Difference between revisions of "North West Frontier Campaigns"

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{{War|name=North West Frontier Campaigns |dates=1849-1908 |image= |combatant1=[[East India Company]] and [[British Army]] |combatant2=North West Frontier tribes|result=Suppression of border incursions |medal=<br>[http://www.britishmedals.info/india_general_service_medal_1854.html India General Service medal 1854]<br>[http://www.britishmedals.info/india_medal.html India Medal 1895-1902]
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{{War|name=North West Frontier Campaigns |dates=1849-1947  |image= |combatant1=[[East India Company]] and [[British Army]] |combatant2=North West Frontier tribes|result=Suppression of border incursions |medal=<br>[http://www.britishmedals.info/india_general_service_medal_1854.html India General Service medal 1854]<br>[http://www.britishmedals.info/india_medal.html India Medal 1895-1902]
 
|category=[[:Category:North West Frontier Campaigns ]]}}
 
|category=[[:Category:North West Frontier Campaigns ]]}}
  
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== Summary ==
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From 1849 when the [[East India Company]] annexed the [[Punjab]] it became necessary to prevent incursion by the frontier Pakhtun tribes. Successive punitive expeditions subdued particular areas until further outrages occurred. Control of the region depended to a large extent on the [[Punjab Frontier Force]] recruited from local tribesmen commanded by British officers.
 
From 1849 when the [[East India Company]] annexed the [[Punjab]] it became necessary to prevent incursion by the frontier Pakhtun tribes. Successive punitive expeditions subdued particular areas until further outrages occurred. Control of the region depended to a large extent on the [[Punjab Frontier Force]] recruited from local tribesmen commanded by British officers.
  
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For a list of campaigns in order see  
 
For a list of campaigns in order see  
 
*[[Chronological list of North West Frontier Campaigns]]
 
*[[Chronological list of North West Frontier Campaigns]]
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==Medals==
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*From www.northeastmedals.co.uk
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**[http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/indiageneralservice1854.htm The India General Service Medal 1854-1895] with bars
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*** North West Frontier 3rd December 1849- 22nd October 1868
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*** Individually named campaigns including Umbeyla,  Hazara, Waziristan
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**[http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/indiageneralservice1895.htm India Medal 1895]
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**[http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/punjab_frontier_despatches/chitral_vc_victoria_cross.htm NWF VCs 1895-1898]
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**[http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/india_general_service_1908.htm India General Service Medal 1908] with details of [http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/india_general_service_1908_award.htm  eligibility for the clasps] "North West Frontier 1908" to "North West Frontier 1935" (a total of twelve clasps, most for the North West Frontier)
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**[http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/india_general_service_1936.htm  India General Service Medal 1936-1939] with details of [http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/india_general_service_1936_award.htm  eligibility for the clasps] "North West Frontier 1936-37" and  "North West Frontier 1937-1939"
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* Also see [[Medal Rolls]]
  
