North West Frontier Campaigns

North West Frontier Campaigns
1849-1947
Chronological list of Wars and Campaigns
[[Image:|250px| ]]
Location:
Combatants:
East India Company and British Army	North West Frontier tribes
Result: Suppression of border incursions
Medals: India General Service medal 1854 India Medal 1895-1902
Links:
Category: Category:North West Frontier Campaigns

From 1849 when the East India Company annexed the Punjab it became necessary to prevent incursion by the frontier Pakhtun tribes. Successive punitive expeditions subdued particular areas until further outrages occurred. Control of the region depended to a large extent on the Punjab Frontier Force recruited from local tribesmen commanded by British officers.

North West Frontier Expeditions

For a list of campaigns in order see

• Chronological list of North West Frontier Campaigns

Medals

• From www.northeastmedals.co.uk
  • The India General Service Medal 1854-1895 with bars
    • North West Frontier 3rd December 1849- 22nd October 1868
    • Individually named campaigns including Umbeyla, Hazara, Waziristan
  • India Medal 1895
  • NWF VCs 1895-1898
  • India General Service Medal 1908 with details of eligibility for the clasps "North West Frontier 1908" to "North West Frontier 1935" (a total of twelve clasps, most for the North West Frontier)
  • India General Service Medal 1936-1939 with details of eligibility for the clasps "North West Frontier 1936-37" and "North West Frontier 1937-1939"
• Also see Medal Rolls

British Library holdings

India Office Records include:

• Collection 391 North West Frontier Operations 1897 IOR/L/MIL/7/15855-15939 1897-1923
• Collection 403 Frontier and Overseas Expeditions IOR/L/MIL/7/16820-16978 1901-1944
• Political and Secret Department Library IOR/L/PS/20 1757-1952 A very large and varied collection of confidential prints, official publications and commercially published works, analogous to the Military Library (see under L/MIL/17), it largely consists of military reports, gazetteers, summaries of correspondence, handbooks etc. dealing with the Indian States, the frontier regions and neighbouring countries. There is a separate index. Includes
  • Political and Secret Department Library: 'B' Books IOR/L/PS/20/B 1834-1944 Covers Afghanistan, Baluchistan, North West Frontier of India, Jammu and Kashmir and Northern Frontier of India

Imperial War Museums holdings

The Imperial War Museums are a source of information about operations in Waziristan. Search the catalogue.

Catalogue entry for the publication Bibliography of sources in the Departments of Documents, Photographs, Printed Books and Sound Records at the Imperial War Museum on military operations in Waziristan on the North West Frontier of India 1917-1937, published c 1979.

Also see

• Royal Air Force

Recommended Reading

• John Archibald Hislop was an officer in the Indian Army, 2nd Battalion 9th Jat Regiment from 1933. He had a series of postings on the North West Frontier. Subsequently he was GS02 Waziristan District until c.August 1943. His memoirs A Soldier’s Story-From the Khyber Pass to the Jungles of Burma: The Memoir of a British Officer in the Indian Army 1933-1947 were published by his daughter in 2010 and reviewed in FIBIS Journal 26.

