBN 978 1 901556 82-7. Available at http://irsshop.co.uk/India. Reference: Entry IA21 page ....</ref>. | ||
During the construction a tramway of unknown gauge was used on the west side for the removal of the excavated material <ref name =IA21/> | |||
'''Attock Bridge Construction 1880-83''' | '''Attock Bridge Construction 1880-83''' | ||
The Consultant Engineer in London was Sir [[Guildford Lindsey Molesworth]] <ref name=grace>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Attock_Bridge Grace's Guide "Attock Bridge"]; Retrieved 11 Jul 2016</ref>. He was the Consulting Engineer to the Indian State Railways <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Lindsey_Molesworth Wikipedia "Guildford Lindsey Molesworth"]; Retrieved 11 Jul 2016</ref> and supervised the provision of ironwork supplied by Westwood, Baillie and Co. of London <ref>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Westwood,_Baillie_and_Co Grace's Guide "Westwood, Baillie and Co."]; Retrieved 11 Jul 2016</ref>. | The Consultant Engineer in London was Sir [[Guildford Lindsey Molesworth]] <ref name=grace>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Attock_Bridge Grace's Guide "Attock Bridge"]; Retrieved 11 Jul 2016</ref>. He was the Consulting Engineer to the Indian State Railways <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilford_Lindsey_Molesworth Wikipedia "Guildford Lindsey Molesworth"]; Retrieved 11 Jul 2016</ref> and supervised the provision of ironwork supplied by Westwood, Baillie and Co. of London <ref>[http://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Westwood,_Baillie_and_Co Grace's Guide "Westwood, Baillie and Co."]; Retrieved 11 Jul 2016</ref>. | ||
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In 1979 a new bridge was constructed and road traffic was shifted to there. This new bridge is known as "New Attock Bridge". | In 1979 a new bridge was constructed and road traffic was shifted to there. This new bridge is known as "New Attock Bridge". | ||
Attock Bridge is still in use for railway traffic <ref name=grace/>. | Attock Bridge is still in use for railway traffic <ref name=grace/>. | ||
==Further Information== | |||
See '''[[Punjab Northern State Railway]] ''' for information and map showing location of ‘Attock Bridge’ and other PNSR Bridges | |||
<br>and '''[[North Western Railway]]''' for information after 1886 | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Latest revision as of 16:49, 15 December 2020
The Attock Bridge is situated between Attock Khurd and Khairabad Kund on Indus river (now in Pakistan.) It is now commonly known as "Old Attock Bridge". This bridge is one of the most important strategic and commercial crossing on the Indus River about 50 miles(80km) south east of Peshawar and between the Punjab and Khyber, hence was heavily fortified. The bridge was opened in 1883 as part of the Punjab Northern State Railway(PNSR) which became North Western State Railway in 1886.
History
Bridge Proposals 1853. The crossing at Attock was considered very important for military strategic reasons. In 1853, Lieut. W A Crommelin, from the Public Works Department [1]. proposed two designs, both which made use of suspension bridges to cross the Indus. These proposals were not adopted [2].
Bridge of Boats. However a bridge of boats was used for winter with ferry boats for summer and a light rowing boat for daak (postal services) [2]
Tunnel Proposal 1859 In 1859, Colonel Robertson proposed the idea of a tunnel and following is an extract from his report [2]:
The dimensions I propose for the tunnel inside are twenty-four feet wide by twenty feet in height, and a lining under the river of brick masonry two feet thick. This places foundation level of the roadway 82 feet under the low water level, and placing the entrances one hundred feet above this level for safety, we have 182 feet to descend and ascend. The grade I propose is 1 in 20; this is rather steep for railway traffic but offers no difficulties for normal road traffic. The width of the river bed at the point I have selected for the tunnel is 1215 feet.
Work started in 1860 but due to water leakage, machinery breakdowns and over expenditure the construction was stopped and project abandoned in 1862 [2] when the two tunnels were only 258 feet(79 metres) apart [3].
During the construction a tramway of unknown gauge was used on the west side for the removal of the excavated material [3]
Attock Bridge Construction 1880-83
The Consultant Engineer in London was Sir Guildford Lindsey Molesworth [4]. He was the Consulting Engineer to the Indian State Railways [5] and supervised the provision of ironwork supplied by Westwood, Baillie and Co. of London [6].
The Chief Engineer was Francis Langford O'Callaghan [7]. (see note) from the State Railways who, from 1879 to 1863, was in charge of the construction of the PNSR line from Rawalpindi to Peshawar, which included the Attock Bridge. Another Engineer is mentioned, a Mr. Johnson [2] (not identified). The cost of construction was more than Rs 3.2 millions [8] and was opened to traffic on 24 May 1883 [4].
Note: there are incorrect statements in both Wikipedia and Grace's Guide.
- Grace's Guide [4] states the bridge "designed by Sir Francis Callaghan" ; this name is incorrect and should be Francis Langford O'Callaghan[7]
- Wikipedia [8] states "the structure was redesigned by Sir Francis Callaghan and was reconstructed in 1929". The name here is incorrect and he was not responsible for the reconstruction in 1929
.
Bridge Reconstruction 1926-29 The bridge was reconstructed between 1926-1929 by replacing the longer spans. The trusses were also extended for two sections of the bridge, at the cost of Rs 2.5 millions. The bridge has 2 levels and 5 spans. Three spans are 257 feet long and two are 312 feet long. The upper level is use for railway traffic and lower level was used for road traffic. The approaches to the bridge were built as solid fortifications - as a defense against raids from nearby Pashtun tribesmen. This bridge was a part of famous Grand Trunk Road [4].
Road Bridge 1979
In 1979 a new bridge was constructed and road traffic was shifted to there. This new bridge is known as "New Attock Bridge".
Attock Bridge is still in use for railway traffic [4].
Further Information
See Punjab Northern State Railway for information and map showing location of ‘Attock Bridge’ and other PNSR Bridges
and North Western Railway for information after 1886
References
- ↑ "India Office Record Z/E/4/25/C1101"; Retrieved 11 Jul 2016
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 All things Pakistan "Railway Bridge on Indus at Attock"by Owais Mughal, February 3, 2009; Retrieved 11 Jul 2016
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 “Industrial Railways and Locomotives of India and South Asia” compiled by Simon Darvill. Published by ‘The Industrial Railway Society’ 2013. ISBN 978 1 901556 82-7. Available at http://irsshop.co.uk/India. Reference: Entry IA21 page ....
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Grace's Guide "Attock Bridge"; Retrieved 11 Jul 2016
- ↑ Wikipedia "Guildford Lindsey Molesworth"; Retrieved 11 Jul 2016
- ↑ Grace's Guide "Westwood, Baillie and Co."; Retrieved 11 Jul 2016
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Institution of Civil Engineers "Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland - O'Callaghan, Francis Langford "; Retrieved on 9 Jul 2016
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Wikipedia "Attock Bridge"; Retrieved 11 Jul 2016