 
==British Library holdings==
 
==British Library holdings==
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The following books are available at the [[British Library]]
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India Office Records, which may be located by using the [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=1&dstmp=1510016459624&vid=IAMS_VU2&fromLogin=true British Library Search] include:
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*''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Volume 1, supplement A: Operations against the Mohmands (including operations in the Khaiber, 1st-7th May'') by Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1908   
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*Collection 391 North West Frontier Operations 1897 IOR/L/MIL/7/15855-15939 1897-1923
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*''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Volume 2. North-West Frontier Tribes between the Kabul and Gumal Rivers'' by Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1908   
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*Collection 403 Frontier and Overseas Expeditions IOR/L/MIL/7/16820-16978 1901-1944
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*''Official History of operations on the N.-W. Frontier of India, 1920-35'' by General Staff Army Headquarters, India 1945
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*War Diary [Collection], Army Headquarters India, Frontier Operations. GSI, 1914-20. 56 vols. IOR/L/MIL/17/5/4066-4121. Printed volumes from the Military Library. At least one, possibly more, is thought to be available in the library subscription website "The Indian Army and Colonial Warfare on the Frontiers of India, 1914-1920", see [[Subscription websites-online newspapers, journals and directories]].
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*''Official History of operations on the N.W. Frontier of India, 1936-37''  by General Staff Army Headquarters, India 1943
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*[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/f5f47a88-8f63-439b-9851-807ef4016601 Political and Secret Department Library IOR/L/PS/20] 1757-1952. A very large and varied collection of confidential prints, official publications and commercially published works, analogous to the Military Library (see under L/MIL/17), it largely consists of military reports, gazetteers, summaries of correspondence, handbooks etc. dealing with the Indian States, the frontier regions and neighbouring countries. There is a separate index. Includes
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** [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/3d1f812d-8302-4877-b020-fb24abdf8195 Political and Secret Department Library: 'B' Books IOR/L/PS/20/B] 1834-1944. Covers Afghanistan, Baluchistan, North West Frontier of India, Jammu and Kashmir and Northern Frontier of India
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**[http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/8f3ed949-072d-4247-9f02-97cd6d17ff04 Political and Secret Department Library: 'D' Books] 1865-1949. Covers Assam, Bhutan, Burma (including Shan States, Chin Hills etc), Burma-China Frontier, China (except Chinese Turkestan, for which see L/PS/20/A), Nepal, Tibet, Sikkim, North East Frontier of India, Siam, South East Asia and Far East
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==Imperial War Museums holdings==
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The [http://www.iwm.org.uk/ Imperial War Museums] are a source of information about operations in Waziristan. [http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/search Search the catalogue].
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[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/publication/87606 Catalogue entry]  for the publication ''Bibliography of sources in the Departments of Documents, Photographs, Printed Books and Sound Records at the Imperial War Museum on military operations in Waziristan on the North West Frontier of India 1917-1937'', published c 1979.
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==Also see==
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*[[Royal Air Force]]
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==Recommended Reading==
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*John Archibald Hislop  was an officer in the Indian Army, 2nd Battalion 9th Jat Regiment from 1933. He had a series of postings on the North West Frontier. Subsequently he was GS02 Waziristan District until c.August 1943. His memoirs ''A Soldier’s Story-From the Khyber Pass to the Jungles of Burma: The Memoir of a British Officer in the Indian Army 1933-1947'' were published by his daughter in 2010 and reviewed in [[FIBIS Journal]] 26.
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== External links ==
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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history) North West Frontier Military History] Wikipedia
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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink's_War Pink’s War] 1925 Wikipedia
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===Maps===
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*[http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~poyntz/India/images/AfghanFrontier.JPG 1893 North West Frontier Map] Rootsweb
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*[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1909/fullscreen.html?object=39 1909 NWF Map] Digital South Asia Maps
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*[https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.8907/page/n573/mode/1up  Map: an outline of the N.W. Frontier of India] digital page 573 ''The History of the Sikh Pioneers, (23rd, 32nd, 34th)''  by Sir George MacMunn  [1936] Archive.org.
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*[http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100039522683.0x000001  1938, March. Sketch Map of Waziristan] British Library catalogue reference IOR/L/PS/12/1960, f 258. Qatar Digital Library.
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===Histories===
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*[http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306940  '''Passing it on' : the army in India and the development of frontier warfare 1849-1947''] by Timothy Robert Moreman.  1996  PhD Thesis King’s College London.  British Library’s EthOS e-theses online service. [https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/passing-it-on--the-army-in-india-and-the-development-of-frontier-warfare-18491947(f60ece93-45c9-44ab-b3a0-16f1625a1926).html  Alternative link to pdf download] King's College, London. A book was subsequently published in 1998, see Historical books online below.
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:Article: [https://web.archive.org/web/20220513210119/http://www.khyber.org/publications/041-045/armyininda.shtml Army in India & Frontier Warfare 1914-1939] by Tim Moreman (Khyber.org, now archived and originally from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200220062414/http://www.king-emperor.com/Frontier%20Warfare%201914-1939.html king-emperor.com], now archived).
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160515195215/http://michaelelambert.com/main/pdf/Michael_E_Lambert_Afghanistan_&_North_West_Frontier.pdf Afghanistan & North West Frontier] (pdf) by Michael E. Lambert, now an archived webpage. The presentation is in three parts: "The History" relates Britain’s involvement in the North West Frontier, "The Medals" discusses the Afghanistan Medal, the Kabul to Kandahar Star, and the India General Service Medal through its multiple issues, "The Album" presents early twentieth century photographs of soldiers and soldiering.
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*[http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/Pjhc%2025-1%202004/9-British%20Policy%20in%20Tribal.pdf  "British Policy in Tribal Areas: A Case Study of Waziristan"] by Dr.Fazlur Rahman ''Pakistan Journal of History and Culture'' Vol.XXV No.1 Jan-Jun 2004. Includes statistics about the cost of operations.
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170430093249/http://www.asc-centralasia.edu.pk/Issue_62/01-Military_Operations_in_Waziristan.html 'Military Operations in Waziristan: From a Historical Perspective (1849-1947)"] by Col. (Retd.) Muhammad Yahya Effendi Issue 62, [2008?]  ''Central Asia''  Research Journal of the Area Study Center, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, now archived.
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050114111553/http://www.defencejournal.com:80/2001/jan/british-factor.htm ''The British Factor and Asia in the Twentieth Century''. Chapter V: "British India’s North West Tribal Territories"] by Maj (Retd) Raja Muhammad Sarwar Dhuddy. ''The Defence Journal January 2001'' (Karachi, Pakistan), now archived.
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131122051541/http://www.victorianmilitarysociety.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36:why-was-the-north-west-frontier-of-india-the-scene-of-so-much-conflict-in-the-period-1849-1901&catid=10:articles&Itemid=9 "Why was the North-West frontier of India the scene of so much conflict in the period 1849-1901?"] by R.A. Johnson  from ''Soldiers of the Queen issue 97'',  Victorian Military Society, now  archived. 
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*[http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/PDF-TAC/The%201897%20Revolt%20and%20Tirah%20Valley%20Operations.pdf  "The 1897 Revolt and Tirah Valley Operations from the Pashtun Perspective"] by Robert A Johnson November 2009 Tribal Analysis Center
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170629213546/http://www.asc-centralasia.edu.pk/Issue_64/06_Khyber_during_the_Frontier.html "Khyber during the Frontier Uprising of 1897: Lessons to Learn from the British Policy in the Tribal Areas"] by Dr Javed Iqbal '' Central Asia Journal'' No. 64 [c 2009?] University of Peshawar, now archived.
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191025093159/https://www.defence.gov.au/adc/publications/commanders/2012/02_sligo%20paper.pdf  "An Historical Analysis of the ‘Incessant Disputes in the Tribal Areas’ (of the North-West Frontier) against the British (and the British Indian Army) from 1893 to 1939"] by Colonel Graeme Sligo, Australian Army. October 2012. defence.gov.au, now an archived webpage.
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*[https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA436296 ''The British Colonial Experience in Waziristan and Its Applicability to Current Operations''] by Matthew W Williams 26 May 2005.  Monograph [thesis] produced for School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Archive.org
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*[https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA437314  ''British Governance of the North-West Frontier (1919 to 1947): A Blueprint for Contemporary Afghanistan?''] by Major Andrew M. Roe British Army, 17 June 2005. A thesis as part of the requirements for a degree of Master Of Military Art And Science, US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.  Archive.org.
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*[https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA523451  ''Ever present danger: a concise history of British military operations on the north-west frontier, 1849-1947''] by Matt M Matthews. Occasional Paper 33,  June 2010. Combat Studies Institute Press, US Army Combined Arms Center, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Archive.org.
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*[http://etheses.bham.ac.uk/id/eprint/7681 ''Inter-war, inter-service friction on the North-West frontier of India and its impact on the development and application of RAF doctrine''] by Andrew John Charles Walters  2018.  University of Birmingham. Ph.D.  Air power’s potential was never fully exploited.
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:[https://www.raf.mod.uk/what-we-do/centre-for-air-and-space-power-studies/documents1/vol-21-no-1-raf100-special-edition/ “RAF Inter-War Operations on the North-West Frontier”] by Wing Commander Dr Andrew Walters page 110 (digital page 112) ''Air Power Review'' Volume 21, No.1 Spring 2018. raf.mod.uk
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*[http://www.kaiserscross.com/304501/home.html  Harry’s Sideshows] by Harry Fecitt (kaiserscross.com) detail many NWF campaigns.
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*[https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=https://mecon.nomadit.co.uk/pub/conference_epaper_download.php5?PaperID%3D18627%26MIMEType%3Dapplication/pdf  "Tribal Belt and the Defence of British India: A Critical Appraisal of British Strategy in the North-West Frontier during the First World War"] (html version) by Dr. Salman Bangash, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. A paper presented at the 23rd European Conference on South Asian Studies, University of Zurich (Switzerland) 
23 to 26 July 2014. Alternatively, scroll down for a [http://www.nomadit.co.uk/easas/ecsas2014/panels.php5?PanelID=2433 pdf download] of the paper. [https://mecon.nomadit.co.uk/pub/conference_epaper_download.php5?PaperID=18627&MIMEType=application/pdf Direct pdf download]