External Links

• North West Frontier Military History Wikipedia
• Pink’s War 1925 Wikipedia

Maps

• 1893 North West Frontier Map Rootsweb
• 1909 NWF Map Digital South Asia Maps

Histories

• 'Passing it on' : the army in India and the development of frontier warfare 1849-1947 by Timothy Robert Moreman. 1996 PhD Thesis King’s College London. A book was subsequently published. British Library’s EthOS e-theses online service. Alternative link to pdf download King's College, London.
• Afghanistan & North West Frontier (pdf) by Michael E. Lambert. The presentation is in three parts: "The History" relates Britain’s involvement in the North West Frontier, "The Medals" discusses the Afghanistan Medal, the Kabul to Kandahar Star, and the India General Service Medal through its multiple issues, "The Album" presents early twentieth century photographs of soldiers and soldiering.
• 'Military Operations in Waziristan: From a Historical Perspective (1849-1947)" by Col. (Retd.) Muhammad Yahya Effendi Issue 62, [2008?] Central Asia Research Journal of the Area Study Center, University of Peshawar, Pakistan
• The British Factor and Asia in the Twentieth Century. Chapter V: "British India’s North West Tribal Territories" by Maj (Retd) Raja Muhammad Sarwar Dhuddy. The Defence Journal January 2001 (Karachi, Pakistan)
• "Why was the North-West frontier of India the scene of so much conflict in the period 1849-1901?" by R.A. Johnson from Soldiers of the Queen issue 97, Victorian Military Society
• "The 1897 Revolt and Tirah Valley Operations from the Pashtun Perspective" by Robert A Johnson November 2009 Tribal Analysis Center
• "Khyber during the Frontier Uprising of 1897: Lessons to Learn from the British Policy in the Tribal Areas" by Dr Javed Iqbal Central Asia Journal No. 64 [c 2009?] University of Peshawar. Retrieved 11 August 2014
• "An Historical Analysis of the ‘Incessant Disputes in the Tribal Areas’ (of the North-West Frontier) against the British (and the British Indian Army) from 1893 to 1939" by Colonel Graeme Sligo, Australian Army. October 2012. defence.gov.au
• "British Governance of the North-West Frontier (1919 to 1947): A Blueprint for Contemporary Afghanistan?" by Major Andrew M. Roe British Army. A thesis as part of the requirements for a degree of Master Of Military Art And Science, US Army Command and General Staff College June 2005.
• "Ever present danger: a concise history of British military operations on the north-west frontier, 1849-1947" by Matt M Matthews. Occasional Paper 2010 Combat Studies Institute, US Army Command and General Staff College. Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library.
• Harry’s Sideshows by Harry Fecitt (kaiserscross.com) detail many NWF campaigns.
• "Tribal Belt and the Defence of British India: A Critical Appraisal of British Strategy in the North-West Frontier during the First World War" (html version) by Dr. Salman Bangash, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. A paper presented at the 23rd European Conference on South Asian Studies, University of Zurich (Switzerland) 
23 to 26 July 2014. Alternatively, scroll down for a pdf download of the paper. Direct pdf download
• The Life and Death of Lieutenant Neville Rudd Thompson of the 21st (Empress of India’s) Lancers, by Ross Dix-Peek. Lieutenant Thompson and the 21st Lancers, and their part in the Battle at Shabkadar on the 5 September 1915 on the North West Frontier.
• War in the Switzerland of Asia: Swat Valley. Online papers from part of the collection of General Sir Frederick Campbell charting two key campaigns in Swat 1915. King’s College London Collections: The Serving Soldier.
• Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 48 2010. html version, pdf rafmuseum.org.uk. raf.mod.uk version. Includes "Substitution or Subordination? The Employment of Air Power over Afghanistan and The North-West Frontier, 1910-1939" by Clive Richards pages 63-87.
• House of Lords Debate 31 May 1921: Defence of North-West Frontier An overview of the then current situation. hansard.millbanksystems.com
• The Bombing of Waziristan (c 1924-1939) by Graham Chandler Air & Space magazine, July 2011
• "“Good God, Sir, Are You Hurt?” The Realities and Perils of Operating over India’s Troublesome North-West Frontier" by Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Roe Air Power Review Volume 14 Number 3 Autumn/Winter 2011 Centre for Air Power Studies, Royal Air Force, pages 61-82 (computer file pages 72-93),
• "Air/Ground Cooperation between the RAF and the Indian Army in Waziristan 1936-1937" by Simon Coningham, British Commission for Military History, Summer Conference 2012–Indian Armies, now archived.
• A Story of War blog recording the diaries kept by Colin Diarmid Campbell Dunford Wood (of the 1st Battalion Leicestershire Regiment) from early 1939. Waziristan Campaign.
• The kidnapping of Mollie Ellis from Kohat cantonment by Afridi tribesmen from the Khyber Pass region 14 April 1923 and the rescue expedition which included Mrs Lilian Starr matron at the Peshawar Mission Hospital. Photographs from the Illustrated London News (26 May 1923) on Flickr. An account of her rescue mission Tales of Tirah and Lesser Tibet by Lilian A Starr was published 1924, which is available online, refer below.
• "Waziristan's last soldier" by Zubeida Malik BBC 8 November 2008 with a slideshow of photographs. Frank Leeson spent two years commanding 1,000 Khassadars- Waziri soldiers- between 1946 and 1948, the last surviving British officer to have served in North Waziristan.
• Waziristan 1894 britishbattles.com

