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|country= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India]
|country= [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India]
|transport= [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]]<br>[[East Indian Railway]]<br>[[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]<br>[[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]]
|transport= [[Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway]]<br>[[East Indian Railway]]<br>[[Great Indian Peninsula Railway]]<br>[[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]]
''See page'' '''[[Cawnpore Railways and Stations]]'''  ''for details''
}}
}}
{{Places of Interest|title=Cawnpore|name=Cawnpore|link=xxxxx}}
{{Places of Interest|title=Cawnpore|name=Cawnpore|link=xxxxx}}
=====THIS PAGE IS WAITING FOR MORE DETAILED INFORMATION=====


'''Cawnpore''' was the headquarters of [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_235.gif Cawnpore District] in the Allahabad Division of United Provinces during the British period.
'''Cawnpore''' was the headquarters of [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V05_235.gif Cawnpore District] in the Allahabad Division of United Provinces during the British period.
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== Spelling Variants ==
== Spelling Variants ==
Modern name: Kanpur<br>
Modern name: Kanpur<br>
Variants: Cawnpore/Cawnpur/Cawnpoor/Caunpoor <br>
Variants: Cawnpore / Cawnpur / Cawnpoor / Caunpoor / Khanpore <br>


Modern name:Bibigarh<br>
Modern name:Bibigarh<br>
Variants: Bibigurh/Bibigahr/Bibighar<br>
Variants: Bibigurh / Bibigahr / Bibighar<br>


==FIBIS resources==
==FIBIS resources==
*[http://www.gallery.fibis.org/picture.php?/666/category/21 Photograph: Cawnpore Barracks 1915] FIBIS Gallery collection of photographs of Arthur Cecil Gregory who served in the 5th Bn. [[East Surrey Regiment]] in various parts of India during [[First World War|WWI]], including Cawnpore
*[[:Category:Cawnpore images|Images of Cawnpore]]
*[https://www.facebook.com/fibis.org#!/photo.php?fbid=10151513390465733&set=p.10151513390465733&type=1&theater Photograph: The Kanpur Memorial Church, originally called the All Soul's Cathedral]  FIBIS on Facebook
*[http://gallery.fibis.org/picture.php?/666/category/21 Photograph: Cawnpore Barracks 1915] FIBIS Gallery collection of photographs of Arthur Cecil Gregory who served in the 5th Bn. [[East Surrey Regiment]] in various parts of India during [[First World War|WWI]], including Cawnpore
*"Adam Maxwell of Cawnpore-Indigo and Intrigue" by Judith Vandenburgh Green [[FIBIS Journals|''FIBIS Journal'']] ''Number 25 Spring 2011'', pages 25-33
*"Adam Maxwell of Cawnpore-Indigo and Intrigue" by Judith Vandenburgh Green [[FIBIS Journals|''FIBIS Journal'']] ''Number 25 Spring 2011'', pages 25-33
*"William Garnett, the Volunteering Major" by Michael Garnett ''FIBIS Journal Number 26 Autumn 2011'', pages 26-30. For details of how to access this article, see [[FIBIS Journals]]
*"William Garnett, the Volunteering Major" by Michael Garnett ''FIBIS Journal Number 26 Autumn 2011'', pages 26-30. For details of how to access this article, see [[FIBIS Journals]]
:He was on the Bengal [[Unattached List]] located at Cawnpore from 1883, where he worked for a time at the Army Boot Factory, rising to Commissary and Honorary Major in 1912.  He also played a major role c 1884 in the establishment of the [[Cawnpore Light Horse]] and on retirement to England in 1919 held the rank of Company Sergeant Major in this [[Auxiliary Regiments|volunteer regiment]].
:He was on the Bengal [[Unattached List]] located at Cawnpore from 1883, where he worked for a time at the Army Boot Factory, rising to Commissary and Honorary Major in 1912.  He also played a major role c 1884 in the establishment of the [[Cawnpore Light Horse]] and on retirement to England in 1919 held the rank of Company Sergeant Major in this [[Auxiliary Regiments|volunteer regiment]].
*"The Walsh Family and the Cawnpore Massacre"  by Paddy Walsh  ''FIBIS Journal Number 31 (Spring 2014)'' pages  3-15. For access, see [[FIBIS Journals]]