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*[http://peek-01.livejournal.com/23643.html  The Life and Death of Lieutenant Neville Rudd Thompson] of the 21st (Empress of India’s) Lancers, by Ross Dix-Peek. Lieutenant Thompson and the 21st Lancers, and their part in the Battle at Shabkadar on the 5 September 1915 on the North West Frontier.
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*[http://www.kingscollections.org/servingsoldier/collection/war-in-the-switzerland-of-asia-swat-valley War in the Switzerland of Asia: Swat Valley]. Online papers  from part of the collection of General Sir Frederick Campbell charting two key campaigns in Swat  1915. King’s College London Collections: The Serving Soldier.
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*''Royal Air Force Historical Society Journal 48'' 2010. [http://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafmuseum.org.uk%2Fdocuments%2FResearch%2FRAF-Historical-Society-Journals/Journal_48_Seminar_the_ME_Mespot_Iraq_NW_Frontier_4_FTS.pdf html version], [http://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/documents/Research/RAF-Historical-Society-Journals/Journal_48_Seminar_the_ME_Mespot_Iraq_NW_Frontier_4_FTS.pdf pdf] rafmuseum.org.uk. [http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F1840A3A_5056_A318_A802860440CD93A9.pdf  raf.mod.uk version]. Includes "Substitution or Subordination? The Employment of Air Power over Afghanistan and The North-West Frontier, 1910-1939" by Clive Richards  pages 63-87.
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*[http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1921/may/31/defence-of-north-west-frontier House of Lords Debate 31 May 1921: Defence of North-West Frontier]  An overview of the then current situation. hansard.millbanksystems.com
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*[http://www.airspacemag.com/military-aviation/The-Bombing-of-Waziristan.html The Bombing of Waziristan] (c 1924-1939) by Graham Chandler ''Air & Space magazine'', July 2011
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170809020344/http://www.airpowerstudies.co.uk/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/apr14no3.pdf "“Good God, Sir, Are You Hurt?” The Realities and Perils of Operating over India’s Troublesome North-West Frontier"] by  Lieutenant Colonel Andrew Roe ''Air Power Review Volume 14 Number 3 Autumn/Winter 2011''  Centre for Air Power Studies, Royal Air Force, pages 61-82 (computer file pages 72-93), archived.
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140508060510/http://www.bcmh.org.uk/archive/conferences/2012AirGroundConingham.pdf "Air/Ground Cooperation between the RAF and the Indian Army in Waziristan 1936-1937"] by Simon Coningham, British Commission for Military History, Summer Conference 2012–Indian Armies, now archived.
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*[http://www.lookandlearn.com/blog/?p=3641 The kidnapping of Mollie Ellis] from [[Kohat]] cantonment by Afridi tribesmen from the Khyber Pass region 14 April 1923  and the rescue expedition which included Mrs Lilian Starr matron at the [[Peshawar]] Mission Hospital. [http://www.flickr.com/photos/13305961@N00/4946412546/ Photographs] from the Illustrated London News (26 May 1923) on Flickr. An account of her rescue mission ''Tales of Tirah and Lesser Tibet'' by Lilian A Starr was published 1924, which is available online, refer below.
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_7713000/7713192.stm  "Waziristan's last soldier"] by Zubeida Malik BBC 8 November 2008 with a [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/08/programmes_waziristan/html/1.stm slideshow of photographs].  Frank Leeson spent two years commanding 1,000 Khassadars- Waziri soldiers- between 1946 and 1948, the last surviving British officer to have served in North Waziristan.
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*[http://www.britishbattles.com/north-west-frontier-india/waziristan.htm Waziristan 1894] britishbattles.com
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===Photographs===
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*[http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205194795 Photograph of camels carrying wounded men to safety on the North West Frontier of India 1917] Imperial War Museum
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*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/59036290@N07/sets/72157625892622895  emmyeustace's Northwest Frontier Photograph Collection] flickr.com  Contains 105 photographs  taken from 1888 to c 1933
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*[http://www.flickr.com/photos/90553739@N06  reddin68's photostream] on flickr.com taken by a member of the RFC [Royal Flying Corps] 31 Squadron in the NWFP during and after WW1.
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*[http://exhibits.library.duke.edu/exhibits/show/holmes Randolph Bezzant Holmes Photographs, 1910-1919. Northern India and the North-West Frontier Province] Duke University Libraries
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=== Historical books online ===
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*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=b-YwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP9 ''Report Showing the Relations of the British Government with the Tribes, Independent and Dependent, on the North-West Frontier of the Punjab, from Annexation in 1849 to the Close of 1855''] In the series ''Selections from the Records of the Government of India (Foreign Department) No XII'', published 1856. Google Books
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*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=6cBXAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP1 ''Mountain Warfare: an essay on the conduct of Military Operations in Mountainous Countries''] by Lieut. Charles Metcalfe MacGregor 2nd edition 1866 Google Books.
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*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=xwui4Zn9z1oC&pg=PA217 "The North-West Frontier of India"] by George Campbell, Bengal Civil Service, page 217 ''Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Volume XIII'' 1870 Google Books.
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*[https://archive.org/details/myserviceinindi00vauggoog  ''My service in the Indian Army – and after''] by  General Sir John Luther Vaughan 1904 Archive.org. In 1850 he was appointed to  the [[2nd Regiment of Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force| 2nd Punjab Infantry]], Punjab Frontier Force He was subsequently appointed to the command of the [[5th Regiment of Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force |5th Punjab Infantry]]. He had to retire c 1870 as there was no position for him. At the start of the [[2nd Afghan War]]  he became special military correspondent for the war for ''The Times''
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*[http://books.google.com/books?id=qZxCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Nine Years on the North-West Frontier of India from 1854 to 1863''] by Sir Sydney Cotton 1868 Google Books<br>
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/minutesproceedi04unkngoog#page/n461/mode/2up "Central Asia, and our military position on the North-West Frontier of India"] by Colonel John Adye RA. 20 January 1870. Page 389 ''Minutes of Proceedings of the Royal Artillery Institution, Volume VI, 1870'' Archive.org
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*[https://books.google.com.au/books?id=3h43AQAAMAAJ&pg=PR9 ''A Record of the Expeditions Undertaken against the North-West Frontier Tribes. Compiled from the military and political despatches, Lieut.-Colonel McGregor's gazetteer, and other official sources''], by Lieutenant-Colonel W.H. Paget, Commandant 5th Panjab Cavalry  1874 Google Books
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**Lieut.-Colonel McGregor's gazetteer is possibly  the  three volumes in the series ''Central Asia'' by C M MacGregor: ''Part 1. North-West Frontier of British India'', in 3 vol, with full title  ''Central Asia Part I: A contribution towards the better knowledge of the topography, ethnology, resources, & history of the North-West Frontier of British India complied (for political and military reference)'' by C M MacGregor 1873.
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*:''Central Asia Part-i Vol-ii'' J to Peshawar.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278643 Archive.org version] mirror from  Digital Library of India.
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*:[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1873-central-asia-part-1-topography-ethnography-statistics-and-history-of-north-west-frontier-vol-1-by-macgregor-s-pdf/ Volume I], [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1873-central-asia-part-1-topography-ethnography-statistics-and-history-of-north-west-frontier-vol-2-by-macgregor-s-pdf/ Volume II], [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1873-central-asia-part-1-topography-ethnography-statistics-and-history-of-north-west-frontier-vol-3-by-macgregor-s-pdf/ Volume III]. Pdf downloads, PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. If the download buttons do not display, locate the book files under "Books/ Indian Subcontinent". [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.0740 Part I Volume I], [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.0741/page/n1/mode/2up Part I Volume II], [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.0742/page/n1/mode/2up Part I Volume III] Archive.org mirror versions. These are 1995 reprint editions.
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*[https://archive.org/details/punjaubnorthwest00oldp  ''The Punjaub and North-West Frontier of India''] 
by An Old Punjaubee. 1878 Archive.org
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*[https://archive.org/details/acrossborderorpa00oliv  ''Across the Border : or Pathan and Biloch''] by Edward E Oliver 1890 Archive.org
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*[https://archive.org/details/withzhobfieldfor00mcfa ''With the Zhob Field Force, 1890''] by Captain Crawford McFall KOYLI 1895 Archive.org
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/sirrobertgsandem00tuckrich#page/n5/mode/2up ''Sir Robert G. Sandeman K.C.S.I., peaceful conqueror of Baluchistan''] by A.L.P. Tucker 1921 Archive.org. Born 1835, he joined the Bengal Army in 1856 and the Civil Service in 1859, working in the North West from 1861 until his death in 1892.
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*[https://archive.org/details/forwardpolicyit00bruc ''The Forward Policy and its Results; or, Thirty-five Years' Work amongst the Tribes on our North-Western Frontier of India''] by Richard Isaac  Bruce, formerly Political Agent, Beluchistan, and late Commissioner and Superintendent Derajat Division, Punjab, India. 1900 Archive.org. The author  arrived in India in 1862 and retired 1896. The Forward Policy  was initiated by  Sandeman, refer book above.
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*[https://archive.org/stream/journalunitedse00indigoog#page/n1074/mode/2up "Mountain Warfare as applied to India"] by Captain F C Carter, Northumberland Fusiliers, page 414 ''Journal of the United Service Institution Of India Volume XXII 1893''. Archive.org
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianfrontierp02adyegoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''Indian frontier policy: an historical sketch''] by General Sir John Adye 1897 Archive.org
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*[http://www.archive.org/details/pathanrevoltinno00millrich ''The Pathan Revolt in North-West India''] by H. Woosnam Mills 1897 Archive.org
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26889/page/4989 "Field Operations - Tochi"]. ''The London Gazette''  September 7, 1897
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26928/page/147 "Despatches: The operations of the Malakand and Mohmand Field Forces"] ''The London Gazette'' January 11, 1898.
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*''Military Operations on the North-West Frontiers of India. Papers regarding British relations with the neighboring tribes on the north-west frontier of India, and the military operations undertaken against them during the year 1897-1898''. HMSO 1898. [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433000076269?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Volume I] HathiTrust Digital Library.  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279045  Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279046  Volume II Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
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*[https://archive.org/details/risingsonnorthwe00alla ''The Risings on the North-west Frontier  being a complete narrative, with specially prepared maps of the various risings of the frontier tribes in the Tochi Valley, the Swat Valley, the country of the Mohmands and Mamunds, and the country of the Afridis and Orakzai... from the middle of June, 1897 to the end of January, 1898''] Special War Correspondence of the "Pioneer" 1898 (archive.org)