Photographs

• Photograph of camels carrying wounded men to safety on the North West Frontier of India 1917 Imperial War Museum
• emmyeustace's Northwest Frontier Photograph Collection flickr.com Contains 105 photographs taken from 1888 to c 1933
• reddin68's photostream on flickr.com taken by a member of the RFC [Royal Flying Corps] 31 Squadron in the NWFP during and after WW1.
• Randolph Bezzant Holmes Photographs, 1910-1919. Northern India and the North-West Frontier Province Duke University Libraries

Historical books online

• Mountain Warfare: an essay on the conduct of Military Operations in Mountainous Countries by Lieut. Charles Metcalfe MacGregor 2nd edition 1866 Google Books.
• "The North-West Frontier of India" by George Campbell, Bengal Civil Service, page 217 Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Volume XIII 1870 Google Books.
• My service in the Indian Army – and after by General Sir John Luther Vaughan 1904 Archive.org. In 1850 he was appointed to the 2nd Punjab Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force He was subsequently appointed to the command of the 5th Punjab Infantry. He had to retire c 1870 as there was no position for him. At the start of the 2nd Afghan War he became special military correspondent for the war for The Times
• Nine Years on the North-West Frontier of India from 1854 to 1863 by Sir Sydney Cotton 1868 Google Books
  
• "Central Asia, and our military position on the North-West Frontier of India" by Colonel John Adye RA. 20 January 1870. Page 389 Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution, Volume VI, 1870 Archive.org
• A Record of the Expeditions Undertaken against the North-West Frontier Tribes. Compiled from the military and political despatches, Lieut.-Colonel McGregor's gazetteer, and other official sources, by Lieutenant-Colonel W.H. Paget, Commandant 5th Panjab Cavalry 1874 Google Books
  • Lieut.-Colonel McGregor's gazetteer is possibly the three volumes in the series Central Asia by C M MacGregor: Part 1. North-West Frontier of British India. 3 vol. Central Asia Part-I Vol-II by C M Macgregor. Pdf download, Digital Library of India. Other volumes are available at the British Library, catalogue record IOR/L/MIL/17/14/72.
• Sir Robert G. Sandeman K.C.S.I., peaceful conqueror of Baluchistan by A.L.P. Tucker 1921 Archive.org. Born 1835, he joined the Bengal Army in 1856 and the Civil Service in 1859, working in the North West from 1861 until his death in 1892.
• The Punjaub and North-West Frontier of India 
by An Old Punjaubee. 1878 Archive.org
• Across the Border : or Pathan and Biloch by Edward E Oliver 1890 Archive.org
• With the Zhob Field Force, 1890 by Captain Crawford McFall KOYLI 1895 Archive.org
• Indian frontier policy: an historical sketch by General Sir John Adye 1897 Archive.org
• The Pathan Revolt in North-West India by H. Woosnam Mills 1897 Archive.org
• "Field Operations - Tochi". The London Gazette September 7, 1897
• "Despatches: The operations of the Malakand and Mohmand Field Forces" The London Gazette January 11, 1898.
• Military Operations on the North-West Frontiers of India. Papers regarding British relations with the neighboring tribes on the north-west frontier of India, and the military operations undertaken against them during the year 1897-1898. HMSO 1898. Volume I Hathi Trust Digital Library. Volume I Pdf download, Digital Library of India. Volume II Pdf download, Digital Library of India.
• The Risings on the North-west Frontier being a complete narrative, with specially prepared maps of the various risings of the frontier tribes in the Tochi Valley, the Swat Valley, the country of the Mohmands and Mamunds, and the country of the Afridis and Orakzai... from the middle of June, 1897 to the end of January, 1898 Special War Correspondence of the "Pioneer" 1898 (archive.org)
  • with a Map of the Area of Disturbance and a Sketch map: Afridi and Orakzai country
• Tirah, 1897 by Colonel C E Callwell 1911 Hathi Trust Digital Library. A book in the series Campaigns and their Lessons.
• Indian Frontier Warfare by Captain and Brevet- Major G J Younghusband 1898 Archive.org
• A Frontier Campaign; a Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897-1898 by the Viscount Fincastle, Lieutenant, 16th (Queen’s) Lancers and PC Eliott- Lockhart, Lieutenant “Queen’s Own” Corps of Guides. 2nd Edition 1898 Archive.org
• A Dictionary of the Pathan Tribes on the North-west Frontier of India Asstistant QMG Intelligence Branch 1899 (archive.org)
  