==Cemeteries==
==Cemeteries==
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This cemetery was open 1781-1865 and up to 1846 was known as the Officers’ Burial Ground, as mainly military officers and their families were buried there. It became known as Kacheri Cemetery in 1857. [[Cemeteries#Inscriptions in online books|Blunt]] has some entries under Kachahri Cemetery. Private soldiers were buried at Hiramun-Ku –Purwa  (open 1796-1818). The New Cantonment Cemetery was open 1818-1943.<ref>[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Ij5dojANAG0J:www.rcueslko.org/jnnurm/Kanpur/10%2520Chapter%252010%2520Heritage%2520and%2520Tourism.pdf+Kacheri+Cemetery&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiaO2TnCC6QoI29ymzo1XEalKdCKMMGUXKt3NI2AH-ucD1I2SpIXGzYLPpMz4n8THV71O5FMeuAh6Uwa3-UT_-D_668Te91A7L3tuaJm8iAcyu1pINievxjno5bBLVK0RT3V5dP&sig=AHIEtbRdkoY_o3LJAPK55CJVt3yhqTJZfA Kanpur Heritage and Tourism], page 4 and details from BACSA Archive at the British Library, Mss F370.</ref>
This cemetery was open 1781-1865 and up to 1846 was known as the Officers’ Burial Ground, as mainly military officers and their families were buried there. It became known as Kacheri Cemetery in 1857. [[Cemeteries#Inscriptions in online books|Blunt]] has some entries under Kachahri Cemetery. Private soldiers were buried at Hiramun-Ku –Purwa  (open 1796-1818). The New Cantonment Cemetery was open 1818-1943.<ref>[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Ij5dojANAG0J:www.rcueslko.org/jnnurm/Kanpur/10%2520Chapter%252010%2520Heritage%2520and%2520Tourism.pdf+Kacheri+Cemetery&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiaO2TnCC6QoI29ymzo1XEalKdCKMMGUXKt3NI2AH-ucD1I2SpIXGzYLPpMz4n8THV71O5FMeuAh6Uwa3-UT_-D_668Te91A7L3tuaJm8iAcyu1pINievxjno5bBLVK0RT3V5dP&sig=AHIEtbRdkoY_o3LJAPK55CJVt3yhqTJZfA Kanpur Heritage and Tourism], page 4 and details from BACSA Archive at the British Library, Mss F370.</ref>
*Monumental Inscriptions from Cawnpur Cantonment Cemetery by Lieut-Colonel W A Gale R.E. from ''Miscellanea Genealogica Et Heraldica: Fourth Series''. At least some of these entries may be found in the [http://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=973&s_id=294 FIBIS database: Percy-Smith/Bullock papers:  Graves and Monuments]
*Monumental Inscriptions from Cawnpur Cantonment Cemetery by Lieut-Colonel W A Gale R.E. from ''Miscellanea Genealogica Et Heraldica: Fourth Series''. At least some of these entries may be found in the [http://fibis.ourarchives.online/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_components&id=973&s_id=294 FIBIS database: Percy-Smith/Bullock papers:  Graves and Monuments]
**Volume 1 1906. This is a Preview Google Books and unfortunately only part of the data is  shown. This book is available at the [[British Library]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=m0VJJ6SHMWUC&pg=PA54  Page 54],[http://books.google.com/books?id=m0VJJ6SHMWUC&pg=PA114 page 114], [http://books.google.com/books?id=m0VJJ6SHMWUC&pg=PA145  page 145],(pages missing prior to page 145), [http://books.google.com/books?id=m0VJJ6SHMWUC&pg=PA172  page 172], [http://books.google.com/books?id=m0VJJ6SHMWUC&pg=PA216  page 216] [http://books.google.com/books?id=m0VJJ6SHMWUC&pg=PA329 Index of Names] (Entire book)
**Volume 1 1906 Archive.org [https://archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea1190bann#page/n127/mode/2up/ Page 54], [https://archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea1190bann#page/n253/mode/2up/ page 114], [https://archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea1190bann#page/n311/mode/2up page 142], [https://archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea1190bann#page/n373/mode/2up/ page 172], [https://archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea1190bann#page/n467/mode/2up/ page 216], [https://archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea1190bann#page/n551/mode/2up page 257], [https://archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea1190bann#page/n625/mode/2up/ page 294]. [https://archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea1190bann#page/n697/mode/2up Index of Names] (Entire book).
**Volume 2 1908 Archive.org [http://www.archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea02bann#page/20/mode/2up Page 21], [http://www.archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea02bann#page/60/mode/2up/search page 61],  [http://www.archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea02bann#page/138/mode/2up/search  page 138], [http://www.archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea02bann#page/164/mode/2up/search page 164]. [http://www.archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea02bann#page/340/mode/2up Index of Names] (Entire book). The last entry of data states "To be continued" so it appears there is more data  probably in ''Miscellanea Genealogica Et Heraldica:Fourth Series, Volume 3,'', and perhaps even additional volumes, available at the [[British Library]]
**Volume 2 1908 Archive.org [http://www.archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea02bann#page/20/mode/2up Page 21], [http://www.archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea02bann#page/60/mode/2up/search page 61],  [http://www.archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea02bann#page/138/mode/2up/search  page 138], [http://www.archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea02bann#page/164/mode/2up/search page 164]. [http://www.archive.org/stream/miscellaneagenea02bann#page/340/mode/2up Index of Names] (Entire book).  
===Church memorial inscriptions===
**The last entry of data in 1908 states "To be continued". However, no further inscriptions have been located in the following Volume 3, so it is likely there are no further records.
*[http://www.indian-cemeteries.org/viewimage.asp?mode=mon&ID=15 Memorial to those who died 2nd Bn The Essex Regiment 1925-1928] at All Souls Church, Cawnpore indian-cemeteries.org
 