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**with a [https://archive.org/stream/risingsonnorthwe00alla#page/n11/mode/1up Map of the Area of Disturbance] and a [https://archive.org/stream/risingsonnorthwe00alla#page/n127/mode/1up Sketch map: Afridi and Orakzai country]
 +
*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015017670491?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 ''Tirah, 1897''] by Colonel C E Callwell 1911 HathiTrust Digital Library. A book in the series ''Campaigns and their Lessons''. Also available [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.284632/page/n1/mode/2up Archive.org].
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*[https://archive.org/details/indianfrontierw03youngoog/page/n6                ''Indian Frontier Warfare''] by  Captain and Brevet- Major G J Younghusband, Assistant-Quartermaster-General 1898 Archive.org. The Third Volume of ''The Wolseley Series''. 
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*[https://archive.org/details/frontiercampaign00dunmrich ''A Frontier Campaign; a Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897-1898''] by the Viscount Fincastle, Lieutenant, 16th (Queen’s) Lancers and PC Eliott- Lockhart, Lieutenant “Queen’s Own” Corps of Guides. 2nd Edition 1898 Archive.org
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/adictionarypath00unkngoog#page/n6/mode/2up  ''A Dictionary of the Pathan Tribes on the North-West Frontier of India''] Assistant QMG Intelligence Branch 1899 Archive.org
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:[https://archive.org/details/ADictionaryOfThePathanTribesCORRECT  1910 edition] Archive.org
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/storyofmalakandf00chur#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Story of the Malakand Field Force: an Episode of Frontier War''] by Winston L. Spencer Churchill 1916 First published 1898 Archive.org<br>
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianfrontierwa00jameiala#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Indian Frontier War being an account of the Mohmund and Tirah expeditions, 1897''] by Lionel James 1898 Archive.org<br>
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/sketchesonservic00hobdiala#page/n7/mode/2up ''Sketches on service during the Indian frontier campaigns of 1897''] by Major E.A.P. Hobday. Containing fifty-seven full page engravings from original drawings, and fourteen photographic portraits of the commanding officers and their staffs.  1898 Archive.org
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/reportarmymedic03unkngoog#page/n461/mode/2up "Summary of Operations on the North-West Frontier of India, from 19th June 1897 to 6th April 1898"] by Surgeon General AA Gore MD page 446 ''Army Medical Department Report for the Year 1897 Volume 39'' 1898 Archive.org
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*[https://archive.org/stream/battlesofninetee05forb#page/226/mode/2up "The N. W. Frontier Campaign"]  pages 227-284,  ''Battles of the Nineteenth Century, Volume V, Campaigns of the Nineties'' by A Hilliard Atteridge . With Illustrations. 1901. Covers the period from 1897.
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*[https://archive.org/details/cu31924020369108 ''Eighteen years in the Khyber, 1879-1898''] by Colonel Sir Robert Warburton KCIE CSI 1900 Archive.org
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*[http://archive.org/stream/indianborderlan00holdgoog#page/n10/mode/2up ''The Indian Borderland, 1880-1900''] by Colonel Sir T. Hungerford Holdich,  late of the Indian Survey Department 1901 Archive.org
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*[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/38209 ''Wars and Military Operations on or beyond the borders of British India''] in which the Government of India have been engaged since the year 1849.  Presented to Parliament. Her Majesty's Stationery Office [HMSO], London 1900. This document is a listing of  the operations, with only minimal details. Pdf download Digital Repository of GIPE-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics [Pune India].
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*[http://archive.org/stream/frontierwarfare00offigoog#page/n4/mode/2up  ''Frontier Warfare 1901''] Official publication Simla. "Notes... written for the assistance of commanders when operating in broken and mountainous ground and are based on the experience gained in late frontier campaigns". Archive.org
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*[http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b5121073?urlappend=%3Bseq=4 ''Small Wars. Their Principles and Practice''] by Colonel C. [Charles] E. [Edward] Callwell.    General Staff - War Office.  Third Edition, revised 1906.  His Majesty's Stationery Office,  London. (First edition 1896) ”It is recommended to officers as a valuable contribution on the subject of the conduct of small wars.” HathiTrust Digital Library. [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201641 Archive.org]. [http://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/s/small-wars-their-principles-and-practice.html A transcribed version] Naval History and Heritage Command, an official U.S. Navy web site. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Small_Wars-_Their_principles_and_practice_%28C._E._Callwell%29.pdf Wikimedia.org pdf]. All 1906 editions.
 +
**[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.b5121073?urlappend=%3Bseq=487 Sangars] page 469.
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*[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/38213 ''East India (North-West Frontier). Mahsud-Waziri Operations''] 1902 His Majesty's Stationery Office, London . A report to Parliament, covering correspondence 1899-1902. Pdf download Digital Repository of GIPE-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics [Pune India]. Also available [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433000076277?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 HathiTrust Digital Library], where the pages may be rotated if required. The military operations took place 24th to 28th November, 1901, as detailed from [https://archive.org/details/mahsud-waziri-operations/page/257/mode/2up  page 257]. Archive.org (mirror version of HathiTrust file)
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*[https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.05452/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Punjab in Peace and War''] by  S S Thorburn, Indian Civil Service (Retired) 1904. Archive.org, Public Library of India collection.
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28168/supplement/6053  "Despatch on  the recent operations on the Mohmand border, in the Khyber, and the country of the Mohmands"]  ''London Gazette Supplement'' August 14, 1908.
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/frontieroverseas01indi#page/n11/mode/2up ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: Volume 1 Tribes north of the Kabul River''] by Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1907 Archive.org. There is a supplement with full title  ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Volume 1, supplement A: Operations against the Mohmands (including operations in the Khaiber, 1st-7th May'').    The supplement ''Operations against the Mohmands'' is  available to [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1908-operations-against-the-mohmands-vol-1-supplement-a-s-pdf/ download as a pdf]  from [[Online books#Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset|Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset]]. If the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'. Also available [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1814/mode/2up Archive.org mirror version].
 +
*''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Volume 2. North-West Frontier Tribes between the Kabul and Gumal Rivers'' by Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1908  is available to [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1908-north-west-frontier-tribes-between-the-kabul-and-gumal-rivers-by-intelligence-branch-s-pdf/ download as a pdf]  from [[Online books#Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset|Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset]]. If the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'. Also available [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1812/mode/2up Archive.org mirror version].  There is a supplement    ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Volume 2 Supplement A, Operations against the Zakka Khel Afridis'' Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1908  available as a [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1908-operations-against-the-zakka-khel-afridis-vol-2-supplement-a-s-pdf/ pdf download], Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset, (if the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'), with [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1815 Archive.org mirror version].
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*[https://archive.org/details/frontieroverseas03indi ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: Volume 3 Baluchistan, and the First Afghan War'']. Compiled in the Intelligence Branch, Army Headquarters India. 1910 Archive.org
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*[http://archive.org/stream/someprinciplesof00bird#page/n1/mode/2up ''Some Principles of Frontier Mountain Warfare''] by Brevet-Major  W. D. Bird 1909 Archive.org
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*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.72779 ''Frontier Warfare. A series of Ten Lectures''] by “Frontier”.    Published Bombay. Archive.org. Also available at [https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/afghanuno/163/ Digital Commons @UNO] (University of Nebraska Omaha), where the publication date is given as 1910.
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*[https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.92297/page/n3/mode/2up  ''Handbooks for the Indian Army: Pathans''] by Major R. T. I. Ridgway, 40th Pathans. 1910. Archive.org, mirror from Granth Sanjeevani Asiatic Society of Mumbai.
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*[https://archive.org/details/b2135957x  ''Prevention of Disease and Inefficiency, with special reference to Indian Frontier Warfare''] by Lieut.-Col. Patrick Hehir IMS, Officiating Principal Medical Officer, Burma Division. 2nd Edition - Illustrated and Revised.1911 Archive.org
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/campaignsonnorth00nevi#page/n5/mode/2up ''Campaigns on the North-West Frontier''] by Capt H.L.Nevill DSO 1912 Archive.org
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/fromblackmountai00wyll#page/n5/mode/2up ''From the Black Mountain to Waziristan being an account of the border countries and the more turbulent of the tribes controlled by the North-west frontier province, and of our military relations with them in the past''] by H. C. Wylly 1912 Archive.org
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*''The Problem Of The North-West Frontier 1890-1908'' by Collin C Davies 1932 is available  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.81840  Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.  It is also available to [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1932-the-problem-of-the-north-west-frontier-1890-1908-by-davies-s-pdf/ download as a pdf]  from [[Online books#Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset|Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset]], (if the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2516 Archive.org mirror version].
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*[https://archive.org/details/pathanborderland00enririch ''The Pathan borderland: a consecutive account of the country and people on and beyond the Indian frontier from Chitral to Dera Ismail Khan''] by C.M. Enriquez 1910 Archive.org. With [https://archive.org/stream/pathanborderland00enririch#page/n11/mode/1up Map [top half only<nowiki>]</nowiki>]. [http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924024153797#page/n5/mode/2up  2nd edition 1921] Archive.org
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/gunrunningindian00kepp#page/n9/mode/2up  ''Gun-running and the Indian north-west frontier''] by the Hon. Arnold Keppel 1911 Archive.org
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29514/supplement/3037 "Operations in the Tochi Valley 7th January (Spina Khaisora)  and 26 March 1915 (Miramshah)"]  ''The London Gazette Supplement'' (17 March 1916), Supplement  20 March 1916.  Supplement: 29514 Page: 3037.
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/undertenviceroys00woodiala#page/216/mode/2up "Punishing the Bunerwals" <nowiki>[</nowiki>1915<nowiki>]</nowiki>] , page 217 ''Under ten viceroys the reminiscences of a Gurkha'' by Major-General Nigel Woodyatt 1922 Archive.org. Includes the actions at Rustam, and rather briefly  Shabdakr in 1915. Also see ''London Gazette'' of despatches to 9th March 1916 below, which includes  brief details of the 1915 campaigns.
 +
:[https://web.archive.org/web/20120202183711/http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Brits_in_Caucasus/India_01.htm 'The Defence of India' by F. A. McKenzie], from ''The Great War'' edited by H.W. Wilson, volume 7, chapter 128. greatwardifferent.com, now an archived website. Scroll down to the section about the North West Frontier including Shabkadar.
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:''Report  from Major General F. Campbell, C.B., D.S.O., General Officer Commanding, 1st (Peshawar) Division on the  Operations on the Swat, Buner and Mohmand Borders, 19th June – 25th October, 1915''. See the partial transcription of  WO 106/732, The National Archives [UK] below<ref name=Gill>
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[https://web.archive.org/web/20180703035304/https://gillww1.wordpress.com/tag/operations-against-the-mohmands-bunerwals-and-swatis/ GTG on the North West Frontier 1915] [Capt GT Gill, 2/6 Gurkha Rifles] Scroll down for the partial transcription of  TNA WO 106/732. gillww1.wordpress.com</ref>, part of 1915 reports TNA [http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/C4415416 WO 106/732-740].
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*[https://archive.org/stream/warinairbeingsto06rale#page/268/mode/2up "War Operations In India"] page 268, ''War in the Air: being the story of the part played  in the Great War by the Royal Air Force, Volume VI'' by H A Jones 1937 Archive.org. Part of the series ''History of the Great War based on Official Documents''.
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*[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.83778/2015.83778.The-Indian-Year-Book-1918#page/n198/mode/1up "The Frontier and the War"] page 154 ''The Indian Year Book 1918'', (which appears to have been published at the beginning of the year). The report covers the period 1914-1917. Archive.org
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30629/supplement/4501 "Despatches on the operations against the Mahsuds, March-August, 1917"] ''London Gazette'' Supplement 12 April 1918
 +
*Despatches on military operations in the Indian Empire since the outbreak of the [[First World  War]].  Includes the North West Frontier ''London Gazette Supplement''s.
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**[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/29652/supplement/6695  To 9th March 1916]  ''LGS'' 4 July 1916. Includes details of operations on the Swat, Buner and Mohmand Borders, based on reports by Major General F. Campbell, one of which is transcribed<ref name=Gill />; [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30360/supplement/11269  To 31st March 1917]  ''LGS'' 31 October 1917; [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/31235/supplement/3585 To 31st May 1918]  ''LGS'' 17 March 1919; [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32007/supplement/8157 To 30 April 1919] ''LGS'' 5 August 1920
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*See [[3rd Afghan War]] 6 May – 8 August 1919.
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*''Unofficial History'' by Field Marshal Sir William Slim 1962, first published 1959.  Archive.org Lending Library.
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:[https://archive.org/details/unofficialhistor00slim/page/75 "Aid to the Civil"]  page 75. “This narrative…is a composite one, made up from the events on three occasions on which the military aided the civil power” (footnote, page 75). Probably c 1919. He was based at Gurampur Fort which is probably a fictional name.
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:[https://archive.org/details/unofficialhistor00slim/page/101 "Student’s Interlude"] page 101 . On operations Autumn 1920. "A Brigade Column, operating from Thal in the Kurram … took punative action against the village of Panch Pir in Waziristan". (Not known whether this is the actual, or a fictional name).
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32156/page/12129    "A report on the operations in Waziristan during the period 3rd November 1919 to 7th May 1920".] ''London Gazette'' 8 December 1920.
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*[http://www.archive.org/stream/operationsinwa00indi#page/n5/mode/2up ''Operations in Waziristan, 1919-1920 (Confidential)''] Compiled by the General Staff Army Headquarters, India 1921 Archive.org<br>
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*''Waziristan 1919-1920'' by H De Watteville 1925 (one of eight in the series ''Campaigns and Their Lessons'') is available [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54945  Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
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*[http://archive.org/stream/cu31924012679548#page/n291/mode/2up "N.W. Frontier 1919-1920"] page 273 ''The Post Office of India in the Great War'' edited by H.A. Sams Published 1922 Archive.org
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*[https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/29472''Indian Frontier Organisation''] published by the ''Pioneer'' 1920. Pdf download Digital Repository of GIPE-Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics [Pune India].
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*[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.449186  ''Official History of Operations on the N.-W. Frontier of India, 1920-35. Parts I, II, III'']  [by General Staff Army Headquarters, India]. Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi 1945.  Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
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**[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.449186/page/69/mode/2up  Page 71] "Part II The Afridi and Red Shirt Rebellion, 1930-31; The Mohmand and Bajaur Operations, 1933".
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**[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.449186/page/n197/mode/2up Page 160] "Part III The Loe Agra Campaign - 1935; The Mohmand Campaign - 1935".
 +
:Also available in a reprint edition<ref>[https://www.naval-military-press.com/product/official-history-of-operations-on-the-north-west-frontier-of-india-1920-1935/ ''Official History Of Operations On The North-West Frontier Of India 1920-1935''] Naval & Military Press</ref> which in turn is available as part of an online book on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3.<ref name=NWF>[https://www.fold3.com/browse/251/hTGb85NZ8EamDdOvs1LINNg2y ''Official History of Operations on the NW Frontier of India''] fold3 (located in World War2/Military books/India). Consists of 2 books.</ref>
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32773/supplement/8599 "A report on the operations of the Waziristan Force for the period 1st April to 31st December, 1921"]  ''London Gazette Supplement'' 1 December 1922.
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32913/supplement/1807 "A report on the operations in Waziristan for the period 1st January, 1922 to the 20th April, 1923"]  ''London Gazette Supplement'' 27 February 1924
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32993/supplement/8319  "Final despatch on the operations of Waziristan Force covering the period 21st April, 1923, to 31st March, 1924"] ''London Gazette Supplement'' 18 November 1924
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*''Tales of Tirah and Lesser Tibet'' by Lilian A Starr, published 1924 is available [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100747  Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.  Includes general comments about the Pathans, based on the author's experience in the Mission Hospital at Peshawar. Also available on the [http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b258987?urlappend=%3Bseq=9 Hathi Trust Digital Library], and as [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1923-tales-of-tirah-and-lesser-tibet-by-starr-s-pdf/ pdf download],  from Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset, (if the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2223 Archive.org Pahar mirror version].
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33104/supplement/7595 "An account of the recent operations by the Royal Air Force against certain recalcitrant sections of the Mahsuds in March, April and May, 1925"]. ''London Gazette Supplement'' 20 November 1925.
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*''Letters of a Once Punjab Frontier Force Officer to his Nephew Giving his Ideas on Fighting on the North West Frontier and in Afghanistan'' by Colonel J P Villiers-Stuart (John Patrick), late Coke’s Rifles PFF. 1925. [https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6123/mode/2up Archive.org version]; [https://www.indianculture.gov.in/letters-once-punjab-frontier-force-officer-his-nephew-giving-his-ideas-fighting-north-west-frontier indianculture.gov.in version] Read online; download [http://cslrepository.nvli.in//handle/123456789/6123 Central Secretariat Library (CSL)] Digital Repository version; [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1925-letters-of-a-once-punjab-frontier-force-officer-by-villiers-stuart-s-pdf/ Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset version]. (If the catalogue entry does not display a download, look under 'Books/Indian Subcontinent).
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*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.52854 ''The Romance Of The Indian Frontiers''] by Lt-Gen Sir George MacMunn, Colonel-Commandant Royal Artillery 1931 Archive.org, Digital Library of India Collection.
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:''Turmoil and Tragedy in India, 1914 and After'' by Lieut.-General Sir George MacMunn 1935.  It is catalogued as ''Turmoil The Tragedy In India 1914''. It is  available  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177667 Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.
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*[http://archive.org/stream/indiain19301931032269mbp#page/n39/mode/2up "The North West Frontier"], page 9 ''India in 1930-1931'' A statement prepared for presentation to Parliament. Government of India Central Publication Branch 1932. Archive.org.
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*''Passing It On: Short Talks on Tribal fighting on the North-West Frontier of India'' by General Sir Andrew Skeen , 3rd edition 1934 (originally published 1932)  is available [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275472  Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India.  A 2010 reprint edition with annotations titled ''Passing It On: Fighting the Pushtun on Afghanistan's Frontier'' was published by the Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworh Kansas. [https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA549121/mode/2up Archive.org version], [http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/Skeen.pdf pdf] fmso.leavenworth. Note: some of the text may not have been included, at least one probable whole page has been noted.
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*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1960-hired-to-kill-some-chapters-of-autobiography-by-morris-s-pdf/ ''Hired to Kill: Some Chapters of Autobiography''] by Charles John Morris 1960. Link to a pdf download, PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset, (if the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3164 Archive.org mirror version]. John Morris was an officer  with the [[3rd Gurkha Rifles]] from 1918 until 1934 in Palestine, Afghanistan (the [[3rd Afghan War|Third Afghan War]] in 1919), Waziristan and the North West Frontier of India.
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*[http://www.jstor.org/stable/41355210 "Roads And Motor Transport In India"] by Brigadier-General Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Adviser on Mechanical Transport Services in India, 1915-19. ''Journal of the Royal Society of Arts'' Vol. 68, No. 3529 (July 9, 1920), pp. 541-552 jstor.org. Available to read for free on JSTOR, but first you must register, see [[Miscellaneous tips#Access some articles in the JSTOR subscription website for free|Miscellaneous tips]]. Includes roads in the frontier region, and their military importance.
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*The  Loe Agra and Mohmand Campaigns of 1935 are briefly mentioned in two chapters in  ''India in 1934-35'', from [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210573/page/n103/mode/2up page 86] and [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.210573/page/n127/mode/2up page 109] Archive.org. Also see ''Official History of Operations'', above, and  [[Mohmand Campaign 1935]].
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*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280060/page/n113/mode/2up/  "The Changing Nature of Operations on the North-West Frontier"]  by "Shpagwishtama" page 102 ''USI [United Service Institution of India] Journal'' Vol LXVI 1936. Archive.org
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*[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.4031/page/n73/mode/2up/ "Defence in the North-West Frontier Province"]  by General Sir Kenneth Wigram Page 73 ''Journal Of The Royal Central Asian Society'' - Vol. 24, Pt. 1 1937. A lecture given on November 18, 1936. Archive.org
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*[https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.449185  ''Official History of Operations on the N.W. Frontier of India, 1936-37''] [by General Staff Army Headquarters, India]  Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi. 1943. Archive.org, mirror from  Digital Library of India.
 +
:Also available in a reprint edition<ref>[https://www.naval-military-press.com/product/official-history-of-operations-on-the-north-west-frontier-of-india-1936-1937/ ''Official History Of Operations On The North-West Frontier Of India 1936-1937''] Naval & Military Press</ref> which in turn is available as part of an online book on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3.<ref name=NWF/>
 +
*Also see [[Operations in Waziristan]]. 
 +
* ''Waziristan 1936- 1937: The problems of the North-West Frontiers of India and their Solutions'' by Lieut Colonel C. E. Bruce 1938 is available  as a download from [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1938-waziristan-1936-1937-problems-of-north-west-frontiers-of-india-and-solutions-by-bruce-s-pdf/ Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset] which contains a [short] bibliography, also two maps. If the download button does not display, locate under Books/Indian Subcontinent/1938. [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2719/mode/2up Archive.org mirror version]. Some other versions on Archive.org are missing a few pages.
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34449/supplement/6811 "Report on Operations in Waziristan,  25th November 1936 to 16th January 1937 (1st Phase)"]  ''London Gazette Supplement'' 2 November 1937
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34484/supplement/1057 "Report on Operations In Waziristan, 16th January 1937 to 15th September 1937 (Second Phase)"]  ''London Gazette Supplement'' 18 February 1938
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34520/supplement/3819 "Report on Operations in Waziristan, 16th September 1937 to  15th December 1937 (Final Phase)"] ''London Gazette Supplement'' 14 June 1938
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*[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34655/supplement/5667 "Report on Operations in Waziristan, 16th December, 1937 to the 31st December, 1938"]  ''London Gazette  Supplement'' 18 August 1939
 +
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275121 ''Imperial Policing'']  by Major-General Sir Charles W Gwynn 1939 Archive.org,  mirror from Digital Library of India.  Includes [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275121/page/n263 Chapter 10, "Peshawar District 1930"], page 253 and [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275121/page/n405 Chapter 14, "Waziristan 1937"]  page 394. Also available [https://web.archive.org/web/20160610053115/http://lib.uofk.edu/multisites/UofK_lib/images/stories/libpdf/sud.lib.imperial%20policing.pdf Archive.org (pdf)] another digital file, may be slow to open.
 +
*''Bugles and a Tiger'' by John Masters  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278629  Archive.org version], mirror from Digital Library of India; or  [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.201985  another Archive.org version] mirror from Digital Library of India,  the latter is the  1965 edition.  The original edition  [http://archive.org/details/buglesandtigervo00mast ''Bugles and a Tiger; a Volume of Autobiography''] published in 1956 is available to read online through the Internet Archive (Archive.org) Lending Library.  Also see the page [[John Masters]].
 +
:[https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.278629/2015.278629.Bugles-And#page/n215/ Pathan social customs] pages 212-213, including the wearing, by men, of roses in their hair.
 +
*''India’s North-West Frontier'' by Sir William Barton 1939 [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281565  Archive.org  mirror version]  from Digital Library of India.  The author was  in the Indian Civil Service and Indian Political Service for 35 years. It is also available to [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1939-indias-north-west-frontier-by-barton-s-pdf/ download as a pdf]  from [[Online books#Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset|Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset]], (if the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2737 Archive.org Pahar mirror version]. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pell_Barton William Pell Barton] Wikipedia.
 +
*[https://www.nzsappers.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Indian-Sappers-and-Miners-1948.pdf ''The Indian Sappers and Miners''] by  E. W. C Sandes [Edward Warren Caulfeild] 1948. (726p). nzsappers.org.nz. Covers the period from the pioneers in 1759 to the prelude to the Second World War and includes operations on the North West Frontier at various periods prior to WW2. 
 +
*Actions in Waziristan continued during WW2,  including the  Ahmedzai Campaign, which took place from February to May 1940<ref>dryan67 [http://ww2talk.com/index.php?threads/14-12-frontier-force-regiment-and-the-ajmer-regiment.59699/page-2#post-692427  14/12 Frontier Force Regiment and The Ajmer Regiment] post 25, ''WorldWar2Talk Forum'' 11 December 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2020.</ref> elsewhere referred to as  the Ahmadzai Salient operations against the Faqir of Ipi.<ref> Catalogue entry [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/browse/r/h/7e420dc0-6d0c-4131-ae70-63fa398fe127 8005/151/7 Memoirs of Brigadier William Alston's service in the Indian Army]. National Army Museum, London.</ref> Generally  not many WW2 details are  known, but see brief extracts from the regimental history  ''Unfaded Glory: The 8th Punjab Regiment 1798-1956'' by Major Rifat Nadeem Ahmad & Major General Rafiuddin Ahmed 2006.<ref>RobG64. [http://ww2talk.com/index.php?threads/8th-punjab-regiment-regimental-history.83313/ 8th Punjab Regiment Regimental History] ''WW2Talk Forum''  19 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.</ref> Also see  various histories of the Frontier Scouts, below. The T R Moreman 1998 book ''The Army in India...''  below, has  a chapter from [https://archive.org/details/armyinindiadevel0000more/page/178/mode/2up page 179]. Awards appearing in the ''London Gazette Supplement''s indicate some of the regiments involved. There were also awards to RAF personnel.[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34977/supplement/6175 1939] ''LGS'' 25 October 1940, [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35195/supplement/3495 1940] ''LGS'' 20 June 1941, [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/35825/supplement/5495 1942] ''LGS'' 15 December 1942, [https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36261/page/5176  1943] ''LGS'' 25 November 1943
 +
*[http://www.archive.org/stream/IndianMountainArtillery/mountainartillery#page/n3/mode/2up ''The History of the Indian Mountain Artillery''] by Brigadier-General C A L Graham 1957 Archive.org.
 +
*[https://archive.org/details/ThePathansByOlafCaroe ''The Pathans 550 B.C.-A.D. I957''] by Olaf Caroe 1958 Archive.org. [https://archive.org/stream/ThePathansByOlafCaroe/The-Pathans-By-Olaf-Caroe-ISBN10-%200710306822#page/n5/mode/2up Contents]. [https://archive.org/stream/ThePathansByOlafCaroe/The-Pathans-By-Olaf-Caroe-ISBN10-%200710306822#page/n509/mode/2up Index]. Unfortunately  missing illustrations and most maps. Also available as additional [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Pathans%29%20AND%20creator%3A%28Caroe%29 Archive.org Books to Borrow versions].  Also available as a [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1958-the-pathans-550-bc-to-ad-1957-by-caroe-s-pdf/ pdf download], Pahar- Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. (If the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3135/page/n1/mode/2up Archive.org Pahar mirror version]. The author was Governor of the N-W Frontier Province 1946-1947.
 +
*[https://archive.org/details/frontier183919470000elli/page/n5 ''The Frontier 1839-1947: the Story of the North-West Frontier of India''] by Major-General J G Elliott 1968. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
 +
*[https://archive.org/details/khyberbritishind00mill ''Khyber, British India's north west frontier : the story of an imperial migraine''] by Charles Miller 1977. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
 +
*[https://archive.org/details/afghanwarsnorthw0000bart/mode/2up ''Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier, 1839-1947''] by Michael Barthorp 2002, first published 1982 as ''The North-West Frontier''. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
 +
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1985-the-frontier-scouts-by-trench-s-pdf/ ''The Frontier Scouts''] by  Charles Chenevix Trench 1985. Link to a pdf download, PAHAR - Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset (MCADD). If the download button does not display, locate under Books/Indian Subcontinent/1985. Also available [https://archive.org/details/frontierscouts0000chen/mode/2up Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library].
 +
: Also see [[:Category:Frontier Scouts]].
 +
*[https://archive.org/details/armyinindiadevel0000more/page/n5/mode/2up ''The Army in India and the Development of Frontier Warfare, 1849-1947''] by T R Moreman 1998 Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. Based on a 1996 PhD Thesis, also available online, see  Histories above.
 +
*[https://archive.org/details/soldiersahibsmen0000alle/mode/2up ''Soldier Sahibs : the men who made the North-West Frontier''] by Charles Allen 2001, first published 2000. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library. Covers the period 1839-1857.
 +
:[https://archive.org/details/godsterroristswa0000alle/page/n5/mode/2up ''God's Terrorists : the Wahhabi cult and hidden roots of modern Jihad''] by Charles Allen  2006.  Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
 +
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1935-brief-gazetteer-of-most-important-and-useful-place-names-in-waziristan-district-s-pdf/ ''Brief Gazetteer of Most Important and Useful Place Names in Waziristan District''] by General Staff, Headquarters, Waziristan District. 1935 is available to download as a pdf  from [[Online books#Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset|Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset]]. (If the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.2595 Archive.org mirror version]. "Issued separately as Appendix H to the Military Report on Waziristan District, Fifth (1935) Edition".
 +
=====Routes=====
 +
*''Routes on the North-West Frontier  compiled (for political and military reference) under the orders of the Quarter Master General in India, in the Intelligence Branch, in 1887 ; brought up to date in October 1892''  by W.R. Robertson. Confidential.[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1893-routes-on-north-west-frontier-vol-1-by-robertson-confidential-s-pdf Volume I], [http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1893-routes-on-north-west-frontier-vol-2-by-robertson-confidential-s-pdf/ Volume 2] Pdf downloads, Pahar- Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. (If the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books').
 +
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1890-military-routes-to-the-indo-afghan-frontier-by-lessar-secret-s-pdf/ 1890 ''Military Routes to the Indo-Afghan Frontier''] by Lessar (secret)]  Notes: At head of title: Secret. "From Russian official "records" of geographical, topographical and statistical materials on Asia. Collected by the Military Scientific Committee of the Headquarters Staff, 1890. Translated for the Intelligence Division of the War Office". HMSO. Author: P. M. Lessar, (Pavel Mikhailovich) Pdf download, Pahar- Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. (If the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1202 Archive.org mirror version].
 +
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1893-routes-from-russian-territory-toward-afghanistan-and-india-the-pamir-line-of-advance-by-robertson-confidential-s-pdf/ 1893 ''Routes from Russian Territory toward Afghanistan and India - the Pamir line of Advance''] by Robertson (confidential). Full title: ''Routes from Russian Territory in Central Asia towards Afghanistan and India. Section 1, The Pamir line of advance''  compiled in the Intelligence Branch of the Quarter Master General's Department in India by W.R. Robertson. 1893. Contents: pt. 1. Short military report on the Ferghana province, Kashgar, the Pamirs and Upper Oxus Afghan provinces ... - pt. 2. Includes all routes leading from the Chimkend Kuldja postal road to the Hindu Kush between the Dorah and the Karakorum Passes. Pdf download, Pahar- Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. (If the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1292/mode/2up Archive.org mirror version].
 +
*[http://pahar.in/wpfb-file/1912-strategical-epitome-of-routes-on-and-beyond-the-north-west-frontier-of-india-by-general-staff-india-confidential-s-pdf/  ''Strategical Epitome of Routes on and beyond the North-West Frontier of India''] by General Staff India (confidential) 1912 Pdf download, Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. (If the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). [https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1951/mode/2up Archive.org mirror version].
  
−
== External Links ==
+
== References ==
−
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_Frontier_(military_history) North West Frontier Military History] Wikipedia<br>
+
<references />
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[http://www.king-emperor.com/article4.htm The Army in India & Frontier Warfare 1914-1939] www.king-emperor.com<br>
 
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[http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/indiageneralservice1895.htm India Medal 1895] www.northeastmedals.co.uk<br>
 
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[http://www.northeastmedals.co.uk/britishguide/punjab_frontier_despatches/chitral_vc_victoria_cross.htm NWF VCs] www.northeastmedals.co.uk<br>
 
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[http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~poyntz/India/images/AfghanFrontier.JPG North West Frontier Map] Rootsweb<br>
 
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[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gaz_atlas_1909/fullscreen.html?object=39 NWF Map] Digital South Asia Maps<br>
 
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[http://www.khyber.org/pashtohistory/storyofthepakhtoons.shtml Story of the Pakhtoons [Pathans<nowiki>]</nowiki>] Khyber.org<br>
 
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[http://defenceoftherealm.blogspot.com/2009/10/air-power.html The limits of power] by 'Richard' 20 October 2009.  Surveys the policies to subdue the warring tribes on the North West Frontier. Defenceofthe realm.blogspot.com<br>
 
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[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/northwest-frontier-expeditions-intro.htm Northwest Frontier Expeditions - 1849-1902] Globalsecurity.org<br>
 
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[http://www.victorianmilitarysociety.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36:why-was-the-north-west-frontier-of-india-the-scene-of-so-much-conflict-in-the-period-1849-1901&catid=10:articles&Itemid=9 "Why was the North-West frontier of India the scene of so much conflict in the period 1849-1901?"] by R.A. Johnson  from ''Soldiers of the Queen issue 97'',  Victorian Military Society<br>
 
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[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/pathan-revolt-1897.htm Pathan Revolt – 1897] Globalsecurity.org<br>
 
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"The 1897 Revolt and Tirah Valley Operations from the Pashtun Perspective" by Robert A Johnson November 2009 Tribal Analysis Center
 
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[http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:eTsYkNo6Zm0J:www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/PDF-TAC/The%25201897%2520Revolt%2520and%2520Tirah%2520Valley%2520Operations.pdf+Pathan+Revolt+1897&hl=en&gl=au&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESh0X6yVOz6rEmI_wNzPJVJFqfFnINRkkH5l729HRDFWyIYOJvHVMaAFu06YmE2KEiGVQlt2c3Y2orIj7a20PEM3ih9HzDkY5Z3zT0zyXOhwXM77ILz7wJfxTfzOP-zDYRjye-oj&sig=AHIEtbQvzeiS7U1vsdwKrOo9gRhjIKnVgw html version] [http://www.tribalanalysiscenter.com/PDF-TAC/The%201897%20Revolt%20and%20Tirah%20Valley%20Operations.pdf Original pdf]<br>
 
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[http://warandgame.com/2008/02/04/colonial-control-on-a-shoestring-the-raf-experience/ Colonial Control On A Shoestring — The RAF Experience] by Maj Michael J. Petersen includes a section "The Third Afghan War and the Northwest Frontier, 1919-1920" <br>
 
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[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink's_War Pink’s War] 1925 Wikipedia<br>
 
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[http://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/north-west-frontier-1908-new-detailed-book Details] of the book ''North West Frontier 1908'' by Peter Duckers , published by Spink ( Medal Dealers) 2006. Contains detailed listings of Honours and Awards to both British and Indian units, detailed Casualty lists etc. Probably only available second hand.
 
  
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==== Historical books on-line ====
 
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[http://books.google.com/books?id=qZxCAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover ''Nine Years on the North-West Frontier of India from 1854 to 1863''] by Sir Sydney Cotton 1868 Google Books<br>
 
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[http://www.archive.org/stream/risingsonnorthw00piongoog#page/n6/mode/1up ''The Risings on the North-west Frontier  being a complete narrative, with specially prepared maps of the various risings of the frontier tribes in the Tochi Valley, the Swat Valley, the country of the Mohmands and Mamunds, and the country of the Afridis and Orakzai... from the middle of June, 1897 to the end of January, 1898''] Special War Correspondence of the "Pioneer" 1898 (archive.org)<br>
 
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[http://www.archive.org/stream/adictionarypath00unkngoog#page/n6/mode/2up  ''A Dictionary of the Pathan Tribes on the North-west Frontier of India''] Asstistant QMG Intelligence Branch 1899 (archive.org)<br>
 
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[http://www.archive.org/details/pathanrevoltinno00millrich ''The Pathan Revolt in North-West India''] by H. Woosnam Mills 1897 Archive.org<br>
 
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[http://www.archive.org/stream/storyofmalakandf00chur#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Story of the Malakand Field Force: an Episode of Frontier War''] by Winston L. Spencer Churchill 1916 First published 1898 Archive.org<br>
 
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[http://www.archive.org/stream/indianfrontierwa00jameiala#page/n7/mode/2up ''The Indian Frontier War being an account of the Mohmund and Tirah expeditions, 1897''] by Lionel James 1898 Archive.org<br>
 
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[http://www.archive.org/stream/frontieroverseas01indi#page/n11/mode/2up ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: Volume 1 Tribes north of the Kabul River''] by Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1907 Archive.org. There is a supplement  ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Volume 1, supplement A: Operations against the Mohmands (including operations in the Khaiber, 1st-7th May'') which is available at the [[British Library]] and through Amazon.co.uk from the [http://astore.amazon.co.uk/faminbriindso-21/detail/1845743121  FIBIS Shop] as a reprint.<br> 
 
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''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Volume 2. North-West Frontier Tribes between the Kabul and Gumal Rivers'' by Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1908  is available partially online to page 97 on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website. It is catalogued without volume number simply as ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India'' 1908 and has barcode 99999990229429. It is also available as  [http://books.google.com/books?id=YPALAAAAIAAJ Snippet view Google Books] which viewers in some countries may be able to access as full view. It  is available at the [[British Library]] and through Amazon.co.uk from the [http://astore.amazon.co.uk/faminbriindso-21/detail/1845743067  FIBIS Shop] as a reprint of 461 pages. There is a supplement  [http://ia600404.us.archive.org//load_djvu_applet.php?file=11/items/FrontierAndOverseasExpeditionsFromIndiaVolII/FrontierAndOverseasExpeditionsFromIndiaVolII.djvu ''Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India Volume 2 Supplement A ,Operations against the Zakka Khel Afridis''] Intelligence Branch Army Headquarters India 1908 Archive.org. (Requires a [[Online books#Archive.org|Djvu plug in]])<br>
 
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[http://www.archive.org/stream/fromblackmountai00wyll#page/n5/mode/2up ''From the Black Mountain to Waziristan being an account of the border countries and the more turbulent of the tribes controlled by the North-west frontier province, and of our military relations with them in the past] by H. C. Wylly 1912 Archive.org<br>
 
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[http://www.archive.org/stream/campaignsonnorth00nevi#page/n5/mode/2up ''Campaigns on the North-West Frontier''] by Capt H.L.Nevill DSO 1912 (archive.org)<br>
 
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[http://www.archive.org/stream/operationsinwa00indi#page/n5/mode/2up ''Operations in Waziristan, 1919-1920''] 1921 Archive.org<br>
 
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''The Problem Of The North-West Frontier 1890-1908'' by Collin C Davies 1932 is available to read online on the
 
−
[[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website. Alternatively, it may be downloaded as a pdf from
 
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[http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/handle/OUDL/1934 OUDL] Osmania University Digital Library<br>
 
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''Passing It On: Short Talks on Tribal fighting on the North-West Frontier of India'' by General Sir Andrew Skeen , 3rd edition 1934 (originally published 1932)  is available to read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India| Digital Library of India]] website.<br>
 
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[http://www.archive.org/stream/waziristan193619031345mbp#page/n7/mode/2up ''Waziristan 1936- 1937: The problems of the North-West Frontiers of India and their Solutions''] by Lieut Colonel C. E. Bruce 1938 Archive.org<br>
 
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[http://www.archive.org/stream/IndianMountainArtillery/mountainartillery#page/n3/mode/2up ''The History of the Indian Mountain Artillery''] by Brigadier-General C A L Graham 1957 Archive.org. This book is also available to read online on the [[Online books#Digital Library of India|Digital Library of India]] website, where the print quality is better.
 
  
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== Recommended Reading ==
 
−
''Campaigns on the North-West Frontier by Capt H.L.Nevill DSO'' 1916 <br>Reprinted by The Naval & Military Press Ltd 2005 <br>ISBN 1-845741-87-0<br>
 
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''Imperial Frontier: Tribe & State in Waziristan by Dr Hugh Beattie''<br>Routledge 2001<br>ISBN 0700713093
 
−
and ISBN 978-0700713097
 
  
 
[[Category:Wars and Campaigns]]
 
[[Category:Wars and Campaigns]]
 
[[Category:North West Frontier Campaigns| North West Frontier Campaigns]]
 
[[Category:North West Frontier Campaigns| North West Frontier Campaigns]]

Latest revision as of 12:29, 20 July 2023

North West Frontier Campaigns
1849-1947
Chronological list of Wars and Campaigns
[[Image:|250px| ]]
Location:
Combatants:
East India Company and British Army North West Frontier tribes
Result: Suppression of border incursions
Medals:
India General Service medal 1854
India Medal 1895-1902
Links:
Category: Category:North West Frontier Campaigns


From 1849 when the East India Company annexed the Punjab it became necessary to prevent incursion by the frontier Pakhtun tribes. Successive punitive expeditions subdued particular areas until further outrages occurred. Control of the region depended to a large extent on the Punjab Frontier Force recruited from local tribesmen commanded by British officers.

North West Frontier Expeditions

For a list of campaigns in order see

Medals

British Library holdings

India Office Records, which may be located by using the British Library Search include:

  • Collection 391 North West Frontier Operations 1897 IOR/L/MIL/7/15855-15939 1897-1923
  • Collection 403 Frontier and Overseas Expeditions IOR/L/MIL/7/16820-16978 1901-1944
  • War Diary [Collection], Army Headquarters India, Frontier Operations. GSI, 1914-20. 56 vols. IOR/L/MIL/17/5/4066-4121. Printed volumes from the Military Library. At least one, possibly more, is thought to be available in the library subscription website "The Indian Army and Colonial Warfare on the Frontiers of India, 1914-1920", see Subscription websites-online newspapers, journals and directories.
  • Political and Secret Department Library IOR/L/PS/20 1757-1952. A very large and varied collection of confidential prints, official publications and commercially published works, analogous to the Military Library (see under L/MIL/17), it largely consists of military reports, gazetteers, summaries of correspondence, handbooks etc. dealing with the Indian States, the frontier regions and neighbouring countries. There is a separate index. Includes

Imperial War Museums holdings

The Imperial War Museums are a source of information about operations in Waziristan. Search the catalogue.

Catalogue entry for the publication Bibliography of sources in the Departments of Documents, Photographs, Printed Books and Sound Records at the Imperial War Museum on military operations in Waziristan on the North West Frontier of India 1917-1937, published c 1979.

Also see

Recommended Reading

  • John Archibald Hislop was an officer in the Indian Army, 2nd Battalion 9th Jat Regiment from 1933. He had a series of postings on the North West Frontier. Subsequently he was GS02 Waziristan District until c.August 1943. His memoirs A Soldier’s Story-From the Khyber Pass to the Jungles of Burma: The Memoir of a British Officer in the Indian Army 1933-1947 were published by his daughter in 2010 and reviewed in FIBIS Journal 26.

External links

Maps

Histories

Article: Army in India & Frontier Warfare 1914-1939 by Tim Moreman (Khyber.org, now archived and originally from king-emperor.com, now archived).
“RAF Inter-War Operations on the North-West Frontier” by Wing Commander Dr Andrew Walters page 110 (digital page 112) Air Power Review Volume 21, No.1 Spring 2018. raf.mod.uk

Photographs

Historical books online

1910 edition Archive.org
'The Defence of India' by F. A. McKenzie, from The Great War edited by H.W. Wilson, volume 7, chapter 128. greatwardifferent.com, now an archived website. Scroll down to the section about the North West Frontier including Shabkadar.
Report from Major General F. Campbell, C.B., D.S.O., General Officer Commanding, 1st (Peshawar) Division on the Operations on the Swat, Buner and Mohmand Borders, 19th June – 25th October, 1915. See the partial transcription of WO 106/732, The National Archives [UK] below[1], part of 1915 reports TNA WO 106/732-740.
  • "War Operations In India" page 268, War in the Air: being the story of the part played in the Great War by the Royal Air Force, Volume VI by H A Jones 1937 Archive.org. Part of the series History of the Great War based on Official Documents.
  • "The Frontier and the War" page 154 The Indian Year Book 1918, (which appears to have been published at the beginning of the year). The report covers the period 1914-1917. Archive.org
  • "Despatches on the operations against the Mahsuds, March-August, 1917" London Gazette Supplement 12 April 1918
  • Despatches on military operations in the Indian Empire since the outbreak of the First World War. Includes the North West Frontier London Gazette Supplements.
  • See 3rd Afghan War 6 May – 8 August 1919.
  • Unofficial History by Field Marshal Sir William Slim 1962, first published 1959. Archive.org Lending Library.
"Aid to the Civil" page 75. “This narrative…is a composite one, made up from the events on three occasions on which the military aided the civil power” (footnote, page 75). Probably c 1919. He was based at Gurampur Fort which is probably a fictional name.
"Student’s Interlude" page 101 . On operations Autumn 1920. "A Brigade Column, operating from Thal in the Kurram … took punative action against the village of Panch Pir in Waziristan". (Not known whether this is the actual, or a fictional name).
Also available in a reprint edition[2] which in turn is available as part of an online book on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3.[3]
Turmoil and Tragedy in India, 1914 and After by Lieut.-General Sir George MacMunn 1935. It is catalogued as Turmoil The Tragedy In India 1914. It is available Archive.org version, mirror from Digital Library of India.
  • "The North West Frontier", page 9 India in 1930-1931 A statement prepared for presentation to Parliament. Government of India Central Publication Branch 1932. Archive.org.
  • Passing It On: Short Talks on Tribal fighting on the North-West Frontier of India by General Sir Andrew Skeen , 3rd edition 1934 (originally published 1932) is available Archive.org version, mirror from Digital Library of India. A 2010 reprint edition with annotations titled Passing It On: Fighting the Pushtun on Afghanistan's Frontier was published by the Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworh Kansas. Archive.org version, pdf fmso.leavenworth. Note: some of the text may not have been included, at least one probable whole page has been noted.
  • Hired to Kill: Some Chapters of Autobiography by Charles John Morris 1960. Link to a pdf download, PAHAR Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset, (if the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). Archive.org mirror version. John Morris was an officer with the 3rd Gurkha Rifles from 1918 until 1934 in Palestine, Afghanistan (the Third Afghan War in 1919), Waziristan and the North West Frontier of India.
  • "Roads And Motor Transport In India" by Brigadier-General Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, Adviser on Mechanical Transport Services in India, 1915-19. Journal of the Royal Society of Arts Vol. 68, No. 3529 (July 9, 1920), pp. 541-552 jstor.org. Available to read for free on JSTOR, but first you must register, see Miscellaneous tips. Includes roads in the frontier region, and their military importance.
  • The Loe Agra and Mohmand Campaigns of 1935 are briefly mentioned in two chapters in India in 1934-35, from page 86 and page 109 Archive.org. Also see Official History of Operations, above, and Mohmand Campaign 1935.
  • "The Changing Nature of Operations on the North-West Frontier" by "Shpagwishtama" page 102 USI [United Service Institution of India] Journal Vol LXVI 1936. Archive.org
  • "Defence in the North-West Frontier Province" by General Sir Kenneth Wigram Page 73 Journal Of The Royal Central Asian Society - Vol. 24, Pt. 1 1937. A lecture given on November 18, 1936. Archive.org
  • Official History of Operations on the N.W. Frontier of India, 1936-37 [by General Staff Army Headquarters, India] Published by the Manager of Publications, Delhi. 1943. Archive.org, mirror from Digital Library of India.
Also available in a reprint edition[4] which in turn is available as part of an online book on the Ancestry owned pay website fold3.[3]
Pathan social customs pages 212-213, including the wearing, by men, of roses in their hair.
Also see Category:Frontier Scouts.
God's Terrorists : the Wahhabi cult and hidden roots of modern Jihad by Charles Allen 2006. Archive.org Books to Borrow/Lending Library.
Routes
  • Routes on the North-West Frontier compiled (for political and military reference) under the orders of the Quarter Master General in India, in the Intelligence Branch, in 1887 ; brought up to date in October 1892 by W.R. Robertson. Confidential.Volume I, Volume 2 Pdf downloads, Pahar- Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. (If the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books').
  • 1890 Military Routes to the Indo-Afghan Frontier by Lessar (secret)] Notes: At head of title: Secret. "From Russian official "records" of geographical, topographical and statistical materials on Asia. Collected by the Military Scientific Committee of the Headquarters Staff, 1890. Translated for the Intelligence Division of the War Office". HMSO. Author: P. M. Lessar, (Pavel Mikhailovich) Pdf download, Pahar- Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. (If the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). Archive.org mirror version.
  • 1893 Routes from Russian Territory toward Afghanistan and India - the Pamir line of Advance by Robertson (confidential). Full title: Routes from Russian Territory in Central Asia towards Afghanistan and India. Section 1, The Pamir line of advance compiled in the Intelligence Branch of the Quarter Master General's Department in India by W.R. Robertson. 1893. Contents: pt. 1. Short military report on the Ferghana province, Kashgar, the Pamirs and Upper Oxus Afghan provinces ... - pt. 2. Includes all routes leading from the Chimkend Kuldja postal road to the Hindu Kush between the Dorah and the Karakorum Passes. Pdf download, Pahar- Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. (If the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). Archive.org mirror version.
  • Strategical Epitome of Routes on and beyond the North-West Frontier of India by General Staff India (confidential) 1912 Pdf download, Pahar-Mountains of Central Asia Digital Dataset. (If the catalogue entry does not have a download, look under 'Books'). Archive.org mirror version.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 GTG on the North West Frontier 1915 [Capt GT Gill, 2/6 Gurkha Rifles] Scroll down for the partial transcription of TNA WO 106/732. gillww1.wordpress.com
  2. ↑ Official History Of Operations On The North-West Frontier Of India 1920-1935 Naval & Military Press
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Official History of Operations on the NW Frontier of India fold3 (located in World War2/Military books/India). Consists of 2 books.
  4. ↑ Official History Of Operations On The North-West Frontier Of India 1936-1937 Naval & Military Press
  5. ↑ dryan67 14/12 Frontier Force Regiment and The Ajmer Regiment post 25, WorldWar2Talk Forum 11 December 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  6. ↑ Catalogue entry 8005/151/7 Memoirs of Brigadier William Alston's service in the Indian Army. National Army Museum, London.
  7. ↑ RobG64. 8th Punjab Regiment Regimental History WW2Talk Forum 19 January 2020. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
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