• The Story of the Malakand Field Force: an Episode of Frontier War by Winston L. Spencer Churchill 1916 First published 1898 Archive.org
  
• The Indian Frontier War being an account of the Mohmund and Tirah expeditions, 1897 by Lionel James 1898 Archive.org
  
• Sketches on service during the Indian frontier campaigns of 1897 by Major E.A.P. Hobday. Containing fifty-seven full page engravings from original drawings, and fourteen photographic portraits of the commanding officers and their staffs. 1898 Archive.org
• "Summary of Operations on the North-West Frontier of India, from 19th June 1897 to 6th April 1898" by Surgeon General AA Gore MD page 446 Army Medical Department Report for the Year 1897 Volume 39 1898 Archive.org
• "The N. W. Frontier Campaign" pages 227-284, Battles of the Nineteenth Century, Volume V, Campaigns of the Nineties by A Hilliard Atteridge . With Illustrations. 1901. Covers the period from 1897.
• Eighteen years in the Khyber, 1879-1898 by Colonel Sir Robert Warburton KCIE CSI 1900 Archive.org
• The Indian Borderland, 1880-1900 by Colonel Sir T. Hungerford Holdich, late of the Indian Survey Department 1901 Archive.org
• Frontier Warfare 1901 Official publication Simla. "Notes... written for the assistance of commanders when operating in broken and mountainous ground and are based on the experience gained in late frontier campaigns". Archive.org
• Small Wars. Their Principles and Practice by Colonel C. [Charles] E. [Edward] Callwell. General Staff - War Office. Third Edition 1906. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. (First edition 1896) ”It is recommended to officers as a valuable contribution on the subject of the conduct of small wars.” Hathi Trust Digital Library. A transcribed version Naval History and Heritage Command, an official U.S. Navy web site.
• "Despatch on the recent operations on the Mohmand border, in the Khyber, and the country of the Mohmands" London Gazette Supplement August 14, 1908.
• Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: Volume 1 Tribes north of the Kabul River by Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1907 Archive.org. There is a supplement Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Volume 1, supplement A: Operations against the Mohmands (including operations in the Khaiber, 1st-7th May) which is available to read online on the Digital Library of India website, under the title Operations against the Mohmands, barcode 4990010028652. Unfortunately the file is somewhat unsatisfactory. There is no Contents page and many pages are duplicated. For Chapter 2, go to computer page 21, and for Chapter 3, cp 29. At least the following pages appear to be missing in addition to the Contents: (actual) p 34-35 and Appendix page i. The supplement Operations against the Mohmands is also available to download as a pdf from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. This edition possibly may be better quality than the DLI edition.
• Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Volume 2. North-West Frontier Tribes between the Kabul and Gumal Rivers by Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1908 is available to download as a pdf from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. It is also available to download as as a pdf from the Digital Library of India: 1908 pdf download, 2004 reprint edition. There is a supplement Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Volume 2 Supplement A ,Operations against the Zakka Khel Afridis Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1908 Archive.org. May require a Djvu or BitTorrent plug in for ease of reading. This book is also available to read online on the Digital Library of India website, catalogued as "Frontier And Overseas Expeditions From India(Vol Ii)" 1908 as a pdf download. This supplement is also available as a pdf download, Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset.
• Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: Volume 3 Baluchistan, and the First Afghan War. Compiled in the Intelligence Branch, Army Headquarters India. 1910 Archive.org
• Some Principles of Frontier Mountain Warfare by Brevet-Major W. D. Bird 1909 Archive.org
• Campaigns on the North-West Frontier by Capt H.L.Nevill DSO 1912 (archive.org)
  