*[http://www.indian-cemeteries.org/viewimage.asp?mode=mon&ID=13 Memorial to those who died 1st Bn The Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) during the stay of the Battalion in India 11.1925-2.1936] All Souls Church, Cawnpore indian-cemeteries.org
===Church and cemetery memorial inscriptions===
*For some further inscriptions from Cawnpore, see [http://www.indian-cemeteries.org/ Indian Cemeteries]
*From Indian Cemeteries website, now archived
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20160909074623/http://indian-cemeteries.org/monument_list.asp?town=Cawnpore&cem=All%20Souls%20Church Inscriptions from All Souls Church, Cawnpore]. Includes regimental memorials,
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20071026054052/http://indian-cemeteries.org/cemetery_details.asp?town=Cawnpore&cem=All%20Souls%20Church%20Mutiny%20Memorial All Souls Church Mutiny Memorial in Cawnpore]  Click on List all monuments.
**[https://web.archive.org/web/20071026053950/http://indian-cemeteries.org/cemetery_details.asp?town=Cawnpore&cem=Christian%20Cemetery Christian Cemetery in Cawnpore] Click on List all monuments.


==Education==
==Education==
*[http://www.christchurchcollegekanpur.com/about.htm Christ Church College, Kanpur]. The College began as an S.P.G. [Society for the Propogation of the Gospel]  Mission School in the 1840’s.  First called Mission School, then Christ  Church School, it grew into a College affiliated to the Calcutta University in 1866.
*Christ Church College, Kanpur. The College began as an S.P.G. [Society for the Propogation of the Gospel]  Mission School in the 1840’s.  First called Mission School, then Christ  Church School, it grew into a College affiliated to the Calcutta University in 1866.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_High_School,_Kanpur  Girls’High School], (Wikipedia),  known as Methodist High School since 1952. Established 1874. It also admitted some boys.
*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodist_High_School,_Kanpur  Girls’High School], (Wikipedia),  known as Methodist High School since 1952. Established 1874. It also admitted some boys.


==Economy and Business==
==Economy and Business==
*Maitrey  Bajpai’s  [http://cawnporethefilm.blogspot.com/2010/08/brief-history-industrialization.html Industrialisation in Cawnpore]
*The books ''Traders and Nabobs: The British in Cawnpore 1765-1857'' by Zoe Yalland 1987 and ''Boxwallahs : the British in Cawnpore, 1857-1901'' by  Zoë Yalland 1994 are available at the [[British Library]], A  description of the latter book is given in this  [http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2198795 link]
*[http://www.arklowsc.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=9  Arklow Sailing Club’s Cawnpore Cup] was presented by Henry Horsman, born in Cawnpore in 1927. His father, Albert Horsman , born 1892, was a boxwallah who  owned and ran, with his brother Harry, the Swadeshi Cotton Mill in Cawnpore. The "Ursula Horsman Memorial Hospital" in Cawnpore is named after Henry’s mother, who died in an aeroplane crash in 1935. [http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/INDIA-BRITISH-RAJ/2008-07/1216188740 Details of the Cup] from India-British-Raj Mailing List.
*[http://www.wiganworld.co.uk/album/photo.php?opt=6&id=5807&gallery=Bradshaw+family&offset=0 William Bradshaw] was appointed assistant weaving master at Muir Mills in 1931 and worked there until 1952
*[http://www.wiganworld.co.uk/album/photo.php?opt=6&id=5807&gallery=Bradshaw+family&offset=0 William Bradshaw] was appointed assistant weaving master at Muir Mills in 1931 and worked there until 1952
*[http://www.lal-imli.com/profile.html Profile of The British India Corporation] which was registered as a Limited Company on 24 February  1920.to amalgamate a number of companies,  most of which were located in Cawnpore:
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170817053724/http://lal-imli.com:80/profile.html Profile of The British India Corporation] (now archived) which was registered as a Limited Company on 24 February  1920, to amalgamate a number of companies,  most of which were located in Cawnpore:
**Cawnpore Woollen Mills Co. (established  1876). Still in existence as a  Government of India Company,  (along with New Egerton Woollen Mills Co. Ltd., Dhariwal, Punjab. (established  1882)).
**Cawnpore Woollen Mills Co. (established  1876). Still in existence as a  Government of India Company,  (along with New Egerton Woollen Mills Co. Ltd., Dhariwal, Punjab. (established  1882)).
**Cooper Allen & Co. Ltd. proprietors of the largest Army Boot and Equipment Factory in the world – Kanpur  (established  1881)
**Cooper Allen & Co. Ltd. proprietors of the largest Army Boot and Equipment Factory in the world – Kanpur  (established  1881)
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** Cawnpore Cotton Mills Co. Ltd. (established  1882).
** Cawnpore Cotton Mills Co. Ltd. (established  1882).
** Empire Engineering Co. Ltd., Civil, Mechanical, Motor and Constructional Engineers, Contractors and Builders – Kanpur (established  1894).
** Empire Engineering Co. Ltd., Civil, Mechanical, Motor and Constructional Engineers, Contractors and Builders – Kanpur (established  1894).
* The was a Government  Harness & Saddlery Works in Cawnpore in existence in 1928.  A marking on a bayonet leather scabbard "Ca1928" indicates  the scabbard was from this Government works, manufactured in 1928. (Details<ref>DisasterDog [https://www.greatwarforum.org/topic/304371-my-first-1907-bayonet/?do=findComment&comment=3209302 My First 1907 Bayonet] ''Great War Forum'' 11 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.</ref>)


==Volunteer Regiments==
==Volunteer Regiments==
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== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Cawnpore Cawnpore] Love to Know 1911
*[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/CAU_CHA/CAWNPORE_or_KANPUR.html Cawnpore] encyclopedia.jrank.org (Online 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica)
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_321.gif Cawnpore City] ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', Volume 9, page 315.
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_321.gif Cawnpore City] ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'', Volume 9, page 315.
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1909/fullscreen.html?object=69 Cawnpore map 1909] ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'' Volume 26 Atlas
*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1909/fullscreen.html?object=69 Cawnpore map 1909] ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'' Volume 26 Atlas
*[http://dspace.vidyanidhi.org.in:8080/dspace/handle/2009/5504 ''Civic administration and politics in Kanpur since the establishment of the corporation''] by A P Tripathi and H N Sabharwal 3 June 1977. An online thesis from DSpace at Vidyanidhi. Chapter 1 includes "Origin of Kanpur"
*RAF [http://www.rquirk.com/fail/322mu/322mu.htm 322 Maintenance Unit and the Demolition Of SEAC Liberators] by J.E.H. Fail. RAF 322 MU Chaberi was located near Cawnpore during  World War 2.  rquirk.com
*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/lenton_sands/2427404229/in/set-72157602432553340/ Photograph: Cawnpore Well] Taken c 1928 flickr.com


===Historical books online===
===Historical books online===
*''District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: Volume XIX Cawnpore'' by H R Nevill 1909  is available to read online on the[[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website.
*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=qisYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA292 "Scenes in the Mofussil: No I – Cawnpore"] page 292, ''The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany'', Vol 9, New Series, Sept-Dec 1832. Google Books
*[https://archive.org/stream/b21452404#page/364/mode/2up Cawnpore] page 365 ''Report of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Sanitary State of the Army in India : with Abstract of Evidence, and of Reports Received from Indian Military Stations'' 1864 Archive.org
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279954/mode/2up ''District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh: Volume XIX Cawnpore''] by H R Nevill 1909  Archive.org. [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3109/mode/2up 2nd file] Archive.org


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Latest revision as of 04:07, 17 May 2023

Cawnpore
Presidency: Bengal
Coordinates: 26.460738°N, 80.333405°E
Altitude: 126 m (413 ft)
Present Day Details
Place Name: Kanpur
State/Province: Uttar Pradesh
Country: India
Transport links
Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway
East Indian Railway
Great Indian Peninsula Railway
Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway

See page Cawnpore Railways and Stations for details

FibiWiki Maps
See our interactive map of this location showing
places of interest during the British period
[xxxxx Cawnpore]



Cawnpore was the headquarters of Cawnpore District in the Allahabad Division of United Provinces during the British period.

The city was (and remains) an important railway junction, with the East Indian main trunk line from Calcutta to Delhi meeting spurs from the Bombay, Baroda and Central India, Great Indian Peninsula and Oudh and Rohilkhand Railways.

Military history

Siege of Cawnpore Jun 1857
Cawnpore (Satichaura Ghat)
Cawnpore (Bibigarh)
Recapture of Cawnpore July 1857
Siege of Cawnpore Nov 1857

Spelling Variants

Modern name: Kanpur
Variants: Cawnpore / Cawnpur / Cawnpoor / Caunpoor / Khanpore

Modern name:Bibigarh
Variants: Bibigurh / Bibigahr / Bibighar

FIBIS resources

  • Images of Cawnpore
  • Photograph: Cawnpore Barracks 1915 FIBIS Gallery collection of photographs of Arthur Cecil Gregory who served in the 5th Bn. East Surrey Regiment in various parts of India during WWI, including Cawnpore
  • "Adam Maxwell of Cawnpore-Indigo and Intrigue" by Judith Vandenburgh Green FIBIS Journal Number 25 Spring 2011, pages 25-33
  • "William Garnett, the Volunteering Major" by Michael Garnett FIBIS Journal Number 26 Autumn 2011, pages 26-30. For details of how to access this article, see FIBIS Journals
He was on the Bengal Unattached List located at Cawnpore from 1883, where he worked for a time at the Army Boot Factory, rising to Commissary and Honorary Major in 1912. He also played a major role c 1884 in the establishment of the Cawnpore Light Horse and on retirement to England in 1919 held the rank of Company Sergeant Major in this volunteer regiment.
  • "The Walsh Family and the Cawnpore Massacre" by Paddy Walsh FIBIS Journal Number 31 (Spring 2014) pages 3-15. For access, see FIBIS Journals

Cemeteries

  • BACSA has published the book Cawnpore – its early history and Kacheri Cemetery Guide by Zoë Yalland, 2012. "An engaging history of Cawnpore, with inscriptions on tombs in the old Kacheri cemetery and biographical notes. A new edition of the author’s two books on Kacheri Cemetery which have long been out of print. 150pp, numerous illustrations". See BACSA Books.

BACSA have put the indexes to this cemetery book online and these indexes are free to browse. If an indexed name is of interest then application can be made to BACSA for details of the relevant burial inscription - charges apply for this service.

This cemetery was open 1781-1865 and up to 1846 was known as the Officers’ Burial Ground, as mainly military officers and their families were buried there. It became known as Kacheri Cemetery in 1857. Blunt has some entries under Kachahri Cemetery. Private soldiers were buried at Hiramun-Ku –Purwa (open 1796-1818). The New Cantonment Cemetery was open 1818-1943.[1]

Church and cemetery memorial inscriptions

Education

  • Christ Church College, Kanpur. The College began as an S.P.G. [Society for the Propogation of the Gospel] Mission School in the 1840’s. First called Mission School, then Christ Church School, it grew into a College affiliated to the Calcutta University in 1866.
  • Girls’High School, (Wikipedia), known as Methodist High School since 1952. Established 1874. It also admitted some boys.

Economy and Business

  • William Bradshaw was appointed assistant weaving master at Muir Mills in 1931 and worked there until 1952
  • Profile of The British India Corporation (now archived) which was registered as a Limited Company on 24 February 1920, to amalgamate a number of companies, most of which were located in Cawnpore:
    • Cawnpore Woollen Mills Co. (established 1876). Still in existence as a Government of India Company, (along with New Egerton Woollen Mills Co. Ltd., Dhariwal, Punjab. (established 1882)).
    • Cooper Allen & Co. Ltd. proprietors of the largest Army Boot and Equipment Factory in the world – Kanpur (established 1881)
    • North–West Tannery Co. Ltd., Proprietors of the largest and the most up-to-date Tannery in the East – Kanpur (established 1881).
    • Cawnpore Cotton Mills Co. Ltd. (established 1882).
    • Empire Engineering Co. Ltd., Civil, Mechanical, Motor and Constructional Engineers, Contractors and Builders – Kanpur (established 1894).
  • The was a Government Harness & Saddlery Works in Cawnpore in existence in 1928. A marking on a bayonet leather scabbard "Ca1928" indicates the scabbard was from this Government works, manufactured in 1928. (Details[2])

Volunteer Regiments

References

  1. ↑ Kanpur Heritage and Tourism, page 4 and details from BACSA Archive at the British Library, Mss F370.
  2. ↑ DisasterDog My First 1907 Bayonet Great War Forum 11 May 2023. Retrieved 17 May 2023.

External links

Historical books online

Retrieved from "https://wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Cawnpore&oldid=89193"