• From the Black Mountain to Waziristan being an account of the border countries and the more turbulent of the tribes controlled by the North-west frontier province, and of our military relations with them in the past by H. C. Wylly 1912 Archive.org
  
• The Problem Of The North-West Frontier 1890-1908 by Collin C Davies 1932 is available to read online on the Digital Library of India website, and as a pdf download. Alternatively, it may be downloaded as a pdf from OUDL Osmania University Digital Library. May only be available Indian office hours (IST 10 am to 6 pm), (IST = GMT+5:30). It is also available to download as a pdf from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset.
• The Pathan borderland: a consecutive account of the country and people on and beyond the Indian frontier from Chitral to Dera Ismail Khan by C.M. Enriquez 2nd edition 1921 (First published 1909) Archive.org
• Gun-running and the Indian north-west frontier by the Hon. Arnold Keppel 1911 Archive.org
• "Punishing the Bunerwals" [1915] , page 217 Under ten viceroys the reminiscences of a Gurkha by Major-General Nigel Woodyatt 1922 Archive.org
• "War Operations In India" page 268, War in the Air: being the story of the part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force, Volume VI by H A Jones 1937 Archive.org. Part of the series History of the Great War based on Official Documents.
• "Despatches on the operations against the Mahsuds, March-August, 1917" London Gazette Supplement 12 April 1918
• Despatches on military operations in the Indian Empire since the outbreak of the First World War. Includes the North West Frontier London Gazette Supplements.
  • To 9th March 1916 LGS 4 July 1916; To 31st March 1917 LGS 31 October 1917; To 31st May 1918 LGS 17 March 1919; To 30 April 1919 LGS 5 August 1920
• "A report on the operations in Waziristan during the period 3rd November 1919 to 7th May 1920". London Gazette 8 December 1920.
• Operations in Waziristan, 1919-1920 Compiled by the General Staff Army Headquarters, India 1921 Archive.org
  
• Waziristan 1919-1920 by H De Watteville 1925 (one of eight in the series Campaigns and Their Lessons) is available to read online on the Digital Library of India website, in TIFF format, and as a pdf download.
• "N.W. Frontier 1919-1920" page 273 The Post Office of India in the Great War edited by H.A. Sams Published 1922 Archive.org
• Official History of Operations on the N.-W. Frontier of India, 1920-35 by General Staff Army Headquarters, India 1945. Pdf download, Digital Library of India
• "A report on the operations of the Waziristan Force for the period 1st April to 31st December, 1921" London Gazette Supplement 1 December 1922.
• "A report on the operations in Waziristan for the period 1st January, 1922 to the 20th April, 1923" London Gazette Supplement 27 February 1924
• "Final despatch on the operations of Waziristan Force covering the period 21st April, 1923, to 31st March, 1924" London Gazette Supplement 18 November 1924
• Tales of Tirah and Lesser Tibet by Lilian A Starr, published 1924 is available to read online on the Digital Library of India website, in TIFF format, and as a pdf download. Includes general comments about the Pathans, based on the author's experience in the Mission Hospital at Peshawar. Also available on the Hathi Trust Digital Library, and as pdf download, from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset.
• "An account of the recent operations by the Royal Air Force against certain recalcitrant sections of the Mahsuds in March, April and May, 1925". London Gazette Supplement 20 November 1925.
• "The North West Frontier", page 9 India in 1930-1931 A statement prepared for presentation to Parliament. Government of India Central Publication Branch 1932. Archive.org.
• Passing It On: Short Talks on Tribal fighting on the North-West Frontier of India by General Sir Andrew Skeen , 3rd edition 1934 (originally published 1932) is available to read online on the Digital Library of India website, in TIFF format and as a pdf download. A 2010 reprint edition with annotations published by the Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworh Kansas. pdf. Note: some of the text may not have been included, at least one probable whole page has been noted.
• Turmoil and Tragedy in India, 1914 and After by Lieut.-General Sir George MacMunn 1935 is available to read online on the Digital Library of India website, in TIFF format. It is catalogued as Turmoil The Tragedy In India 1914. It is also available as a pdf to download from DLI.
• "Roads And Motor Transport In India" by Brigadier-General Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Adviser on Mechanical Transport Services in India, 1915-19. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts Vol. 68, No. 3529 (July 9, 1920), pp. 541-552 jstor.org. Available to read for free on JSTOR, but first you must register, see Miscellaneous tips. Includes roads in the frontier region, and their military importance.
• Official History of Operations on the N.W. Frontier of India, 1936-37 by General Staff Army Headquarters, India 1943. Pdf download, Digital Library of India.
• Waziristan 1936- 1937: The problems of the North-West Frontiers of India and their Solutions by Lieut Colonel C. E. Bruce 1938 Archive.org. Missing the "Bibliography" at the end of the book, page 80 onwards. Also available as a pdf download, Digital Library of India
• "Report on Operations in Waziristan, 25th November 1936 to 16th January 1937 (1st Phase)" London Gazette Supplement 2 November 1937
• "Report on Operations In Waziristan, 16th January 1937 to 15th September 1937 (Second Phase)" London Gazette Supplement 18 February 1938
• "Report on Operations in Waziristan, 16th September 1937 to 15th December 1937 (Final Phase)" London Gazette Supplement 14 June 1938
• "Report on Operations in Waziristan, 16th December, 1937 to the 31st December, 1938" London Gazette Supplement 18 August 1939
• Imperial Policing by Major-General Sir Charles W Gwynn 1939 Archive.org (pdf). Also available as a pdf download, Digital Library of India. Includes Chapter 10, "Peshawar District 1930", page 253 and Chapter 14, "Waziristan 1937" page 394.
• Bugles and a Tiger by John Masters is available to read online on the Digital Library of India website, in TIFF format or as a pdf download, or another pdf download, the latter is the 1965 edition or pdf download, catalogued 1956. The original edition Bugles and a Tiger; a Volume of Autobiography published in 1956 is available to read online through the Internet Archive (Archive.org) Lending Library. The main restriction is that only one person can see a particular book at one time (so the book may be "on loan'). For more details see Online books-Archive.org
• India’s North-West Frontier by Sir William Barton 1939 may be read online on the Digital Library of India website, in TIFF format , or as a pdf download. The author was in the Indian Civil Service for 35 years. It is also available to download as a pdf from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset.
• Actions in Waziristan continued during WW2, although details are not known. Awards appearing in the London Gazette Supplements indicate some of the regiments involved. There were also awards to RAF personnel.1939 LGS 25 October 1940, 1940 LGS 20 June 1941, 1942 LGS 15 December 1942, 1943 LGS 25 November 1943
• The History of the Indian Mountain Artillery by Brigadier-General C A L Graham 1957 Archive.org.
• The Pathans 550 B.C.-A.D. I957 by Olaf Caroe 1958 Archive.org. Contents. Index. Unfortunately missing illustrations and most maps. Also available as multiple pdf downloads, Digital Library of India. Also available as a pdf download, Pahar- Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. The author was Governor of the N-W Frontier Province 1946-1947.
• Brief Gazetteer of Most Important and Useful Place Names in Waziristan District 1935 is available to download as a pdf from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset.

Routes

• Routes on the North-West Frontier compiled (for political and military reference) under the orders of the Quarter Master General in India, in the Intelligence Branch, in 1887 ; brought up to date in October 1892 by W.R. Robertson. Volume I, Volume 2 Pdf downloads, Pahar- Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset.
• Strategical Epitome of Routes on and beyond the North-West Frontier of India by General Staff India (confidential) 1912 Pdf download, Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset.